Patent Application
20050003152
A polymeric web used in garments, undergarments, disposable garments and absorbent articles inserted into garments, and more particularly where comfort is desired via a form fitting of the web in intimate contact with the body during activities causing bodily motions.
As the world industrializes and the income base of people continues to rise, an increase in time spent in recreational athletic activity is also increasing. Exercising to stay in shape is also becoming increasingly popular with the increase in sedentary work in this age of information. These athletic activities put unusual stress on garments being worn at the time of the activity, most commonly a stretch force whereupon certain segments of the garment are repeatedly stretched and relaxed during the bodily motions associated with the activity. The stretch force is generally aligned in a single axis and the axis is usually aligned in the axis corresponding to the body motion. A common area of concern is in the crotch region. This is especially true concerning women who want to maintain comfort and protection while being active and who may also insert an absorbent article into their undergarments.
A stretch force can be applied to the undergarment, and to an absorbent article inserted into the undergarment, by motions associated with this region. Such motions may include lifting the legs, kicking, splitting the legs laterally, sidestepping or sideways shuffling, or crossing and uncrossing one's legs while sitting. Rotating a leg will also cause a moment of lateral stretch force, and common motions such as walking or running straight ahead, where the legs stroke forward and backward, but do not considerably separate, may create a consequential stretch force depending on the comparative anatomy of various individuals. It is also understood that when a stretch force is applied it is typically relaxed at a later time.
When a stretch force is applied to materials that lack adequate flexibility, such stretch forces can cause rupture, displacement, wrinkling, crumpling, bunching and other distortions that are uncomfortable to the wearer. Comfort during these situations is best achieved by a flexibility that provides a form fitting function. Form fitting basically means that the web fits to the form of the anatomy with which it is in contact. As the body moves and applies stress to both the anatomy and the web, both must undergo a similar shape change. The human anatomy is highly flexible and can easily change shape in response to the stretch force being applied and relaxed. Few webs are known which have the flexibility to move with the body and undergo the similar shape shifts while remaining in intimate contact with the body in order to yield the desired comfort factor.
One web, sold under the trademark “BARELY THERE,” a registered trademark of The Sara Lee Corporation, has threads made of microfibers, which are knitted into special interconnected loop patterns. The flexibility of microfibers, which are fibers with a diameter of less than 10 μm, combined with the looped knitting patterns provides a unique form fitting flexibility. The “BARELY THERE” trademark is used on a line of panty undergarments. Women questioned in market focus groups have indicated that these panties are light, comfortable and form fitting. The panty's ability to conform to the anatomy, as well as remain form fitting during various bodily motions that cause a stretch force, yields a desired comfort factor. While this type of web is suitable for panties, it does not have desirable strikethrough and rewet characteristics and is therefore not suitable as the body side layer for absorbent articles such as disposable panty liners which are designed to be inserted into the panties.
Other webs, however, have suitable strikethrough and rewet characteristics to act as the body side layer for these types of insertable absorbent articles. These webs, however, generally lack the form fitting flexibility. Disposable absorbent article webs are typically nonwoven webs made of randomly laid and bonded polymeric fibers. An alternative to these nonwoven webs is a cover material having a formed polymeric web with a pattern of fiber-like elements and a specialized microtexture, for example that sold under the trademark “DRI-WEAVE,” a registered trademark of The Procter & Gamble Company. These types of webs are most commonly made of non-elastomeric polymers. It is known in the art, however, that these types of web layers lack the desired flexibility required for a satisfactory form fitting function.
Attempts have been made to incorporate elastomeric polymers into various types of disposable webs used for insertable absorbent articles. Elastomeric polymers are easily added to the polymeric formed webs such as DRI-WEAVE™ by blending various polymers together in a dry blend of pellets. Some nonwovens have also been made from elastomeric polymers, but this is more difficult since a fiber must draw down to a very small diameter and elastomerics, by nature, tend to spring back versus draw down. While some of these elastomeric formed webs have achieved significant stretch and recovery values, they are generally not form fitting and have lacked the aesthetic and tactile attributes typically required for direct body contact applications. Elastomeric materials tend to look and feel rubbery as opposed to more desirable aesthetic and tactile impressions, such as cottony or silky. Elastomeric webs are therefore often limited to uses such as fastening strips and the like.
The embodiments described herein are drawn to a material, an article including the material, and a method of making a material that is form fitting.
