The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said Sequence Listing XML, created on Mar. 1, 2023, is named 0171-0008WO1_SL.xml and is 17,996 bytes in size.
The disclosure relates to flavin-dependent oxidases having cannabinoid synthase activity, wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises: (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising a His residue, wherein an FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the His residue; and (ii) a second amino acid sequence comprising a peptide motif of Formula I:
wherein each X is any amino acid; and wherein the FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the Cys residue, wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of oxidative cyclization of a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid, and wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is a bacterial protein or a fungal protein. The disclosure further provides an engineered cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. Also provided herein are cell extracts and cell culture media comprising a cannabinoid derived from the engineered cell; methods of making cannabinoids; and compositions comprising a cannabinoid obtained from the engineered cell, the cell extract or cell culture medium, or the method; and compositions comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase and a cannabinoid and/or a prenylated aromatic compound. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises any of the proteins in Table 1.
Cannabinoids constitute a varied class of chemicals, typically prenylated polyketides derived from fatty acid and isoprenoid precursors, that bind to cellular cannabinoid receptors. Modulation of these receptors has been associated with different types of physiological processes including pain-sensation, memory, mood, and appetite. Endocannabinoids, which occur in the body, phytocannabinoids, which are found in plants such as cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids, can have activity on cannabinoid receptors and elicit biological responses. Recently, cannabinoids have drawn significant scientific interest in their potential to treat a wide array of disorders, including insomnia, chronic pain, epilepsy, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Babson et al. (2017), Curr Psychiatry Rep 19:23; Romero-Sandoval et al. (2017) Curr Rheumatol Rep 19:67; O'Connell et al. (2017) Epilepsy Behav 70:341-348; Zir-Aviv et al. (2016) Behav Pharmacol 27:561-569). The use of cannabinoids as therapeutics requires their production in large quantities and at high purity. However, purifying individual cannabinoid compounds from C. sativa can be time-consuming and costly, and it can be difficult to isolate a pure sample of a compound of interest. Thus, engineered cells can be a useful alternative for the production of a specific cannabinoid or cannabinoid precursor.
The present disclosure relates to flavin-dependent oxidases that have cannabinoid synthase activity.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a flavin-dependent oxidase comprising: (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising a His residue, wherein an FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the His residue; and (ii) a second amino acid sequence comprising a peptide motif of Formula I:
wherein each X is any amino acid; and wherein the FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the Cys residue, wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of oxidative cyclization of a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid, and wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is a bacterial protein or a fungal protein.
In some embodiments, the non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase comprises: Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr. or His at position X1; Thr, Ser, Arg, Val, Gly, Phe, or Asn at position X2; Pro, Ala, Gly, Tyr, or Phe at position X3; Thr, Ser, Ala, Asp, Gly, Asn, or Arg at position X4; Val or Ile at position X5; Gly, Ala, Cys, Arg, or Asn at position X6; Ile, Val. Ala, Leu, Met, or Pro at position X7; Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, or Tyr at position X8; Leu, His, Phe, Tyr, Ile, Val, or Trp at position X9; Thr, Val, Leu, Ile, or Ala at position X10; Leu, Gln, Ser, Thr, Cys, or Met at position X11; Ile, Tyr, Leu, Trp, Val, Phe, Met, His, or Gln at position X2; or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the peptide motif comprises:
In some embodiments, X2 is Thr or Ser; X7 is Ile or Val; X8 is Ala, Gly. or Ser; and X12 is Ile, Tyr, or Leu.
In some embodiments, the peptide motif comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is isolated or derived from an organism according to Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is not glycosylated. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase does not comprise a disulfide bond. In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound is cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerorcinic acid (CBGOA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabigerorcinol (CBGO), cannabigerivarinol (CBGV), or cannabigerol (CBG). In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least one amino acid variation as compared to a wild-type flavin-dependent oxidase.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is capable of producing a cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme comprises olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), prenyltransferase, a geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) biosynthesis pathway enzyme, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell or a fungal cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an Escherichia coli cell.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a cell extract or cell culture medium comprising CBGA, CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBG, CBC, CBD, THC, CBGOA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBGVA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBGO, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBGV, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, derived from the engineered cell described herein.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making a cannabinoid comprising: contacting a prenylated aromatic compound with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein; culturing the engineered cell described herein; isolating the cannabinoid from the cell extract or cell culture medium described herein; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound comprises CBGA, CBG, CBGOA, CBGO, CBGVA, CBGV, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid comprises CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCO, CBCVA, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDO, CBDVA, CBDV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCO, THCVA, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a cannabinoid or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof obtained from the engineered cell described herein, the cell extract or cell culture medium described herein, or the method described herein. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCO, CBCVA, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDO, CBDVA, CBDV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCO, THCVA, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 70% or greater, 80% or greater, 85% or greater, 90% or greater, 91% or greater, 92% or greater, 93% or greater, 94% or greater, 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, 99% or greater, 99.2% or greater, 99.4% or greater, 99.5% or greater, 99.6% or greater, 99.7% or greater, 99.8% or greater, or 99.9% or greater of total cannabinoid compound(s) in the composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a therapeutic or medicinal composition; a topical composition; an edible composition; or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising: (a) the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein; and (b) a prenylated aromatic compound, a cannabinoid, or both. In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound comprises CBGA, CBG, CBGOA, CBGO, CBGVA, CBGV, or a combination thereof; and wherein the cannabinoid comprises CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCO, CBCVA, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDO, CBDVA, CBDV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCO, THCVA, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an enzyme in a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme comprises olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), an enzyme in a geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) pathway, prenyltransferase, or combinations thereof.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate exemplary embodiments of certain aspects of the present disclosure.
Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or,” unless explicitly indicated to refer only to alternatives or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”
As used herein, the terms “comprising” (and any variant or form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any variant or form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any variant or form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any variant or form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited, elements or method steps.
The use of the term “for example” and its corresponding abbreviation “e.g.” means that the specific terms recited are representative examples and embodiments of the disclosure that are not intended to be limited to the specific examples referenced or cited unless explicitly stated otherwise.
As used herein, “about” can mean plus or minus 10% of the provided value. Where ranges are provided, they are inclusive of the boundary values. “About” can additionally or alternately mean either within 10% of the stated value, or within 5% of the stated value, or in some cases within 2.5% of the stated value; or, “about” can mean rounded to the nearest significant digit.
As used herein, “between” is a range inclusive of the ends of the range. For example, a number between x and y explicitly includes the numbers x and y, and any numbers that fall within the interval bounded by x and y.
A “nucleic acid,” “nucleic acid molecule,” “nucleic acid sequence,” “nucleotide sequence,” “oligonucleotide,” or “polynucleotide” means a polymeric compound including covalently linked nucleotides. The term “nucleic acid” includes ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), both of which may be single- or double-stranded. DNA includes, but is not limited to, complementary DNA (cDNA), genomic DNA, plasmid or vector DNA, and synthetic DNA. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding any one of the polypeptides disclosed herein, e.g., is directed to a polynucleotide encoding a flavin-dependent oxidase or a variant thereof.
A “gene” refers to an assembly of nucleotides that encode a polypeptide and includes cDNA and genomic DNA nucleic acid molecules. In some embodiments, “gene” also refers to a non-coding nucleic acid fragment that can act as a regulatory sequence preceding (i.e., 5′) and following (i.e., 3′) the coding sequence.
As used herein, the term “operably linked” means that a polynucleotide of interest, e.g., the polynucleotide encoding an oxidase, is linked to the regulatory element in a manner that allows for expression of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the regulatory element is a promoter. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid expressing the polypeptide of interest is operably linked to a promoter on an expression vector.
As used herein, “promoter,” “promoter sequence,” or “promoter region” refers to a DNA regulatory region or polynucleotide capable of binding RNA polymerase and involved in initiating transcription of a downstream coding or non-coding sequence. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence includes the transcription initiation site and extends upstream to include the minimum number of bases or elements used to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence includes a transcription initiation site, as well as protein binding domains responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase. Eukaryotic promoters typically contain “TATA” boxes and “CAT” boxes. Various promoters, including inducible promoters, may be used to drive expression of the various vectors of the present disclosure.
An “expression vector” or vectors (“an expression construct”) can be constructed to include one or more protein of interest-encoding nucleic acids (e.g., nucleic acid encoding a THCAS described herein) operably linked to expression control sequences functional in the host organism. Expression vectors applicable for use in the microbial host organisms provided include, for example, baculovirus vectors, bacteriophage vectors, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, fosmids, bacterial artificial chromosomes, viral vectors (e.g. viral vectors based on vaccinia virus, poliovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, SV40, herpes simplex virus, and the like), P1-based artificial chromosomes, yeast plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes, and any other vectors specific for specific hosts of interest (such as E. coli and yeast). In some embodiments, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein described herein, e.g., a flavin-dependent oxidase.
Additionally, the expression vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes also can be included that, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like. When two or more exogenous encoding nucleic acids (e.g., a gene encoding a flavin-dependent oxidase and an additional gene encoding another enzyme in a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway such as, e.g., OLS, OAC, prenyltransferase, and/or an enzyme in the GPP pathway as described herein) are to be co-expressed, both nucleic acids can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding nucleic acids can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The transformation of exogenous nucleic acid sequences involved in a metabolic or synthetic pathway can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. Such methods include, for example, nucleic acid analysis such as Northern blots or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mRNA, or immunoblotting for expression of gene products, or other suitable analytical methods to test the expression of an introduced nucleic acid sequence or its corresponding gene product. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the exogenous nucleic acid is expressed in a sufficient amount to produce the desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art and as disclosed herein. The following vectors are provided by way of example; for bacterial host cells: pQE vectors (Qiagen), pBluescript plasmids, pNH vectors, lambda-ZAP vectors (Stratagene); pTrc99a, pKK223-3, pDR540, and pRIT2T (Pharmacia); for eukaryotic host cells: pXT1, pSG5 (Stratagene), pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, and pSVLSV40 (Pharmacia). However, any other plasmid or other vector may be used so long as it is compatible with the host cell.
The term “host cell” refers to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced, or “host cell” may also refer to the progeny of such a cell. Because modifications may occur in succeeding generations, for example, due to mutation or environmental influences, the progeny may not be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell.” In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a host cell comprising an expression vector that comprises a nucleic acid encoding a flavin-dependent oxidase or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell, a fungal cell, an algal cell, a cyanobacterial cell, or a plant cell.
A genetic alteration that makes an organism or cell non-natural can include, for example, modifications introducing expressible nucleic acids encoding metabolic polypeptides, other nucleic acid additions, nucleic acid deletions and/or other functional disruption of the organism's genetic material. Such modifications include, for example, coding regions and functional fragments thereof, for heterologous, homologous or both heterologous and homologous polypeptides for the referenced species. Additional modifications include, for example, non-coding regulatory regions in which the modifications alter expression of a gene or operon.
A host cell, organism, or microorganism engineered to express or overexpress a gene, a nucleic acid, nucleic acid sequence, or nucleic acid molecule, or to overexpress an enzyme or polypeptide has been genetically engineered through recombinant DNA technology to include a gene or nucleic acid sequence that it does not naturally include that encodes the enzyme or polypeptide or to express an endogenous gene at a level that exceeds its level of expression in a non-altered cell. As non-limiting examples, a host cell, organism, or microorganism engineered to express or overexpress a gene, a nucleic acid, nucleic acid sequence, or nucleic acid molecule, or to overexpress an enzyme or polypeptide can have any modifications that affect a coding sequence of a gene, the position of a gene on a chromosome or episome, or regulatory elements associated with a gene. A gene can also be overexpressed by increasing the copy number of a gene in the cell or organism. In some embodiments, overexpression of an endogenous gene comprises replacing the native promoter of the gene with a constitutive promoter that increases expression of the gene relative to expression in a control cell with the native promoter. In some embodiments, the constitutive promoter is heterologous.
Similarly, a host cell, organism, or microorganism engineered to under-express (or to have reduced expression of) a gene, nucleic acid, nucleic acid sequence, or nucleic acid molecule, or to under-express an enzyme or polypeptide can have any modifications that affect a coding sequence of a gene, the position of a gene on a chromosome or episome, or regulatory elements associated with a gene. Specifically included are gene disruptions, which include any insertions, deletions, or sequence mutations into or of the gene or a portion of the gene that affect its expression or the activity of the encoded polypeptide. Gene disruptions include “knockout” mutations that eliminate expression of the gene. Modifications to under-express or down-regulate a gene also include modifications to regulatory regions of the gene that can reduce its expression.
The term “exogenous” is intended to mean that the referenced molecule or the referenced activity is introduced into the host cell or host organism. The molecule can be introduced, for example, by introduction of an encoding nucleic acid into the host genetic material such as by integration into a host chromosome or as non-chromosomal genetic material that may be introduced on a vehicle such as a plasmid. The term “exogenous nucleic acid” means a nucleic acid that is not naturally-occurring within the host cell or host organism. Exogenous nucleic acids may be derived from or identical to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid or it may be a heterologous nucleic acid. For example, a non-natural duplication of a naturally-occurring gene is considered to be an exogenous nucleic acid sequence. An exogenous nucleic acid can be introduced in an expressible form into the host cell or host organism. The term “exogenous activity” refers to an activity that is introduced into the host cell or host organism. The source can be, for example, a homologous or heterologous encoding nucleic acid that expresses the referenced activity following introduction into the host cell or host organism.
Accordingly, the term “endogenous” refers to a referenced molecule or activity that is naturally present in the host cell or host organism. Similarly, the term when used in reference to expression of an encoding nucleic acid refers to expression of an encoding nucleic acid contained within the host cell or host organism.
The term “heterologous” refers to a molecule or activity derived from a source other than the referenced species, whereas “homologous” refers to a molecule or activity derived from the host microbial organism/species. Accordingly, exogenous expression of an encoding nucleic acid can utilize either or both of a heterologous or homologous encoding nucleic acid.
When used to refer to a genetic regulatory element, such as a promoter, operably linked to a gene, the term “homologous” refers to a regulatory element that is naturally operably linked to the referenced gene. In contrast, a “heterologous” regulatory element is not naturally found operably linked to the referenced gene, regardless of whether the regulatory element is naturally found in the host cell or host organism.
It is understood that more than one exogenous nucleic acid(s) can be introduced into the host cell or host organism on separate nucleic acid molecules, on polycistronic nucleic acid molecules, or combinations thereof, and still be considered as more than one exogenous nucleic acid. For example, as disclosed herein, a host cell or host organism can be engineered to express at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more exogenous nucleic acids encoding a desired pathway enzyme or protein. In the case where two or more exogenous nucleic acids encoding a desired activity are introduced into a host cell or host organism, it is understood that the two or more exogenous nucleic acids can be introduced as a single nucleic acid, for example, on a single plasmid, on separate plasmids, can be integrated into the host chromosome at a single site or multiple sites, and still be considered as two or more exogenous nucleic acids. Similarly, it is understood that more than two exogenous nucleic acids can be introduced into a host cell or host organism in any desired combination, for example, on a single plasmid, on separate plasmids, can be integrated into the host chromosome at a single site or multiple sites, and still be considered as two or more exogenous nucleic acids, for example three exogenous nucleic acids. Thus, the number of referenced exogenous nucleic acids or biosynthetic activities refers to the number of encoding nucleic acids or the number of biosynthetic activities, not the number of separate nucleic acids introduced into the host cell or host organism.
Genes or nucleic acid sequences can be introduced stably or transiently into a host cell host cell or host organism using techniques well known in the art including, but not limited to, conjugation, electroporation, chemical transformation, transduction, transfection, and ultrasound transformation. Optionally, for exogenous expression in E. coli or other prokaryotic host cells, some nucleic acid sequences in the genes or cDNAs of eukaryotic nucleic acids can encode targeting signals such as an N-terminal mitochondrial or other targeting signal, which can be removed before transformation into the prokaryotic host cells, if desired. For example, removal of a mitochondrial leader sequence led to increased expression in E. coli (Hoffmeister et al. (2005), J Biol Chem 280: 4329-4338). For exogenous expression in yeast or other eukaryotic host cells, genes can be expressed in the cytosol without the addition of leader sequence, or can be targeted to mitochondrion or other organelles, or targeted for secretion, by the addition of a suitable targeting sequence such as a mitochondrial targeting or secretion signal suitable for the host cells. Thus, it is understood that appropriate modifications to a nucleic acid sequence to remove or include a targeting sequence can be incorporated into an exogenous nucleic acid sequence to impart desirable properties. Furthermore, genes can be subjected to codon optimization with techniques known in the art to achieve optimized expression of the proteins.
In general, codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Codon bias (differences in codon usage between organisms) often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, among other things, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Computer algorithms for codon optimizing a particular sequence for expression in a particular host cell are available and include, e.g., Integrated DNA Technologies' Codon Optimization tool, Entelechon's Codon Usage Table Analysis Tool, GenScript's OptimumGene tool, and the like. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides codon optimized polynucleotides expressing a flavin-dependent oxidase or variant thereof.
The terms “peptide,” “polypeptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymeric form of amino acids of any length, which can include coded and non-coded amino acids, chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids, and polypeptides having modified peptide backbones.
The start of the protein or polypeptide is known as the “N-terminus” (and also referred to as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus), referring to the free amine (—NH2) group of the first amino acid residue of the protein or polypeptide. The end of the protein or polypeptide is known as the “C-terminus” (and also referred to as the carboxy-terminus, carboxyl-terminus, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus), referring to the free carboxyl group (—COOH) of the last amino acid residue of the protein or polypeptide. Unless otherwise specified, sequences of polypeptides throughout the present disclosure are listed from N-terminus to C-terminus, and sequences of polynucleotides throughout the present disclosure are listed from the 5′ end to the 3′ end.
An “amino acid” as used herein refers to a compound including both a carboxyl (—COOH) and amino (—NH2) group. “Amino acid” refers to both natural and unnatural, i.e., synthetic, amino acids. Natural amino acids, with their three-letter and single-letter abbreviations, include: alanine (Ala; A); arginine (Arg, R); asparagine (Asn; N); aspartic acid (Asp; D); cysteine (Cys; C); glutamine (Gln; Q); glutamic acid (Glu; E); glycine (Gly; G); histidine (His; H); isoleucine (Ile; I); leucine (Leu; L); lysine (Lys; K); methionine (Met; M); phenylalanine (Phe; F); proline (Pro; P); serine (Ser; S); threonine (Thr; T); tryptophan (Trp; W); tyrosine (Tyr; Y); and valine (Val; V). Unnatural or synthetic amino acids include a side chain that is distinct from the natural amino acids provided above and may include, e.g., fluorophores, post-translational modifications, metal ion chelators, photocaged and photo-cross-linked moieties, uniquely reactive functional groups, and NMR, IR, and x-ray crystallographic probes. Exemplary unnatural or synthetic amino acids are provided in, e.g., Mitra et al. (2013), Mater Methods 3:204 and Wals et al. (2014), Front Chem 2:15. Unnatural amino acids may also include naturally-occurring compounds that are not typically incorporated into a protein or polypeptide, such as, e.g., citrulline (Cit), selenocysteine (See), and pyrrolysine (Pyl).
As used herein, the terms “non-natural,” “non-naturally occurring,” “variant,” and “mutant” are used interchangeably in the context of an organism, polypeptide, or nucleic acid. The terms “non-natural,”“non-naturally occurring,” “variant,” and “mutant” in this context refer to a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence having at least one variation or mutation at an amino acid position or nucleic acid position as compared to a wild-type polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence. The at least one variation can be, e.g., an insertion of one or more amino acids or nucleotides, a deletion of one or more amino acids or nucleotides, or a substitution of one or more amino acids or nucleotides. A “variant” protein or polypeptide is also referred to as a “non-natural” protein or polypeptide.
Naturally-occurring organisms, nucleic acids, and polypeptides can be referred to as “wild-type,” “wild type” or “original” or “natural” such as wild type strains of the referenced species, or a wild-type protein or nucleic acid sequence. Likewise, amino acids found in polypeptides of the wild type organism can be referred to as “original” or “natural” with regards to any amino acid position.
An “amino acid substitution” refers to a polypeptide or protein including one or more substitutions of wild-type or naturally occurring amino acid with a different amino acid relative to the wild-type or naturally occurring amino acid at that amino acid residue. The substituted amino acid may be a synthetic or naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, the substituted amino acid is a naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of: A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y, and V. In some embodiments, the substituted amino acid is an unnaturally or synthetic amino acid. Substitution mutants may be described using an abbreviated system. For example, a substitution mutation in which the fifth (5th) amino acid residue is substituted may be abbreviated as “X5Y,” wherein “X” is the wild-type or naturally occurring amino acid to be replaced, “5” is the amino acid residue position within the amino acid sequence of the protein or polypeptide, and “Y” is the substituted, or non-wild-type or non-naturally occurring, amino acid.
An “isolated” polypeptide, protein, peptide, or nucleic acid is a molecule that has been removed from its natural environment. It is also understood that “isolated” polypeptides, proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids may be formulated with excipients such as diluents or adjuvants and still be considered isolated. As used herein, “isolated” does not necessarily imply any particular level purity of the polypeptide, protein, peptide, or nucleic acid.
The term “recombinant” when used in reference to a nucleic acid molecule, peptide, polypeptide, or protein means of, or resulting from, a new combination of genetic material that is not known to exist in nature. A recombinant molecule can be produced by any of the techniques available in the field of recombinant technology, including, but not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene splicing (e.g., using restriction endonucleases), and solid-phase synthesis of nucleic acid molecules, peptides, or proteins.
The term “domain” when used in reference to a polypeptide or protein means a distinct functional and/or structural unit in a protein. Domains are sometimes responsible for a particular function or interaction, contributing to the overall role of a protein. Domains may exist in a variety of biological contexts. Similar domains may be found in proteins with different functions. Alternatively, domains with low sequence identity (i.e., less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1% sequence identity) may have the same function.
As used herein, the term “sequence similarity” (% similarity) refers to the degree of identity or correspondence between nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences. In the context of polynucleotides, “sequence similarity” may refer to nucleic acid sequences wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases results in substitution of one or more amino acids, but do not affect the functional properties of the protein encoded by the polynucleotide. “Sequence similarity” may also refer to modifications of the polynucleotide, such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotide bases, that do not substantially affect the functional properties of the resulting transcript. It is therefore understood that the present disclosure encompasses more than the specific exemplary sequences. Methods of making nucleotide base substitutions are known, as are methods of determining the retention of biological activity of the encoded polypeptide.
In the context of polypeptides, “sequence similarity” refers to two or more polypeptides wherein greater than about 40% of the amino acids are identical, or greater than about 60% of the amino acids are functionally identical. “Functionally identical” or “functionally similar” amino acids have chemically similar side chains. For example, amino acids can be grouped in the following manner according to functional similarity: Positively-charged side chains: Arg, His, Lys; Negatively-charged side chains: Asp, Glu; Polar, uncharged side chains: Scr, Thr, Asn, Gln; Hydrophobic side chains: Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, Trp; Other: Cys, Gly, Pro.
In some embodiments, similar polypeptides of the present disclosure have about 60%, at least about 60%, about 65%, at least about 65%, about 70%, at least about 70%, about 75%, at least about 75%, about 80%, at least about 80%, about 85%, at least about 85%, about 90%, at least about 90%, about 95%, at least about 95%, about 97%, at least about 97%, about 98%, at least about 98%, about 99%, at least about 99%, or about 100% functionally identical amino acids.
The “percent identity” (% identity) between two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences is determined when sequences are aligned for maximum homology, and generally not including gaps or truncations. Additional sequences added to a polypeptide sequence, such as but not limited to immunodetection tags, purification tags, localization sequences (presence or absence), etc., do not affect the % identity.
Algorithms known to those skilled in the art, such as Align, BLAST, ClustalW and others compare and determine a raw sequence similarity or identity, and also determine the presence or significance of gaps in the sequence which can be assigned a weight or score. Such algorithms also are known in the art and are similarly applicable for determining nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity or identity, and can be useful in identifying orthologs of genes of interest.
In some embodiments, similar polynucleotides of the present disclosure have about 40%, at least about 40%, about 45%, at least about 45%, about 50%, at least about 50%, about 55%, at least about 55%, about 60%, at least about 60%, about 65%, at least about 65%, about 70%, at least about 70%, about 75%, at least about 75%, about 80%, at least about 80%, about 85%, at least about 85%, about 90%, at least about 90%, about 95%, at least about 95%, about 97%, at least about 97%, about 98%, at least about 98%, about 99%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, similar polypeptides of the present disclosure have about 40%, at least about 40%, about 45%, at least about 45%, about 50%, at least about 50%, about 55%, at least about 55%, about 60%, at least about 60%, about 65%, at least about 65%, about 70%, at least about 70%, about 75%, at least about 75%, about 80%, at least about 80%, about 85%, at least about 85%, about 90%, at least about 90%, about 95%, at least about 95%, about 97%, at least about 97%, about 98%, at least about 98%, about 99%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical amino acid sequence.
A homolog is a gene or genes that are related by vertical descent and are responsible for substantially the same or identical functions in different organisms. Genes are related by vertical descent when, for example, they share sequence similarity of sufficient amount to indicate they are related by evolution from a common ancestor. Genes can also be considered orthologs if they share three-dimensional structure but not necessarily sequence similarity, of a sufficient amount to indicate that they have evolved from a common ancestor to the extent that the primary sequence similarity is not identifiable. Paralogs are genes related by duplication within a genome, and can evolve new functions, even if these are related to the original one.
An amino acid position (or simply, amino acid) “corresponding to” an amino acid position in another polypeptide sequence is the position that is aligned with the referenced amino acid position when the polypeptides are aligned for maximum homology, for example, as determined by BLAST, which allows for gaps in sequence homology within protein sequences to align related sequences and domains. Alternatively, in some instances, when polypeptide sequences are aligned for maximum homology, a corresponding amino acid may be the nearest amino acid to the identified amino acid that is within the same amino acid biochemical grouping—i.e., the nearest acidic amino acid, the nearest basic amino acid, the nearest aromatic amino acid, etc. to the identified amino acid.
