Information
-
Patent Grant
-
6394651
-
Patent Number
6,394,651
-
Date Filed
Friday, June 18, 199925 years ago
-
Date Issued
Tuesday, May 28, 200222 years ago
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Inventors
-
Original Assignees
-
Examiners
- Shoap; Allan N.
- Hylton; Robin A.
Agents
- Andes; William S.
- Murphy; Stephen T.
- Mattheis; David K.
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CPC
-
US Classifications
Field of Search
US
- 428 357
- 428 341
- 428 182
- 383 24
- 383 75
- 383 112
- 383 118
- 383 77
- 383 7
- 220 49506
- 229 8703
- 229 940
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International Classifications
-
-
Disclaimer
Terminal disclaimer
Abstract
The present invention provides a flexible bag comprising at least one sheet of flexible sheet material assembled to form a semi-enclosed container having an opening defined by a periphery. The opening defines an opening plane, and the bag has an upper region adjacent to the opening and a lower region below the upper region. The upper region has a preferential elongation axis perpendicular to the opening plane which permits the upper region to expand in response to an externally-applied force upon the bag, while the lower region has a preferential elongation axis parallel to the opening plane which permits the lower region to expand in response to forces exerted by contents within the bag to provide an increase in volume of said bag. The bag therefore exhibits increased stability in use and is easier to close.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to flexible bags of the type commonly utilized for the containment and disposal of various household materials.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Flexible bags, particularly those made of comparatively inexpensive polymeric materials, have been widely employed for the containment and disposal of various household materials such as trash, lawn clippings, leaves, and the like.
As utilized herein, the term “flexible” is utilized to refer to materials which are capable of being flexed or bent, especially repeatedly, such that they are pliant and yieldable in response to externally applied forces. Accordingly, “flexible” is substantially opposite in meaning to the terms inflexible, rigid, or unyielding. Materials and structures which are flexible, therefore, may be altered in shape and structure to accommodate external forces and to conform to the shape of objects brought into contact with them without losing their integrity. Flexible bags of the type commonly available are typically formed from materials having consistent physical properties throughout the bag structure, such as stretch, tensile, and/or elongation properties.
A common method of utilizing such bags is as a liner for a container such as a trash can or bin. Materials are placed in the bag until the bag is filled to the capacity of the bag and/or container, or until the bag is filled to the desired level. When the bag is filled to capacity, or even beyond capacity due to placing additional materials above the uppermost edge of the bag, it is often difficult for the consumer to achieve closure of the bag opening since little if any free material remains to achieve closure of the bag opening since little if any free material remains available for securement above the level of the contents. If the filled bag is then set upon the floor by itself while additional items are inserted and/or the closure means is activated, another issue frequently encountered is a shifting of the bag contents which causes an imbalance within the bag and a corresponding tipping over of the bag with potential spillage of the contents.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a flexible bag which is easier to close when filled.
It would also be desirable to provide such a bag which has enhanced stability so as to be more self-standing when filled.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a flexible bag comprising at least one sheet of flexible sheet material assembled to form a semi-enclosed container having an opening defined by a periphery. The opening defines an opening plane, and the bag has an upper region adjacent to the opening and a lower region below the upper region. The upper region has a preferential elongation axis perpendicular to the opening plane which permits the upper region to expand in response to an externally-applied force upon the bag, while the lower region has a preferential elongation axis parallel to the opening plane which permits the lower region to expand in response to forces exerted by contents within the bag to provide an increase in volume of said bag. The bag therefore exhibits increased stability in use and is easier to close.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed that the present invention will be better understood from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying Drawing Figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1
is a plan view of a flexible bag in accordance with the present invention in a closed, empty condition;
FIG. 2
is a perspective view of the flexible bag of
FIG. 1
in a closed condition with material contained therein;
FIG. 3A
is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film material of flexible bags of the present invention in a substantially untensioned condition;
FIG. 3B
is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film material of flexible bags according to the present invention in a partially-tensioned condition;
FIG. 3C
is a segmented, perspective illustration of the polymeric film material of flexible bags according to the present invention in a greater-tensioned condition;
FIG. 4
is a plan view illustration of another embodiment of a sheet material useful in the present invention; and
FIG. 5
is a plan view illustration of a polymeric web material of
FIG. 4
in a partially-tensioned condition similar to the depiction of FIG.