In one embodiment, the material is a flexible web that is form fitting to the anatomy when in intimate contact with the body during activities with various bodily motions that cause a stretch force axis affecting the web. The web can be made entirely from non-elastomeric polymers yet it exhibits flexibility parameters similar to webs made with elastomeric polymers. The web has a repeating pattern of predominant high stress lanes normal to the stretch force axis defined by depressions on both sides of the lanes. The lanes are interconnected to the stretch force axis by connecting members, which interrupt the depressions. These connecting members transmit the stretch force to the high stress lanes. The high stress lanes react to the stretch force by bending and uncoupling to varying degrees and can therefore respond to both the application of the stretch force and the relaxation of the stretch force. The web has a specific pattern of lanes with set relationships of lane width, lane spacing, depression depth, and, in some embodiments, connecting member placement. The web has a relationship of its 5% Stress value in the stretch force axis being no more than 30% of its 5% Stress value in the high stress lane axis.
In another embodiment a web includes a repeating pattern of elongated high stress lanes aligned substantially normal to a stretch force axis. The pattern of high stress lanes is defined by a plurality of depressions which protrude away from an uppermost contacting plane of the web. The depressions having substantially vertical sidewalls. The high stress lanes have a width defined by a distance between the substantially vertical sidewalls of the depressions on either side of the lane. The repeating pattern of lanes have a separation distance between the lanes. The depressions are interrupted by connecting members extending between adjacent high stress lanes.
A 5% Stress value for the stretch force axis may, in one instance, be no more than about 30% of a 5% Stress value in the high stress lane axis. The lane width may, in one instance, be at least about 300 μm to at most about 1,500 μm. The depression depth may, in one instance, be from about 100% the lane width to about 300% the lane width. The lanes may repeat with the separation distance from about 100% of the lane width to about 200% of the lane width. The connecting members may, in one instance, be in a lower plane than an uppermost plane of the high stress lanes. The high stress lanes may exhibit twisted thread lines. The connecting members may, in one instance, be essentially coplanar with an uppermost plane of the high stress lanes. The depressions may have substantially pointed ends for unhinging during bending. The connecting members may interrupt the depressions about once every 1,250 μm to about once every 12,500 μm. The web may, in one instance, be made from a blend comprising no elastomeric polymers. The depressions may, in one instance, be apertures. Patterned zones of apertured and unapertured depressions may coexist.
In another embodiment a flexible form fitting web includes a plurality of elongated depressions having substantially vertical sidewalls along a length of the depressions and connecting members at ends of the depressions. A plurality of elongated high stress lanes are between the depressions. The high stress lanes extend in a machine direction and are connected to one another by the connecting members. They are separated from one another by the depressions. The high stress lanes and the connecting members each have an upper surface substantially in the same plane.
A 5% Stress value for a stress force axis may, in one instance, be no more than about 30% of the 5% Stress value in a high stress lane axis. A lane width may, in one instance, be at least about 10 μm to at most about 5,000 μm. A depression depth may, in one instance, be at least about 25% the lane width to at most about 500% the lane width. The lanes may repeat with a separation distance of at least about 2% of the lane width to at most about 400% of the lane width. The depressions may, in one instance, be apertures.
In another embodiment, an article for the absorption of bodily fluids includes a flexible absorbent core, a flexible barrier layer, and a flexible body contacting layer with a repeating pattern of predominant high stress lanes aligned normal to a stretch force axis. The pattern of high stress lanes are defined by depressions which protrude away from the uppermost contacting plane of the web. A lane width is effectively defined by a distance between a substantially vertical component of the depressions on both sides of the lane. The repeating pattern of lanes are defined by a separation distance between the lanes. The depressions are interrupted by connecting members. The connecting members transmit the stretch force to the high stress lanes by being affixed to sides of the high stress lanes.
The details of the embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the embodiments will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Definitions
The term “stretch force axis” means the general axis of the stretching or elongating stress applied to the web as caused by various bodily motions associated with bodily activities. The stretch force axis will exist substantially in one axis. The stretch force axis will most often be aligned in the same direction as the motion itself. For example, in the crotch region of undergarments, the stretch force axis may be aligned laterally or approximately 90° to the “straight ahead” direction of the human subject, which is defined as the direction they are facing. While this is the most typical stretch force direction, it is to be understood that this may not be the only one.
The phrase “predominant high stress lanes” as used herein describes a repeating pattern of lanes of material that exhibit a substantially higher value of stress when strained in their common axis than when the web is strained in the stretch force axis. The axis of these lanes is substantially normal to the stretch force axis. The predominant high stress lanes provide stability in the web in their common axis, which helps the web maintain its proper position with respect to its placement in the absorbent garment as well as helping to avoid crumpling or creeping in this axis. When the predominant high stress lanes coincide with the machine direction (“MD”) of the web, the conversion or machining steps utilized to attach these materials onto their finished composite structures are facilitated by the web's reduced stretching in the MD. This also serves to protect the web from any distortion due to the MD stresses of the conversion processes. As will be discussed in more detail below, the high stress lanes of the illustrative webs described herein define inverted “U” shapes in cross section.