By “substantially identical,” with reference to a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a gene, RNA, or cDNA) or amino acid sequence (e.g., a protein or polypeptide) is meant one that has at least at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, or at least 99% nucleotide or amino acid identity, respectively, to a reference sequence.
As used in the context of proteins, the term “structural similarity” indicates the degree of homology between the overall shape, fold, and/or topology of the proteins. It should be understood that two proteins do not necessarily need to have high sequence similarity to achieve structural similarity. Protein structural similarity is often measured by root mean squared deviation (RMSD), global distance test score (GDT-score), and template modeling score (TM-score); see, e.g., Xu and Zhang (2010), Bioinformatics 26(7):889-895. Structural similarity can be determined, e.g., by superimposing protein structures obtained from, e.g., x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), mass spectrometry, or any combination thereof, and calculating the RMSD, GDT-score, and/or TM-score based on the superimposed structures. In some embodiments, two proteins have substantially similar tertiary structures when the TM-score is greater than about 0.5, greater than about 0.6, greater than about 0.7, greater than about 0.8, or greater than about 0.9. In some embodiments, two proteins have substantially identical tertiary structures when the TM-score is about 1.0. Structurally-similar proteins may also be identified computationally using algorithms such as, e.g., TM-align (Zhang and Skolnick, Nucleic Acids Res 33(7):2302-2309, 2005); DALI (Holm and Sander, J Mol Biol 233(1):123-138, 1993); STRUCTAL (Gerstein and Levitt, Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol 4:59-69, 1996); MINRMS (Jewett et al., Bioinformatics 19(5):625-634, 2003); Combinatorial Extension (CE) (Shindyalov and Bourne. Protein Eng 11(9):739-747, 1998); ProtDex (Aung et al., DASFAA 2003, Proceedings); VAST (Gibrat et al., Curr Opin Struct Biol 6:377-385, 1996); LOCK (Singh and Brutlag, Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol 5:284-293, 1997); SSM (Krissinel and Henrick, Acta Cryst D60:2256-2268, 2004), and the like.
Cannabinoid synthases are enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of cannabinoids, e.g., cannabinoid compounds described herein. The only naturally-occurring cannabinoid synthase enzymes currently known to convert cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or its analogs to cannabinoids such as A9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) by THCA synthase (THCAS, EC 1.21.3.7), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) by CBDA synthase (CBDAS, EC 1.21.3.8) or cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) by CBCA synthase (CBCAS) or their analogs are from the plant Cannabis sativa (Onofri et al. (2015), J Mol Biol 423:96; Laverty et al. (2019), Genome Research 29:146-156). It is challenging to utilize these enzymes from C. sativa for heterologous cannabinoid production in microorganisms such as bacteria because they are typically secreted proteins that require a disulfide bond and glycosylation, are poorly active, and require low pH for optimal activity (Zirpel et al. (2018), J Biotechnol 284:17-26). Thus, cannabinoid synthase enzymes from C. sativa are not conducive for standard microbial fermentation processes that typically use media with a neutral or near neutral pH of 6 to 8.
The present inventors have discovered alternative enzymes for the improved microbial production of cannabinoids. The enzymes described herein may be suitable for soluble and active expression in a microbial host under standard fermentation conditions. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a bacterial or a fungal enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a flavin-dependent oxidase.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a bacterial or a fungal flavin-dependent oxidase, wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of oxidative cyclization of a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid.
As used herein, “cannabinoid” refers to a prenylated polyketide or terpenophenolic compound derived from fatty acid or isoprenoid precursors. In general, cannabinoids are produced via a multi-step biosynthesis pathway, with the final precursor being a prenylated aromatic compound. In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound is cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerorcinic acid (CBGOA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabigerorcinol (CBGO), cannabigerivarinol (CBGV), or cannabigerol (CBG). In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound is converted into a cannabinoid by oxidative cyclization. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts one or more of CBGA. CBGOA, CBGVA, CBGO, CBGV, and CBG into a cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBGA into one or more of CBCA, CBDA, or THCA. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBGOA into one or more of CBCOA, CBDOA, or THCOA. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBGVA into one or more of CBCVA, CBDVA, or THCVA. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBG into one or more of CBC, CBD, or THC. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBG into one or more of CBC. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBGO into one or more of CBCO, CBDO, or THCO. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase converts CBGV into one or more of CBCV, CBDV, or THCV.
Different cannabinoids can be produced based on the way that a precursor is cyclized. For example, THCA, CBDA, and CBCA are produced by oxidative cyclization of CBGA. Further examples of cannabinoids include, but are not limited to, THCA, THCV, THCO, THCVA, THCOA. THC, CBDA, CBDV, CBDO, CBDVA, CBDOA, CBD, CBCA, CBCV, CBCO, CBCVA, CBCOA, CBC, cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabicitran, and isomers, analogs or derivatives thereof. As used herein, an “isomer” of a reference compound has the same molecular formula as the reference compound, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in the molecule. As used herein, an “analog” or “structural analog” of a reference compound has a similar structure as the reference compound, but differs in a certain component such as an atom, a functional group, or a substructure. An analog can be imagined to be formed from the reference compound, but not necessarily synthesized from the reference compound. As used herein, a “derivative” of a reference compound is derived from a similar compound by a similar reaction. Methods of identifying isomers, analogs or derivatives of the cannabinoids described herein are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a berberine bridge enzyme (BBE-like enzyme). BBE-like enzymes are described, e.g., in Daniel et al. (2017), Arch Biochem Biophys 632:88-103 and include protein family domains (Pfams) PF08031 (berberine-bridge domain) and PF01564 (flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding domain). In general, a BBE-like enzyme comprises a FAD binding module that is formed by the N- and C-terminal portions of the protein, and a central substrate binding domain that, together with the FAD cofactor, provides the environment for efficient substrate binding, oxidation and cyclization. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that, in some embodiments, a BBE-like enzyme binds a flavin mononucleotide (FM) in addition to or instead of FAD.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase has substantial structural similarity with a cannabinoid synthase from C. sativa, e.g., A9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS). THCAS utilizes a FAD cofactor when catalyzing the conversion of substrate CBGA to THCA. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a structurally similar active site as a cannabinoid synthase from C. sativa, e.g., THCAS. As used herein, the term “active site” refers to one or more regions in an enzyme that are important for catalysis, substrate binding, and/or cofactor binding.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a flavin-dependent oxidase comprising: (i) a first amino acid sequence comprising a His residue, wherein an FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the His residue; and (ii) a second amino acid sequence comprising a peptide motif of Formula I:
wherein each X is any amino acid; and wherein the FAD cofactor is covalently attached to the Cys residue, wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of oxidative cyclization of a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid, and wherein the flavin-dependent oxidase is a bacterial protein or a fungal protein.
The present disclosure provides that, while flavin-dependent oxidases may be monovalently bound or bivalently bound to an FAD cofactor, the enzymes that are capable of oxidizing CBGA into a cannabinoid, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, and/or THCA, comprise a bivalent binding to FAD. As used herein, “monovalent” binding means that the FAD is covalently bound to one amino acid residue of the referenced protein, e.g., the flavin-dependent oxidase. As used herein, “bivalent” binding means that the FAD is covalently bound to two amino acid residues of the referenced protein, e.g., flavin-dependent oxidase. In some embodiments, the FAD cofactor is bound to the flavin-dependent oxidase at a histidine (His) residue and a cysteine (Cys) residue. The present disclosure provides that the Cys residue that binds to the FAD cofactor is present in a conserved peptide motif as according to Formula I:
wherein each X is any amino acid.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a peptide motif as shown in
In some embodiments, X1 of Formula I is Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, or His. In some embodiments, X2 of Formula I is Thr, Ser, Arg, Val, Gly, Phe, or Asn. In some embodiments, X3 of Formula I is Pro, Ala, Gly, Tyr, or Phe. In some embodiments, X4 of Formula I is Thr, Ser, Ala, Asp, Gly, Asn, or Arg. In some embodiments, X8 of Formula I is Val or Ile. In some embodiments, X6 of Formula I is Gly, Ala, Cys, Arg, or Asn. In some embodiments, X7 of Formula I is Ile, Val, Ala, Leu, Met, or Pro. In some embodiments, X8 of Formula I is Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr, or Tyr. In some embodiments, X9 of Formula I is Leu, His, Phe, Tyr, Ile. Val, or Trp. In some embodiments, X10 of Formula I is Thr, Val, Leu, Ile, or Ala. In some embodiments, X8 of Formula I is Leu, Gln, Ser, Thr, Cys, or Met. In some embodiments, X12 of Formula I is Ile, Tyr, Leu, Trp, Val, Phe, Met, His, or Gln.
In some embodiments, the peptide motif of Formula I comprises:
wherein X2 is Thr or Ser; X7 is Ile or Val; X8 is Ala, Gly, or Ser; and X12 is Ile, Tyr, or Leu.
In some embodiments, the peptide motif of Formula I comprises:
In some embodiments, the peptide motif of Formula I comprises
In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:1 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A150PPA5 from Sorangium cellulosum. In some embodiments SEQ ID NO:2 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A3N1QKT1 from Frondihabitans sp. PhB188. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:3 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A1K1PD14 from Amycolatopsis australiensis. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:4 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID D9XHS6 from Streptomyces viridochromogenes (strain DSM40736/JCM4977/BCRC1201/Tue494).
In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:5 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A1H4CL41 from Mycobacterium sp. 283mftsu. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:6 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with Accession ID WP_211768552.1 from Kutzneria sp. CA-103260. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:7 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with Accession ID WP_235454663.1 from Streptomyces olivochromogenes. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:8 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID U6A1G7 from Streptomyces sp. CNH-287 (i.e., “Clz9”).
In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:9 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A7X0U8H0 from Acidovorax soli. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:10 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A1Q5S5E2 from Bradyrhizobium sp. NAS96. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:11 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A0Q7FI10 from Massilia sp. Root418.
In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:12 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A2E0XWX6 from Phycisphaerae bacterium. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:13 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A0K3BN04 from Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:14 is a peptide motif according to Formula I in the protein with UniProt ID A0A1U9QQ65 from Streptomyces niveus.
In some embodiments, the peptide motif of Formula I comprises a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% to any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14, provided that the amino acid residues at positions 2, 4, 11, 15-17, and 19 of SEQ ID NOs:1-14 remain unchanged.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a bacterial protein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a fungal protein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is isolated or derived from an organism in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a protein in Table 1. Table 1 provides bacterial flavin-dependent oxidases that comprise (i) a His residue bound to an FAD cofactor; and (ii) a peptide motif of Formula T, wherein the FAD cofactor is bound to the Cys residue of the peptide motif, as described herein. A sequence alignment of four of the proteins from Table 1 is shown in
Streptomyces galilacus
Nonomuraea gerenzanensis
Mycobacterium bohemicum
Yersinia pestis
Mycolicibacterium porcinum
Amycolatopsis japonica
Pseudomonas sp. ICMP 19500
Streptomyces thermolilacinus SPC6
Mycobacterium liflandii (strain 128FXT)
Streptomyces parvulus
Bacillus sp. OV194
Lentzea guizhouensis
Nonomuraea solani
Streptomyces sp. CB02488
Mycobacterium eburneum
Amycolatopsis sp. M39
Mycolicibacterium porcinum
Streptomyces griscofuscus
Nocardia tencrifensis
Streptomyces sp. PRh5
Variovorax sp. KBW07
Streptomyces sp. CB02460
Mycobacterium liflandii (strain 128FXT)
Streptomyces sp. CB02923
Nocardia brasiliensis ATCC 700358
Streptomyces sp. Root264
Mycobacterium attenuatum
Streptomyces autolyticus
Amycolatopsis xylanica
Streptomyces sp. e14
Curtobacterium sp. PhB138
Mycobacterium attenuatum
Streptomyces sp. RP5T
Amycolatopsis xylanica
Jiangella sp. DSM 45060
Nonomuraea solani
Microbispora cellulosiformans
Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592
Ruegeria halocynthiae
Nocardia brasiliensis ATCC 700358
Janthinobacterium sp.
Streptomyces sp. A1547
Nonomuraea nitratireducens
Streptomyces sp. RP5T
Clostridium sp. IBUN22A
Okeania sp. SIO3H1
Okeania sp. SIO3H1
Streptomyces sp. Root1295
Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera
Streptomyces sp. 2231.1
Mycobacterium sp. E1319
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces sp. 75
Streptomyces sp. 75
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04182
Nonomuraea nitratireducens
Pelosinus propionicus DSM 13327
Pseudomonas libanensis
Nocardia puris
Microbispora cellulosiformans
Sporomusa malonica
Streptomyces sp. BK387
Clostridium beijerinckii
Curtobacterium sp. ZW137
Streptomyces sp. CS149
Streptomyces sp. PCS3-D2
Caulobacter sp. Root655
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Caulobacter zeae
Streptomyces sp. TSRI0395
Streptomyces cyaneogriseus subsp. noncyanogenus
Azospirillum sp. TSO5
Sporomusa malonica
Streptomyces sp. A0958
Burkholderia pseudomallei S13
Streptomyces sp. TLI_146
Streptomyces sp. SID8364
Tenacibaculum sp. KUL118
Clostridium beijerinckii (strain ATCC 51743/NCIMB 8052)
Mycolicibacterium rhodesiae
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04197
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04182
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2541
Nocardia puris
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens UCD-AKU
Amycolatopsis xylanica
Streptomyces sp. SID5926
Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592
Phenylobacterium sp.
Saccharothrix texasensis
Rheinheimera sp. YQF-1
Azospirillum sp. TSH58
Streptomyces kasugaensis
Streptomyces lydicus
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar poloniensis
Streptomyces sp. WM6378
Mycobacterium sp. ITM-2016-00318
Streptomyces lydicus
Amycolatopsis lurida NRRL 2430
Streptomyces lydicus
Pseudomonas sp. CMR12a
Streptomyces lydicus
Phenylobacterium sp.
Streptomyces sp. WM6378
Amycolatopsis xylanica
Pseudomonas sp. URIL14HWK12:I9
Ralstonia solanacearum FQY_4
Mycobacterium haemophilus
Afipia sp. GAS231
Bosea sp. Root381
Amycolatopsis sp. M39
Streptomyces sp. Rer75
Williamsia limnetica
Streptomyces sp. SAJ15
Acidovorax sp. SCN 65-108
Streptomyces sp. SID486
Mycobacterium haemophilus
Nocardia brasiliensis
Amycolatopsis lurida NRRL 2430
Streptomyces sp. Rer75
Phenylobacterium sp.
Nocardia brasiliensis
Streptomyces sp. CB03234
Clostridium perfringens B str. ATCC 3626
Mycobacterium ulcerans str. Harvey
Mycobacterium sp. 852014-50255_SCH5639931
Chryseobacterium aquaticum
Acidovorax sp. 93
Streptomyces sp. WAC05950
Streptomyces fodineus
Streptomyces sp. CB02488
Streptomyces chartreusis
Streptomyces alni
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04197
Pseudomonas sp. NFPP09
Pseudomonas sp. S3E12
Mycobacterium paraense
Acidovorax kalamii
Streptomyces sp. SID 13031
Clostridium botulinum B2 433
Streptomyces spongiicola
Bradyrhizobium sp. NAS96.2
Clostridium beijerinckii (strain ATCC 51743/NCIMB 8052)
Propionispora vibrioides
Mycobacterium sp. 1274761.0
Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Ralstonia pickettii (strain 12D)
Streptomyces sp. PanSC9
Bradyrhizobium macuxiense
Streptomyces sp. SID8377
Clostridium sartagoforme
Streptomyces hawaiiensis
Clostridium botulinum Prevot_594
Streptomyces silvensis
Streptomyces sp. SID4923
Streptomyces silvensis
Mycobacteroides chelonae
Bradyrhizobium sp. SK17
Mycobacteroides chelonae
Streptomyces silvensis
Streptomyces sp. yr375
Curtobacterium luteum
Mycobacterium paragordonae
Streptosporangium subroseum
Mycobacterium paragordonae
Frankia sp. BMG5.23
Saccharothrix variisporea
Massilia sp. GV097
Mucilaginibacter sp. PPCGB 2223
Streptomyces sp. yr375
Saccharothrix variisporea
Mycobacterium paragordonae
Pseudomonas sp. RIT357
Mycobacteroides chelonae
Streptomyces sp. SYP-A7193
Clostridium neonatale
Streptomyces sp. SID6013
Frankia sp. BMG5.23
Bacillus cereus VD022
Streptomyces wuyuanensis
Mycobacteroides chelonae
Streptomyces incarnatus
Acidovorax sp. 65-7
Stenotrophomonas sp. 278
Labrenzia sp. OB1
Mycobacteroides chelonae
Streptomyces sp. Mg1
Streptomyces sp. CS113
Nocardia bhagyanarayanae
Clostridium neonatale
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-S7GS2
Acidovorax sp. GW101-3H11
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-S7GS2
Burkholderia metallica
Pseudoalteromonas citrea
Mycobacterium [tuberculosis] TKK-01-0051
Achromobacter sp. AONIH1
Pseudovibrio axinellae
Pseudomonas marginalis
Methylobacterium sp. yr596
Streptomyces sp. HIT-DPA4
Saccharothrix sp. CB00851
Streptomyces sp. 3213.3
Mycobacterium sp. E3339
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (strain TH135)
Mycobacterium mantenii
Streptomyces sp. SID8374
Nocardia farcinica (strain IFM 10152)
Streptomyces sp. T12
Sporomusa sp. KB1
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:1b (strain IP 31758)
Streptomyces sp. VN1
Kitasatospora viridis
Bradyrhizobium sp.
Mycobacterium mantenii
Streptomyces sp. VN1
Kordia sp. SMS9
Streptomyces sp. 2132.2
Kitasatospora viridis
Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087
Pseudoalteromonas citrea
Flavobacterium sp. 1
Streptomyces gancidicus BKS 13-15
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Mycobacterium bourgelatii
Streptomyces alni
Streptomyces sp. NA02950
Paraburkholderia phenazinium
Streptomyces rhizosphaericus
Mycobacterium cookii
Streptomyces tsukubensis
Mycobacterium saskatchewanense
Mycobacterium bourgelatii
Williamsia sp. D3
Streptomyces tsukubensis
Amycolatopsis thermoflava
Mycobacterium shimoidei
Pseudomonas sp. CFSAN084952
Streptomyces spongiicola
Streptomyces sp. WAC 05977
Clostridium gasigenes
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea H33
Clostridium sartagoforme
Amycolatopsis sp. A23
Kitasatospora sp. MMS16-BH015
Azospirillum sp. TSA2s
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-5
Streptomyces sp. WAC 05977
Streptosporangium minutum
Paraburkholderia phenazinium
Burkholderia thailandensis (strain ATCC 700388/DSM 13276/CIP 106301/E264)
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-5
Streptomyces sp. SID1046
Streptomyces triticiradicis
Streptomyces sp. SID1046
Streptomyces sp. 2233.5
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. CB00072
Streptomyces sp. Termitarium-T10T-6
Streptomyces rhizosphaericus
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar navarrensis
Mycobacterium marinum (strain ATCC BAA-535/M)
Streptomyces sp. M56
Mycobacterium sp. E1747
Mycobacterium colombiense
Pseudomonas sp. GV105
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces pluripotens
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-5
Acidovorax sp. HMWF018
Mycobacterium marinum (strain ATCC BAA-535/M)
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. ScaeMP-e83
Mycobacterium colombiense
Paraburkholderia phenazinium
Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. caeruleus
Kitasatospora sp. MMS16-BH015
Mycobacterium sp. 1245852.3
Bacillus sp. BK006
Sphaerisporangium album
Streptomyces phyllanthi
Streptomyces diastaticus
Streptomyces sp. SAT1
Ralstonia sp. 5_2_56FAA
Oscillatoria sp. SIO1A7
Amycolatopsis decaplanina DSM 44594
Luteibacter yeojuensis
Azospirillum brasilense
Curtobacterium sp. PhB137
Streptomyces sp. KM273126
Streptomyces sp. NBRC 110611
Amycolatopsis decaplanina DSM 44594
Streptomyces sp. 2333.5
Streptomyces sp. CS090A
Pseudomonas sp. Os17
Amycolatopsis decaplanina DSM 44594
Streptomyces malaysiensis
Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain ATCC BAA-477/NRRL B-23932/Pf-5)
Streptomyces sp. 2321.6
Devosia sp. DBB001
Streptomyces sp. 2221.1
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-7442
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Streptomyces sp. MOE7
Streptomyces sp. MOE7
Curtobacterium sp. PhB134
Clostridium disporicum
Mycobacterium sp. 455mf
Nocardia nova SH22a
Saccharothrix sp. ALI-22-I
Clostridium disporicum
Streptomyces atratus
Clostridium sp. HMSC19A10
Actinoplanes lutulentus
Streptomyces atratus
Mycobacterium sp. GA-1841
Mycobacterium shigaense
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-51971_SCH5477799-a
Mycobacterium aquaticum
Bradyrhizobium guangzhouense
Streptomyces variegatus
Burkholderia sp. BDU6
Streptomyces nitrosporeus
Streptomyces lavendulae
Streptomyces sp. 846.5
Microlunatus soli
Streptomyces sp. RLB1-33
Streptomyces sp. CB02261
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Curtobacterium sp. Csp2
Mycobacterium simiae
Acidovorax avenae (strain ATCC 19860/DSM 7227/JCM 20985/NCPPB 1011)
Mycobacterium simiae
Streptomyces sp. CB03911
Streptomyces sp. RLB1-33
Streptomyces sp. SID3212
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Streptomyces sp. SID3212
Saccharothrix sp. ALI-22-I
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (strain ATCC 23218/DSM 43111/CIP 107115/JCM
Pseudomonas sp. NFACC25
Cellulosilyticum sp. WCF-2
Methylobacterium variabile
Streptomyces sp. 4R-3d
Nocardia sp. RB56
Streptomyces sp. SID5470
Mycobacterium sp. 1245801.1
Streptomyces sp. SID5470
Streptomyces sp. AmelKG-E11A
Jatrophihabitans sp. GAS493
Mycobacterium kansasii
Streptomyces sp. 4R-3d
Mycobacterium kansasii
Bacillus cereus (strain G9842)
Streptomyces mirabilis
Paenibacillus sp. A3
Streptomyces hundungensis
Mycobacterium florentinum
Mycobacterium sp. E796
Mycobacterium florentinum
Streptomyces sp. Tu 2975
Streptomyces rapamycinicus (strain ATCC 29253/DSM 41530/NRRL 5491/AYB-994)
Mycobacterium sp. 1100029.7
Yersinia pestis bv. Antiqua (strain Antiqua)
Mycobacterium kansasii
Ralstonia sp. NT80
Niveispirillum lacus
Actinomadura syzygii
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Streptomyces sp. Amel2xC10
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
Nonomuraea turkmeniaca
Streptomyces sp. 2323.1
Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain 1710b)
Streptomyces antioxidans
Pseudomonas sp. GW704-F2
Streptomyces sp. 42
Curtobacterium sp. PhB191
Spirosoma sp. 48-14
Pseudomonas saponiphila
Achromobacter insuavis
Streptomyces palmae
Streptomyces sp. OK885
Stenotrophomonas sp.
Mycobacterium colombiense CECT 3035
Streptomyces sp. p1417
Streptomyces antioxidans
Micromonospora echinofusca
Mycobacterium sp. 1100029.7
Streptomyces sp. MOE7
Streptomyces mirabilis
Mycolicibacterium rhodesiae JS60
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Mycobacterium malmoense
Mycobacterium malmoense
Streptomyces showdoensis
Streptomyces sp. SID4921
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans DS 12.976
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Streptomyces sp. MOE7
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Curtobacterium sp. PhB25
Mycobacterium malmoense
Mycobacterium malmoense
Streptomyces sp. 2221.1
Streptomyces sp. WAC07061
Mycobacterium sp. 1245801.1
Streptomyces sviceus ATCC 29083
Bacillus sp. AFS059628
Mycobacterium sp. 1245801.1
Streptomyces sp. SID89
Pseudomonas syringae pv. avii
Mycobacterium basiliense
Streptomyces sp. 42
Mycobacterium basiliense
Mycobacteroides saopaulense
Mycolicibacterium neworleansense
Fictibacillus sp. BK138
Streptomyces sp. SID8373
Azospirillum brasilense
Streptomyces sp. SID89
Micromonospora craniellae
Streptomyces cellostaticus
Amycolatopsis eburnea
Streptomyces cellostaticus
Mycobacterium avium 10-5560
Mycobacterium rhizamassiliense
Bacillus sp. SJS
Frankia sp. EUN1f
Bacillus sp. OK077
Pseudoalteromonas rubra DSM 6842
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype I (strain IP32953)
Duganella sp. Root1480D1
Azospirillum brasilense
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-118
Azospirillum brasilense
Nocardioides sp. LS1
Azospirillum brasilense
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-118
Vibrio sp. 10N.222.52.B12
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-118
Mycobacterium sp. 1081908.1
Clostridium sp. MSTE9
Amycolatopsis eburnea
Streptomyces ficellus
Amycolatopsis eburnea
Clostridium thermobutyricum
Azospirillum brasilense
Chromobacterium haemolyticum
Azospirillum brasilense
Streptomyces monashensis
Bradyrhizobium huanghuaihaiense
Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto str. T04001
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces davaonensis (strain DSM 101723/JCM 4913/KCC S-0913/768)
Streptomyces sp. 2132.2
Amycolatopsis eburnea
Streptomyces decoyicus
Azospirillum brasilense
Streptomyces decoyicus
Streptomyces sp. SID8382
Streptomyces sp. 840.1
Streptomyces sp. SolWspMP-5a-2
Streptomyces sp. 3213.3
Streptomyces sp. TSRI0107
Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087
Propionispora sp. 2/2-37
Streptomyces decoyicus
Taibaiella chishuiensis
Kordia sp. SMS9
Streptomyces sp. BK447
Thiothrix lacustris
Kordia periserrulae
Streptomyces sp. SID10115
Kordia periserrulae
Thiothrix lacustris
Leptolyngbya boryana NIES-2135
Streptomyces sp. SID4931
Kribbella qitaiheensis
Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces curacoi
Kribbella qitaiheensis
Paraburkholderia guartelaensis
Mycobacterium sp. TKK-01-0059
Amycolatopsis sp. AA4
Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces sp. 136MFCol5.1
Frankia asymbiotica
Undibacterium sp. KW1
Streptomyces parvus
Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656
Lentzea guizhouensis
Micromonospora palomenae
Mycobacterium sp. AT1
Clostridium butyricum
Yersinia pestis biovar Orientalis str. PEXU2
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM1497
Streptomyces sioyaensis
Streptomyces nanshensis
Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Streptomyces sioyaensis
Azospirillum palustre
Clostridium butyricum
Streptomyces nanshensis
Streptomyces sp. SID10362
Streptomyces sp. Ru73
Streptomyces nanshensis
Nonomuraea pusilla
Kitasatospora griseola
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Clostridium sp. IBUN125C
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Caproiciproducens sp. NJN-50
Pseudomonas sp.
