Patent Grant
6994698
The present invention relates to a mechanical fastening tab suitable for use on a disposable absorbent product. Specifically, the present invention relates to a mechanical fastening tab having improved flexibility.
Disposable absorbent products such as diapers, adult incontinence products, and the like are known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, mechanical fastening means for fastening such absorbent products about the waist of a wearer are similarly known to those skilled in the art. Examples of known mechanical fasteners include hook-and-loop type fasteners.
Unfortunately, mechanical fasteners such as hook-and-loop type fasteners have not been widely used on commercial disposable absorbent products. One reason for the fact that mechanical fasteners have not been widely used commercially on disposable absorbent products is that such mechanical fasteners tend to be relatively expensive and thus difficult to use economically on a disposable product. This is particularly true when the mechanical fasteners are designed to have fastening properties which render them suitable for use on disposable absorbent products. Similarly, mechanical fasteners which are inexpensive enough to use on a disposable absorbent product tend to have fastening properties which are insufficient for satisfactory use on disposable absorbent products.
Specifically, in use, mechanical fasteners on disposable absorbent products are generally subjected to both shear and peel forces. As used herein, shear forces are intended to refer to forces which are applied to the mechanical fasteners in a plane generally parallel to the plane of attachment between the fastener components. Peel forces are intended to refer to a force applied at an angle of 90 degrees or greater to separate the fastener components of a mechanical fastening tab in a peeling fashion. A mechanical fastener which does not possess sufficient resistance to shear and peel forces would, in use on a disposable absorbent product, tend to disengage, resulting in the disposable absorbent product losing its securement about the waist of a wearer. This is, obviously, undesirable.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide mechanical fasteners suitable for use on disposable absorbent products, which mechanical fasteners are inexpensive enough to render their use on a disposable product feasible, and yet which possess sufficient resistance to peel and shear forces to produce a disposable absorbent product which is satisfactory in use. It is to this goal that the present invention is directed.
The present invention relates to a mechanical fastening tab for use on a disposable absorbent product. The fastening tab comprises a substrate adapted to be joined to said disposable absorbent product. The fastening tab further comprises a first mechanical fastener component joined to said substrate. The first mechanical fastener component is adapted to releasably engage with a second mechanical fastener component. The fastening tab has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams in an area of said fastening tab including said first mechanical fastener component.
In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a disposable product comprising an outer cover, and, optionally, a bodyside liner, and an absorbent core located between said outer cover and said bodyside liner. The disposable product further comprises a mechanical fastening tab, said mechanical fastening tab comprising a substrate joined to said disposable absorbent product and a first mechanical fastener component joined to said substrate. The first mechanical fastener component is adapted to releasably engage with said outer cover. The fastening tab has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams in an area of said fastening tab including said first mechanical fastener component.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a disposable absorbent product comprising an outer cover, a bodyside liner and an absorbent core located between the outer cover and the bodyside liner. The outer cover comprises a film material having attached thereto a nonwoven material to form a laminate. The laminate has a Gurley stiffness value of less than 100 milligrams. The disposable absorbent product further comprises a mechanical fastening tab. The mechanical fastening tab comprises a substrate joined to the disposable absorbent product and a first mechanical fastener component joined to the substrate. The first mechanical fastener component is adapted to releasably engage with the laminate. The fastening tab has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams in an area of the fastening tab including the first mechanical fastener. In one specific embodiment, when the first mechanical fastener component is releasably engaged with the laminate and is subjected to shear forces, the laminate deforms to dissipate a portion of said shear forces.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a disposable product comprising an outer cover having attached thereto a second mechanical fastener component. The product further includes a mechanical fastening tab. The mechanical fastening tab comprises a substrate joined to said disposable product and a first mechanical fastener component joined to said substrate. The first mechanical fastener component is adapted to releasably engage with the second mechanical fastener component. The fastening tab has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams in an area of said fastening tab including said first mechanical fastener component.
The present invention relates to a mechanical fastening tab suitable for use on a disposable absorbent product. The present invention can best be understood by reference to the drawings wherein
A first mechanical fastener component 16 is joined to the first substrate 12. The first mechanical fastener component is adapted to releasably engage with a second mechanical fastener component. The fastening tab 10 has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams in an area of said fastening tab including said mechanical fastener component 16.
Transverse end 18 of fastening tab 10 is adapted to be attached to a disposable absorbent product to form a manufacturer's bond end of the fastening tab 10. The manufacturer's bond end refers to the portion of the fastening tab 10 which includes a bond which attaches the fastening tab to the disposable absorbent product, which bond is formed during the manufacturing process of the disposable absorbent product. The bond which defines the manufacturer's bond end is generally intended to be a permanent bond which can only be destructively broken to remove the fastening tab from the disposable absorbent product.