A “lane” represents a predominant pattern of substantially undisturbed material aligned in a common direction. A lane has a width and a length. In most embodiments, the lane's length is continuous, running end to end for the full length of the object. In some embodiments, however, it may be interrupted provided that the interruptions do not diminish the ‘predominance’ of the lane's pattern. A lane's width is defined by depressions formed on either side of the lane.
The “depressions” are protuberances protruding away from the uppermost plane of the high stress lanes. The depression has a substantially vertical component as it progresses away from the uppermost plane and will eventually terminate. The “depth” of the depression is defined as the Z direction distance from the uppermost plane of the high stress lanes down to the point where the depression terminates. The depressions are interrupted by connecting members. The depressions may terminate as apertures., but they may also terminate as unapertured depressions.
The term “repeating pattern” designates a pattern of lanes such that the lane repeats itself in the stretch force axis. The repeat of the lane is defined by the distance of space between the lanes and the width of the lane. Varying the frequency of the repeat of lanes can affect flexibility. Other factors such as tactile and visual aesthetics may also influence the choice of pattern. The repeating lanes are interconnected by connecting members, which transmit the stretch force to the high stress lanes.
“Connecting members” is a term used herein to describe the material that interconnects the predominant high stress lanes. The connecting members interrupt the depressions with a predetermined frequency. These connecting members transmit the stretch force to the predominant high stress lanes causing the lanes to bend and uncouple in order to absorb the stretch force applied in the stretch force axis. They are connected to the sides of the high stress lanes and may exist in the same plane as the uppermost plane of the lanes or in a lower plane.
The term “uncoupling” is used herein to describe the instance when the inverted “U” cross-sectional shape of the high stress lanes opens up at its base with the application of the stretch force. Its natural, unstressed state is to have two substantially vertical sides in parallel. When the stretch force is applied, the base area opens up becoming non-parallel, or is ‘uncoupling’. The cross section will tend to return to its original parallel form.
The term “bending” relates to its common meaning. The middle of the high stress lanes is substantially straight and parallel to other lanes while in a relaxed state, but when a stretch force is applied by the connecting members the lanes will bend in the direction of the stress. The lanes will tend to return to their original parallel form once the stretch force is relieved.
The phrase “5% Stress relationship” defines a relationship between the 5% Stress value, or force required to stretch the material to 105% of its original size, of the web when pulled in the stretch force axis as a percentage derived when that value is divided by the 5% Stress value of the web when pulled in the axis of the predominant high stress lanes. Therefore, a material with a 5% Stress relationship of 20% is a material in which the force required to stretch the material to 105% of its original size in the force axis is 20% of the force required to stretch the material to 105% of its original size in the axis of the predominant high stress lanes.
Turning now to the embodiments described herein, the form fitting flexibility of a web according to the embodiments is derived from the web having a certain repeating pattern of predominant high stress lanes aligned normal to the stretch force axis. The lanes are interconnected to the stretch force axis by connecting members of a specific placement such that the stretch force is applied to the high stress lanes to cause a bending and uncoupling moment in the lanes. Bending and uncoupling may occur at varying degrees. The lanes are specifically designed to avoid reaching their deformation limit in their own longitudinal axis under normal stretch forces, yet the lanes can bend and uncouple when the connecting members transmit the stretch force to them at their connecting points.
Referring now to
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In
The particular pattern depicted in
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The embodiments shown in
In the embodiments of
The lanes 112 can be formed using a standard forming cylinder that has been modified. Web 130 of
The forming cylinder used for
The connecting members are formed in the original circumferential plane of the forming cylinder where its perforations exist. The connecting members are somewhat randomized because the spiral pattern of the wire is not necessarily synchronous with the cylinder's perforation pattern. As noted earlier, though, this has no critical bearing on the flexibility of this web but may affect fluid flow management if that is a need in a specific application. If so, then special care is taken to avoid fully occluding the original perforation pattern with the wire affixed over it.