Streptomyces parvus
Clostridium senegalense
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3605
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3605
Streptomyces venezuelae
Kitasatospora griseola
Pseudomonas sp.
Kitasatospora setae (strain ATCC 33774/DSM 43861/JCM 3304/KCC A-0304/NBRC
Streptomyces venezuelae
Plantactinospora sp. CNZ321
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar novosibirsk
Streptomyces parvus
Curtobacterium sp. PhB142
Turicibacter sanguinis
Clostridium thermobutyricum DSM 4928
Kutzneria buriramensis
Streptomyces sp. 844.5
Streptomyces sp. CNZ288
Pseudomonas lactis
Streptomyces sp. CB02056
Streptomyces inhibens
Sporomusa sp. KB1
Nitrosomonas communis
Streptomyces sp. 6-11-2
Rhodococcus opacus (strain B4)
Streptomyces griseoluteus
Duganella sp. Root198D2
Mycolicibacterium conceptionense
Streptomyces mobaraensis NBRC 138
Jiangella rhizosphaerae
Chryseobacterium taeanense
Pseudomonas sp. NS1(2017)
Amycolatopsis sp. KNN50.9b
Azospirillum sp. TSH64
Streptomyces inhibens
Mycobacterium triplex
Turicibacter sanguinis
Streptomyces sp. 46
Streptomyces inhibens
Chryseobacterium angstadtii
Nitrosomonas communis
Clostridium thermobutyricum DSM 4928
Acidovorax sp. Leaf76
Streptomyces sp. BK308
Nitrosomonas communis
Streptomyces inhibens
Burkholderia pseudomallei 576
Mycobacterium pseudokansasii
Lentzea waywayandensis
Streptomyces sp. 46
Streptomyces sp. SUN51
Mycolicibacterium insubricum
Caulobacter vibrioides
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Streptomyces piniterrae
Streptomyces palmae
Pseudomonas sp. CFBP13528
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
Streptomyces sp. CB01373
Actinoplanes italicus
Mycobacterium montefiorense
Dyella sp. M7H15-1
Azospirillum oryzae
Streptomyces sp. 74
Mycobacterium sp. SP-6446
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04169
Streptomyces sp. CB01373
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
Mycobacterium sp. SP-6446
Ralstonia solanacearum UW551
Mycobacterium kansasii 662
Dictyobacter aurantiacus
Streptomyces sp. SID4913
Streptomyces palmae
Ralstonia pickettii
Variovorax sp. RO1
Streptomyces sp. KPB2
Actinomadura syzygii
Azospirillum oryzae
Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-1568
Mycolicibacterium mageritense
Xenorhabdus beddingii
Mycobacterium kansasii 662
Saccharothrix espanaensis (strain ATCC 51144/DSM 44229/JCM 9112/NBRC
Streptomyces roseus
Streptomyces sp. KPB2
Streptomyces sp. 2114.2
Mycobacterium gordonae
Streptomyces sp. CB01201
Mycobacterium gordonae
Clostridium botulinum
Mycobacterium gordonae
Micromonospora sp. Llam0
Streptomyces sp. SID337
Herbidospora sp. NEAU-GS84
Curtobacterium sp. PhB78
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-495
Streptomyces sp. 2131.1
Streptomyces sp. BK329
Frankia sp. (strain EAN1pec)
Saccharothrix saharensis
Saccharothrix saharensis
Streptomyces sp. MnatMP-M17
Streptomyces sp. BK329
Streptomyces sp. CB02120-2
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-495
Streptomyces sp. SID339
Granulicella sp. WH15
Streptomyces sp. SID339
Streptomyces sp. V2
Streptomyces sp. SID339
Pseudomonas simiae
Ralstonia solanacearum
Micromonospora sp. Llam0
Streptomyces monashensis
Streptomyces coelicoflavus
Micromonospora aurantiaca
Caulobacter sp. (strain K31)
Streptomyces sp. 3212.4
Azospirillum lipoferum (strain 4B)
Actinomadura chibensis
Ralstonia solanacearum
Streptomyces sp. CB01249
Streptomyces sp. CB00455
Streptomyces sp. V2
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-495
Nitrosomonas sp. Nm34
Streptomyces sp. V2
Saccharothrix saharensis
Micromonospora sp. HM134
Micromonospora sp. Llam0
Micromonospora aurantiaca
Devosia sp. MC521
Saccharothrix saharensis
Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478
Streptomyces sp. CB00455
Nocardioides jejuensis
Streptomyces sp. V2
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis 10-5606
Saccharothrix saharensis
Pseudomonas lactis
Streptomyces sp. CB02120-2
Streptomyces sp. CNZ288
Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478
Streptomyces sp. CNZ279
Streptomyces sp. 2114.2
Streptomyces sp. DfronAA-171
Streptomyces sp. 2114.2
Mycobacterium marseillense
Streptomyces sp. SID12488
Pseudomonas lactis
Streptomyces sp. CB02120-2
Bacillus cereus HuB4-4
Streptomyces sp. V2
Mycobacterium marseillense
Ralstonia solanacearum
Streptomyces sp. SID7813
Ralstonia solanacearum
Mycobacterium triplex
Streptomyces coelicoflavus
Streptomyces nanshensis
Streptomyces sp. 94
Pseudomonas lactis
Streptomyces sp. A1499
Streptomyces sp. CNZ288
Streptomyces misionensis
Variovorax boronicumulans
Streptomyces sp. 1-11
Mycobacterium pseudokansasii
Streptomyces sp. CRXT-Y-14
Streptomyces sp. SID7813
Streptomyces sp. BK208
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509
Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509
Boseongicola sp. SB0662_bin 57
Streptomyces glaucescens
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Streptomyces sp. SID2563
Streptomyces sp. A7024
Streptomyces sp. SID7813
Mycobacterium kansasii
Streptomyces sp. A7024
Streptomyces lydicamycinicus
Streptomyces collinus (strain DSM 40733/Tue 365)
Clostridium perfringens (strain ATCC 13124/DSM 756/JCM 1290/NCIMB 6125/
Gordonia sp.
Streptomyces violaceusniger (strain Tu 4113)
Mycobacterium sp. shizuoka-1
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-C40
Streptomyces sp. WM6386
Tenacibaculum gallaicum
Kutzneria sp. 744
Streptomyces sp. 150FB
Streptomyces kaniharaensis
Streptomyces sp. YIM 121038
Roseivirga sp. XM-24bin3
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3723
Lentzea fradiae
Streptomyces sp. YIM 121038
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 35801/TMC 107/Erdman)
Streptomyces sp. 3212.3
Amycolatopsis australiensis
Ralstonia sp. A12
Achromobacter spanius
Streptomyces sp. P3
Streptomyces niveus NCIMB 11891
Streptomyces pristinaespiralis (strain ATCC 25486/DSM 40338/CBS 914.69/
Streptomyces niveus NCIMB 11891
Streptomyces sp. 150FB
Streptomyces glebosus
Streptomyces sp. 3212.3
Streptomyces glebosus
Saccharopolyspora spinosa
Nocardiopsis sp. Huas11
Robinsoniella peoriensis
Bacillus sp. VKPM B-3276
Streptomyces sp. 150FB
Streptomyces cinereoruber
Rheinheimera sp. SA_1
Arthrobacter sp. Hz2
Burkholderia thailandensis
Streptomyces rubidus
Micromonospora peucetia
Stenotrophomonas sp. HMWF003
Streptomyces sp. RB17
Streptomyces sp. XY006
Streptomyces glebosus
Streptomyces phyllanthi
Achromobacter spanius
Streptomyces sp. MnatMP-M27
Gordonia sp.
Bacillus sp. CH140a_4T
Actinomadura craniellae
Streptomyces glebosus
Pseudomonas sp. ICMP 564
Amycolatopsis australiensis
Mycolicibacterium sp. P1-18
Amycolatopsis sp. A23
Mycobacterium sp. IS-2888
Streptomyces sp. 844.5
Massilia sp. WF1
Streptomyces sp. 844.5
Streptomyces sp. 61
Actinomadura litoris
Actinomadura decatromicini
Subtercola sp. Z020
Streptomyces sp. 61
Actinomadura litoris
Actinomadura decatromicini
Amycolatopsis sp. A23
Burkholderia sp. PAMC 26561
Streptomyces sp. CB02056
Streptomyces sp. SID11233
Burkholderia pseudomallei Pakistan 9
Nocardioides sp. BN130099
Nocardia asteroides NBRC 15531
Streptomyces sp. CB02056
Saccharothrix syringae
Ralstonia solanacearum CMR15
Burkholderia plantarii
Mycobacterium sp. IS-2888
Saccharothrix syringae
Williamsia marianensis
Amycolatopsis thailandensis
Streptomyces sp. SID5473
Methylobacterium sp. ap11
Streptomyces albulus PD-1
Mycobacterium sp. IS-2888
Actinomadura bangladeshensis
Acidovorax sp. 99
Leifsonia xyli
Williamsia marianensis
Herbaspirillum sp. SJZ107
Bacillus cereus TIAC219
Frankia casuarinae (strain DSM 45818/CECT 9043/CcI3)
Streptomyces cattleya (strain ATCC 35852/DSM 46488/JCM 4925/NBRC
Amycolatopsis rifamycinica
Frankia sp. Cc1.17
Amycolatopsis rifamycinica
Streptomyces sp. HIT-DPA4
Mycobacterium fragae
Actinomadura bangladeshensis
Streptomyces sp. Tue6028
Streptomyces lividans TK24
Streptomyces sp. SID5473
Nocardia ninae NBRC 108245
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5755
Streptomyces turgidiscabies Car8
Frankia sp. Cc1.17
Pseudomonas sp. S35
Mycobacterium sp. MAC_080597 8934
Streptomyces kanasensis
Streptomyces sp. Tue6028
Streptomyces afghaniensis 772
Chryseobacterium hagamense
Streptomyces turgidiscabies Car8
Frankia sp. Cc1.17
Streptomyces corchorusii
Nocardiopsis sp. NRRL B-16309
Frankia casuarinae (strain DSM 45818/CECT 9043/CcI3)
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3701
Frankia sp. Cc1.17
Mycobacterium intracellulare (strain ATCC 13950/DSM 43223/JCM 6384/NCTC
Roseivirga spongicola
Mycobacterium syngnathidarum
Streptomyces sp. DvalAA-14
Burkholderia pseudomallei 1710a
Mycobacterium sp. E3339
Microbispora sp. SCL1-1
Clostridium butyricum DORA_1
Streptomyces anulatus
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Pseudomonas sp. GV058
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Bacillus wiedmannii
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Mycobacterium sherrisii
Burkholderia sp. ST111
Mycolicibacterium conceptionense
Streptomyces uncialis
Bacillus mycoides
Frankia sp. ACNlag
Streptomyces resistomycificus
Chromobacterium vaccinii
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces sp. Ncost-T6T-1
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces sp. BK205
Clostridium botulinum
Mycobacteroides sp. H092
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Frankia sp. ACNlag
Clostridium botulinum
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2571
Clostridium botulinum
Micromonospora sp. CNZ297
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. Tue 6075
Clostridium perfringens
Amycolatopsis tolypomycina
Clostridium perfringens
Kitasatospora cineracea
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium sp. L74
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. BK038
Streptomyces sp. sk2.1
Streptomyces sp. Tue 6075
Clostridium perfringens
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2571
Streptomyces sp. 1222.2
Streptomyces rochei
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces phaeolivaceus
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-sy36
Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-40037_SCH5390672
Yersinia wautersii
Pseudomonas sp. FDAARGOS_380
Streptomyces caatingaensis
Streptomyces sp. BK038
Mycobacterium innocens
Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-40037_SCH5390672
Chromobacterium vaccinii
Mycobacterium innocens
Amycolatopsis tolypomycina
Streptomyces sp. WAC05858
Streptomyces sp. Tue 6075
Streptomyces colonosanans
Williamsia sp. 1135
Mycolicibacterium moriokaense
Nitrosomonas sp. Nm33
Mycobacterium alsense
Mycobacterium europaeum
Mycobacterium vulneris
Bacillus cereus BAG6O-2
Owenweeksia sp.
Streptomyces sp. cf124
Mycolicibacterium moriokaense
Saccharothrix carnea
Kitasatospora sp. SolWspMP-SS2h
Saccharothrix carnea
Mycobacterium vulneris
Ktedonobacter sp.
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum
Mycobacteroides abscessus
Bradyrhizobium sp. C9
Streptomyces sp. Mg1
Streptomyces olivochromogenes
Bacillus toyonensis
Herbaspirillum sp. YR522
Bacillus thuringiensis
Mycobacterium rhizamassiliense
Bacillus thuringiensis
Nocardiopsis alba
Streptomyces sp. Mg1
Streptomyces sp. SID 13588
Bacillus toyonensis
Streptomyces sp. SID685
Streptomyces sp. BK335
Streptosporangium nondiastaticum
Achromobacter piechaudii
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_O5-1
Lachnoclostridium sp.
Streptomyces sp. MH60
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. paromomycinus
Nocardiopsis alba
Streptomyces melanosporofaciens
Kutzneria sp. 744
Lachnoclostridium sp.
Nonomuraea sp. WAC 01424
Streptomyces sp. BK340
Streptomyces sp. SID13726
Herbaspirillum seropedicae
Streptomyces sp. SID13726
Streptomyces kaniharaensis
Streptomyces sp. Root63
Collimonas pratensis
Mycolicibacterium fluoranthenivorans
Collimonas pratensis
Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. paromomycinus
Amycolatopsis cihanbeyliensis
Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis
Caulobacter sp. FWC2
Streptomyces sp. XY431
Streptomyces sp. BK340
Mycobacterium sp. 1482292.6
Streptomyces sp. GS7
Mycobacterium sp. E2497
Streptomyces sp. XY431
Mycobacterium kyorinense
Mycobacterium arosiense ATCC BAA-14
Streptomyces sp. XY431
Mycobacterium sp. 1482292.6
Achromobacter insuavis AXX-A
Mycobacterium sp. E2497
Streptomyces melanosporofaciens
Streptomyces sp. CCM_MD2014
Streptomyces sp. 76
Mycobacterium gordonae
Streptomyces albus (strain ATCC 21838/DSM 41398/FERM P-419/JCM 4703/
Mycobacterium noviomagense
Azospirillum sp. (strain B510)
Streptomyces sp. 76
Mycobacterium gordonae
Bradyrhizobium elkanii
Acidovorax sp. KKS102
Nonomuraea diastatica
Rheinheimera tangshanensis
Streptomyces sp. WAC05858
Kitasatospora albolonga
Streptomyces sp. CMB-StM0423
Methylobacterium indicum
Azospirillum sp. K2W22B-5
Streptomyces montanus
Variovorax sp. 54
Clostridium sp. IBUN13A
Mycobacterium gordonae
Nonomuraea diastatica
Clostridium intestinale URNW
Streptomyces sp. CMB-StM0423
Methylobacterium platani
Nocardia sp. CS682
Streptomyces ipomoeae
Streptomyces sp. SID337
Streptomyces sp. Ru72
Clostridium thermobutyricum
Mycobacteroides sp. H072
Fictibacillus arsenicus
Streptomyces ipomoeae
Streptomyces sp. SAI-083
Kribbella antibiotica
Streptomyces sp. MA5143a
Ralstonia sp. MD27
Clostridium intestinale URNW
Streptomyces longwoodensis
Streptomyces sp. 93
Streptomyces longwoodensis
Kribbella sp. YM55
Cryobacterium luteum
Arthrobacter crusticola
Pseudomonas sp. 2822-17
Streptomyces coelicolor
Acidovorax sp. Leaf78
Saccharothrix sp. ST-888
Microbispora triticiradicis
Edaphobacter dinghuensis
Saccharothrix sp. ST-888
Edaphobacter dinghuensis
Acidovorax sp. SCN 68-22
Mycobacterium sp. 1165178.9
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Streptomyces cattleya (strain ATCC 35852/DSM 46488/JCM 4925/NBRC
Streptomyces varsoviensis
Streptomyces aquilus
Streptomyces sp. SID5471
Streptomyces sp. SceaMP-e96
Streptomyces aquilus
Mycolicibacterium insubricum
Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-3648
Pseudomonas sp. 44 R 15
Bacillus cereus VD142
Acidovorax radicis
Streptomyces sp. SceaMP-e96
Streptomyces cattleya (strain ATCC 35852/DSM 46488/JCM 4925/NBRC
Streptomyces mobaraensis NBRC 138
Streptomyces aquilus
Thiothrix sp.
Nonomuraea zeae
Mycobacterium sp. 1245805.9
Mycobacterium intracellulare
Streptomyces sp. SceaMP-e96
Mycobacterium intracellulare
Streptomyces mobaraensis NBRC 138
Nocardia ninae NBRC 108245
Nonomuraea zeae
Mycobacterium sp. 1245805.9
Thiothrix sp.
Propionispora hippei DSM 15287
Bacillus cereus str. Schrouff
Streptomyces malaysiensis
Clostridium butyricum E4 str. BoNT E BL5262
Mycolicibacterium sp. (ex Dasyatis americana)
Kribbella sp. ALI-6-A
Pseudomonas sp. 1 R 17
Streptomyces malaysiensis
Pseudomonas sp. GW531-R1
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae
Micromonospora sp. CNZ285
Streptomyces sp. SID4926
Acidovorax valerianellae
Streptomyces fulvissimus
Rhodococcus imtechensis RKJ3
Bradyrhizobium centrolobii
Mycobacterium sp. E3251
Arthrobacter sp. YN
Kribbella sp. ALI-6-A
Streptomyces fulvissimus
Subtercola vilae
Actinomadura sp. KC216
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Streptomyces bauhiniae
Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain K96243)
Actinomadura sp. KC216
Microbispora rosea
Vibrio campbellii
Streptomyces malaysiensis
Streptomyces sp. GP55
Streptomyces sp. I6
Bacillus marisflavi
Streptomyces zinciresistens K42
Streptomyces sp. GP55
Streptomyces malaysiensis
Azospirillum thiophilum
Nocardia alba
Agrobacterium sp. ICMP 7243
Mycobacterium sp. E3251
Streptomyces sp. TM32
Streptomyces sp. GP55
Vibrio campbellii
Tenacibaculum sp. MAR_2009_124
Streptomyces sp. DH-12
Streptomyces dioscori
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-17
Bacillus marisflavi
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea DSM 6061
Tenacibaculum aiptasiae
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii
Bacillus cereus BAG5X1-1
Sphaerisporangium album
Streptomyces sp. H036
Streptomyces sp. SID7909
Sphingomonas sp. 67-36
Streptomyces paucisporeus
Mycobacterium paraseoulense
Streptomyces sp. XY332
Streptomyces sp. CFMR 7
Streptomyces sp. SID7760
Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae
Streptomyces sp. SID7760
Mycobacteroides salmoniphilum
Mycobacterium parmense
Pseudoalteromonas sp. S1609
Mycobacterium parmense
Mycolicibacterium boenickei
Desulfosporosinus sp. OT
Streptomyces stelliscabiei
Streptomyces ipomoeae
Mycobacteroides salmoniphilum
Ruegeria marisrubri
Bacillus sp. AFS012607
Nocardiopsis sp. TSRI0078
Mycobacteroides salmoniphilum
Pseudoalteromonas sp. MSK9-3
Mycobacterium paraseoulense
Kutzneria albida DSM 43870
Streptomyces paucisporeus
Streptomyces ipomoeae
Streptomyces sp. DI166
Pseudoalteromonas sp. MSK9-3
Sphaerisporangium sp. LHW63015
Streptomyces noursei
Pseudomonas sp. FW305-25
Actinoalloteichus hoggarensis
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. SID5998
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. ID38640
Clostridium perfringens
Pseudomonas sp. GL93
Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum S58
Streptomyces sp. WAC 06738
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. ID38640
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium intestinale DSM 6191
Streptomyces sp. PTY08712
Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1
Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. yongonense
Sphaerisporangium sp. LHW63015
Streptomyces thermolilacinus SPC6
Clostridium uliginosum
Streptomyces sp. CMB-StM0423
Variovorax gossypii
Kribbella amoyensis
Streptomyces cavourensis
Mycobacterium sp. 852014-52450_SCH5900713
Streptomyces acidiscabies
Streptomyces fagopyri
Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM 5908
Streptomyces sp. L-9-10
Sporomusa sphaeroides DSM 2875
Streptomyces sp. CdTB01
Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM 5908
Amycolatopsis rubida
Sphingomonas sp. 28-62-20
Amycolatopsis rubida
Streptomyces sp. SID14478
Streptomyces fagopyri
Streptomyces sp. WAC04657
Mycobacterium seoulense
Sphingomonas sp. NFR15
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2570
Actinoplanes sp. N902-109
Streptomyces sp. 1
Pseudovibrio sp. W74
Streptomyces sp. CB02959
Streptomyces sp. F-1
Streptomyces peucetius subsp. caesius ATCC 27952
Mycolicibacterium setense
Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM 5908
Streptomyces sp. cf386
Mycolicibacterium setense
Streptomyces acidiscabies
Afipia sp. GAS231
Streptomyces acidiscabies
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2570
Variovorax guangxiensis
Streptomyces sp. LamerLS-316
Pseudomonas veronii 1YdBTEX2
Mycobacterium seoulense
Mycobacterium sp. E3247
Clostridium perfringens (strain SM101/Type A)
Microbispora sp. ATCC PTA-5024
Frankia sp. Ea1.12
Microbispora sp. ATCC PTA-5024
Pseudomonas synxantha
Streptomyces yunnanensis
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces caelestis
Pseudomonas synxantha
Streptomyces sp. SID5998
Clostridium beijerinckii
Bradyrhizobium arachidis
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces sp. SID5998
Collimonas sp. PA-H2
Clostridium beijerinckii
Mycolicibacterium hodleri
Streptomyces griseocarneus
Curtobacterium sp. PhB146
Streptomyces griseocarneus
Clostridium intestinale DSM 6191
Clostridium beijerinckii
Mycobacterium sp. E3247
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces broussonetiae
Actinomadura sp. RB68
Streptomyces sp. SID5998
Burkholderia mallei (strain NCTC 10229)
Streptomyces rimosus
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces caelestis
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04182
Fictibacillus macauensis ZFHKF-1
Clostridium beijerinckii
Pseudomonas sp. GV087
Streptomyces griseocarneus
Filimonas sp. YR581
Clostridium beijerinckii
Bradyrhizobium arachidis
Pseudomonas synxantha
Streptomyces sp. WAC 06738
Streptomyces yunnanensis
Streptomyces sp. PCS3-D2
Herbidospora galbida
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces sp. WAC 06738
Pseudomonas synxantha
Ralstonia pickettii OR214
Pseudomonas synxantha
Pseudomonas synxantha BG33R
Kordia sp. TARA_039_SRF
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2573
Clostridium beijerinckii
Actinoplanes sp. OR16
Streptomyces griseocarneus
Streptomyces sp. Ru87
Mycobacterium sp. E1715
Ralstonia sp. SET104
Streptomyces sp. SID8381
Actinomadura pelletieri DSM 43383
Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2573
Streptomyces jumonjinensis
Streptomyces sp. JB150
Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
Streptomyces sp. WZ.A104
Streptomyces sporangiiformans
Alloactinosynnema sp. L-07
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01376
Streptomyces sp. WAC 04229
Actinomadura pelletieri DSM 43383
Streptomyces sp. WAC07149
Streptomyces sp. Ru87
Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
Streptomyces acidiscabies
Amycolatopsis vastitatis
Actinomadura pelletieri DSM 43383
Mycobacterium sp. E2733
Streptomyces jumonjinensis
Frankia alni (strain ACN14a)
Streptomyces galbus
Vibrio sp. VIB
Pseudomonas sp. Root569
Pelagibacterium sp. SCN 63-126
Streptomyces jumonjinensis
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01376
Amycolatopsis vastitatis
Streptomyces sp. SID8381
Pseudomonas cedrina
Actinomadura litoris
Burkholderia mallei (strain NCTC 10247)
Streptomyces sp. MnatMP-M27
Streptomyces gancidicus BKS 13-15
Mycolicibacterium mageritense DSM 444
Streptomyces dengpaensis
Mycobacterium sp. 1164966.3
Streptomyces sp. SID8381
Streptomyces sp. PsTaAH-137
Mycobacterium sp. E1386
Nocardia neocaledoniensis
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-16
Azospirillum sp. TSA6c
Mycobacterium sp. E1386
Burkholderia sp. BDU8
Streptomyces subrutilus
Streptomyces sp. SID5468
Pseudoalteromonas citrea DSM 8771
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2541
Streptomyces sp. CNZ306
Streptomyces sp. PsTaAH-137
Streptomyces sp. OK228
Streptomyces sp. SID5926
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-16
Streptomyces sp. SID5468
Streptomyces subrutilus
Streptomyces sp. SID4-14
Tenacibaculum litoreum
Streptomyces sp. CNZ306
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-16
Streptomyces sp. BK141
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-16
Streptomyces sp. SID486
Mesorhizobium sp.
Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus
Frankia sp. EUN1h
Curtobacterium sp. PhB171
Ralstonia mannitolilytica
Cryobacterium sp. TMT1-2-2
Sphingopyxis sp. PAMC25046
Streptomyces sp. NA02950
Ralstonia pickettii
Streptomyces sp. RLB3-6
Rhizobacter sp. Root1221
Streptomyces tsukubensis
Ralstonia pickettii
Streptomyces sp. RLB3-6
Streptomyces sp. ADI93-02
Streptomyces azureus
Streptomyces roseus
Streptomyces tsukubensis
Streptomyces sp. SID8356
Clostridium sp. DL-VIII
Nocardia terpenica
Streptosporangium sp. ‘caverna’
Chryseobacterium sp. Hurlbut01
Sporomusa ovata
Mycobacterium ulcerans subsp. shinshuense
Cryobacterium sp. TMT1-66-1
Actinomadura sp. CNU-125
Streptomyces sp. SID4919
Pseudomonas trivialis
Streptomyces shenzhenensis
Streptomyces sp. CS057
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. CEV 2-1
Bacillus cereus
Pseudomonas rhodesiae
Streptomyces sp. S4.7
Streptomyces sp. 130
Streptomyces sp. SID5477
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant africanum
Mycobacterium lentiflavum
Bacillus cereus BDRD-ST196
Streptomyces sp. SID5477
Jiangella alba
Curtobacterium sp. 81-2
Streptomyces sp. SID5464
Mycobacterium europaeum
Mycobacterium sp. E1747
Mycobacterium lentiflavum
Okeania sp. SIO1I7
Acidovorax citrulli (strain AAC00-1)
Kribbella sp. YM53
Acidovorax sp. Root275
Streptomyces katrae
Actinomadura sp. 7K507
Curtobacterium sp. PhB42
Mycobacteroides abscessus
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-2
Streptomyces sp. SID8354
Bradyrhizobium sp. C9
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-2
Streptomyces scabiei
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_O5-1
Xylanimicrobium sp. FW10M-9
Streptomyces sp. SID8354
Streptomyces sp. NHF165
Mycobacteroides abscessus
Bradyrhizobium sp. Gha
Mycobacterium sp. IEC1808
Mycobacterium numidiamassiliense
Mycobacterium europaeum
Mycobacterium numidiamassiliense
Acidovorax sp. 59
Lentzea fradiae
Streptomyces sp. cf124
Streptomyces griseus
Mycobacterium europaeum
Mycobacterium nebraskense
Streptomyces scabiei
Kribbella sp. YM53
Streptomyces parvulus
Lentzea fradiae
Arthrobacter terricola
Nonomuraea sp. WAC 01424
Streptosporangium nondiastaticum
Kutzneria sp. 744
Pseudovibrio sp. Ad26
Nonomuraea sp. WAC 01424
Streptosporangium nondiastaticum
Streptosporangium nondiastaticum
Streptosporangium nondiastaticum
Fictibacillus solisalsi
Actinomadura sp. J1-007
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_O5-1
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-2
Bacillus sp. AG102
Kribbella albertanoniae
Streptomyces sp. 4121.5
Kribbella albertanoniae
Mycobacterium sp. Root135
Pseudomonas sp. MWU12-2534b
Streptomyces glaucescens
Pseudomonas sp. ICMP 8385
Streptomyces guanduensis
Granulicella sibirica
Streptomyces lydicamycinicus
Actinomadura sp. J1-007
Chromobacterium sp. LK11
Streptomyces sp. QMT-12
Streptomyces guanduensis
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
Okeania sp. SIO3B5
Granulicella sibirica
Frankia inefficax (strain DSM 45817/CECT 9037/EuI1c)
Actinomadura sp. J1-007
Streptomyces sp. 3212.2
Streptomyces sp. 4121.5
Pseudomonas sp. R5-89-07
Kitasatospora albolonga
Actinomadura decatromicini
Streptomyces parvulus
Streptomyces sp. PRKS01-65
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium sp. E2479
Nocardia sp. NRRL S-836
Methylobacterium indicum
Streptomyces sp. Akac8
Streptomyces sp. WISF4
Streptomyces sp. MMG1121
Jiangella rhizosphaerae
Acidovorax sp. CF316
Azospirillum thermophilum
Streptomyces decoyicus
Streptomyces niveus
Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509
Streptomyces lydicamycinicus
Acidovorax cavernicola
Paenibacillus tyrfis
Streptomyces sp. AA4
Yersinia pekkanenii
Clostridium botulinum
Pseudomonas sp. GW456-11-11-14-LB4
Streptomyces sp. CS081A
Rheinheimera sp. A13L
Streptomyces sp. CB01201
Acidovorax sp. HMWF029
Streptomyces sp. AA4
Methylobacterium sp. DB0501
Fluviicola sp.
Streptomyces corynorhini
Streptomyces sp. DSM 15324
Streptomyces hoynatensis
Leifsonia sp. Root112D2
Streptomyces hoynatensis
Mycolicibacterium senegalense
Nocardia sp. CS682
Actinomadura rayongensis
Nocardia sp. FDAARGOS_372
Pseudomonas sp. S10E 269
Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. yongonense 05-1390
Fluviicola sp.
Streptomyces hoynatensis
Streptomyces sp. SID10116
Fictibacillus arsenicus
Streptomyces sp. CB01201
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-4428
Streptomyces hoynatensis
Streptomyces sp. SID10116
Arthrobacter sp. yr096
Streptomyces sp. MnatMP-M17
Mycobacterium gordonae
Streptomyces sp. MnatMP-M17
Streptomyces glomeroaurantiacus
Streptomyces sp. SID 10116
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Streptomyces sp. CB01201
Sporomusa termitida
Mycobacterium gordonae
Streptomyces viridochromogenes (strain DSM 40736/JCM 4977/BCRC 1201/Tue 494)
Streptomyces hoynatensis
Streptomyces sp. SID 10853
Streptomyces sp. SID337
Actinomadura sp. NEAU-G17
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-6491
Streptomyces kanasensis
Streptomyces tateyamensis
Nocardia stercoris
Streptomyces sp. 93
Bacillus wiedmannii
Enterobacter sp. A11
Streptomyces sp. CRXT-G-22
Devosia insulae DS-56
Streptomyces kanamyceticus
Nonomuraea deserti
Bacillus wiedmannii
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea S4054
Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes
Streptomyces sp. me109
Streptomyces coelicoflavus
Streptomyces sp. 62
Streptomyces sp. GKU 895
Chromobacterium haemolyticum
Streptomyces canus
Paraburkholderia sp. BL23IIN1
Streptomyces sp. GKU 895
Lentzea alba
Streptomyces sp. uw30
Streptomyces albus subsp. albus
Chromobacterium haemolyticum
Streptomyces sp. HGB0020
Streptomyces sp. WM4235
Streptomyces sp. 69
Streptomyces sp. SID5473
Lentzea alba
Streptomyces sp. WM4235
Pseudomonas sp. GV077
Streptomyces sp. SID5606
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium 11-4751
Agromyces sp. NEAU-184
Rhizobacter sp. OV335
Streptomyces sp. Root1304
Streptomyces sp. San01
Methylobacterium sp. 17Sr1-39
Streptomyces sp. SID5606
Duganella sp. CF458
Streptomyces lividans TK24
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551/Oshkosh)
Streptomyces lividans TK24
Streptomyces ossamyceticus
Streptomyces sp. DconLS
Streptomyces sp. NBS 14/10
Streptomyces tubercidicus
Streptomyces sp. WM4235
Flavobacterium araucananum
Streptomyces tubercidicus
Massilia guangdongensis
Streptomyces sp. WAC 06783
Granulicella pectinivorans
Streptomyces sp. NBS 14/10
Pseudomonas caspiana
Amycolatopsis japonica
Ralstonia insidiosa
Pseudomonas sp. J380
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Streptomyces sp. BK447
Paraburkholderia bannensis
Mycobacterium sp. 1245111.1
Clostridium sp. CAG:265
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Streptomyces sp. me109
Streptomyces sp. TSRI0107
Streptomyces sp. SID4936
Stenotrophomonas sp. 364
Streptomyces sp. CRXT-G-22
Microbacterium sp. SLBN-1
Clostridium puniceum
Actinomadura sp. KC06
Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes
Clostridium sp. CAG:221
Streptomyces canus
Streptomyces sp. MMG1533
Actinomadura sp. NEAU-G17
Actinomadura sp. KC06
Amycolatopsis sp. YIM 10
Nocardia arthritidis
Bacillus wiedmannii
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces kanamyceticus
Micromonospora sp. RP3T
Micromonospora sp. RP3T
Curtobacterium citreum
Streptomyces sp. 2114.4
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-109
Micromonospora haikouensis
Clostridium sp. KNHs216
Bradyrhizobium sp. 6(2017)
Curtobacterium citreum
Streptomyces pharetrae CZA14
Streptomyces piniterrae
Streptomyces sp. 73
Streptomyces dysideae
Burkholderia sp. MSMB617WGS
Streptomyces piniterrae
Curtobacterium sp. PhB115
Pseudomonas sp. BRG-100
Pseudomonas antarctica
Frankia canadensis
Mycobacteroides abscessus (strain ATCC 19977/DSM44196/CIP 104536/JCM
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5122
Clostridium sp. TW1
Streptomyces sp. CB03578
Bradyrhizobium cytisi
Streptomyces sp. uw30
Nonomuraea mesophila
Streptomyces pristinaespiralis
Streptomyces sp. SID4-11
Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain 1106a)
Streptomyces sp. SID4-11
Azospirillum ramasamyi
Streptomyces pharetrae CZA14
Streptomyces subrutilus
Streptomyces sp. CB03578
Streptomyces viridochromogenes (strain DSM 40736/JCM 4977/BCRC 1201/Tue 494)
Mycolicibacterium brisbanense
Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598
Mycobacterium sp. E1386
Mycolicibacterium brisbanense
Streptomyces sp. OK228
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Acidovorax sp. 56
Clostridium butyricum
Pseudomonas sp. BRG-100
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5122
Amycolatopsis sp. SID8362
Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598
Amycolatopsis sp. SID8362
Nocardia wallacei
Streptomyces nodosus
Bacillus sp. CH126_4D
Mycolicibacterium agri
Clostridium homopropionicum DSM 5847
Ralstonia solanacearum
Streptomyces sp. CB01883
Clostridium butyricum
Streptomyces sp. AgN23
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
Streptomyces sp. CB03578
Ralstonia solanacearum
Mycobacterium avium 05-4293
Streptomyces sp. SID2131
Devosia sp. 17-2-E-8
Streptomyces fulvissimus
Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis
Streptomyces sp. YIM 121038
Amycolatopsis sp. SID8362
Amaricoccus sp. HAR-UPW-R2A-40
Streptomyces sp. YIM 121038
Mycobacterium [tuberculosis] TKK-01-0051
Amycolatopsis rubida
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01376
Streptomyces lincolnensis
Streptomyces noursei ATCC 11455
Caulobacter flavus
Pseudomonas grimontii
Streptomyces sp. WAC06614
Turicibacter sanguinis
Mycobacterium sp. E2733
Streptomyces sp. WAC05374
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus
Mycobacterium kubicae
Mycobacterium talmoniae
Mycobacterium sp. E342
Turicibacter sanguinis
Paraburkholderia ribeironis
Nocardioides lianchengensis
Yersinia pestis
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces tendae
Clostridium septicum
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-S7GS2
Streptomyces sp. SID13666
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces sp. BK561
Bacillus sp. V-88
Streptomyces griseofuscus
Streptomyces libani subsp. rufus
Streptomyces griseofuscus
Micromonospora globispora
Streptomyces griseofuscus
Clostridium chromiireducens
Cryobacterium sp. TMT1-3
Streptomyces libani subsp. rufus
Pedobacter alluvionis
Mycobacterium paragordonae
Amycolatopsis regifaucium
Mycobacterium kubicae
Pseudomonas protegens
Nocardia seriolae
Streptomyces griseoviridis
Mycobacterium decipiens
Streptomyces libani subsp. rufus
Promicromonospora sp. CF082
Streptomyces libani subsp. rufus
Clostridium perfringens (strain 13/Type A)
Streptomyces griseoviridis
Mycobacterium decipiens
Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
Streptomyces sp. SAT1
Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera
Streptomyces sp. Tu 6176
Kitasatospora setae (strain ATCC 33774/DSM 43861/JCM 3304/KCC A-0304/NBRC
Nocardioides sp. PD653
Nocardia seriolae
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 15998
Streptomyces alkaliterrae
Nonomuraea phyllanthi
Streptomyces sp. SA15
Pseudomonas asplenii
Mycobacterium sp. 1554424.7
Streptomyces alkaliterrae
Acidovorax sp. FJL06
Mycobacterium celatum
Saccharothrix syringae
Nonomuraea phyllanthi
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 15998
Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii JCM 15466
Gordonia sp. NB4-1Y
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 15998
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Bacillus sp. AFS018417
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
Mycobacterium shigaense
Bacillus mycoides (strain KBAB4)
Streptomyces alfalfae
Mycobacterium mantenii
Streptomyces alfalfae
Frankia sp. QA3
Streptomyces acidiscabies
Streptomyces sp. SID5469
Mycobacterium gordonae
Pseudovibrio sp. WM33
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis
Yersinia pestis bv. Antiqua (strain Nepal516)
Streptomyces lincolnensis
Mycobacterium mantenii
Streptomyces sp. 19
Streptomyces sp. A244
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum DSM 466
Streptomyces sp. BK674
Mycobacterium shottsii
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-10029_SCH5224772
Paraburkholderia sediminicola
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Streptomyces sp. SID5643
Subtercola boreus
Nocardia mangyaensis
Kitasatospora xanthocidica
Streptomyces sp. 2112.5
Streptomyces yanglinensis
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain S699)
Streptomyces vitaminophilus
Streptomyces sp. NA03103
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Streptomyces gilvosporeus
Streptomyces sp. 5112.2
Kitasatospora xanthocidica
Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-4489
Luteibacter sp. 22Crub2.1
Pseudomonas sp. LAMO17WK12:I1
Actinomadura sp. LHW52907
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Streptomyces sp. NA03103
Streptomyces sp. jing01
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea S4060-1
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-10029_SCH5224772
Pseudomonas haemolytica
Nocardia sp. Root136
Luteibacter pinisoli
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain S699)
Subtercola boreus
Granulicella tundricola (strain ATCC BAA-1859/DSM23138/MP5ACTX9)
Streptomyces sp. 3214.6
Kribbella pittospori
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_G5-5
Bradyrhizobium sp. LTSPM299
Streptomyces sp. CB02115
Variovorax sp. KBS0712
Actinomadura sp. RB29
Streptomyces sp. IB2014 011-12
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain S699)
Streptomyces sp. CRPJ-33
Amycolatopsis sulphurea
Streptomyces sp. SID4937
Amycolatopsis sulphurea
Streptomyces sp. e14
Nordella sp. HKS 07
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii 1513
Achromobacter piechaudii ATCC 43553
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Streptomyces sp. Root1310
Streptomyces puniciscabiei
Nocardiopsis sinuspersici
Mycobacterium shottsii
Amycolatopsis coloradensis
Actinomadura sp. RB29
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Acidovorax sp. SLBN-42
Amycolatopsis pithecelloba
Pseudomonas haemolytica
Subtercola boreus
Micromonospora sp. ALFpr18c
Streptomyces puniciscabiei
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Clostridium sporogenes
Amycolatopsis japonica
Mycobacterium sp. 1423905.2
Streptomyces sp. SID10115
Clostridium sporogenes
Streptomyces sp. SID10115
Streptomyces sp. SID2131
Streptomyces sp. TN58
Clostridium sporogenes
Curtobacterium sp. ‘Ferrero’
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 15998
Streptomyces sp. SID8499
Clostridium sp. Maddingley MBC34-26
Streptomyces sp. SID8499
Clostridium sporogenes
Paraburkholderia insulsa
Pseudoalteromonas amylolytica
Clostridium sp. Maddingley MBC34-26
Nitrosospira sp. Nsp37
Mycobacterium sp. 1423905.2
Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-1140
Streptomyces sp. SID8499
Streptomyces ambofaciens (strain ATCC 23877/3486/DSM 40053/JCM 4204/NBRC
Streptomyces sp. A0642
Agrobacterium radiobacter (strain K84/ATCC BAA-868)
Micromonospora narathiwatensis
Streptomyces sp. MZ03-48
Clostridium botulinum (strain Hall/ATCC 3502/NCTC 13319/Type A)
Streptomyces violaceusniger
Curtobacterium sp. MCJR17_020
Streptomyces swartbergensis
Streptomyces sp. TSRI0107
Nocardioides sp. Root1257
Streptomyces sp. SID8382
Streptomyces sp. SID5910
Fictibacillus aquaticus
Streptomyces sp. CB01580
Streptomyces violaceusniger
Dictyobacter sp. Uno17
Kribbella pittospori
Mycobacterium aquaticum
Streptomyces sp. 8K308
Acidovorax sp. 100
Clostridium frigidicarnis
Streptomyces sp. TLI_171
Streptomyces avermitilis (strain ATCC 31267/DSM 46492/JCM 5070/NBRC 14893/
Fictibacillus aquaticus
Streptomyces sp. TLI_171
Edaphobacter sp. 12200R-103
Acidovorax sp. NB1
Pseudomonas sp. GV047
Mycobacterium simiae
Halobacillus sp. BAB-2008
Actinomadura sp. GC306
Frankia sp. CcI6
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptomyces sp. 3214.6
Ralstonia sp. AU12-08
Mycobacterium sp. E2327
Streptomyces sp. fd1-xmd
Frankia soli
Streptomyces lasalocidi
Amycolatopsis sp. BJA-103
Streptomyces sp. 111WW2
Jiangella ureilytica
Streptomyces sp. WAC00469
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_G5-5
Streptomyces malaysiense
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain U-32)
Nocardia mexicana
Edaphobacter sp. 12200R-103
Actinoplanes regularis
Streptomyces violaceusniger
Streptomyces sp. fdl-xmd
Streptomyces swartbergensis
Streptomyces sp. SID8499
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain U-32)
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis ATCC 35646
Massilia sp. Root418
Pseudomonas sp. GV062
Methylobacterium aquaticum
Mycobacterium sp. E2327
Amycolatopsis mediterranei (strain U-32)
Streptomyces sp. 111WW2
Methylobacterium aquaticum
Amycolatopsis sp. BJA-103
Herbaspirillum sp. VT-16-41
Streptomyces alboniger
Nocardia mexicana
Streptomyces sp. 3212.5
Nocardioides baekrokdamisoli
Amycolatopsis sp. BJA-103
Streptomyces lydicus
Streptomyces sp. SID10815
Pseudomonas sp. NFPP22
Streptomyces sp. SID4982
Mycolicibacterium paratuberculosis (strain ATCC BAA-968/K-10)
Streptomyces sp. OK885
Streptomyces lydicus
Streptomyces lunaelactis
Micromonospora sp. MW-13
Couchioplanes caeruleus
Mycobacterium sp. E796
Ralstonia sp. NFACC01
Mycobacterium colombiense CECT 3035
Kitasatospora sp. CB02891
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae
Streptomyces lydicus
Nonomuraea turkmeniaca
Streptomyces spectabilis
Streptomyces sp. 2221.1
Streptomyces sp. TLI_55
Nitrosovibrio sp. Nv4
Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_G6-1
Streptomyces spectabilis
Streptomyces sp. 3212.2
Streptomyces spectabilis
Clostridium botulinum (strain Eklund 17B/Type B)
Pseudomonas panacis
Frankia sp. BMG5.11
Stenotrophomonas sp. LM091
Nonomuraea sp. KC401
Streptomyces spectabilis
Clostridium sartagoforme AAU1
Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG/Pasteur 1173P2)
Nonomuraea jiangxiensis
Streptomyces sp. 25
Streptomyces formicae
Streptomyces sp. 25
Buttiauxella sp. B2
Amycolatopsis pretoriensis
Amycolatopsis sp. AA4
Nocardia amikacinitolerans
Nonomuraea jiangxiensis
Streptomyces yokosukanensis
Streptomyces sp. SID7804
Saccharopolyspora jiangxiensis
Streptomyces sp. Ncost-T10-10d
Williamsia muralis
Streptomyces bungoensis
Mycobacterium sp. E802
Cyanobium sp.
Mycobacterium canettii (strain CIPT 140010059)
Duganella sp. BK054
Streptomyces sp. SID7805
Streptomyces sp. IB2014 016-6
Mycobacterium botniense
Chromobacterium sp. Panama
Actinomadura sp. 7K534
Edaphobacter dinghuensis
Paraburkholderia tropica
Bacillus mycoides
Azospirillum sp. L-25-5w-1
Bacillus mycoides
Streptomyces sp. CB00271
Candidatus Thiothrix singaporensis
Streptomyces sp. HUCO-GS316
Leifsonia sp. ALI-44-B
Streptomyces albireticuli
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. LRa12
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. SID5914
Streptomyces sp. IB201691-2A2
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2568
Curtobacterium sp. JUb34
Streptomyces sp. M7
Streptomyces sp. col6
Pseudomonas protegens (strain DSM 19095/LMG 27888/CHA0)
Bacillus mycoides
Pseudomonas veronii
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. BK042
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-192
Acidovorax cattleyae
Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces albireticuli
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila
Actinomadura rudentiformis
Streptomyces sp. BK042
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01416
Burkholderia mallei (strain ATCC 23344)
Streptomyces albireticuli
Bacillus sp. SRB_8
Streptomyces sp. Cmuel-A718b
Actinoplanes teichomyceticus
Xenorhabdus sp. KK7.4
Actinomadura rudentiformis
Streptomyces sp. LRa12
Streptomyces sp. 57
Streptomyces albireticuli
Streptomyces sp. CB00271
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01416
Ralstonia solanacearum (strain Po82)
Streptomyces sp. LRa12
Streptomyces albireticuli
Streptomyces sp. Act143
Streptomyces albireticuli
Pseudomonas sp. FW300-E2
Streptomyces albireticuli
Actinoplanes teichomyceticus
Pseudomonas paralactis
Streptomyces luteoverticillatus
Mycobacterium xenopi RIVM700367
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila
Streptomyces seoulensis
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila
Actinomadura rudentiformis
Streptomyces seoulensis
Streptomyces sp. TLI_105
Azospirillum sp. TSH20
Nocardioides sp. SLBN-35
Herbaspirillum frisingense
Streptomyces tsukubensis (strain DSM 42081/NBRC 108919/NRRL 18488/9993)
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (strain DSM 45239/MTCC 9506)
Streptomyces sp. ZEA17I
Streptomyces sp. SID1328
Kribbella jejuensis
Streptomyces sp. CNZ289
Curtobacterium sp. PhB190
Nocardia yunnanensis
Kribbella jejuensis
Mycobacterium sp. ACS4054
Ruegeria conchae
Bacillus mycoides
Streptomyces sp. RPA4-5
Streptomyces sp. IB201691-2A2
Mycobacterium saskatchewanense
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. SID5464
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. BK674
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. BK674
Bacillus mycoides
Okeania sp. SIO117
Bacillus mycoides
Streptomyces sp. 19
Bacillus mycoides
Streptomyces sp. 19
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Acidovorax konjaci
Streptomyces sp. IB201691-2A2
Streptomyces sp. SID5474
Streptomyces sp. IB201691-2A2
Rhodococcus opacus
Bacillus mycoides
Saccharopolyspora sp. ASAGF58
Streptomyces sp. HUCO-GS316
Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense
Bacillus mycoides
Kribbella sp. YM55
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Burkholderia pseudomallei 305
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-50816_SCH5313054-b
Mycobacterium sp. ACS4054
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Streptomyces sp. BK239
Bacillus mycoides
Streptomyces sp. BK239
Bacillus mycoides
Saccharothrix sp. ST-888
Streptomyces sp. CB00316
Pelomonas sp. BT06
Tenacibaculum sp. DSM 106434
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Streptomyces glauciniger
Bacillus clarus
Streptomyces viridochromogenes
Streptomyces sp. SID2999
Streptomyces viridochromogenes
Jiangella alkaliphila
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Streptomyces antibioticus
Clostridium paraputrificum
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_O5-10
Acidovorax sp. 62
Pseudomonas orientalis
Pedobacter sp.
Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. jinggangensis (strain 5008)
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Pseudomonas orientalis
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Streptomyces antibioticus
Kitasatospora sp. CB01950
Acidobacterium sp. 4Y35
Kordia antarctica
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Pseudomonas orientalis
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Pseudomonas orientalis
Plantactinospora sp. KBS50
Actinoplanes sp. ATCC 53533
Streptomyces viridochromogenes
Streptomyces antibioticus
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Streptomyces antibioticus
Kitasatospora sp. CB01950
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Kibdelosporangium phytohabitans
Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471/A3(2)/M145)
Kitasatospora sp. CB01950
Kordia antarctica
Rheinheimera sp.
Streptomyces tirandamycinicus
Rheinheimera sp.