3
B.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Flexible Bag Construction:
FIG. 1
depicts a presently preferred embodiment of a flexible bag
10
according to the present invention. In the embodiment depicted in
FIG. 1
, the flexible bag
10
includes a bag body
20
formed from a piece of flexible sheet material folded upon itself along fold line
22
and bonded to itself along side seams
24
and
26
to form a semi-enclosed container having an opening along edge
28
. Flexible bag
10
also optionally includes closure means
30
located adjacent to edge
28
for sealing edge
28
to form a fully-enclosed container or vessel as shown in FIG.
1
. Bags such as the flexible bag
10
of
FIG. 1
can be also constructed from a continuous tube of sheet material, thereby eliminating side seams
24
and
26
and substituting a bottom seam for fold line
22
. Flexible bag
10
is suitable for containing and protecting a wide variety of materials and/or objects contained within the bag body.
In the preferred configuration depicted in
FIG. 1
, the closure means
30
completely encircles the periphery of the opening formed by edge
28
. However, under some circumstances a closure means formed by a lesser degree of encirclement (such as, for example, a closure means disposed along only one side of edge
28
) may provide adequate closure integrity.
Flexible bag
10
, in accordance with the present invention, includes an upper region
31
adjacent to the edge
28
and a lower region
32
located between the upper region and the bottom of the bag. The upper region exhibits a lower force to elongate in a direction normal to the upper edge
28
than the lower region, while the lower region exhibits a lower force to elongate in a direction parallel to the upper edge
28
than the upper region. Accordingly, for a given applied force in a direction normal to the opening edge of the bag the upper region will elongate first and to a greater extent than the lower region, and for a given applied force in a direction parallel to the opening edge of the bag the lower region will elongate first and to a greater extent than the upper region.
FIG. 1
shows a plurality of regions extending across the bag surface. Regions
40
comprise rows of deeply-embossed deformations in the flexible sheet material of the bag body
20
, while regions
50
comprise intervening undeformed regions. As shown in
FIG. 1
, the undeformed regions have axes which extend across the material of the bag body in a direction substantially parallel to the plane (axis when in a closed condition) of the open edge
28
, which in the configuration shown is also substantially parallel to the plane or axis defined by the bottom edge
22
.
In accordance with the present invention, the body portion
20
of the flexible bag
10
comprises a flexible sheet material having the ability to elastically elongate to accommodate the motion of the bag contents in combination with the ability to impart additional resistance to elongation before the tensile limits of the material are reached. This combination of properties permits the bag to readily initially expand in response to upward forces exerted by the consumer in drawing the bag upward out of a container and outward forces exerted by the bag contents by controlled elongation in respective directions. These dual-axis elongation properties increase the internal volume of the bag by expanding the length of the bag material in two directions. The upward expansion of the portion of the bag adjacent to the opening provides additional bag material above the level of the bag contents to permit the closure means to be secured. Similarly, the outward expansion of the lower portion of the bag below the upper portion increases the volume of the lower portion of the bag, aiding in lowering the level of the bag contents for aid in securing the closure means as well as lowering the center of gravity of the bag contents. This lowering of the center of gravity of the bag contents in combination with increasing the width of the bag bottom provides enhanced stability when the bag is placed upon a floor in a self-supporting configuration.
The sheet materials are therefore oriented such that their elongation axis in the upper portion of the bag is generally substantially perpendicular to the plane defined by the opening or open edge of the bag and the elongation axis in the lower portion of the bag is generally substantially perpendicular to the plane defined by the opening or open edge of the bag. Such orientation provides the defined stretch orientations of the present invention.
Additionally, while it is presently preferred to construct substantially the entire bag body from a sheet material having the structure and characteristics of the present invention, it may be desirable under certain circumstances to provide such materials in only one or more portions or zones of the bag body rather than its entirety. For example, a band of such material having the desired stretch orientation could be provided in each region of the bag forming a complete circular band around the bag body to provide a more localized stretch property.
Materials suitable for use in the present invention, as described hereafter, are believed to provide additional benefits in terms of reduced contact area with a trash can or other container, aiding in the removal of the bag after placing contents therein. The three-dimensional nature of the sheet material coupled with its elongation properties also provides enhanced tear and puncture resistance and enhanced visual, aural, and tactile impression. The elongation properties also permit bags to have a greater capacity per unit of material used, improving the “mileage” of such bags. Hence, smaller bags than those of conventional construction may be utilized for a given application. Bags may also be of any shape and configuration desired, including bags having handles or specific cut-out geometries.