Approximately 55% of the wire's diameter is above the original circumferential plane causing the lanes to form in the higher plane; hence, the desire that the depression, in this case getting its upper portion formed by the difference between these planes, have a depth of at least about 25% of the lane's width is satisfied by this 55% factor which has an upper plane to lower plane measured differential value of 250 μm for the embodiment of
Another embodiment can be formed by manipulating a weave pattern such that the high stress lanes are predominant and aligned normal to the stretch force axis. In such a pattern, the predominant high stress lanes are not continuous but are interrupted by the connecting member portions of the weave pattern. It is also noteworthy for this embodiment that the lanes and connecting members will only partially coexist in the uppermost plane. This is due to the weave pattern weaving the wires over and under each other. Both elements will substantially apex in the common uppermost plane, however, and thus they will essentially coexist in this common plane. Several weave structures can achieve this attribute of the web. For example, a weave can comprise a larger wire passing over two thinner wires to form a pattern of predominant repeating lanes normal to the stretch force axis. These weave patterns can be readily achieved when the pattern cylinder is itself a woven cylinder. These cylinders can be made from metal wires, metal threads or polymer wires or threads. When a polymer wire or thread is used for the pattern cylinder, it must have a higher melting point than the polymer in the web as to avoid melting or distorting under the thermal load of the molding process.
The embodiments can be formed on pattern cylinders where a molten or heat softened web is molded to the pattern cylinder. The energy that causes the formation of the molded depressions may be applied by a rubber roll in a nip or by pneumatic pressure differential, which is typically applied by vacuum. Liquid pressure can also be utilized, most typically hydro pressure. The web formed from these patterns may also need some form of texturizing applied to its uppermost plane in order to provide tactile and visual aesthetics desired for a body contacting web. Varieties of textures are well known in the art and are suitable. Random matter finishes, finely packed patterns of diamonds or pyramids, microridges, or other microscopic textures will suffice.
The apertured embodiments will find many uses where liquid or moisture vapor management is desired. They are also slightly more flexible because the aperture separates the lanes making them more mobile to respond to the stretch force. Unapertured embodiments, however, may find uses where a liquid impervious barrier layer is needed. Patterned zones of apertured and unapertured depressions may also coexist in a common sheet.
While the embodiments described herein provide webs that are flexible and form fitting when made from non-elastomeric polymers, this does not preclude use of elastomeric polymers as a part of the blend of polymers and additives. While careful experimentation can optimize an ideal amount for each of the various embodiments and for other variations such as caliper, in all embodiments of this invention described herein the majority of the blend remains non-elastomeric. Substantial elastic properties can overwhelm the mechanical flexibility of these designs and nullify their desired effect.
Polyethylene can be used as the primary thermoplastic polymer of the embodiments. TiO2 particles can be used for white pigmentation and opacifying.
If fluid management is important, the depressions will be apertured and a surfactant may be incorporated into the polymer blend or applied topically later. Corona treatment may also be applied, with or without surfactant. When a polymer web made from non-elastomeric polymers is designed by these criteria, it will become a flexible form fitting web.
In embodiments where at least a portion of the connecting members coexist in a common plane with the lanes, the lanes will primarily tend to bend when the connecting members transmit the stretch force to the lanes at their connecting points and only partially uncouple. Some uncoupling will occur, however, because the depressions that define the lanes have a depth at least 25% greater than the lane's width.
These webs will have more flexibility if the connecting members are staggered. When the connecting members are in essentially the same plane as the lanes, they can interrupt the depressions at a frequency of no more than one per every 850 μm along the lane's axis. This connecting member spacing of at least about 850 μm provides room for the bending of the lane. If the connecting members are packed too closely, the lanes will not have room to bend and can not absorb the stretch force being transmitted from the connecting members.
The preferred range of frequency of connecting members in these embodiments is one every 1,000 μm to no more than one every 20,000 μm; however, the most preferred range is from about one every 1,250 μm to one every 12,500 μm. If the connecting member spacing goes above one every 20,000 μm, then it is approaching a point where the bending length of the lane is too large and beginning to lose its ability to pull back once the stretch force is relaxed. It may also become a grossly large pattern deemed undesirable in body contacting applications. In the embodiments, the pattern of predominant high stress lanes 112 is defined by the depressions 113 existing on both sides of a lane.
The depressions 113 are protuberances, which begin in the uppermost plane 116 of the body contacting side and protrude away from that plane and have a component 113a which is substantially vertical in relationship to the horizontal plane 116 of the body contacting surface of the web. Depressions 113 can have a depth 117 of at least about 25% of the lane width and will terminate at an end 115 which may either be apertured 115a or unapertured 115b. It becomes impractical to have a depression depth 117 that is more than 500% of the lane width. The preferred range of depth 117 is from 50% to 350%, with the most preferred range being from about 100% to 300%.