Streptomyces sp. WAC 01529
Variovorax sp. EL159
Mycobacterium montefiorense
Azospirillum humicireducens
Frankia sp. R43
Frankia sp. EUNIf
Caulobacter radicis
Mycolicibacterium sp. CBMA 247
Kribbella soli
Acidobacterium sp. 4Y35
Kribbella soli
Ralstonia solanacearum (strain GMI1000)
Anaerocolumna cellulosilytica
Glaciihabitans sp. INWT7
Ralstonia pickettii (strain 12J)
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii 50594
Frondihabitans australicus
Streptomyces sp. ISID311
Actinomadura sp. 6K520
Mycolicibacterium aichiense
Nocardia terpenica
Nocardia panacis
Nocardia terpenica
Saccharopolyspora erythraea (strain ATCC 11635/DSM 40517/JCM 4748/NBRC
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum
Saccharopolyspora erythraea (strain ATCC 11635/DSM 40517/JCM 4748/NBRC
Nitrosospira multiformis
Streptomyces sp. (strain SPB074)
Nitrosospira multiformis
Streptomyces sp. CS159
Nitrosospira multiformis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618/H37Rv)
Clostridium butyricum
Actinomadura sp. 6K520
Clostridium butyricum
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea 2ta16
Chryseobacterium greenlandense
Actinomadura sp. 6K520
Streptomyces qinzhouensis
Streptomyces sp. S1A1-3
Kribbella sindirgiensis
Streptomyces sp. SID4956
Kribbella sindirgiensis
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea 2ta16
Streptomyces sp. TLI_235
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila
Streptomyces niveus
Streptomyces sp. S1A1-3
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila
Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila
Mycobacterium persicum
Streptomyces sp. S4.7
Actinomadura parvosata subsp. kistnae
Streptomyces sp. KhCrAH-43
Mycobacterium kansasii 824
Pedobacter sp. KBW06
Nonomuraea wenchangensis
Mycobacterium persicum
Pseudomonas sp. NFPP04
Actinomadura parvosata subsp. kistnae
Acidovorax sp. NO-1
Streptomyces sp. Sge12
Rheinheimera sp. A13L
Mycobacterium persicum
Jiangella anatolica
Lentzea flaviverrucosa
Bacillus sp. 349Y
Pseudomonas sp. TKO29
Streptomyces sp. SID4951
Microbispora fusca
Mycobacterium sp. 1465703.0
Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis
Mycobacterium sp. 1465703.0
Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis
Streptomyces sp. Sge12
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus (strain ATCC 10970/DSM 40260/JCM
Streptomyces sp. SID 10362
Streptomyces qinzhouensis
Mycobacteroides sp. H002
Pelosinus fermentans JBW45
Lentzea flaviverrucosa
Mycobacterium persicum
Streptomyces antimycoticus
Mycobacterium kansasii 824
Streptomyces sp. SID9944
Mycobacterium persicum
Bacillus cereus
Actinomadura parvosata subsp. kistnae
Bacillus cereus
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila
Micromonospora chokoriensis
Mycobacterium persicum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25177/H37Ra)
Streptomyces rimosus R6-500
Streptomyces vinaceus
Streptomyces sp. SID5466
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. SID5466
Bacillus thuringiensis
Clostridium chromiireducens
Saccharopolyspora shandongensis
Streptomyces sp. FXJ7.023
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Streptomyces sp. SID14436
Streptomyces lavendulae
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Streptomyces sp. SID6139
Streptomyces sp. CS159
Streptomyces griseoflavus
Streptomyces sp. SID9944
Streptomyces lavendulae
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus thuringiensis
Clostridium paraputrificum
Bacillus thuringiensis
Nocardia farcinica
Streptomyces sp. SID9944
Micromonospora sp. HK160111
Streptomyces sp. t39
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. SID5466
Bacillus thuringiensis
Amycolatopsis sp.
Bacillus sp. AG236
Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 01127
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces lavendulae
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. SID 12501
Ruegeria pomeroyi (strain ATCC 700808/DSM 15171/DSS-3)
Bacillus megaterium
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521
Streptomyces sp. t39
Clostridium sporogenes (strain ATCC 15579)
Streptomyces antimycoticus
Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis
Streptomyces vinaceus
Caulobacter sp. Root1455
Bacillus cereus
Nocardia fluminea
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. VMFN-G11Ma
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521
Bacillus thuringiensis
Mycobacterium arosiense ATCC BAA-14
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_G2-6
Clostridium botulinum B2 450
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Mycobacterium sp. E2497
Bacillus thuringiensis
Curtobacterium sp. MCLR17_039
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Streptomyces sp. 76
Streptomyces antimycoticus
Paraburkholderia fungorum
Cryobacterium luteum
Streptomyces sp. SID9944
Mycobacterium sp. 1482292.6
Bacillus cereus
Robinsoniella sp. RHS
Kitasatospora niigatensis
Kribbella antibiotica
Streptomyces sp. CNZ287
Kribbella antibiotica
Mycobacterium sp.
Streptomyces scopuliridis RB72
Mycobacterium sp. 1245852.3
Clostridium sp. 7_2_43FAA
Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum ATCC BAA-614
Streptomyces niveus
Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum ATCC BAA-614
Bradyrhizobium ivorense
Streptomyces sp. WAC 01438
Bradyrhizobium ivorense
Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii
Ruegeria sp. ANG-R
Streptomyces sp. WM6386
Mycobacterium terramassiliense
Streptomyces glebosus
Lentzea deserti
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2566
Clostridium isatidis
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2566
Streptomyces populi
Nocardia sp. WCH-YHL-001
Mycobacterium sp.
Achromobacter spanius
Actinomadura sp. KC345
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii
Clostridium botulinum
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium
Ralstonia solanacearum
Paraburkholderia monticola
Mycobacterium sp.
Ralstonia solanacearum
Lentzea deserti
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Mycobacterium sp.
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Clostridium botulinum (strain Okra/Type B1)
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Frankia sp. BMG5.36
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1BAC
Papillibacter sp.
Massilia sp. Root351
Streptomyces sp. SID7499
Flavobacterium sp. ZT3R18
Streptomyces sp. SID8361
Subtercola boreus
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Acidovorax sp. 1608163
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Sphingomonas changbaiensis NBRC 104936
Streptomyces sp. SID12501
Pseudoalteromonas rubra
Devosia sp. D6-9
Clostridium botulinum (strain Okra/Type B1)
Streptomyces albaduncus
Nocardia sp. RB20
Streptomyces sp. SID8361
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3618
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Lentzea albida
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Lentzea sp. FXJ1.1311
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces sp. F001
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Streptomyces lincolnensis
Kibdelosporangium sp. MJ126-NF4
Streptomyces mobaraensis
Streptomyces sp. SID2955
Amycolatopsis coloradensis
Streptomyces achromogenes subsp. rubradiris
Flavobacterium sp. ZT3R18
Streptomyces sp. SID7958
Clostridium diolis
Streptomyces boncukensis
Variovorax sp. YR750
Streptomyces sp. TM32
Edaphobacter modestus
Streptomyces bauhiniae
Clostridium diolis
Streptomyces harbinensis
Streptomyces dioscori
Streptomyces sp. 111WW2
Bacillus marisflavi
Rhodococcus wratislaviensis
Streptomyces boncukensis
Streptomyces brevispora
Streptomyces sp. TLI_185
Streptomyces sp. I6
Bacillus sp. BH2
Bacillus marisflavi
Clostridium diolis
Streptomyces sp. ADI95-17
Amycolatopsis albispora
Mycobacterium sp.
Streptomyces sp. Go-475
Streptomyces sp. CNZ287
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. bolletii
Streptomyces sp. CNZ287
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis
Actinomadura sp. KC345
Streptomyces sp. BK438
Clostridium carnis
Mycobacterium avium XTB13-223
Azospirillum sp. B21
Edaphobacter modestus
Lentzea deserti
Acidovorax sp. Root217
Streptomyces natalensis ATCC 27448
Streptomyces sp. IB2014 011-1
Streptomyces sp. DvalAA-43
Mycobacterium sp. 1245852.3
Streptomyces coeruleorubidus
Actinomadura sp. WMMB 499
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
Bradyrhizobium sp. LTSP885
Streptomyces sp. Go-475
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Acidovorax delafieldii
Clostridium perfringens E str. JGS1987
Pedobacter sp. CF074
Streptomyces chattanoogensis
Streptomyces coeruleorubidus
Streptomyces sp. ADI91-18
Anaerocolumna jejuensis DSM 15929
Bacillus albus
Streptomyces natalensis ATCC 27448
Streptomyces sp. ST5x
Streptomyces sp. CWH03
Streptomyces sp. ADI91-18
Frankia alni (strain ACN14a)
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Acidovorax monticola
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense
Azospirillum sp. Sh1
Streptomyces sp. Root369
Streptomyces dengpaensis
Variovorax sp. YR752
Mycolicibacterium peregrinum
Mycobacterium sp. 852013-50091_SCH5140682
Streptomyces sp. FBKL.4005
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense
Mycobacterium sp. E1715
Actinomadura darangshiensis
Streptomyces sp. SID8381
Streptomyces sp. Root369
Streptomyces acidicola
Achromobacter sp.
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Methylobacterium tarhaniae
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2575
Mycolicibacterium austroafricanum
Streptomyces sp. ICC1
Mycobacterium sp. E342
Streptomyces sp. ADI91-18
Saccharothrix variisporea
Luteibacter sp. 329MFSha
Streptomyces sp. ST5x
Sporomusa silvacetica DSM 10669
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Kitasatospora aureofaciens
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Clostridium botulinum B str. Osaka05
Streptomyces sp. WAC08241
Mycobacterium sp. 1274761.0
Streptomyces sp. MUSC 14
Nocardia arthritidis
Streptomyces dysideae
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces sp. NBS 14/10
Streptomyces sp. WAC08241
Streptomyces sp. WM4235
Burkholderia mallei GB8 horse 4
Streptomyces sp. San01
Streptomyces sp. NBS 14/10
Streptosporangium canum
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-51163_SCH5372311
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. pseudoverticillatus
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Nonomuraea polychroma
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces sp. SAI-097
Streptomyces sp. A1277
Streptomyces sp. XHT-2
Streptomyces angustmyceticus
Streptomyces sp. CB09001
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces sp. SID8352
Streptomyces klenkii
Ktedonobacter racemifer DSM 44963
Streptomyces klenkii
Streptomyces sp. SID9727
Streptomyces spinoverrucosus
Streptomyces albireticuli
Streptomyces spinoverrucosus
Kutzneria albida DSM 43870
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces sp. 13K301
Kitasatospora sp. NA04385
Paraburkholderia tropica
Streptomyces klenkii
Streptomyces sp. M7
Leptolyngbya sp. NIES-3755
Streptomyces albireticuli
Bacillus thuringiensis HD-771
Streptomyces albireticuli
Streptomyces sp. SID8367
Granulicella sp. GAS466
Streptomyces sp. BK042
Mycobacterium gastri
Streptomyces sp. 3211.1
Mycobacterium gastri
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 01416
Streptomyces klenkii
Variovorax paradoxus (strain EPS)
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces albireticuli
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Saccharothrix sp. NRRL B-16348
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Streptomyces sp. 3211.1
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar zhaodongensis
Glaciibacter sp. YIM 131861
Saccharothrix sp. NRRL B-16348
Streptomyces klenkii
Saccharothrix sp. NRRL B-16348
Streptomyces klenkii
Dictyobacter kobayashii
Sphingomonas sp. HDW15A
Streptomyces sp. SID1046
Streptomyces albireticuli
Streptomyces sp. SID625
Azospirillum sp. RU38E
Streptomyces sp. SID625
Streptomyces stelliscabiei
Streptomyces sp. 2R
Sphaerisporangium sp. LHW63015
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-31
Streptomyces sp. SID8367
Mycobacterium colombiense
Pseudomonas sp. 24 E 1
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. ID38640
Streptomyces sp. M56
Amycolatopsis alba DSM 44262
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. AcE210
Kitasatospora sp. MMS16-CNU292
Fictibacillus phosphorivorans
Saccharothrix australiensis
Mycobacterium ulcerans (strain Agy99)
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces sp. CS014
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomonospora sp. PA3
Streptomyces sp. IB2014 016-6
Mycobacterium colombiense
Streptomyces regalis
Mycobacterium colombiense
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Mycobacterium colombiense
Pseudomonas sp. FW306-2-11AA
Streptomyces regalis
Pseudomonas sp. bs2935
Kribbella sp. NEAU-THZ 27
Paenibacillus elgii
Mycobacterium colombiense
Acidovorax sp. 94
Mycobacterium colombiense
Cryobacterium sp. HLT2-23
Kribbella sp. NEAU-THZ 27
Streptomyces sp. HCCB10043
Amycolatopsis pretoriensis
Streptomyces netropsis
Microbispora sp. GKU 823
Streptomyces triticirhizae
Bacillus sp. FJAT-42376
Mycobacterium sp. E787
Bacillus cereus K-5975c
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 11379
Streptomyces sp. PRh5
Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2
Frankia sp. R43
Streptomyces sp. QHH-9511
Mycobacterium avium 10-5581
Streptomyces sp. XY006
Nonomuraea sp. C10
Streptomyces sp. CB01635
Caulobacter radicis
Streptomyces sp. XY006
Pseudomonas sp. Root9
Mycobacterium xenopi
Nocardia sp. CT2-14
Streptomyces sp. SID8366
Streptomyces sp. PanSC19
Sphingomonas indica
Streptomyces sp. HCCB10043
Kribbella soli
Streptomyces sp. AcH 505
Streptomyces sp. WAC05292
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
Streptomyces rubidus
Mycobacterium riyadhense
Streptomyces prasinopilosus
Mycobacterium riyadhense
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_O1-9
Amycolatopsis pretoriensis
Streptomyces sp. AcH 505
Streptomyces sp. CNZ289
Streptomyces sp. HCCB10043
Mycobacterium helveticum
Streptomyces sp. 70
Streptomyces sp. ZEA17I
Streptomyces prasinopilosus
Nocardia yunnanensis
Streptomyces sp. HCCB 10043
Streptomyces sp. WAC00288
Nocardia sp. CT2-14
Burkholderia sp. GAS332
Streptomyces mangrovisoli
Bacillus cereus MC67
Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3723
Mycobacterium avium
Streptomyces sp. NBRC 110611
Streptomyces sp. CNZ289
Amycolatopsis decaplanina DSM 44594
Variovorax sp. 770b2
Nocardia sp. ET3-3
Luteibacter yeojuensis
Streptomyces asterosporus
Burkholderia pseudomallei MSHR4000
Humibacillus sp. DSM 29435
Streptomyces sp. TSRI0281
Streptomyces sp. CB03238
Mycobacterium simiae
Streptomyces himastatinicus ATCC 53653
Mycobacterium simiae
Streptomyces sp. CB03238
Taibaiella sp. KVB11
Bacillus cereus VD107
Pseudoalteromonas byunsanensis
Paraburkholderia sp. BL912N2
Actinomadura sp. GC306
Bacillus sp. AY2-1
Rhodococcus sp. 05-2256-B3
Streptomyces sp. DSM 40868
Nocardia sp. ET3-3
Pseudomonas sp. PGPPP2
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-444
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant pinnipedii
Streptomyces sp. 769
Streptomyces himastatinicus ATCC 53653
Mycobacterium shigaense
Devosia sp. M6-77
Streptomyces agglomeratus
Mycobacterium simiae
Cellulomonas sp. HD19AZ1
Yersinia similis
Streptomyces sp. 1222.2
Saccharothrix sp. ALI-22-I
Clostridium perfringens
Saccharothrix sp. ALI-22-I
Streptomyces sp. PTY08712
Mycobacterium lacus
Clostridium perfringens
Streptomyces himastatinicus ATCC 53653
Microbispora sp. KK1-11
Streptomyces sp. 94
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:3 (strain YPIII)
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_G2-1
Pseudomonas sp. M30-35
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_O1-15
Streptomyces hainanensis
Actinomadura sp. WAC 06369
Streptomyces hainanensis
Mycobacterium alsense
Mycobacterium marinum
Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. asoensis
Nocardiopsis alba (strain ATCC BAA-2165/BE74)
Mycobacterium vulneris
Kribbella albertanoniae
Frankia sp. CcI49
Mycobacterium sp. E1214
Streptomyces misionensis
Streptomyces rimosus subsp. paromomycinus
Frondihabitans sp. PhB188
Streptomyces sp. JV178
Mycobacterium lacus
Streptosporangium roseum (strain ATCC 12428/DSM 43021/JCM 3005/NI 9100)
Promicromonospora sukumoe
Streptomyces sp. 844.5
Mycolicibacterium fluoranthenivorans
Streptomyces sp. A1499
Streptomyces sp. AC1-42W
Streptomyces sp. IMTB 2501
Nocardia colli
Streptomyces sp. SID 14515
Mycolicibacterium alvei
Streptomyces nigra
Lachnoclostridium sp.
Streptomyces sp. SID4985
Streptomyces sp. Ag82_O1-15
Streptomyces sp. SA15
Streptomyces fulvissimus
Mycobacterium sp. 1554424.7
Mycobacterium sp. E3251
Streptomyces griseorubens
Streptomyces fulvissimus
Streptomyces nigra
Amycolatopsis panacis
Micromonospora cremea
Pseudoalteromonas phenolica
Paraburkholderia sediminicola
Pseudoalteromonas phenolica
Actinomadura sp. NAK00032
Streptomyces zinciresistens K42
Streptomyces gilvosporeus
Streptomyces sp. KM273126
Streptomyces sp. A244
Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii JCM 15466
Streptomyces sp. HF10
Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii JCM 15466
Streptomyces sp. ACT-1
Mycobacterium paraffinicum
Frankia sp. B2
Streptomyces lydicus
Pseudoalteromonas phenolica
Kitasatospora sp. CB02891
Mycobacterium paraffinicum
Kitasatospora sp. CB02891
Pseudoalteromonas phenolica
Saccharothrix texasensis
Streptomyces sp. e14
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Streptomyces sp. e14
Caulobacter sp. 774
Micromonospora aurantiaca (strain ATCC 27029/DSM 43813/BCRC 12538/CBS
Clostridium botulinum (strain Loch Maree/Type A3)
Streptomyces sp. p1417
Clostridium botulinum (strain Loch Maree/Type A3)
Granulicella mallensis (strain ATCC BAA-1857/DSM 23137/MP5ACTX8)
Streptomyces vitaminophilus
Anaerocolumna sp. CTTW
Mycobacterium malmoense
Niveispirillum sp. SYP-B3756
Mycobacterium malmoense
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Granulicella mallensis (strain ATCC BAA-1857/DSM 23137/MP5ACTX8)
Micromonospora sp. CNZ309
Streptomyces sp. NA04227
Streptomyces carminius
Streptomyces sp. W007
Rhizobacter sp. Root29
Streptomyces sp. p1417
Streptomyces sp. SLBN-115
Streptomyces sp. NA04227
Streptomyces sp. NA04227
Nitrosospira sp. Nsp22
Kitasatospora xanthocidica
Streptomyces sp. NA04227
Vibrio harveyi
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea CPMOR-1
Micromonospora wenchangensis
Burkholderia sp. ABCPW 14
Streptomyces rubrogriseus
Streptomyces marianii
Sporomusa acidovorans DSM 3132
Streptomyces ipomoeae 91-03
Streptomyces sp. cf386
Saccharothrix espanaensis (strain ATCC 51144/DSM 44229/JCM 9112/NBRC
Streptomyces sp. RB5
Mycobacterium bohemicum DSM 44277
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus
Streptomyces sp. SID4941
Curtobacterium sp. MMLR14 014
Cryobacterium flavum
Streptomyces sp. PsTaAH-130
Actinomadura rubrisoli
Streptomyces sp. cf386
Streptomyces venezuelae
Mycolicibacterium setense
Bacillus megaterium
Streptomyces sp. RB5
Promicromonospora sp. YR516
Streptomyces venezuelae
Mycolicibacterium sp. CBMA 226
Mycobacterium sp. 852014-50255_SCH5639931
Cryobacterium flavum
Streptomyces sp. 1
Kutzneria buriramensis
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea NCIMB 1942
Streptomyces rubrogriseus
Streptomyces venezuelae
Nonomuraea fuscirosea
Streptomyces rubrogriseus
Streptomyces venezuelae
Pseudomonas protegens
Streptomyces venezuelae
Nitrosospira sp. Nsp1
Streptomyces sp. SID5594
Streptomyces viridosporus (strain ATCC 14672/DSM 40746/JCM 4963/KCTC
Streptomyces venezuelae
Streptomyces adustus
Bacillus thuringiensis serovar guiyangiensis
Nocardioides sp. HDW12B
Bdellovibrio sp. NC01
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
Xenorhabdus innexi
Streptomyces sp. ICN441
Streptomyces adustus
Streptomyces sp. SID89
Streptomyces adustus
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-LD23
Streptomyces platensis
Nocardia sp. SYP-A9097
Frankia irregularis
Acidovorax sp. SD340
Streptomyces adustus
Streptomyces sp. WAC 05379
Achromobacter kerstersii
Streptomyces diastatochromogenes
Streptomyces marianii
Streptomyces sp. F001
Mycobacterium stomatepiae
Streptomyces iranensis
Dictyobacter alpinus
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces mobaraensis
Streptomyces ravidus
Amycolatopsis coloradensis
Streptomyces iranensis
Nocardioides sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces acidicola
Streptomyces sp. KIB-H033
Mycobacterium palustre
Ruegeria sp. PrR005
Mycobacterium sp. 852013-50091_SCH5140682
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp. CG 926
Ruegeria sp. PrR005
Streptomyces acidicola
Streptomyces sp. SID69
Amycolatopsis coloradensis
Streptomyces sp.