Representative Materials:
To better illustrate the structural features and performance advantages of flexible bags according to the present invention,
FIG. 3A
provides a greatly-enlarged partial perspective view of a segment of sheet material
52
suitable for forming the bag body
20
as depicted in
FIGS. 1-2
. Materials such as those illustrated and described herein as suitable for use in accordance with the present invention, as well as methods for making and characterizing same, are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,801, issued to Chappell, et al. on May 21, 1996, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to
FIG. 3A
, sheet material
52
includes a “strainable network” of distinct regions. As used herein, the term “strainable network” refers to an interconnected and interrelated group of regions which are able to be extended to some useful degree in a predetermined direction providing the sheet material with an elastic-like behavior in response to an applied and subsequently released elongation. The strainable network includes at least a first region
64
and a second region
66
. Sheet material
52
includes a transitional region
65
which is at the interface between the first region
64
and the second region
66
. The transitional region
65
will exhibit complex combinations of the behavior of both the first region and the second region. It is recognized that every embodiment of such sheet materials suitable for use in accordance with the present invention will have a transitional region; however, such materials are defined by the behavior of the sheet material in the first region
64
and the second region
66
. Therefore, the ensuing description will be concerned with the behavior of the sheet material in the first regions and the second regions only since it is not dependent upon the complex behavior of the sheet material in the transitional regions
65
.
Sheet material
52
has a first surface
52
a
and an opposing second surface
52
b.
In the preferred embodiment shown in
FIG. 3A
, the strainable network includes a plurality of first regions
64
and a plurality of second regions
66
. The first regions
64
have a first axis
68
and a second axis
69
, wherein the first axis
68
is preferably longer than the second axis
69
. The first axis
68
of the first region
64
is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis “L” of the sheet material
52
while the second axis
69
is substantially parallel to the transverse axis “T” of the sheet material
52
. Preferably, the second axis of the first region, the width of the first region, is from about 0.01 inches to about 0.5 inches, and more preferably from about 0.03 inches to about 0.25 inches. The second regions
66
have a first axis
70
and a second axis
71
. The first axis
70
is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sheet material
52
, while the second axis
71
is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the sheet material
52
. Preferably, the second axis of the second region, the width of the second region, is from about 0.01 inches to about 2.0 inches, and more preferably from about 0.125 inches to about 1.0 inches. In the preferred embodiment of
FIG. 3A
, the first regions
64
and the second regions
66
are substantially linear, extending continuously in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sheet material
52
.
The first region
64
has an elastic modulus E
1
and a cross-sectional area A
1
. The second region
66
has a modulus E
2
and a cross-sectional area A
2
.
In the illustrated embodiment, the sheet material
52
has been “formed” such that the sheet material
52
exhibits a resistive force along an axis, which in the case of the illustrated embodiment is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web, when subjected to an applied axial elongation in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. As used herein, the term “formed” refers to the creation of a desired structure or geometry upon a sheet material that will substantially retain the desired structure or geometry when it is not subjected to any externally applied elongations or forces. A sheet material of the present invention is comprised of at least a first region and a second region, wherein the first region is visually distinct from the second region. As used herein, the term “visually distinct” refers to features of the sheet material which are readily discernible to the normal naked eye when the sheet material or objects embodying the sheet material are subjected to normal use. As used herein the term “surface-pathlength” refers to a measurement along the topographic surface of the region in question in a direction substantially parallel to an axis. The method for determining the surface-pathlength of the respective regions can be found in the Test Methods section of the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent.
Methods for forming such sheet materials useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, embossing by mating plates or rolls, thermoforming, high pressure hydraulic forming, or casting. While the entire portion of the web
52
has been subjected to a forming operation, the present invention may also be practiced by subjecting to formation only a portion thereof, e.g., a portion of the material comprising the bag body
20
, as will be described in detail below.
In the preferred embodiment shown in
FIG. 3A
, the first regions
64
are substantially planar. That is, the material within the first region
64
is in substantially the same condition before and after the formation step undergone by web
52
. The second regions
66
include a plurality of raised rib-like elements
74
. The rib-like elements may be embossed, debossed or a combination thereof. The rib-like elements
74
have a first or major axis
76
which is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the web
52
and a second or minor axis
77
which is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web
52
. The length parallel to the first axis
76
of the rib-like elements
74
is at least equal to, and preferably longer than the length parallel to the second axis
77
. Preferably, the ratio of the first axis
76
to the second axis
77
is at least about 1:1 or greater, and more preferably at least about 2:1 or greater.
The rib-like elements
74
in the second region
66
may be separated from one another by unformed areas. Preferably, the rib-like elements
74
are adjacent one another and are separated by an unformed area of less than 0.10 inches as measured perpendicular to the major axis
76
of the rib-like elements
74
, and more preferably, the rib-like elements
74
are contiguous having essentially no unformed areas between them.