A repeating pattern of predominant high stress lanes 12 aligned normal to the stretch force axis 111 has lanes of a certain width. The width of the lane 112 is defined by the space between the substantially vertical components 113a of the depressions 13 on opposing sides of the lane 112. Lane widths can be as small as about 10 μm but should not exceed about 5,000 μm. The preferred width is from about 125 μm to about 3,500 μm, with the most preferred range being from 300 μm to 1,500 μm.
The repeating pattern of high stress lanes 112 is specifically set to best serve the flexibility of the web and yield the form fitting comfort. Lanes 112 are aligned substantially normal to the stretch force axis 111 and their pattern repeats in the stretch force axis. A lane is spaced apart from the next lane by a separation distance measured between the edges 113a of adjacent lanes 112. The separation distance between edges 113a of the repeating lanes 112 is at least about 2% of the width of the lane and is at most about 400% of the width of a lane. If the lane spacing exceeds 400% of the width of the lane, the connecting members may themselves become counter-predominant and begin to nullify the flexibility of the web in the stretch force axis. The preferred range of spatial separation is from about 50% to 300%, with the most preferred range being from 100% to 200%. The separation space and the lane width will establish the repeat parameter for the repeating lanes. Any balance between the dominance of the axis of the lanes and the connecting members in the stretch force axis can work against flexibility.
The width of the connecting members is determined by the separation distance between the lanes. However, the length of the connecting members, as they interrupt the depressions, is variable provided they do not supercede the predominance of high stress lanes. One skilled in the art will understand that other requirements such as aesthetics, fluid management, or the overall strength of the web will control this setting.
As a flexible form fitting web the values of stress/strain of the high stress lane axis will have a relationship to those similar values tested in the stretch force axis. This relationship helps to identify these webs as being flexible enough to be form fitting. When this relationship exists, the high stress lanes can properly respond to the stretch force transmitted to them by the connecting members. Once the stretch force is transmitted they will absorb the force by either bending or uncoupling, in varying ratios of both, without deforming such that when the stretch force is relaxed they can pull back to their original form. This action maintains the form fitting aspect of these webs while in intimate contact with the anatomy.
A defining stress/strain relationship of a form fitting web of the embodiments, the 5% Stress value, as tested in the stretch force axis is no more than about 30% of that value when tested in high stress lane axis. In some embodiments it can be as low as 1%, and preferably it is about 10% to 20%. This percentage is derived by dividing the stretch force axis 5% Stress value by the high stress lane axis 5% Stress value. As shown in the table below, the popular prior art polymer web can not provide this relationship, and therefore does not provide a form fitting flexibility.
The DRI-WEAVE™ web shown in
The basics of the testing methodology for deriving 5% Stress values are outlined in ASTM D-882. Several commercial units exist which can pull the samples to apply tensile force and capture the data in a computer, which then analyzes and records the data. Instron Corporation is widely known for making these units. In such a unit, one generally affixes a strip of web of a specific width into two jaws or clamps which are spaced apart by a predetermined distance. One jaw remains fixed while the other jaw moves upward. The web strip is stretched, often to the point of rupture. The percent elongation beyond the original preset distance of the jaws is the Strain value and the force exerted to the upper jaw by the web, as sensed by a load cell affixed to that jaw, is recorded as the Stress value. For the values in the Table above the strip was 2.54 cm wide (1.0 inch) and the jaw separation was 5.08 cm (2 inches). The pull speed was 20 in/min (50.8 cm/min). The computer was programmed to capture and report the Stress force at 5% Strain. This is a common value and common methodology utilized in the web industry.
When a web is constructed to the concepts described herein, such as having a repeating pattern of predominant high stress lanes aligned normal to the stretch force axis and interconnected to the stretch force axis by connecting members, one will have a form fitting flexible web that will move with the changes of the anatomy. The web will remain in intimate contact with the body avoiding any displacement, wrinkling or bunching, thus maintaining a constant comfort factor.
While the webs described herein are readily useful as a liner in women's panties, disposable panties, or disposable absorbent articles inserted into the panties, one skilled in the art will recognize that it may be useful in other devices such as feminine napkins, diapers, incontinence devices, wound dressings, bandages, bed pads, bed linens, surgical drapes or many other devices where the body is contacted by the web. It is also noteworthy that when the webs described herein are applied to liners, pads, napkins, bandages or other such devices, it is desirable they be affixed to such absorbent articles, which are themselves also made flexible by comprising any combination of a known variety of flexible absorbent core and flexible barrier layer constructions.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/484,432, filed Jul. 2, 2003 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/807,409, filed Mar. 24, 2004. The disclosure of the prior appliations is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60484432 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10807409 | Mar 2004 | US |
| Child | 10882871 | Jul 2004 | US |