Mycobacteroides sp. H001
Nonomuraea gerenzanensis
Lentzea albida
Saccharopolyspora pogona
Mycobacterium palustre
Clostridium botulinum
Actinomyces sp. Lu 9419
Streptomyces sp. CG 926
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces mobaraensis
Ralstonia solanacearum
Mycobacterium kansasii
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Actinomadura kijaniata
Lentzea albida
Mycobacterium intermedium
Streptomyces chattanoogensis
Streptomyces spectabilis
Streptomyces sp. So13.3
Streptomyces spectabilis
Streptomyces galilaeus
Mycobacterium saskatchewanense
Streptomyces galilaeus
Mycobacterium saskatchewanense
Lentzea xinjiangensis
Mycobacterium intermedium
Mycobacterium heckeshornense
Streptomyces spectabilis
Mycobacterium bovis (strain ATCC BAA-935/AF2122/97)
Streptomyces sp. ST5x
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces violaceoruber
Clostridium botulinum
Mycobacterium paraintracellulare
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces galilaeus
Ralstonia solanacearum
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces sp. SID6137
Caulobacter sp. 602-2
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
Actinosynnema sp. ALI-1.44
Streptomyces sp. SID5466
Mycolicibacterium vanbaalenii (strain DSM 7251/JCM
Clostridium botulinum
Actinomadura darangshiensis
Micromonospora sp. Tu 6368
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
Streptomyces sp. ERV7
Streptomyces sp. SID4950
Mycobacterium riyadhense
Streptomyces piniterrae
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium combesii
Streptomyces viridifaciens
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Bacillus cereus
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptomyces seoulensis
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Achromobacter ruhlandii
Kitasatospora sp. OK780
Bacillus cereus
Streptomyces tsukubensis (strain DSM 42081/NBRC 108919/NRRL 18488/9993)
Dictyobacter vulcani
Mycobacterium conspicuum
Streptomyces sp. WAC 01420
Streptomyces avermitilis
Streptomyces tsukubensis (strain DSM 42081/NBRC 108919/NRRL 18488/9993)
Mycobacterium angelicum
Mycobacterium marinum
Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K
Mycobacterium conspicuum
Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tue57
Mycobacterium kubicae
Mycobacterium kyorinense
Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.172
Bacillus sp. Leaf406
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces auratus AGR0001
Nocardia seriolae
Streptomyces cavourensis
Streptomyces bingchenggensis (strain BCW-1)
Streptomyces fulvissimus DSM 40593
Jeotgalibacillus sp. S-D1
Micromonospora sp. Rc5
Streptomyces taklimakanensis
Streptomyces sp. SID 14446
Streptomyces bingchenggensis (strain BCW-1)
Streptomyces bingchenggensis (strain BCW-1)
Streptomyces sp. WAC 04229
Streptomyces fulvissimus DSM 40593
Curtobacterium sp. PhB128
Mycobacterium ahvazicum
Streptomyces sp. QHH-9511
Pseudomonas orientalis
Streptomyces sp. PanSC19
Micromonospora purpureochromogenes
Streptomonospora alba
Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus (strain JCM 4626/NBRC 13350)
Streptomyces sp. 1121.2
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Streptomyces sp. DvalAA-19
Streptomyces sp. 1121.2
Streptomyces antibioticus
Clostridium cavendishii DSM 21758
Streptomyces antibioticus
Methylobacterium sp. 174MFSha1.1
Mycobacterium ahvazicum
Streptomyces sp. MZ04
Streptomyces taklimakanensis
Streptomyces griseoruber
Streptomyces alboflavus
Streptomyces taklimakanensis
Streptomyces griseorubiginosus
Streptomyces taklimakanensis
Clostridium perfringens D str. JGS1721
Streptomyces cadmiisoli
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis A5
Vibrio jasicida
Actinomadura mexicana
Streptomyces sp. MNU77
Nocardia sp. SYP-A9097
Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
Streptomyces sp. 70
Streptomyces sp. NEAU-LD23
Streptomyces prasinopilosus
Pseudomonas sp. MYb193
Streptomyces sp. DvalAA-19
Nocardia sp. SYP-A9097
Streptomyces sp. A0592
Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-4
Clostridium botulinum (strain Langeland/NCTC 10281/Type F)
Streptomyces sp. BA2
Clostridium botulinum (strain Langeland/NCTC 10281/Type F)
Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
Streptomyces sp. MJM1172
Mycobacterium stomatepiae
Methylobacterium currus
Streptomyces libani subsp. libani
Streptomyces sp. WAC 06725
Azospirillum lipoferum
Nocardioides sp. Root224
Flavobacterium spartansii
Streptomyces caeruleatus
Mycobacterium angelicum
Streptomyces sp. SID3343
Clostridium saccharolyticum (strain ATCC 35040/DSM 2544/NRCC 2533/WM1)
Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis
Streptomyces sp. SDr-06
Streptomyces sp. Ru62
Clostridium indicum
Streptomyces griseorubiginosus
Streptomyces sp. SDr-06
Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis
Streptomyces sp. SID3343
Streptomyces sp. SID89
Streptomyces sp. SDr-06
Streptomyces sviceus ATCC 29083
Streptomyces griseorubiginosus
Streptomyces cellostaticus
Streptomyces sp. TLI_053
Streptomyces griseorubiginosus
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
Variovorax sp. 679
Streptomyces libani subsp. libani
Streptomyces sp. Ru71
Streptomyces sp. SS1-1
Cellulosilyticum lentocellum (strain ATCC 49066/DSM 5427/NCIMB 11756/RHM5)
Streptomyces ipomoeae 91-03
Streptomyces sp. TLI_053
Streptomyces sp. SID5789
Streptomyces libani subsp. libani
Clostridium intestinale
Amycolatopsis sp. WAC 04169
Streptomyces sp. SS1-1
Streptomyces sp. 74
Streptomyces sp. MJM1172
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Streptomyces griseorubiginosus
Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis
Clostridium intestinale
Streptomyces sp. MJM1 172
Lentzea aerocolonigenes
Mycobacteroides sp. CBMA 271
Mycobacterium timonense
Streptomyces sp. A1136
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Nocardia sp. NRRL S-836
Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
Mycobacterium sp. MFM001
Bacillus paramycoides
Streptomyces rapamycinicus (strain ATCC 29253/DSM 41530/NRRL 5491/AYB-994)
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Mycobacterium timonense
Pseudomonas sp. URIL14HWK12:I12
Actinomadura syzygii
Pseudomonas sp. OV184
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Mycobacterium szulgai
Kribbella flavida (strain DSM 17836/JCM 10339/NBRC 14399)
Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain 668)
Streptomyces sparsogenes DSM 40356
Streptomyces bottropensis ATCC 25435
Pseudoalteromonas aliena
Luteibacter sp. UNCMF331Sha3.1
Burkholderia pseudomallei MSHR346
Streptomyces sp. 2314.4
Streptomyces sp. MMG1121
Bacillus sp. MUM 13
Kribbella flavida (strain DSM 17836/JCM 10339/NBRC 14399)
Streptomyces curacoi
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 11379
Pseudoalteromonas sp. R3
Kitasatospora setae (strain ATCC 33774/DSM 43861/
Microbispora sp. GKU 823
Streptomyces sp. 67
Streptomyces netropsis
Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854
Streptomyces sp. KS 21
Streptomyces sp. SID8379
Streptomyces sp. WM6368
Streptomyces sp. BK161
Streptomyces sparsogenes DSM 40356
Streptomyces sp. SID8379
Thiothrix caldifontis
Acidovorax sp. SCN 65-28
Turicibacter sp. H121
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 11379
Streptomyces sparsogenes DSM 40356
Acidovorax sp. 106
Streptomyces sp. HG99
Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854
Streptomyces sp. WM6368
Pseudomonas cedrina subsp. cedrina
Actinoplanes missouriensis (strain ATCC 14538/DSM 43046/CBS 188.64/JCM 3121/
Edaphobacter sp. 4G125
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum
Clostridium celatum DSM 1785
Frondihabitans sp. PAMC 28766
Edaphobacter sp. 4G125
Microbispora bryophytorum
Streptomyces filamentosus NRRL 11379
Streptomyces sp. HG99
Streptomyces curacoi
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum
Streptomyces scabichelini
Streptomyces curacoi
Streptomyces scabichelini
Streptomyces spectabilis
Pseudomonas protegens
Pseudomonas sp. WP001
Streptomyces tuirus
Streptomyces actuosus
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptomyces sp. 2233.2
Streptomyces sp. TLI_55
Streptomyces sp. Z022
Streptomyces sp. TLI_55
Acidovorax wautersii
Microbispora hainanensis
Microbispora catharanthi
Streptomyces caeruleatus
Nocardiopsis sp. CNZ304
Streptomyces caeruleatus
Streptomyces scabiei (strain 87.22)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Mycobacteroides franklinii
Streptomyces sp. SID4920
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Actinomadura rubrisoli
Streptomyces sp. SID9124
Bacillus megaterium
Streptomyces venezuelae
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptomyces venezuelae
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Mycobacterium sp. MOTT36Y
Nonomuraea polychroma
Streptomyces broussonetiae
Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 55076
Goodfellowiella sp. AN110305
Mycobacterium dioxanotrophicus
Mycobacterium avium (strain 104)
Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 55076
Mycobacterium sp. 852014-52450_SCH5900713
Mycobacterium dioxanotrophicus
Frankia sp. KB5
Streptomyces vietnamensis
Kribbella amoyensis
Bacillus sp. LK2
Streptomyces sp. Amel2xB2
Kordia antarctica
Streptomyces sp. Ru71
Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471/A3(2)/M145)
Mycobacterium bohemicum DSM 44277
Streptomyces tirandamycinicus
Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei
Streptomyces aurantiacus JA 4570
Bacillus sp. DSM 27956
Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 55076
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Streptomyces sp. Amel2xB2
Jiangella aurantiaca
Streptomyces sp. Amel2xB2
Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471/A3(2)/M145)
Streptomyces sp. SID2888
Streptomyces sp. CNZ289
Streptomyces sp. M1013
Micromonospora chaiyaphumensis
Kordia algicida OT-1
Streptomyces sp. INR7
Kordia algicida OT-1
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis
Mycobacterium helveticum
Ruegeria arenilitoris
Mycobacterium sp. 283mftsu
Streptomyces qaidamensis
Streptomyces diacarni
Fictibacillus phosphorivorans
Streptomyces sp. PAN_FS17
Mycobacteroides sp. H054
Saccharopolyspora antimicrobica
Streptomyces regalis
Amycolatopsis sp. Hca4
Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum ATCC 49884
Amycolatopsis sp. Hca4
Starkeya sp.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis
Mycobacterium branderi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Caulobacter sp. D5
Actinomadura sp. 14C53
Actinomadura sp. 14C53
Rheinheimera riviphila
Streptomyces sp. IB2014 016-6
Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain 1026b)
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-51057_SCH5723018
Mycobacterium avium
Massilia sp. GV090
Amycolatopsis alba DSM 44262
Streptomyces albulus
Streptomyces griseochromogenes
Microbispora tritici
Acidovorax delafieldii 2AN
Herbaspirillum seropedicae (strain SmR1)
Nitrosospira sp. Nsp5
Streptomyces sp. CS014
Mycobacteroides franklinii
Paenibacillus elgii
Pseudomonas sp. HMWF011
Actinomadura madurae
Clostridium botulinum (strain Kyoto/Type A2)
Nonomuraea gerenzanensis
Mycobacteroides franklinii
Nonomuraea gerenzanensis
Streptomyces albulus
Streptomyces sp. SID2955
Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA
Nonomuraea longispora
Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 1666
Actinomadura geliboluensis
Streptomyces galilaeus
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium tertium
Streptomyces sp. SID161
Clostridium beijerinckii
Acidovorax sp. 107
Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 1666
Streptomyces griseoflavus
Streptomyces tendae
Mycobacterium sp. 852002-51057_SCH5723018
Streptomyces tsukubensis (strain DSM 42081/NBRC 108919/NRRL 18488/9993)
Kitasatospora sp. OK780
Streptomyces sp. CNH287
Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(HMT)
Streptomyces sp. SID1034
Streptomyces sp. S816
Clostridium tertium
Williamsia sp. 1138
Actinoalloteichus sp. WH1-2216-6
Streptomyces sp. SID161
Goodfellowiella coeruleoviolacea
Streptomyces albulus
Curtobacterium sp. PhB136
Streptomyces sp. SCC 2136
Mycolicibacterium sphagni
Actinomadura fulva subsp. indica
Streptomyces coeruleorubidus
Amycolatopsis sp. Hca4
Nocardia seriolae
Streptomyces nodosus
Streptomyces sp. CS40
Streptomyces caniferus
Streptomyces sp. SID335
Streptomyces albulus
Mycobacterium riyadhense
Promicromonospora sp. AC04
Streptomyces sp. or43
Streptomyces sp. SID5476
Micromonospora chalcea
Clostridium sp. C8
Streptomyces anulatus
Streptomyces sp. 307-9
Mycobacteroides immunogenum
Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus
Streptomyces sp. SID4951
Streptomyces sp. SID335
Streptomyces nodosus
Streptomyces sp. gb1(2016)
Lentzea flaviverrucosa
Streptomyces sp. SID335
Amycolatopsis keratiniphila
Bacillus sp. BH32
Streptomyces sp. SID4951
Streptomyces sp. or43
Arthrobacter sp. ov407
Clostridium chauvoei JF4335
Symploca sp. SIO1C4
Streptomyces caatingaensis
Streptomyces sp. Ls2151
Nocardia vulneris
Variovorax sp. PAMC26660
Streptomyces caatingaensis
Streptomyces sp. TK08046
Streptomyces sp. AS58
Streptomyces echinatus
Nocardia panacis
Frankia sp. EI5c
Streptomyces lusitanus
Streptomyces sp. NWU49
Streptomyces albogriseolus
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2569
Clostridium beijerinckii
Streptomyces indicus
Saccharopolyspora spinosa
Streptomyces jeddahensis
Acidovorax citrulli
Kitasatospora cheerisanensis KCTC 2395
Streptomyces sp. SID 1034
Azospirillum sp. TSH100
Streptomyces sp. SID 1034
Kitasatospora cheerisanensis KCTC 2395
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptomyces sp. WAC 01325
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Streptomyces sp. H021
Streptomyces fulvorobeus
Streptomyces bingchenggensis (strain BCW-1)
Clostridium botulinum
Niveispirillum cyanobacteriorum
Streptomyces eurocidicus
Acidovorax sp. 69
Mycobacterium sherrisii
Achromobacter deleyi
Kitasatospora cheerisanensis KCTC 2395
Mycobacterium shinjukuense
Microlunatus sp. KUDC0627
Bradyrhizobium lablabi
Streptomyces griseoruber
Acidovorax sp.
Streptomyces sp. ICBB 8177
Pseudomonas synxantha
Amycolatopsis orientalis
Bradyrhizobium lablabi
Streptomyces sp. SID8375
Streptomyces buecherae
Tenacibaculum mesophilum
Streptomyces sp. A0592
Pseudomonas protegens
Amycolatopsis orientalis
Burkholderia mallei
Amycolatopsis orientalis
Frankia irregularis
Kribbella sp. VKM Ac-2569
Dyella sp. 333MFSha
Taibaiella sp. KBW10
Streptomyces virginiae
Streptomyces sp. CNZ306
Kordia sp. TARA_039_SRF
Kitasatospora sp. Root187
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea
Streptomyces sp. Ag109_G2-15
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea
Streptomyces sp. BK022
Mycobacterium sp. E3198
Frankia torreyi
Pseudomonas sp. R4-34-07
Streptomyces sp. CNZ306
Bradyrhizobium lablabi
Loktanella sp. DSM 29012
Streptomyces griseocarneus
Ralstonia mannitolilytica
Streptomyces virginiae
Pseudomonas synxantha
Streptomyces sp. S1D4-14
Streptomyces sp. CB02613
Mycolicibacterium porcinum
Niastella sp. SCN 39-18
Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592
Streptomyces sp. M41(2017)
Streptomyces platensis
Pelosinus sp. UFO1
Nonomuraea fuscirosea
Acidovorax sp.
Nonomuraea solani
Streptomyces platensis
Mycobacterium bohemicum
Streptomyces buecherae
Arthrobacter sp. SW1
Micromonospora tulbaghiae
Nonomuraea solani
Chromobacterium sp. LK1
Streptomyces adustus
Achromobacter dolens
Nonomuraea fuscirosea
Acidovorax sp. Root219
Streptomyces platensis
Streptomyces sp. AJS327
Streptomyces varsoviensis
Acidovorax soli
Bradyrhizobium sp. CCBAU 51753
Kutzneria kofuensis
Amycolatopsis umgeniensis
Amycolatopsis dendrobii
Streptomyces olivochromogenes
Kutzneria sp. CA-103260
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is not EncM from Streptomyces maritimus or Clz9 from Streptomyces sp. CNH-287 (SEQ ID NO:15). Flavin-dependent oxidases known as EncM from Streptomyces maritimus or Clz9 from Streptomyces sp. CNH-287, as well as entire genomes of bacterial and fungal species, were sequenced previously, which in some embodiments may be described as comprising the peptide motif of Formula 1. However, prior disclosures of proteins that may, in some embodiments, comprise the peptide motif of Formula I, did not recognize the criticality of the conserved regions of peptide's motif and the binding of the Cys in that motif with an FAD cofactor at the indicated positions. Likewise, prior disclosures did not recognize that bivalent binding of the FAD included not only the Cys of the motif of Formula I, but also a His residue that is also present in the flavin-dependent oxidase. Thus, the present disclosure provides for novel flavin-dependent oxidases, as well as a method of identifying a bacterial protein or a fungal protein useful for flavin-dependent oxidation, e.g., a flavin-dependent oxidase capable of oxidative cyclization of a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase does not comprise a disulfide bond. In the context of a protein or polypeptide, a disulfide bond (sometimes called a “S—S bond” or “disulfide bridge”) refers to a covalent bond between two cysteine residues, typically formed through oxidation of the thiol groups on the cysteines. Proteins comprising disulfide bonds, e.g., endogenous to plants, can be unstable in bacterial host cells as the disulfide bonds are often disrupted due to the reducing environment in bacterial cells. In some embodiments, cannabinoid synthases from C. sativa are substantially unstable in a bacterial cell, e.g., an E. coli cell. As used herein, “unstable” protein can refer to proteins that are non-functional, denatured, and/or degraded rapidly, resulting in catalytic activity that is greatly reduced relative to the activity found in its native host cell, e.g., C. sativa plants. In some embodiments, the lack of a disulfide bond in the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein advantageously allows for its soluble and active expression by a bacterial host cell. In some embodiments, a bacterial host cell produces at least 1.5 times, at least 1.6 times, at least 1.7 times, at least 1.8 times, at least 1.9 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, at least 50 times, or at least 100 times more of the flavin-dependent oxidase that does not comprise a disulfide bond as compared with a flavin-dependent oxidase that comprises a disulfide bond, e.g., a wild-type cannabinoid synthase from C. sativa. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is not glycosylated. As used herein, glycosylation refers to the addition of one or more sugar molecules to another biomolecule, e.g., a protein or polypeptide. Glycosylation can play an important role in the folding, secretion, and stability of proteins (see, e.g., Drickamer and Taylor, Introduction to Glycobiology (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, USA). Glycosylation mechanisms and patterns in bacteria and eukaryotes are distinct from one another. Moreover, the most common type of glycosylation, N-linked glycosylation, occurs in eukaryotes but not in bacteria. Thus, bacterial cells are generally not suitable for the production of eukaryotic proteins that are glycosylated, e.g., the cannabinoid synthases from C. sativa. In some embodiments, the lack of glycosylation in the flavin-dependent oxidase further advantageously allows for its soluble and active expression by a bacterial host cell. In some embodiments, a bacterial host cell produces at least 1.5 times, at least 1.6 times, at least 1.7 times, at least 1.8 times, at least 1.9 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, at least 50 times, or at least 100 times more (e.g., by weight) of the flavin-dependent oxidase that is not glycosylated, compared with a flavin-dependent oxidase that is glycosylated, e.g., a wild-type cannabinoid synthase from C. sativa.
In some embodiments, a bacterial host cell produces at least 1.5 times, at least 1.6 times, at least 1.7 times, at least 1.8 times, at least 1.9 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, at least 50 times, or at least 100 times (e.g., by weight) more of the flavin-dependent oxidase that does not comprise a disulfide bond and is not glycosylated, compared with a flavin-dependent oxidase that comprises a disulfide bond and is glycosylated, e.g., a wild-type cannabinoid synthase from C. sativa.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein is capable of converting a prenylated aromatic compound to a cannabinoid. Prenylated aromatic compounds and cannabinoids are described herein. In some embodiments, the prenylated aromatic compound is cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerorcinic acid (CBGOA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabigerorcinol (CBGO), cannabigerivarinol (CBGV), or cannabigerol (CBG). In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBCA, CBCVA, CBCOA, CBC, CBCV, CBCO, THCA, THCVA, THCOA, THC, THCV, THCO, CBDA, CBDVA, CBDOA, CBD, CBDV, CBDO, or an isomer, analog, or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10. A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase. As described herein, a “non-natural” protein or polypeptide refers to a protein or polypeptide sequence having at least one variation at an amino acid position as compared to a wild-type polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase has at least one variation at an amino acid position as compared to a wild-type flavin-dependent oxidase.
In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid variation comprises a substitution, deletion, insertion, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the variation comprises an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the variation comprises a deletion of one or more amino acids e.g., about 1 to about 100, about 2 to about 80, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to about 40, about 12 to about 35, about 13 to about 32, or about 14 to about 30 amino acids. In some embodiments, the variation comprises an insertion of one or more amino acids. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid variation in the flavin-dependent oxidase is not in an active site of the flavin-dependent oxidase. In some embodiments, the active site of the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises one or more amino acid residues involved in binding the substrate, e.g., CBGA, CBGOA, CBGVA, CBG, CBGO, and/or CBGV. In some embodiments, the active site of the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises one or more amino acid residues involved in binding FAD cofactor. In some embodiments, the active site of the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises one or more amino acid residues involved for catalysis, e.g., the oxidative cyclization of CBGA into CBCA.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of converting a prenylated aromatic compound into a cannabinoid at about pH 4 to about pH 9, or about pH 4.5 to about pH 8.5, or about pH 5 to about pH 8, or about pH 5.5 to about pH 7.5, or about pH 5 to about pH 7. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same from about pH 4 to about pH 9. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same from about pH 4.5 to about pH 8.5. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same from about pH 5 to about pH 8. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same from about pH 5.5 to about pH 7.5. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same from about pH 5 to about pH 7. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase is substantially the same at about pH 5 and at about pH 7. As referred to throughout the application, when comparing the catalytic activity of at least two enzymes, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the enzymes can be subjected to the same or substantially the same reaction conditions or the enzymes can be subjected to the optimal reaction conditions for each enzyme, and catalytic activity is assessed using the same or substantially the same methods and/or equipment. Optimal reaction conditions for the enzymes described herein can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term “substantially” when referring to enzyme activity at different pH conditions means that the flavin-dependent oxidase enzyme activity does not vary (increase or decrease) by more than 20%, more than 15%, more than 10%, more than 5%, or more than 1% under the different pH conditions. In some embodiments, catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase does not vary more than 20%, more than 15%, more than 10%, more than 5%, or more than 1% from about pH 5 to about pH 8. As described herein, cannabinoid synthases from C. sativa generally require low pH (around 5 to 5.5) for optimal activity and are less active at neutral pH (see, e.g., Zirpel et al. (2018), J Biotechnol 284:17-26). The catalytic activity of the flavin-dependent oxidase does not vary substantially over a wide range of pH (e.g., from about pH 5 to about pH 8), which is beneficial for microbial production of cannabinoids.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a natural, i.e., wild-type, flavin-dependent oxidase. As described herein, the terms “natural” or “wild-type” flavin-dependent oxidase can refer to any known flavin-dependent oxidase, e.g., the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a flavin-dependent oxidase with about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or greater identity to at least about 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or more contiguous amino acids of a flavin-dependent oxidase in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase further comprises at least one amino acid variation as compared to a wild type flavin-dependent oxidase. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, or about 100 amino acid variations as compared to a wild-type flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid variation is an amino acid substitution, deletion, or insertion. In some embodiments, the variation is a substitution of one or more amino acids in the polypeptide sequence of a flavin-dependent oxidase in Table 1.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBGA to CBCA, THCA, CBDA, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBGOA to CBCOA, THCOA, CBDOA, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBGVA to CBCVA, THCVA, CBDVA, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBG to CBC, THC, CBD, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBGO to CBCO, THCO, CBDO, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase herein is capable of converting CBGV to CBCV, THCV, CBDV, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the conversion is performed at about pH 4 to about pH 9, or about pH 4.5 to about pH 8.5, or about pH 5 to about pH 8, or about pH 5.5 to about pH 7.5. In some embodiments, the conversion is performed at about pH 4, about pH 4.5 about pH 5, about pH 5.5, about pH 6, about pH 6.5, about pH 7, about pH 7.5, about pH 8, about pH 8.5, or about pH 9. In some embodiments, the conversion is performed at about pH 5. In some embodiments, the conversion is performed at about pH 7.4 or about pH 7.5. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase has at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least or about 99%, or at least about 100% of the catalytic activity of a wild-type cannabinoid synthase, e.g., wild-type CBCAS. THCAS, or CBDAS from C. sativa. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein further comprises an affinity tag, a purification tag, a solubility tag, or combinations thereof. As used in the context of proteins and polypeptides, a “tag” can refer to a short polypeptide sequence, typically about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length, that is covalently attached to the protein of interest, e.g., the flavin-dependent oxidase. Additionally or alternatively, a tag can also comprise a polypeptide that is greater than 50 amino acids in length and that provides a desired property, e.g., increases solubility, to the tagged protein of interest. In some embodiments, the tag is attached to the protein such that it in the same reading frame as the protein, i.e., “in-frame.” In general, the tag allows a specific chemical or enzymatic modification to the protein of interest. Solubility tags increases the solubility of the tagged protein and include, e.g., thioredoxin (TRX), poly(NANP), maltose-binding protein (MBP), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Affinity tags allow the protein to bind to a specific molecule. Examples of affinity tags include chitin binding protein (CBP), Strep-tag, poly(His) tag, and the like; in addition, certain solubility tags such as MBP and GST can also serve as an affinity tag. Purification tags, also termed chromatography tags, allow the protein to be separated from other components in a particular purification or separation technique and are typically comprise polyanionic amino acids, such as the FLAG-tag. Further examples of tags that can be included on the flavin-dependent oxidases provided herein include, without limitation, epitope tags such as ALFA-tag, V5-tag, Myc-tag, HA-tag, Spot-tag, T7-tag, and NE-tag, which can be useful in western blotting or immunoprecipitation; and fluorescence tags such as GFP and its variants for visualization of the tagged protein. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the flavin-dependent oxidase provided herein can comprise a single tag, or combinations of tags including multiple functions. Methods of producing tagged proteins, e.g., a tagged flavin-dependent oxidase, are known in the field. See, e.g., Kimple et al. (2013), Curr Protoc Protein Sci 73: Unit-9.9.
In some embodiments, the disclosure further provides a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure further provides a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase in Table 1. In some embodiments, the disclosure further provides a polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising at least 80% sequence identity to a flavin-dependent oxidase described herein, e.g., in Table 1; and (b) a heterologous regulatory element operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase is codon optimized. An example of a codon optimized sequence is, in one instance, a sequence optimized for expression in a bacterial host cell, e.g., E. coli. In some embodiments, one or more codons in a nucleic acid sequence encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein corresponds to the most frequently used codon for a particular amino acid in the bacterial host cell.
In some embodiments, the heterologous regulatory element of the polynucleotide comprises a promoter, an enhancer, a silencer, a response element, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous regulatory element of (b) is a bacterial regulatory element. Non-limiting examples of bacterial regulatory elements include the T7 promoter, Sp6 promoter, lac promoter, araBad promoter, trp promoter, and Ptac promoter. Further examples of regulatory elements can be found, e.g., using the PRODORIC2 database (Eckweiler et al. (2018), Nucleic Acids Res 46(D1):D320-D326).
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the polynucleotide provided herein. Expression constructs are described herein and include, e.g., pQE vectors (Qiagen), pBluescript plasmids, pNH vectors, lambda-ZAP vectors (Stratagene): pTrc99a, pKK223-3, pDR540, and pRIT2T (Pharmacia). In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a regulatory element. Regulatory elements are provided herein.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein, the polynucleotide described herein, the expression construct described herein, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making an isolated flavin-dependent oxidase, comprising isolating the flavin-dependent oxidase from the engineered cell provided herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an isolated flavin-dependent oxidase, wherein the isolated flavin-dependent oxidase is expressed, e.g., overexpressed, and isolated from the engineered cell. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. Methods of expressing and isolating heterologous proteins are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10. A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell described herein is capable of making a cannabinoid. Cannabinoids are further described herein. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBCA. CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or combinations thereof. Methods of making cannabinoids in cells, e.g., by fermentation, are further described herein.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme. An exemplary cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway starts from the conversion of hexanoate to hexanoyl-CoA (Hex-CoA) via hexanoyl-CoA synthetase. Hex-CoA is then converted to 3-oxooctanoyl-CoA, then 3,5-dioxodecanoyl-CoA, then 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA by olivetol synthase (OLS; also known as tetraketide synthase or TKS). The 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA is subsequently converted to olivetolic acid by olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC). A prenyltransferase then catalyzes the reaction between olivetolic acid and geranyldiphosphate (GPP) to produce CBGA, which can be converted to CBG via non-enzymatic decarboxylation. In an analogous manner, CBGOA is produced from the prenyltransferase-catalyzed reaction between orsellinic acid and GPP; CBGVA is produced from the prenyltransferase-catalyzed reaction between divarinic acid and GPP. In some embodiments, the CBGA, CBG, CBGOA, and/or CBGVA produced from the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways are further converted into a cannabinoid by the flavin-dependent oxidases provided herein. Cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways are further described, e.g., in Degenhardt et al., Chapter 2—The Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, pp. 13-23; Elsevier Academic Press, 2017. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme comprises an enzyme from Cannabis sativa, e.g., OLS, OAC, a GPP biosynthesis pathway enzyme, and/or prenyltransferase. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme comprises a homolog of a C. sativa enzyme, e.g., a homolog of OLS, OAC, GPP pathway enzyme, and/or prenyltransferase. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that a homolog of a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme can be a sequence homolog, a structural homolog, and/or an enzyme activity homolog.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises an enzyme in the CBGA biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell further comprises an enzyme in the CBG biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises an enzyme in the CBGOA biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises an enzyme in the CBGVA biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises an enzyme in the CBGO biosynthesis pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises an enzyme in the CBGV biosynthesis pathway.