The first region
64
and the second region
66
each have a “projected pathlength”. As used herein the term “projected pathlength” refers to the length of a shadow of a region that would be thrown by parallel light. The projected pathlength of the first region
64
and the projected pathlength of the second region
66
are equal to one another.
The first region
64
has a surface-pathlength, L
1
, less than the surface-pathlength, L
2
, of the second region
66
as measured topographically in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web
52
while the web is in an untensioned condition. Preferably, the surface-pathlength of the second region
66
is at least about 15% greater than that of the first region
64
, more preferably at least about 30% greater than that of the first region, and most preferably at least about 70% greater than that of the first region. In general, the greater the surface-pathlength of the second region, the greater will be the elongation of the web before encountering the force wall. Suitable techniques for measuring the surface-pathlength of such materials are described in the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent.
Sheet material
52
exhibits a modified “Poisson lateral contraction effect” substantially less than that of an otherwise identical base web of similar material composition. The method for determining the Poisson lateral contraction effect of a material can be found in the Test Methods section of the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent. Preferably, the Poisson lateral contraction effect of webs suitable for use in the present invention is less than about 0.4 when the web is subjected to about 20% elongation. Preferably, the webs exhibit a Poisson lateral contraction effect less than about 0.4 when the web is subjected to about 40, 50 or even 60% elongation. More preferably, the Poisson lateral contraction effect is less than about 0.3 when the web is subjected to 20, 40, 50 or 60% elongation. The Poisson lateral contraction effect of such webs is determined by the amount of the web material which is occupied by the first and second regions, respectively. As the area of the sheet material occupied by the first region increases the Poisson lateral contraction effect also increases. Conversely, as the area of the sheet material occupied by the second region increases the Poisson lateral contraction effect decreases. Preferably, the percent area of the sheet material occupied by the first area is from about 2% to about 90%, and more preferably from about 5% to about 50%.
Sheet materials of the prior art which have at least one layer of an elastomeric material will generally have a large Poisson lateral contraction effect, i.e., they will “neck down” as they elongate in response to an applied force. Web materials useful in accordance with the present invention can be designed to moderate if not substantially eliminate the Poisson lateral contraction effect.
For sheet material
52
, the direction of applied axial elongation, D, indicated by arrows
80
in
FIG. 3A
, is substantially perpendicular to the first axis
76
of the rib-like elements
74
. The rib-like elements
74
are able to unbend or geometrically deform in a direction substantially perpendicular to their first axis
76
to allow extension in web
52
.
Referring now to
FIG. 3B
, as web of sheet material
52
is subjected to an applied axial elongation, D, indicated by arrows
80
in
FIG. 3B
, the first region
64
having the shorter surface-pathlength, L1, provides most of the initial resistive force, P1, as a result of molecular-level deformation, to the applied elongation. In this stage, the rib-like elements
74
in the second region
66
are experiencing geometric deformation, or unbending and offer minimal resistance to the applied elongation. In transition to the next stage, the rib-like elements
74
are becoming aligned with (i.e., coplanar with) the applied elongation. That is, the second region is exhibiting a change from geometric deformation to molecular-level deformation. This is the onset of the force wall. In the stage seen in
FIG. 3C
, the rib-like elements
74
in the second region
66
have become substantially aligned with (i.e., coplanar with) the plane of applied elongation (i.e. the second region has reached its limit of geometric deformation) and begin to resist further elongation via molecular-level deformation. The second region
66
now contributes, as a result of molecular-level deformation, a second resistive force, P2, to further applied elongation. The resistive forces to elongation provided by both the molecular-level deformation of the first region
64
and the molecular-level deformation of the second region
66
provide a total resistive force, PT, which is greater than the resistive force which is provided by the molecular-level deformation of the first region
64
and the geometric deformation of the second region
66
.
The resistive force P1 is substantially greater than the resistive force P2 when (L1+D) is less than L2. When (L1+D) is less than L2 the first region provides the initial resistive force P1, generally satisfying the equation:
When (L1+D) is greater than L2 the first and second regions provide a combined total resistive force PT to the applied elongation, D, generally satisfying the equation:
The maximum elongation occurring while in the stage corresponding to
FIGS. 3A and 3B
, before reaching the stage depicted in
FIG. 3C
, is the “available stretch” of the formed web material. The available stretch corresponds to the distance over which the second region experiences geometric deformation. The range of available stretch can be varied from about 10% to 100% or more, and can be largely controlled by the extent to which the surface-pathlength L2 in the second region exceeds the surface-pathlength L1 in the first region and the composition of the base film. The term available stretch is not intended to imply a limit to the elongation which the web of the present invention may be subjected to as there are applications where elongation beyond the available stretch is desirable.