In some embodiments, CBGA is produced from olivetolic acid (OA) and geranyldiphosphate (GPP). In some embodiments, CBG is produced from CBGA. In some embodiments, CBGOA is produced from orsellinic acid (OSA) and GPP. In some embodiments, CBGVA is produced from divarinic acid (DA) and GPP. In some embodiments, the engineered cells of the disclosure have higher levels of available GPP, OA, OSA, DA, CBGA, CBG, CBGOA, and/or CBGVA (and derivatives or analogs thereof) as compared to a naturally-occurring, non-engineered cell.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure further comprises an enzyme in the olivetolic acid pathway. In some embodiments, the enzyme in the olivetolic acid pathway is olivetol synthase (OLS). OLS catalyzes the addition of two malonyl-CoA (Mal-CoA) and hexanoyl-CoA (Hex-CoA) to form 3,5-dioxodecanoyl-CoA, which can be further converted by OLS to 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA with the addition of a third Mal-CoA. 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA can subsequently be converted to OA by OAC.
Although the metabolic pathway is discussed herein with reference to certain precursors and intermediates, it is understood that analogs may be substituted in essentially the same reactions. For example, it is understood that Hex-CoA analogs, including other acyl-CoAs, can be used in place of Hex-CoA. Exemplary analogs include, but are not limited to any C2-C20 acyl-CoA such as acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, pentanoyl-CoA, heptanoyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, nonanoyl-CoA, decanoyl-CoA, and aromatic acid CoA such as benzoic, chorismic, phenylacetic, and phenoxyacetic acid-CoA.
In some embodiments, the engineered cells of the disclosure have increased production of one or more precursors (e.g., Mal-CoA, Hex-CoA or other acyl-CoA, OA. OSA, DA, CBGA, CBGOA, and/or CBGVA) of the cannabinoids provided herein, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, and/or THCV. In some embodiments, the engineered cells of the disclosure have increased production of one or more precursors (e.g., Mal-CoA, Hex-CoA or other acyl-CoA, OA, OSA, DA, CBGA, CBGOA, and/or CBGVA) of THCA, CBCA, CBCOA, CBCVA, CBC, CBCO, and/or CBCV.
In some embodiments, the engineered cells of the disclosure have increased production of OA precursors, e.g., Mal-CoA and/or acyl-CoA (such as, e.g., Hex-CoA or any other acyl-CoA described herein). In some embodiments, a non-natural OLS preferentially catalyzes the condensation of Mal-CoA and acyl-CoA (such as, e.g., Hex-CoA or any other acyl-CoA described herein) to form a polyketide (such as, e.g., 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA and 3,5,7-trioxododecanoate and their analogs) over the reaction side products, e.g., pentyl diacetic acid lactone (PDAL), hexanoyl triacetic acid lactone (HTAL), or other lactone analogs compared with a wild-type OLS.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell expresses an exogenous or overexpresses an exogenous or endogenous OLS. In some embodiments, the OLS is a natural OLS, e.g., a wild-type OLS. In some embodiments, the OLS is a non-natural OLS. In some embodiments, the OLS comprises one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type OLS. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions in the non-natural OLS increases the activity of the OLS as compared to a wild-type OLS.
In some embodiments, the OLS has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16.
In some embodiments, the OLS comprises a variation at amino acid position A125, S126, D185, M187, L190, G204, G209, D210. G211, G249, G250, L257, F259, M331, S332, or combinations thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:16. In some embodiments, the variation is an amino acid substitution. OLS and non-natural variants thereof are further discussed in, e.g., WO2020/214951.
In some embodiments, the non-natural OLS comprises an amino acid substitution selected from A125G, A125S, A125T, A125C, A125Y, A125H, A125N, A125Q, A125D, A125E, A125K, A125R, S126G, S126A, D185G, D185G, D185A, D185S, D185P, D185C, D185T, D185N, M187G, M187A, M187S, M187P, M187C, M187T, M187D, M187N, M187E, M187Q, M187H, M187H, M187V, M187L, M187I, M187K, M187R, L190G, L190A, L190S, L190P, L190C, L190T, L190D, L190N, L190E, L190Q, L190H, L190V, L190M, L190I, L190K, L190R, G204A, G204C. G204P, G204V, G204L, G2041, G204M, G204F, G204W, G204S, G204T, G204Y, G204H, G204N, G204Q. G204D, G204E, G204K, G204R, G209A, G209C, G209P, G209V, G209L, G2091, G209M, G209F, G209W, G209S, G209T, G209Y, G209H, G209N, G209Q, G209D. G209E, G209K, G209R, D210A, D210C, D210P, D210V, D210L, D210I, D210M, D210F, D210W, D210S, D210T, D210Y, D210H, D210N, D210Q, D210E, D210K, D210R, G211A. G211C. G211P, G211V, G211L, G2111, G211M, G211F, G211W, G211S, G211T. G211Y, G211H, G211N, G211Q, G211D, G211E, G211K, G211R, G249A, G249C, G249P, G249V, G249L, G2491, G249M, G249F, G249W, G249S, G249T, G249Y, G249H, G249N, G249Q, G249D, G249E, G249K, G249R, G249S, G249T, G249Y, G250A, G250C, G250P, G250V, G250L, G2501, G250M, G250F, G250W, G250S, G250T, G250Y, G250H, G250N, G250Q, G250D, G250E, G250K, G250R, L257V, L257M, L2571, L257K, L257R, L257F, L257Y, L257W, L257S, L257T, L257C, L257H, L257N, L257Q, L257D, L257E, F259G, F259A, F259C, F259P, F259V, F259L, F259I. F259M, F259Y, F259W, F259S, F259T, F259Y, F259H, F259N, F259Q, F259D, F259E, F259K, F259R, M331G, M331A, M331S, M331P, M331C, M331T, M331D, M331N, M331E, M331Q, M331H, M331V, M331L, M3311, M331K, M331R, S332G, S332A, or combinations thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:16.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and the OLS described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and the OLS described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides one or more polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and the OLS described herein. In some embodiments, the OLS is a non-natural OLS. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a single expression vector. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises more than one expression vector. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the expression construct. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO. CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC.
In some embodiments, the OLS described herein is enzymatically capable of at least about 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, or greater rate of formation of OA and/or olivetol from Mal-CoA and Hex-CoA in the presence of an excess of the OAC described herein, as compared to a wild type OLS.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure further comprises an enzyme in the olivetolic acid pathway. In some embodiments, the enzyme in the olivetolic acid pathway is olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC). As discussed herein, OAC catalyzes the conversion of 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA to OA.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell expresses an exogenous or overexpresses an exogenous or endogenous OAC. In some embodiments, the OAC is a natural OAC, e.g., a wild-type OAC. In some embodiments, the OAC is a non-natural OAC. In some embodiments, the OAC comprises one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type OAC. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions in the non-natural OAC increases the activity of the OAC as compared to a wild-type OAC. OAC and non-natural variants thereof are further discussed in, e.g., WO2020/247741.
In some embodiments, the OAC has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:17.
In some embodiments, the OAC comprises a variation at amino acid position L9, F23, V59, V61, V66, E67, 169, Q70, 173, 174, V79, G80, F81, G82, D83, R86, W89, L92, or 194, V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, or combinations thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variation is an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the variation is in a first peptide (e.g., a first monomer) of an OAC dimer. In some embodiments, the variation is in a second peptide (e.g., a second monomer) of an OAC dimer. In some embodiments, the variation is in a first peptide and in a second peptide (e.g., a OAC dimer comprising mutations in each peptide).
In some embodiments, the OAC forms a dimer, wherein a first peptide of the dimer (e.g., a first monomer) of the dimer comprises a variation at amino acid position H5, l7, L9, F23, F24, Y27, V59, V61, V66, E67, 169, Q70, 173, 174, V79, G80, F81, G82, D83, R86, W89, L92, 194, D96, V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, or combination thereof, and wherein a second peptide (e.g., a second monomer) of the dimer comprises a variation at amino acid position V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, or combination thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:17. In some embodiments, the OAC forms a dimer, wherein a first peptide of the dimer comprises a variation at amino acid position L9, F23, V59, V61, V66, E67, 169, Q70, 173, I74, V79, G80, F81, G82, D83, R86, W89, L92, 194, V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, or combination thereof, and a second peptide of the dimer comprises a variation at amino acid position V46, T47, Q48, K49, N50, K51, or combination thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:17.
In some embodiments, the OAC comprises an amino acid substitution selected from H5X1, wherein X1 is G, A, C. P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, W, Q, E, K, R, S, T, Y, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; 17X2, wherein X2 is G, A, C, P, V, L, M, F, Y, W, K, R, S, T, H, N, Q, D, or E; L9X3, wherein X3 is G, A, C, P, V, I, M, F, Y, W. K, R, S, T, Y, H, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; F23X4, wherein X4 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, Y, W, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; F24X5, wherein X5 is G, A, C, P, V, I, M, Y, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, K, R, or W; Y27X6, wherein X6 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, W, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; V59X7, wherein X7 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, W, H, Q, E, K, or R; V61X8, wherein X8 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, W, H, Q, E, K, R, S, T, N, or D; V66X9, wherein X9 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; E67X10, wherein X10 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; I69X11, wherein X11 is G, A, C, P, V, L, M, F, Y, or W; Q70X12, wherein X12 is S, T, H, N, D, E, R, K, or Y; 173X13, wherein X13 is G, A, C, P. V, L, M, F, Y, or W; 174X14, wherein X14 is G, A, C, P, V, L, M, F, Y, or W; V79X15, wherein X15 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; G80X16, wherein X16 is A, C. P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, W, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; F81X17, wherein X17 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, Y, W, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, R, or K; G82X18, wherein X18 is A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, W. S, T, H, N, Q, E, K, or R; D83X19, wherein X19 is S, T, H, Q, N, E, R, K, or Y; R86X20, wherein X20 is S, T, H, Q, N, D, E, K, or Y; W89X21, wherein X21 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, W, S, T, H, N, Q, D, E, K, or R; L92X22, wherein X22 is G, A, C, P, V, I, M, F, Y, or W; 194X23, wherein X23 is G, A, C, P, V, L, M, F, Y, W, K, R, S, T, Y, H, N, Q, D, or E; D96X24, wherein X24 is S, T, H, Q, N, E, R, K, or Y; V46X25, wherein X25 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; T47X26, wherein X26 is S, H, Q, N, D, E, R, K, or Y; Q48X27, wherein X27 is S, T, H, N, D, E, R, K, or Y; K49X28, wherein X28 is S, T, H, Q, N, D, E, R, or Y; N50X29, wherein X29 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; K51X30, wherein X30 is S, T, H, Q, N, D, E, R, or Y; V46*X31, wherein X31 is G, A, C, P, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; T47*X32, wherein X32 is S, H, Q, N, D, E, R, K, or Y; Q48*X33, wherein X33 is S, T, H, N, D, E, R, K, or Y; K49*X34, wherein X34 is S, T, H, Q, N, D, E, R, or Y; N50*X35, wherein X35 is G, A, C, P, V, L, I, M, F, Y, or W; K51*X36, wherein X36 is S, T, H, Q, N, D, E, R, or Y; and combinations thereof; wherein the amino acid position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:17, and wherein the “*” following the amino acid position indicates amino acid residues from a second peptide of a OAC dimer (e.g., monomer B) and corresponding to SEQ ID NO:17.
In some embodiments, the OAC comprises more than one amino acid variations. In some embodiments, the OAC is not a single substitution at position K4A, H5A, H5L, H5Q, H5S, H5N, H5D, I7L, I7F, L9A, L9W, K12A, F23A, F23I, F23W, F23L, F24L, F24W, F24A, Y27F, Y27M, Y27W, V28F, V29M, K38A, V40F, D45A, H57A, V59M, V59A, V59F, Y72F, H75A, H78A, H78N, H78Q, H78S, H78D, or D96A, wherein the amino acid position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:17.
In some embodiments, the OAC described herein is capable of producing olivetolic acid at a faster rate compared with a wild-type OAC. In some embodiments, the OAC has increased affinity for a polyketide (e.g., 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA or an analog thereof, as produced by an OLS described herein) compared with a wild-type OAC. In some embodiments, the rate of formation of olivetolic acid from 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA or analog thereof by the OAC described herein is about 1.2 times to about 300 times, about 1.5 times to about 200 times, or about 2 times to about 30 times as compared to a wild-type OAC. The rate of formation of olivetolic acid from 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA or an analog thereof can be determined in an in vitro enzymatic reaction using a purified OAC. Methods of determining enzyme kinetics and product formation rate are known in the field.
In some embodiments, the OAC is present in molar excess of the OLS in the engineered cell. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the OLS to the OAC is about 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5, 1:1.8, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:125, 1:150, 1:200, 1:250, 1:300, 1:350, 1:400, 1:450, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1250, 1:1500, 1:2000, 1:2500, 1:5000, 1:7500, 1:10,000, or 1 to more than 10,000. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the OLS to the OAC is about 1000:1, 500:1, 100:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1, 1.5:1, 1.2:1, 1.1:1, 1:1, or less than 1 to 1. In some embodiments, the enzyme turnover rate of the OAC is greater than OLS. As used herein, “turnover rate” refers to the rate at which an enzyme can catalyze a reaction (e.g., turn substrate into product). In some embodiments, the higher turnover rate of OAC compared to OLS provides a greater rate of formation of OA than olivetol.
In some embodiments, the total byproducts (e.g., olivetol and analogs thereof, PDAL, HTAL, and other lactone analogs) of the OLS reaction products in the presence of molar excess of OAC, are in an amount (w/w) of less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%. 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, or 0.01% of the total weight of the products formed by the combination of individual OLS and OAC enzyme reactions.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or both of the OLS described herein and the OAC described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or both of the OLS described herein and the OAC described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides one or more polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or both of the OLS described herein and the OAC described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the one or more exogenous polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a single expression vector. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises more than one expression vector. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the expression construct. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC. CBD, and/or THC or analogs or derivatives thereof.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure further comprises an enzyme in the geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) pathway. GPP pathways are further provided, e.g., in WO 2017/161041. In some embodiments, the GPP pathway comprises a mevalonate (MVA) pathway, a non-mevalonate methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, an alternative non-MEP, non-MVA geranyl pyrophosphate pathway, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the GPP pathway comprises an enzyme selected from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, alcohol kinase, alcohol diphosphokinase, phosphate kinase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alternative non-MEP, non-MVA geranyl pyrophosphate pathway comprises alcohol kinase, alcohol diphosphokinase, phosphate kinase, isopentenyl disphosphate isomerase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, or combinations thereof.
GPP and its precursors may be produced from several pathways within a host cell, including the mevalonate pathway (MVA) or a non-mevalonate, methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (also known as the deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate pathway), which produce isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), which are isomerized by isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase (IDI) and converted GPP using geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS). As described herein, prenyltransferase can convert GPP and OA into CBGA, which can then be converted into CBCA and/or THCA by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. Prenyltransferase can also convert GPP and OSA into CBGOA, which can then be converted in CBCOA by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. Prenyltransferase can further convert GPP and DA into CBGVA, which can then be converted into CBCVA by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces GPP from a MVA pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces GPP from a MEP pathway. In some embodiments, the engineered cell expresses an exogenous or overexpresses an exogenous or endogenous gene that encodes any one of the enzymes in the MVA pathway or the MEP pathway, thereby increasing the production of GPP. In some embodiments, the MVA pathway enzyme is acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT); HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS); HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR); mevalonate-3-kinase (MVK); phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK); mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD); isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IDI), or geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS). In some embodiments, the MEP pathway enzyme is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR); 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CMS); 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (CMK); 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (MECS); 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate synthase (HDS); 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate reductase (HDR); isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IDI), or geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS). In some embodiments, the MVA pathway enzyme is mevalonate 3-phosphate-5-kinase, isopentenyl-5-phosphate kinase, mevalonate-5-phosphate decarboxylase, or mevalonate-5-kinase. In some embodiments, the increased production of GPP results in increased production of the cannabinoids described herein, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC, by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the increased production of GPP results in increased production of CBCA, THCA, CBCOA, CBCVA, CBCO, CBCV, and/or CBC, by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces GPP from an alternative non-MEP, non-MVA geranyl pyrophosphate pathway. In some embodiments, GPP is produced from a precursor selected from isoprenol, prenol, and geraniol. In some embodiments, the engineered cell expresses an exogenous or overexpresses an exogenous or endogenous gene that encodes any one of the enzymes in a non-MVA, non-MEP pathways, thereby increasing the production of GPP. In some embodiments, the non-MVA, non-MEP pathway enzyme is alcohol kinase, alcohol diphosphokinase, phosphate kinase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, or geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS). In some embodiments, the increased production of GPP results in increased production of the cannabinoids described herein, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC, by the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell an exogenous or overexpresses an exogenous or endogenous GPP synthase. Non-limiting examples of GPP synthases include E. coli IspA (NP_414955), C. glutamicum IdsA (WP_011014931.1), and the enzymes listed in Table 2.
Abies grandis
Corynebacterium
camporealensis
Corynebacterium crudilactis
Corynebacterium
tuberculostearicum
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium
glutamicum
pseudogenitalium
Corynebacterium deserti
Corynebacterium testudinoris
Corynebacterium callunae
Corynebacterium stationis
Corynebacterium efficiens
Corynebacterium sp. J010B-
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp. CCUG
Marseille-P2417
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium sp.
humireducens
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium accolens
halotolerans
Corynebacterium marinum
Corynebacterium
segmentosum
Corynebacterium singulare
Corynebacterium macginleyi
Corynebacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
minutissimum
Corynebacterium pollutisoli
Streptococcus thermophilus
Corynebacterium lubricantis
Nocardia vermiculata
Corynebacterium
Rhodococcus sp. 1168
spheniscorum
Corynebacterium
Clostridium paraputrificum
doosanense
Corynebacterium flavescens
Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
Corynebacterium
Nocardia concava
aurimucosum
Corynebacterium
Rhodococcus yunnanensis
ammoniagenes
Corynebacterium
kefirresidentii
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the QAC described herein, and the GPP pathway enzyme described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, and the GPP pathway enzyme described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides one or more polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, and the GPP pathway enzyme described herein. In some embodiments, the GPP pathway enzyme comprises geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, alcohol kinase, alcohol diphosphokinase, phosphate kinase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a single expression vector. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises more than one expression vector. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the expression construct. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure further comprises a prenyltransferase.
In general, the conversion of OA+GPP to CBGA (and the analogous conversions of OSA+GPP to CBGOA and DA+GPP to CBGVA) is performed by a prenyltransferase. In C. sativa, prenyltransferase is a transmembrane protein belonging to the UbiA superfamily of membrane proteins. Other prenyltransferases, e.g., aromatic prenyltransferases such as NphB from Streptomyces, which are non-transmembrane and soluble, can also catalyze conversion of OA to CBGA, OSA to CBGOA, and/or DA to CBGVA.
In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase is a natural prenyltransferase, e.g., wild-type prenyltransferase. In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase is a non-natural prenyltransferase. In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase comprises one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type prenyltransferase. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid substitutions in the non-natural prenyltransferase increases the activity of the prenyltransferase as compared to a wild-type prenyltransferase.
In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:18. In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase is a non-natural prenyltransferase comprising at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 amino acid variations at positions corresponding to SEQ ID NO:18.
Although the amino acid positions of prenyltransferase described herein are with reference to the corresponding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, it is understood that the amino acid sequence of a non-natural prenyltransferase can include an amino acid variation at an equivalent position corresponding to a variant of SEQ ID NO:18. One of the skill in the art would understand that alignment methods can be used to align variations of SEQ ID NO:18 to identify the position in the prenyltransferase variant that corresponds to a position in SEQ ID NO:18. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:18 corresponds to the amino acid sequence of Streptomyces antibioticus AQJ23_4042 prenyltransferase.
In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase comprises an amino acid substitutions at position V45, F121, T124, Q159, M160, Y173, S212, V213, A230, T267, Y286, Q293, R294, L296, F300, or combinations thereof, wherein the position corresponds to SEQ ID NO:18. In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase comprises two or more amino acid substitutions at positions V45, F121, T124, Q159, M160, Y173, S212, V213, A230, T267, Y286, Q293, R294, L296, F300, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase comprises two or more amino acid substitutions at positions V45, F121, T124, Q159, M160, Y173, S212, V213, A230, T267, Y286, Q293, R294, L296, F300, or combinations thereof. Prenyltransferase and non-natural variants thereof are further discussed, e.g., in WO2019/173770 and WO2021/046367.
In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution is selected from V45I, V45T, F121V, T124K, T124L, Q159S, M160L, M160S, Y173D, Y173K, Y173P, Y173Q, S212H, A230S, T267P, Y286V, Q293H, R294K, L296K, L296L, L296M, L296Q, F300Y, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the prenyltransferase comprising an amino acid substitution as described herein is capable of a greater rate of formation of CBGA from GPP and OA, CBGOA from GPP and OSA, and/or CBGVA from GPP and DA as compared with wild-type prenyltransferase.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, the GPP pathway enzyme described herein, and the prenyltransferase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, the GPP pathway enzyme described herein, and the prenyltransferase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides one or more polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, the GPP pathway enzyme described herein, and the prenyltransferase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a single expression vector. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises more than one expression vector. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the expression construct. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure further comprises a modification that facilitates the production of the cannabinoids described herein, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC. In some embodiments, the modification increases production of a cannabinoid in the engineered cell compared with a cell not comprising the modification. In some embodiments, the modification increases efflux of a cannabinoid in the engineered cell compared with a cell not comprising the modification. In some embodiments, the modification comprises expressing or upregulating the expression of an endogenous gene that facilitates production of a cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the modification comprises introducing and/or overexpression an exogenous and/or heterologous gene that facilitates production of a cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the modification comprises downregulating, disrupting, or deleting an endogenous gene that hinders production of a cannabinoid. Expression and/or overexpression of endogenous and exogenous genes, and downregulation, disruption and/or deletion of endogenous genes are described in embodiments herein.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell of the disclosure comprises one or more of the following modifications:
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, the GPP pathway enzyme described herein, the prenyltransferase described herein, and an additional modification described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides one or more polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein and one or more of the OLS described herein, the OAC described herein, the GPP pathway enzyme described herein, the prenyltransferase described herein, and an additional modification described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an expression construct comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a single expression vector. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises more than one expression vector. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising the expression construct. In some embodiments, the engineered cell produces CBCA, CBDA. THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC.
A variety of microorganisms may be suitable as the engineered cell described herein. Such organisms include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms including, but not limited to, bacteria, including archaea and eubacteria, and eukaryotes, including yeast, plant, and insect. Nonlimiting examples of suitable microbial hosts for the bio-production of a cannabinoid include, but are not limited to, any Gram negative organisms, more particularly a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. coli, or Oligotropha carboxidovorans, or a Pseudomonas sp.; any Gram positive microorganism, for example Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus sp. or Lactococcus sp.; a yeast, for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris or Pichia stipitis; and other groups or microbial species. In some embodiments, the microbial host is a member of the genera Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, or Saccharomyces. In some embodiments, the microbial host is Oligotropha carboxidovorans (such as strain OM5), Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes eutrophus (Cupriavidus necator), Bacillus licheniformis, Paenibacillus macerans, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarium, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Further exemplary species are reported in U.S. Pat. No. 9,657,316 and include, for example, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Candida boidinii, Clostridium kluyveri, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium tetanomorphum, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium propionicum, Clostridium aminobutyricum. Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium sticklandii, Ralstonia eutropha, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Thermus thermophilus, Pseudomonas species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Homo sapiens, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Rhodobacter spaeroides, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Metallosphaera sedula, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Roseiflexus castenholzii, Erythrobacter, Simmondsia chinensis, Acinetobacter species, including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter baylyi, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Sulfolobus tokodaii, Sulfolobus solfataricus, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus pumilus, Rattus norvegicus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Euglena gracilis, Treponema denticola, Moorella thermoacetica, Thermotoga maritima, Halobacterium salinarum, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Aeropyrum pernix, Sus scrofa, Caenorhabditis elegans, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Candida, Aspergillus terreus, Pedicoccus pentosaceus, Zymomonas mobilus, Acetobacter pasteurians, Kluyveromyces lactis, Eubacterium barkeri, Bacteroides capillosus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Natranaerobius thermophilum, Campylobacter jejuni, Hacmophilus influenzac, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Myxococcus xanthus, Fusobacterium nuleatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, marine gamma proteobacterium, butyrate-producing bacterium, Nocardia iowensis, Nocardia farcinica, Streptomyces griseus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholera, Heliobacter pylori, Nicotiana tabacum. Oryza sativa, Haloferax mediterranei, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Achromobacter denitrificans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptomyces clavuligenus, Acinetobacter baumanii, Mus musculus, Lachancea kluyveri, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma brucei, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Mesorhizobium loti, Bos taurus, Nicotiana glutinosa, Vibrio vulnificus, Selenomonas ruminantium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Haloarcula marismortui, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis K-10, Mycobacterium marinum M, Tsukamurella paurometabola DSM 20162, Cyanobium PCC7001, Dictyostelium discoideum AX4, as well as other exemplary species disclosed herein or available as source organisms for corresponding genes.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a bacterial cell or a fungal cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is an algal cell. In some embodiments, the engineered cell is a cyanobacterial cell. In some embodiments, the bacteria is Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Ralstonia, Zymomonas, or Staphylococcus. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell is an Escherichia coli cell.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell is an organism selected from Acinetobacter baumannii Naval-82, Acinetobacter sp. ADP1, Acinetobacter sp. strain M-1, Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, Allochromatium vinosum DSM 180, Amycolatopsis methanolica, Arabidopsis thaliana, Atopobium parvulum DSM 20469, Azotobacter vinelandii DJ, Bacillus alcalophilus ATCC 27647, Bacillus azotoformans LMG 9581, Bacillus coagulans 36D1, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus methanolicus MGA3, Bacillus methanolicus PB1, Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10, Bacillus smithii, Bacillus subtilis, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, Burkholderia pyrrocinia, Burkholderia stabilis, Burkholderia thailandensis E264, Burkholderiales bacterium Joshi_001, Butyrate-producing bacterium L2-50, Campylobacter jejuni, Candida albicans, Candida boidinii, Candida methylica, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901, Caulobacter sp. AP07, Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485, Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri ATCC BAA-895, Citrobacter youngae, Clostridium, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, Clostridium acidurici, Clostridium aminobutyricum, Clostridium asparagiforme DSM 15981, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052, Clostridium bolteae ATCC BAA-613, Clostridium carboxidivorans P7, Clostridium cellulovorans 743B, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium hiranonis DSM 13275, Clostridium hylemonae DSM 15053, Clostridium kluyveri, Clostridium kluyveri DSM 555, Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528, Clostridium methylpentosum DSM 5476, Clostridium pasteurianum, Clostridium pasteurianum DSM 525, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Clostridium perfringens str. 13. Clostridium phytofermentans ISDg, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067, Corynebacterium glutamicum R, Corynebacterium sp. U-96. Corynebacterium variabile, Cupriavidus necator N−1, Cyanobium PCC7001, Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK-01, Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Desulfitobacterium metallireducens DSM 15288, Desulfotomaculum reducens MI-1, Desulfovibrio africanus str. Walvis Bay, Desulfovibrio fructosovorans JJ, Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough, Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. ‘Miyazaki F’, Dictyostelium discoideum AX4, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli K-12, Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, Eubacterium hallii DSM 3353, Flavobacterium frigoris, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum ATCC 10953, Geobacillus sp. Y4.1MC1, Geobacillus themodenitrificans NG80-2, Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, Geobacillus stearothermophilus DSM 2334. Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Homo sapiens, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6, Hyphomicrobium denitrificans ATCC 51888, Hyphomicrobium zavarzinii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae MGH 78578, Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099, Metallosphaera sedula, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanosarcina mazei Tuc01, Methylobacter marinus, Methylobacterium extorquens, Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, Methylococcus capsulatas, Methylomonas aminofaciens, Moorella thermoacetica, Mycobacter sp. strain JC1 DSM 3803, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis K-10, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium marinum M, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nitrosopumilus salaria BD31, Nitrososphaera gargensis Ga9.2, Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152, Nocardia iowensis (sp. NRRL 5646). Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, Ogataea angusta, Ogataea parapolymorpha DL-1 (Hansenula polymorpha DL-1), Paenibacillus peoriae KCTC 3763, Paracoccus denitrificans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Photobacterium profundum 3TCK, Phytofermentans ISDg, Pichia pastoris, Picrophilus torridus DSM9790, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pseudomonas knackmussii, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, Pyrobaculum islandicum DSM 4184, Pyrococcus abyssi, Pyrococcus furiosus, Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3, Ralstonia eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha H16, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 17025, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009, Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodospirillum rubrum ATCC 11170, Ruminococcus obeum ATCC 29174, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2, Salmonella enterica typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sebaldella termitidis ATCC 33386, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus NBRC 13350, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Sulfolobus solfataricus P-2, Synechocystis str. PCC 6803, Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans, Thaucra aromatica, Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514, Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus litoralis, Thermoplasma acidophilum, Thermoproteus neutrophilus, Thermotoga maritima, Thiocapsa roseopersicina, Tolumonas auensis DSM 9187, Trichomonas vaginalis G3, Trypanosoma brucei, Tsukamurella paurometabola DSM 20162, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio harveyi ATCC BAA-1116, Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2, Yersinia intermedia, and Zea mays.