When the sheet material is subjected to an applied elongation, the sheet material exhibits an elastic-like behavior as it extends in the direction of applied elongation and returns to its substantially untensioned condition once the applied elongation is removed, unless the sheet material is extended beyond the point of yielding. The sheet material is able to undergo multiple cycles of applied elongation without losing its ability to substantially recover. Accordingly, the web is able to return to its substantially untensioned condition once the applied elongation is removed.
While the sheet material may be easily and reversibly extended in the direction of applied axial elongation, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first axis of the rib-like elements, the web material is not as easily extended in a direction substantially parallel to the first axis of the rib-like elements. The formation of the rib-like elements allows the rib-like elements to geometrically deform in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first or major axis of the rib-like elements, while requiring substantially molecular-level deformation to extend in a direction substantially parallel to the first axis of the rib-like elements.
The amount of applied force required to extend the web is dependent upon the composition and cross-sectional area of the sheet material and the width and spacing of the first regions, with narrower and more widely spaced first regions requiring lower applied extensional forces to achieve the desired elongation for a given composition and cross-sectional area. The first axis, (i.e., the length) of the first regions is preferably greater than the second axis, (i.e., the width) of the first regions with a preferred length to width ratio of from about 5:1 or greater.
The depth and frequency of rib-like elements can also be varied to control the available stretch of a web of sheet material suitable for use in accordance with the present invention. The available stretch is increased if for a given frequency of rib-like elements, the height or degree of formation imparted on the rib-like elements is increased. Similarly, the available stretch is increased if for a given height or degree of formation, the frequency of the rib-like elements is increased.
There are several functional properties that can be controlled through the application of such materials to flexible bags of the present invention. The functional properties are the resistive force exerted by the sheet material against an applied elongation and the available stretch of the sheet material before the force wall is encountered. The resistive force that is exerted by the sheet material against an applied elongation is a function of the material (e.g., composition, molecular structure and orientation, etc.) and cross-sectional area and the percent of the projected surface area of the sheet material that is occupied by the first region. The higher the percent area coverage of the sheet material by the first region, the higher the resistive force that the web will exert against an applied elongation for a given material composition and cross-sectional area. The percent coverage of the sheet material by the first region is determined in part, if not wholly, by the widths of the first regions and the spacing between adjacent first regions.
The available stretch of the web material is determined by the surface-pathlength of the second region. The surface-pathlength of the second region is determined at least in part by the rib-like element spacing, rib-like element frequency and depth of formation of the rib-like elements as measured perpendicular to the plane of the web material. In general, the greater the surface-pathlength of the second region the greater the available stretch of the web material.
As discussed above with regard to
FIGS. 3A-3C
, the sheet material
52
initially exhibits a certain resistance to elongation provided by the first region
64
while the rib-like elements
74
of the second region
66
undergo geometric motion. As the rib-like elements transition into the plane of the first regions of the material, an increased resistance to elongation is exhibited as the entire sheet material then undergoes molecular-level deformation. Accordingly, sheet materials of the type depicted in
FIGS. 3A-3C
and described in the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent provide the performance advantages of the present invention when formed into closed containers such as the flexible bags of the present invention.
An additional benefit realized by the utilization of the aforementioned sheet materials in constructing flexible bags according to the present invention is the increase in visual and tactile appeal of such materials. Polymeric films commonly utilized to form such flexible polymeric bags are typically comparatively thin in nature and frequently have a smooth, shiny surface finish. While some manufacturers utilize a small degree of embossing or other texturing of the film surface, at least on the side facing outwardly of the finished bag, bags made of such materials still tend to exhibit a slippery and flimsy tactile impression. Thin materials coupled with substantially two-dimensional surface geometry also tend to leave the consumer with an exaggerated impression of the thinness, and perceived lack of durability, of such flexible polymeric bags.
In contrast, sheet materials useful in accordance with the present invention such as those depicted in
FIGS. 3A-3C
exhibit a three-dimensional cross-sectional profile wherein the sheet material is (in an un-tensioned condition) deformed out of the predominant plane of the sheet material. This provides additional surface area for gripping and dissipates the glare normally associated with substantially planar, smooth surfaces. The three-dimensional rib-like elements also provide a “cushiony” tactile impression when the bag is gripped in one's hand, also contributing to a desirable tactile impression versus conventional bag materials and providing an enhanced perception of thickness and durability. The additional texture also reduces noise associated with certain types of film materials, leading to an enhanced aural impression.
Suitable mechanical methods of forming the base material into a web of sheet material suitable for use in the present invention are well known in the art and are disclosed in the aforementioned Chappell et al. patent and commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,214, issued Jul. 22, 1997 in the names of Anderson et al., the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Another method of forming the base material into a web of sheet material suitable for use in the present invention is vacuum forming. An example of a vacuum forming method is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,314, issued to Radel et al. on Aug. 3, 1982. Alternatively, the formed web of sheet material may be hydraulically formed in accordance with the teachings of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,518 issued to Curro et al. on Sep. 2, 1986. The disclosures of each of the above patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The method of formation can be accomplished in a static mode, where one discrete portion of a base film is deformed at a time. Alternatively, the method of formation can be accomplished using a continuous, dynamic press for intermittently contacting the moving web and forming the base material into a formed web material of the present invention. These and other suitable methods for forming the web material of the present invention are more fully described in the above-referenced and above-incorporated Chappell et al. patent. The flexible bags may be fabricated from formed sheet material or, alternatively, the flexible bags may be fabricated and then subjected to the methods for forming the sheet material.
Referring now to
FIG. 4
, other patterns for first and second regions may also be employed as sheet materials
52
suitable for use in accordance with the present invention. The sheet material
52
is shown in
FIG. 4
in its substantially untensioned condition. The sheet material
52
has two centerlines, a longitudinal centerline, which is also referred to hereinafter as an axis, line, or direction “L” and a transverse or lateral centerline, which is also referred to hereinafter as an axis, line, or direction “T”. The transverse centerline “T” is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline “L”. Materials of the type depicted in
FIG. 4
are described in greater detail in the aforementioned Anderson et al. patent.
As discussed above with regard to
FIGS. 3A-3C
, sheet material
52
includes a “strainable network” of distinct regions. The strainable network includes a plurality of first regions
60
and a plurality of second regions
66
which are visually distinct from one another. Sheet material
52
also includes transitional regions
65
which are located at the interface between the first regions
60
and the second regions
66
. The transitional regions
65
will exhibit complex combinations of the behavior of both the first region and the second region, as discussed above.
Sheet material
52
has a first surface, (facing the viewer in FIG.
4
), and an opposing second surface (not shown). In the preferred embodiment shown in
FIG. 4
, the strainable network includes a plurality of first regions
60
and a plurality of second regions
66
. A portion of the first regions
60
, indicated generally as
61
, are substantially linear and extend in a first direction. The remaining first regions
60
, indicated generally as
62
, are substantially linear and extend in a second direction which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. While it is preferred that the first direction be perpendicular to the second direction, other angular relationships between the first direction and the second direction may be suitable so long as the first regions
61
and
62
intersect one another. Preferably, the angles between the first and second directions ranges from about 45° to about 135°, with 90° being the most preferred. The intersection of the first regions
61
and
62
forms a boundary, indicated by phantom line
63
in
FIG. 4
, which completely surrounds the second regions
66
.
Preferably, the width
68
of the first regions
60
is from about 0.01 inches to about 0.5 inches, and more preferably from about 0.03 inches to about 0.25 inches. However, other width dimensions for the first regions
60
may be suitable. Because the first regions
61
and
62
are perpendicular to one another and equally spaced apart, the second regions have a square shape. However, other shapes for the second region
66
are suitable and may be achieved by changing the spacing between the first regions and/or the alignment of the first regions
61
and
62
with respect to one another. The second regions
66
have a first axis
70
and a second axis
71
. The first axis
70
is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web material
52
, while the second axis
71
is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the web material
52
. The first regions
60
have an elastic modulus E
1
and a cross-sectional area A
1
. The second regions
66
have an elastic modulus E
2
and a cross-sectional area A
2
.
In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 4
, the first regions
60
are substantially planar. That is, the material within the first regions
60
is in substantially the same condition before and after the formation step undergone by web
52
. The second regions
66
include a plurality of raised rib-like elements
74
. The rib-like elements
74
may be embossed, debossed or a combination thereof. The rib-like elements
74
have a first or major axis
76
which is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web
52
and a second or minor axis
77
which is substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the web
52
.