Algae that can be engineered for cannabinoid production include, but are not limited to, unicellular and multicellular algae. Examples of such algae can include a species of rhodophyte, chlorophyte, heterokontophyte (including diatoms), tribophyte, glaucophyte, chlorarachniophyte, euglenoid, haptophyte, cryptomonad, dinoflagellum, phytoplankton, and the like, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, algae can be of the classes Chlorophyceae and/or Haptophyta.
Microalgae (single-celled algae) produce natural oils that can contain the synthesized cannabinoids. Specific species that are considered for cannabinoid production include, but are not limited to, Neochloris oleoabundans, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Euglena gracilis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pleurochrysis carterae, Prymnesium parvum, Tetraselmis chui, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Dunaliella salina. Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella variabilis, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Additional or alternate algal sources can include one or more microalgae of the Achnanthes, Amphiprora, Amphora, Ankistrodesmus, Asteromonas, Boekelovia, Borodinella, Botryococcus, Bracteococcus, Chaetoceros, Carteria, Chlamydomonas, Chlorococcum, Chlorogonium, Chlorella, Chroomonas, Chrsosphaera, Cricosphaera, Crypthecodinium, Cryptomonas, Cyclotella, Dunaliella, Ellipsoidon, Emiliania. Fremosphaera, Ernodesmius, Euglena, Franceia, Fragilaria, Gloeolhamnion, Haematococcus, Halocafeteria, Hymenomonas, Isochrysis, Lepocinclis, Micractinium, Monoraphidium, Nannochloris, Nannochloropsis, Navicula, Neochloris, Nephrochloris, Nephroselmis, Nitzschia, Ochromonas, Oedogonium, Oocystis, Ostreococcus, Pavlova, Parachlorella, Pascheria, Phaeodactylum, Phagus. Platymonas, Pleurochrsis, Pleurococcus, Prototheca, Pseudo chlorella, Pyramimonas, Pvrobotrys, Scenedesmus, Skeletonema, Spirogyra, Stichococcus, Tetraselmis, Thalassiosira, Viridiella, and Volvox species, and/or one or more cyanobacteria of the Agmenellum, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Anacystis, Aphanizomenon, Arthrospira, Asterocapsa, Borzia, Calothrix, Chamaesiphon, Chlorogloeopsis, Chroococcidiopsis, Chroococcus, Crinalium, Cyanobacterium, Cyanobium, Cyanocystis, Cyanospira, Cyanothece, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Dactylcoccopsis, Dermocarpella, Fischerella, Fremyella, Geitleria, Geitlerinema, Gloeobacter, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Halospirulina, Ivengariella, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Microcystis, Mxosarcina, Nodularia, Nostoc, Nostochopsis, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, Pleurocapsa, Prochlorococcus, Prochloron, Prochlorothrix, Pseudanabaena, Rivularia, Schizothrix, Scvtonema, Spirulina, Stanieria, Starria, Stigonema, Symploca, Synechococcus, Svnechocystis, Tolipothrix, Trichodesmium. Tychonema, and Xenococcus species.
The host cell may be genetically modified for a recombinant production system, e.g., to produce CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC as described herein. The mode of gene transfer technology may be by electroporation, conjugation, transduction or natural transformation as described herein.
To genetically modify a host cell of the disclosure, one or more heterologous nucleic acids disclosed herein is introduced stably or transiently into a host cell, using established techniques. Such techniques may include, but are not limited to, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, particle bombardment, and the like. For stable transformation, a heterologous nucleic acid will generally further include a selectable marker, e.g., any of several well-known selectable markers such as neomycin resistance, ampicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, kanamycin resistance, hygromycin resistance, G418 resistance, bleomycin resistance, zeocin resistance, and the like. A broad range of plasmids and drug resistance markers are available and described in embodiments herein. The cloning vectors are tailored to the host organisms based on the nature of antibiotic resistance markers that can function in that host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is genetically modified using CRISPR/Cas9 to produce the engineered cell of the disclosure.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of producing a cannabinoid or precursor thereof, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC, as described herein, comprising culturing an engineered cell provided herein to provide the cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises recovering the cannabinoid, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC from the cell, cell extract, culture medium, whole culture, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the culture medium of the engineered cells further comprises at least one carbon source. In embodiments where the cells are heterotrophic cells, the culture medium comprises at least one carbon source that is also an energy source, also known as a “feed molecule.” In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises one, two, three, or more carbon sources that are not primary energy sources. Non-limiting examples of feed molecules that can be included in the culture medium include acetate, malonate, oxaloacetate, aspartate, glutamate, beta-alanine, alpha-alanine, butyrate, hexanoate, hexanol, prenol, isoprenol, and geraniol. Further examples of compounds that can be provided in the culture medium include, without limitation, biotin, thiamine, pantethine, and 4-phosphopantetheine.
In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises acetate. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises acetate and hexanoate. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises malonate and hexanoate. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises prenol, isoprenol, and/or geraniol. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises aspartate, hexanoate, prenol, isoprenol, and/or geraniol.
Depending on the desired microorganism or strain to be used, the appropriate culture medium may be used. For example, descriptions of various culture media may be found in “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981). As used herein, culture medium, or simply “medium” as it relates to the growth source, refers to the starting medium, which may be in a solid or liquid form. “Cultured medium” as used herein refers to medium (e.g. liquid medium) containing microbes that have been fermentatively grown and can include other cellular biomass. The medium generally includes one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements. “Whole culture” as used herein refers to cultured cells plus the culture medium in which they are cultured. “Cell extract” as used herein refers to a lysate of the cultured cells, which may include the culture medium and which may be crude (unpurified), purified or partially purified. Methods of purifying cell lysates are known to the skilled artisan and described in embodiments herein.
Exemplary carbon sources include sugar carbons such as sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, isomaltose, xylose, maltose, arabinose, cellobiose and 3-, 4-, or 5-oligomers thereof. Other carbon sources include carbon sources such as methanol, ethanol, glycerol, formate and fatty acids. Still other carbon sources include carbon sources from gas such as synthesis gas, waste gas, methane, CO, CO2 and any mixture of CO, CO2 with H2. Other carbon sources can include renewal feedstocks and biomass. Exemplary renewal feedstocks include cellulosic biomass, hemicellulosic biomass and lignin feedstocks.
In some embodiments, the engineered cell is sustained, cultured, or fermented under aerobic, microaerobic, anaerobic or substantially anaerobic conditions. Exemplary aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic conditions have been described previously and are known in the art. Briefly, anaerobic conditions refer to an environment devoid of oxygen. Substantially anaerobic conditions include, for example, a culture, batch fermentation or continuous fermentation such that the dissolved oxygen concentration in the medium remains between 0 and 10% of saturation, or higher. Substantially anaerobic conditions also include growing or resting cells in liquid medium or on solid agar inside a sealed chamber maintained with an atmosphere of less than 1% oxygen. The percent of oxygen can be maintained by, for example, sparging the culture with an N2/CO2 mixture or other suitable non-oxygen gas or gases. Exemplary anaerobic conditions for fermentation processes are described, for example, in US2009/0047719. Any of these conditions can be employed with the microbial organisms described herein as well as other anaerobic conditions known in the field. The culture conditions can include, for example, liquid culture procedures as well as fermentation and other large scale culture procedures.
The culture conditions can be scaled up and grown continuously for manufacturing the cannabinoid products described herein. Exemplary growth procedures include, for example, fed-batch fermentation and batch separation; fed-batch fermentation and continuous separation, or continuous fermentation and continuous separation. Fermentation procedures can be particularly useful for the biosynthetic production of commercial quantities of cannabinoids, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, THCOA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC. Generally, and as with non-continuous culture procedures, the continuous and/or near-continuous production of cannabinoid product can include culturing a cannabinoid-producing organism with sufficient nutrients and medium to sustain and/or nearly sustain growth in an exponential phase. Continuous culture under such conditions can include, for example, 1 day, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days or more. Additionally, continuous culture can include 1 week, 2, 3, 4 or 5 or more weeks and up to several months. Alternatively, the desired microorganism can be cultured for hours, if suitable for a particular application. It is to be understood that the continuous and/or near-continuous culture conditions also can include all time intervals in between these exemplary periods. It is further understood that the time of culturing the microbial organism is for a sufficient period of time to produce a sufficient amount of product for a desired purpose.
Fermentation procedures are known to the skilled artisan. Briefly, fermentation for the biosynthetic production of a cannabinoid, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA. THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC, can be utilized in, for example, fed-batch fermentation and batch separation; fed-batch fermentation and continuous separation, or continuous fermentation and continuous separation. Examples of batch and continuous fermentation procedures are known in the field. Typically, cells are grown at a temperature in the range of about 25° C. to about 40° C. in an appropriate medium, as well as up to 70° C. for thermophilic microorganisms.
The culture medium at the start of fermentation may have a pH of about 4 to about 7. The pH may be less than 11, less than 10, less than 9, or less than 8. In some embodiments, the pH is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, or at least 7. In some embodiments, the pH of the medium is about 6 to about 9.5; 6 to about 9, about 6 to 8 or about 8 to 9.
In some embodiments, upon completion of the cultivation period, the fermenter contents are passed through a cell separation unit, for example, a centrifuge, filtration unit, and the like, to remove cells and cell debris. In embodiments where the desired product is expressed intracellularly, the cells are lysed or disrupted enzymatically or chemically prior to or after separation of cells from the fermentation broth, as desired, in order to release additional product. The fermentation broth can be transferred to a product separations unit. Isolation of product can be performed by standard separations procedures employed in the art to separate a desired product from dilute aqueous solutions. Such methods include, but are not limited to, liquid-liquid extraction using a water immiscible organic solvent (e.g., toluene or other suitable solvents, including but not limited to diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, benzene, pentane, hexane, heptane, petroleum ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and the like) to provide an organic solution of the product, if appropriate, standard distillation methods, and the like, depending on the chemical characteristics of the product of the fermentation process.
Suitable purification and/or assays to test a cannabinoid, e.g., CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, CBC, CBD, and/or THC, produced by the methods herein can be performed using known methods. For example, product and byproduct formation in the engineered production host can be monitored. The final product and intermediates, and other organic compounds, can be analyzed by methods such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) or other suitable analytical methods using routine procedures well known in the art. The release of product in the fermentation broth can also be tested with the culture supernatant. Byproducts and residual glucose can be quantified by HPLC using, for example, a refractive index detector for glucose and alcohols, and a UV detector for organic acids (Lin et al. (2005), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 90:775-779), or other suitable assay and detection methods well known in the art. The individual enzyme or protein activities from the exogenous DNA sequences can also be assayed using methods known in the art.
The cannabinoids produced using methods described herein can be separated from other components in the culture using a variety of methods well known in the art. Such separation methods include, for example, extraction procedures as well as methods that include liquid-liquid extraction, pervaporation, evaporation, filtration, membrane filtration (including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration), membrane filtration with diafiltration, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, distillation, extractive distillation, reactive distillation, azeotropic distillation, crystallization and recrystallization, centrifugation, extractive filtration, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, adsorption chromatography, carbon adsorption, hydrogenation, and ultrafiltration. For example, the amount of cannabinoid or other product(s), including a polyketide, produced in a bio-production media generally can be determined using any of methods such as, for example, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), GC/Mass Spectroscopy (MS), or spectrometry.
In some embodiments, the cell extract or cell culture medium described herein comprises a cannabinoid. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is cannabichromene (CBC) type (e.g. cannabichromenic acid), cannabigerol (CBG) type (e.g. cannabigerolic acid), cannabidiol (CBD) type (e.g. cannabidiolic acid), Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) type (e.g. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), Δ8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) type, cannabicyclol (CBL) type, cannabielsoin (CBE) type, cannabinol (CBN) type, cannabinodiol (CBND) type, cannabitriol type, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerolic acid monomethylether (CBGAM), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol monomethylether (CBGM), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), cannabidiol-C4 (CBD-C4), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiorcol (CBD-C1), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocamiabinolic acid-C4 (THCA-C4), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4 (THC-C4), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C1), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C1), Δ7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ8-THCA), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabicyclovarin (CBLV), cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), cannabielsoic acid B (CBEA-B), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabielsoinic acid, cannabicitranic acid, cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinol methylether (CBNM), cannabinol-C4, (CBN—C4), cannabivarin (CBV), cannabinol-C2 (CNB—C2), cannabiorcol (CBN—C1), cannabinodiol (CBND), cannabidivarin (CBVD), cannabitriol, 10-ethyoxy-9-hydroxy-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol, 8,9-dihydroxyl-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF), cannabifuran (CBF), cannabichromanon (CBCN), cannabicitran, 10-oxo-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC), Δ9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-methano-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV), cannabiripsol (CBR), trihydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a cell extract or cell culture medium comprising cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabigerorcinic acid (CBGOA), cannabiorcichromenic acid (CBCOA), cannabidiorcinic acid (CBDOA), tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCOA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), tetrahydrocannabivarin acid (THCVA), cannabigerorcinol (CBGO), cannabichromeorcin (CBCO), cannabidiorcin (CBDO), tetrahydrocannabiorcin (THCO), cannabigerivarinol (CBGV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof derived from the engineered cell described herein. In some embodiments, a derivative of a cannabinoid described herein, e.g., CBGA, CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBGOA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBGVA, CBCVA, CBDVA, and/or THCVA, is a decarboxylated form of the cannabinoid.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making a cannabinoid selected from CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCVA, CBCO, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDVA, CBCO, CBDV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCVA, THCO, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising culturing the engineered cell as described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises a flavin-dependent oxidase in Table 1. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered cell comprises an expression construct comprising the polynucleotide.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of isolating CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCVA, CBCO, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDVA, CBDO, CBCV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCVA, THCO, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, from the cell extract or cell culture medium of the engineered cell.
Methods of culturing cells, e.g., the engineered cell of the disclosure, are provided herein. Methods of isolating a cannabinoid, e.g., CBCA, CBC, CBCOA, CBCVA, CBCO, CBCV, CBDA, CBD, CBDOA, CBDVA, CBDO, CBDV, THCA, THC, THCOA, THCVA, THCO, THCV, an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, are also provided herein. In some embodiments, the isolating comprises liquid-liquid extraction, pervaporation, evaporation, filtration, membrane filtration (including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration), membrane filtration with diafiltration, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, distillation, extractive distillation, reactive distillation, azeotropic distillation, crystallization and recrystallization, centrifugation, extractive filtration, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, adsorption chromatography, carbon adsorption, hydrogenation, ultrafiltration, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCA, CBDA, THCA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGA with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCA, CBDA, THCA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGA with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGOA with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGOA with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGVA with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGVA with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBC, CBD, THC, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBG with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBC, CBD, THC, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBG with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCO, CBDO, THCO, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGO with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCO, CBDO, THCO, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGO with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGV with the flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof, comprising contacting CBGV with a flavin-dependent oxidase of Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the contacting occurs at about pH 4 to about pH 9, about pH 4.5 to about pH 8.5, about pH 5 to about pH 8, about pH 5.5 to about pH 7.5, or about pH 5 to about pH 7. In some embodiments, the method is performed in an in vitro reaction medium, e.g., an aqueous reaction medium.
In some embodiments, the reaction medium further comprises a buffer, a salt, a surfactant, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the surfactant is about 0.005% (v/v) to about 5% (v/v) of the in vitro reaction medium. In some embodiments, the surfactant is about 0.01% (v/v) to about 1% (v/v) of the in vitro reaction medium. In some embodiments, the surfactant is about 0.05% (v/v) to about 0.5% (v/v) of the in vitro reaction medium. In some embodiments, the surfactant is about 0.08% (v/v) to about 0.2% (v/v) of the in vitro reaction medium. In some embodiments, the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of nonionic surfactants include TRITON™ X-100, TWEEN®, IGEPAL® CA-630, NONIDET™ P-40, and the like. In some embodiments, the surfactant is 2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethanol (also known as TRITON™ X-100). In some embodiments, the in vitro reaction medium comprises about 0.1% (v/v) 2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethanol.
In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is produced by an engineered cell. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is overexpressed, e.g., on an exogenous nucleic acid such as a plasmid, by an inducible or constitutive promoter, in an engineered cell. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making an isolated flavin-dependent oxidase, comprising isolating the flavin-dependent oxidase expressed in the engineered cell. Methods of culturing cells, e.g., the engineered cell of the disclosure, are provided herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an isolated flavin-dependent oxidase made by the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to a protein with UniProt IDs A0A1H4CL41, A0A7X0U8H0, A0A1Q5S5E2, A0A0Q7FI10, A0A2E0XWX6, D9XHS6, A0A0K3BN04, and A0A1U9QQ65. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
Methods of isolating proteins (e.g., the flavin-dependent oxidase) from cells are known in the art. For example, the cells can be lysed to form a crude lysate, and the crude lysate can be further purified using filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, buffer exchange, or combinations thereof. The cell lysate is considered partially purified when about 10% to about 60%, or about 20% to about 50%, or about 30% to about 50% of the total proteins in the lysate is the desired protein of interest, e.g., the non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase. A protein can also be isolated from the cell lysate as a purified protein when greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 99% of total proteins in the lysate is the desired protein of interest, e.g., the flavin-dependent oxidase. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the crude lysate comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of converting CBGA to CBCA, CBDA, THCA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGOA to CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGVA to CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBG to CBC, CBD, THC, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGO to CBCO, CBDO, THCO, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGV to CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, an analog or derivative of CBGA, CBGOA, and CBGVA known in the art is used as a substrate for conversion of the flavin-dependent oxidase. In some embodiments, the CBGA. CBGOA, CBGVA, CBG, CBGO, and/or CBGV is contacted with crude lysate comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase to form CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, a partially purified lysate comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of converting CBGA to CBCA, CBDA, THCA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGOA to CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGVA to CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBG to CBC, CBD, THC, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGO to CBCO, CBDO, THCO, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGV to CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the CBGA, CBGOA, CBGVA, CBG, CBGO, and/or CBGV is contacted with the partially purified lysate comprising the flavin-dependent oxidase to form CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, a purified flavin-dependent oxidase is capable of converting CBGA to CBCA, CBDA, THCA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGOA to CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGVA to CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBG to CBC, CBD, THC, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGO to CBCO, CBDO, THCO, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof; or CBGV to CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the CBGA, CBGOA, CBGVA, CBG, CBGO, and/or CBGV is contacted with the purified flavin-dependent oxidase to form CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a cannabinoid or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof obtained from the engineered cell, cell extract, or method described herein. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBCA, CBDA. THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is 10% or greater, 20% or greater, 30% or greater, 40% or greater, 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 70% or greater, 80% or greater, 85% or greater, 90% or greater, 91% or greater, 92% or greater, 93% or greater, 94% or greater, 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, 99% or greater, 99.2% or greater, 99.4% or greater, 99.5% or greater, 99.6% or greater, 99.7% or greater, 99.8% or greater, or 99.9% or greater of total cannabinoid compound(s) in the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition is a therapeutic or medicinal composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the composition is a topical composition. In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a cream, a lotion, a paste, or an ointment.
In some embodiments, the composition is an edible composition. In some embodiments, the composition is provided in a food or beverage product. In some embodiments, the composition is an oral unit dosage composition. In some embodiments, the composition is provided in a tablet or a capsule.
In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising (a) a flavin-dependent oxidase as described herein; and (b) a cannabinoid, a prenylated aromatic compound, or both. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBCA, CBDA, THCA, CBCOA, CBDOA, THCOA, CBCVA, CBDVA, THCVA, CBC, CBD, THC, CBCO, CBDO, THCO, CBCV, CBDV, THCV, or an isomer, analog, or derivative thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
In some embodiments, the compositions herein comprising a flavin-dependent oxidase and a cannabinoid, a prenylated aromatic compound, or both, further comprise an enzyme in a cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway. Cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways are described herein. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway enzyme comprises olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), prenyltransferase, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is any of the flavin-dependent oxidases in Table 1. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase is a non-natural flavin-dependent oxidase described herein. In some embodiments, the flavin-dependent oxidase comprises a motif of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-14.
All references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, papers, textbooks and the like, and the references cited therein, to the extent that they are not already, are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
A search in the UniProt public database using the InterPro code for the berberine-bridge enzyme (BBE) family, IPR012951, yielded 31,898 enzyme sequences. Restricting the taxonomy to bacteria yielded 13,398 enzyme sequences. The FASTA amino acid sequences for 13,398 enzymes were analyzed. One key feature of the BBE family is the covalent attachment of the catalytically required FAD cofactor. A histidine residue is essentially universally conserved among every enzyme in this family and provides one covalent attachment to the FAD. Enzymes known to oxidize CBGA to a cannabinoid (Clz9, THCAS, CBDAS) generally require a second covalent attachment to the FAD for full activity, which is achieved by a cysteine residue. A sequence comparison of the region around this Cys residue yielded a string of highly conserved amino acids: xGxCxxxxxxGxxxGGGxG, where x is any amino acid (see
Plasmids for select sequences were codon optimized, synthesized, constructed and tested for cannabinoid synthase activity. Overnight cultures of E. coli BL21(DE3) containing plasmids expressing sequence-verified enzymes were grown in 0.5 mL of LB media overnight at 35° C. in a 96-deep-well plate. On the following day, 10 μL of overnight culture was added to 1000 μL of LB media containing 100 μg/mL of carbenicillin in a 96-deep-well plate. The cultures were grown at 35° C. for 3 hours until OD600 reached approximately 0.4 to 0.6, and 0.5 mM IPTG and 0.2 mM cumate were added to induce protein expression. Protein was expressed for approximately 18 to 20 hours at room temperature. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 4000×g for 10 minutes. Cell pellets were resuspended to OD600=10 and lysed by sonication in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 and protease inhibitor cocktail. Cell lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 4000×g for 10 minutes. 20 μL of clarified lysate was mixed with 80 μL of 240 RM CBGA in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer. pH 7.4, with 0.1% TRITON™ X-100 or 100 mM Citrate buffer, pH 5.0 with 0.1% TRITON™ X-100 in 96-well plates. The plates were then sealed, and the reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours and then quenched with 300 μL of 75% acetonitrile solution containing 0.1% formic acid and 1.2 RM diclofenac and 2 μM ibuprofen as internal standards. Precipitated protein and cell debris were removed by vacuum filtration using a 0.2 μm 96-well filter plate (PALL).
Analysis Method: The flow through was directly injected into an LC/MS system for analysis. The spectra were monitored by LC/MS at 357/191 multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Cannabinoid products were identified by retention time to authentic cannabinoid standards and quantified by relative peak area versus peak area of known concentrations of cannabinoid standards.
The protein with UniProt ID A0A1Q5S5E2 from Bradyrhizobium sp. NAS96 (“A0A1Q5S5E2”) was evaluated for activity using a similar assay as described in Example 2. Briefly, A0A1Q5S5E2 was contacted with CBGA in citrate buffer, pH 5.0, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 96 hours. The reaction products were subjected to LC/MS/MS to identify the cannabinoid products. The resulting chromatogram of the products is shown in
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2023/063485 | 3/1/2023 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63315864 | Mar 2022 | US |