The rib-like elements
74
in the second region
66
may be separated from one another by unformed areas, essentially unembossed or debossed, or simply formed as spacing areas. Preferably, the rib-like elements
74
are adjacent one another and are separated by an unformed area of less than 0.10 inches as measured perpendicular to the major axis
76
of the rib-like elements
74
, and more preferably, the rib-like elements
74
are contiguous having essentially no unformed areas between them.
The first regions
60
and the second regions
66
each have a “projected pathlength”. As used herein the term “projected pathlength” refers to the length of a shadow of a region that would be thrown by parallel light. The projected pathlength of the first region
60
and the projected pathlength of the second region
66
are equal to one another.
The first region
60
has a surface-pathlength, L1, less than the surface-pathlength, L2, of the second region
66
as measured topographically in a parallel direction while the web is in an untensioned condition. Preferably, the surface-pathlength of the second region
66
is at least about 15% greater than that of the first region
60
, more preferably at least about 30% greater than that of the first region, and most preferably at least about 70% greater than that of the first region. In general, the greater the surface-pathlength of the second region, the greater will be the elongation of the web before encountering the force wall.
For sheet material
52
, the direction of applied axial elongation, D, indicated by arrows
80
in
FIG. 4
, is substantially perpendicular to the first axis
76
of the rib-like elements
74
. This is due to the fact that the rib-like elements
74
are able to unbend or geometrically deform in a direction substantially perpendicular to their first axis
76
to allow extension in web
52
.
Referring now to
FIG. 5
, as web
52
is subjected to an applied axial elongation, D, indicated by arrows
80
in
FIG. 5
, the first regions
60
having the shorter surface-pathlength, L1, provide most of the initial resistive force, P1, as a result of molecular-level deformation, to the applied elongation which corresponds to stage I. While in stage I, the rib-like elements
74
in the second regions
66
are experiencing geometric deformation, or unbending and offer minimal resistance to the applied elongation. In addition, the shape of the second regions
66
changes as a result of the movement of the reticulated structure formed by the intersecting first regions
61
and
62
. Accordingly, as the web
52
is subjected to the applied elongation, the first regions
61
and
62
experience geometric deformation or bending, thereby changing the shape of the second regions
66
. The second regions are extended or lengthened in a direction parallel to the direction of applied elongation, and collapse or shrink in a direction perpendicular to the direction of applied elongation.
In addition to the aforementioned elastic-like properties, a sheet material of the type depicted in
FIGS. 4 and 5
is believed to provide a softer, more cloth-like texture and appearance, and is more quiet in use.
Various compositions suitable for constructing the flexible bags of the present invention include substantially impermeable materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), aluminum foil, coated (waxed, etc.) and uncoated paper, coated nonwovens etc., and substantially permeable materials such as scrims, meshes, wovens, nonwovens, or perforated or porous films, whether predominantly two-dimensional in nature or formed into three-dimensional structures. Such materials may comprise a single composition or layer or may be a composite structure of multiple materials.
Once the desired sheet materials are manufactured in any desirable and suitable manner, comprising all or part of the materials to be utilized for the bag body, the bag may be constructed in any known and suitable fashion such as those known in the art for making such bags in commercially available form. Heat, mechanical, or adhesive sealing technologies may be utilized to join various components or elements of the bag to themselves or to each other. In addition, the bag bodies may be thermoformed, blown, or otherwise molded rather than reliance upon folding and bonding techniques to construct the bag bodies from a web or sheet of material. Two recent U.S. patents which are illustrative of the state of the art with regard to flexible storage bags similar in overall structure to those depicted in
FIGS. 1 and 2
but of the types currently available are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,554,093, issued Sep. 10, 1996 to Porchia et al., and 5,575,747, issued Nov. 19, 1996 to Dais et al.
Representative Closures:
Closures of any design and configuration suitable for the intended application may be utilized in constructing flexible bags according to the present invention. For example, drawstring-type closures, tieable handles or flaps, twist-tie or interlocking strip closures, adhesive-based closures, interlocking mechanical seals with or without slider-type closure mechanisms, removable ties or strips made of the bag composition, heat seals, or any other suitable closure may be employed. Such closures are well-known in the art as are methods of manufacturing and applying them to flexible bags.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims
- 1. A flexible bag comprising at least one sheet of flexible sheet material assembled to form a semi-enclosed container having an opening defined by a periphery, said opening defining an opening plane, said bag having an upper region adjacent to said opening and a lower region below said upper region, said upper region having an elongation axis perpendicular to said opening plane which permits said upper region to expand in response to an externally-applied force upon said bag, said lower region having an elongation axis parallel to said opening plane which permits said lower region to expand in response to forces exerted by contents within said bag to provide an increase in volume of said bag, wherein said sheet material exhibits an elastic-like behavior along at least one axis, said sheet material comprising: at least a first region and a second region, said first region and said second region being comprised of the same material composition and each having an untensioned projected pathlength, said first region undergoing a substantially molecular-level deformation and said second region initially undergoing a substantially geometric deformation when said web material is subjected to an applied elonation in a direction substantially parallel to said axis in response to an externally-applied force upon said flexible storage bag when formed into a closed container, said first region and said second region substantially returning to their untensioned projected pathlength when said applied elongation is released.
- 2. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said bag includes a closure means for sealing said opening to convert said semi-enclosed container to a closed container.
- 3. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said sheet material comprises a polymeric film material.
- 4. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein the expansion properties of said bag lower the center of gravity of bag contents.
- 5. The flexible bag of claim 2, wherein said closure means comprises a drawstring.
- 6. The flexible bag of claim 2, wherein said closure means comprises tie flaps or handles.
- 7. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said bag includes handles.
- 8. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said bag comprises a trash bag.
- 9. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said first region and said second region are visually distinct from one another.
- 10. The flexible bag of claim 9, wherein said second region includes a plurality of raised rib-like elements.
- 11. The flexible bag of claim 10, wherein said first region is substantially free of said rib-like elements.
- 12. The flexible bag of claim 10, wherein said rib-like elements have a major axis and a minor axis.
- 13. The flexible bag of claim 9, wherein said sheet material includes a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions comprised of the same material composition, a portion of said first regions extending in a first direction while the remainder of said first regions extend in a direction perpendicular to said first direction to intersect one another, said first regions forming a boundary completely surrounding said second regions.
- 14. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said sheet material exhibits at least two significantly different stages of resistive forces to an applied axial elongation along at least one axis when subjected to the applied elongation in a direction parallel to said axis in response to an externally-applied force upon said flexible storage bag when formed into a closed container, said sheet material comprising: strainable network including at least two visually distinct regions, one of said regions being configured so that it will exhibit a resistive force in response to said applied axial elongation in a direction parallel to said axis before a substantial portion of the other of said regions develops a significant resistive force to said applied axial elongation, at least one of said regions having a surface-pathlength which is greater than that of the other of said regions as measured parallel to said axis while said sheet material is in an untensioned condition, said region exhibiting said longer surface-pathlength including one or more rib-like elements, said sheet material exhibiting a first resistive force to the applied elongation until the elongation of said sheet material is great enough to cause a substantial portion of said region having a longer surface-pathlength to enter the plane of the applied axial elongation, whereupon said sheet material exhibits a second resistive force to further applied axial elongation, said sheet material exhibiting a total resistive force higher than the resistive force of said first region.
- 15. The flexible bag of claim 14, wherein said sheet material includes a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions comprised of the same material composition, a portion of said first regions extending in a first direction while the remainder of said first regions extend in a direction perpendicular to said first direction to intersect one another, said first regions forming a boundary completely surrounding said second regions.
- 16. The flexible bag of claim 1, wherein said sheet material exhibits at least two-stages of resistive forces to an applied axial elongation, D, along at least one axis when subjected to the applied axial elongation along said axis in response to an externally-applied force upon said flexible storage bag when formed into a closed container, said sheet material comprising: a strainable network of visually distinct regions, said strainable network including at least a first region and a second region, said first region having a first surface-pathlength, L1, as measured parallel to said axis while said sheet material is in an untensioned condition, said second region having a second surface-pathlength, L2, as measured parallel to said axis while said web material is in an untensioned condition, said first surface-pathlength, L1, being less than said second surface-pathlength, L2, said first region producing by itself a resistive force, P1, in response to an applied axial elongation, D, said second region producing by itself a resistive force, P2, in response to said applied axial elongation, D, said resistive force P1 being substantially greater than said resistive force P2 when (L1+D) is less than L2.
- 17. The flexible bag of claim 16, wherein said sheet material includes a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions comprised of the same material composition, a portion of said first regions extending in a first direction while the remainder of said first regions extend in a direction perpendicular to said first direction to intersect one another, said first regions forming a boundary completely surrounding said second regions.
- 18. The flexible bag of claim 17, wherein said sheet material includes a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions comprised of the same material composition, a portion of said first regions extending in a first direction while the remainder of said first regions extend in a direction perpendicular to said first direction to intersect one another, said first regions forming a boundary completely surrounding said second regions.
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