The disposable absorbent product to which the fastening tab 10 is attached will have a machine direction (MD) and a cross-machine direction (CD). The machine direction is intended to refer to that direction which corresponds to the length (as defined by the longitudinal centerline) of the product. The cross-machine direction refers to a direction generally perpendicular to the machine direction. The dimension of the fastening tab 10 which is generally parallel to the machine direction of the product to which fastening tab 10 is attached will similarly be considered the machine direction of fastening tab 10. That is, the machine direction of the fastening tab 10 will be that direction generally parallel to the machine direction of the product to which fastening tab 10 is intended to be joined. In the illustrated embodiment, the direction indicated by arrow 20 indicates the machine direction of the fastening tab 10. The direction indicated by arrow 22 generally corresponds to the cross-machine direction of the fastening tab 10 in that it is generally parallel to the cross-machine direction of the disposable absorbent product to which fastening tab 10 is intended to be joined (see FIG. 1).
As used herein, reference to a first mechanical fastener component is intended to refer to a material which is adapted to mechanically interlock with a second material. Any such material is suitable for use as the first mechanical fastener component. In the illustrated embodiment, the first mechanical fastener component is the hook portion of a hook-and-loop fastener. Hook-and-loop fasteners are known to those skilled in the art. A hook-and-loop fastener generally comprises a hook material and a loop material. The hook material generally comprises a base sheet material from which stemlike projections extend. One end of the stemlike projection is attached to the base sheet material, while the other end of the stemlike projection defines a hook, or hook-like structure such as a mushroom, which is adapted to interlock with a loop or loop-like material. The loop or loop-like material generally comprises a knit, woven or nonwoven material defining individual loops of material which can interlock with the hook-like material. The loop or loop-like material may be attached to a substrate to form a laminate.
Exemplary of a hook material suitable for use in the present invention is that obtained from Velcro Group Company, Manchester, N.H., under the trade designation CFM-22-1097; CFM-22-1121; CFM-22-1162; CFM-25-1003; CFM-29-1003. Suitable hook materials generally comprise from about 100 to about 4000 hooks per square inch (about 16 to about 620 hooks per square centimeter), alternatively from about 800 to about 2500 hooks per square inch (about 124 to about 388 hooks per square centimeter), alternatively from about 1000 to about 2000 hooks per square inch (about 155 to about 310 hooks per square centimeter). The hooks suitably have a height of from about 0.001 inch (0.00254 centimeter) to about 0.075 inch (0.19 centimeter), alternatively of from about 0.015 inch (0.0381 centimeter) to about 0.03 inch (0.0762 centimeter).
Other hook materials suitable for use in the present invention include a hook material available from the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., under the designation CS 200.
The hook material of the present invention may be formed from a polymeric material having a flexural modulus greater than about 30 kilopounds per square inch (kpsi), suitably of from about 50 kpsi to about 300 kpsi, alternatively of from about 150 kpsi to about 50 kpsi.
When the polymeric material from which the hook material of the present invention is formed has a relatively high flexural modulus, this property tends to render the hook material less flexible. This, in turn, tends to cause the fastening tab to have a relatively high Gurley stiffness value. Accordingly, when the polymeric material from which the hook material is formed has a relatively high flexural modulus, it is desirable to alter other aspects of the fastening tab or hook material to meet the Gurley stiffness targets described above.
For example, the base sheet material from which the stemlike hook projections extend can be fabricated to be much thinner than normally associated with known hook materials. For example, the base sheet material from which the hooks extend may have a thickness of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.020 inch (about 0.00254 centimeter to about 0.0508 centimeter), alternatively of from about 0.002 inch to about 0.015 inch (about 0.00508 centimeter to about 0.0381 centimeter).
The use of a polymeric material having a relatively high flexural modulus has generally been found to increase the peel strength of a hook material when engaged with a loop material. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a polymeric material from which the hook material is formed has a flexural modulus of greater than about 100 kpsi.
In an alternative embodiment, the polymeric material from which the hook material is formed is relatively soft and has a flexural modulus less than about 50 kpsi. Due to the soft nature of such polymeric materials, it is generally possible to employ a hook material having a thicker base sheet and still produce a fastening tab having a desirable Gurley stiffness value.
Other aspects of hook material design can affect the flexibility of the hook material. For example, hook orientation, spacing, backing thickness, hook thickness, and the like. Such aspects of hook design affect the flexibility of the hook material in both the machine and cross machine directions.
Any flexible material having the required physical strength to perform a fastening function as described herein is believed suitable for use as the first and/or second substrate material. Examples of materials suitable for use as the first and second substrate material include thermoplastic or thermosetting films such as polyolefin films, polyurethane films, and the like; nonwoven materials such as meltblown or spunbond polyolefin; woven materials; nonwoven composites; nonwoven/film composites; and the like. Elastomerically stretchable webs can also be used as the first and/or second substrate material. The elastomeric webs can be composed of a stretch-bonded-laminate (SBL) material, a neck-bonded-laminate (NBL) material, an elastomeric film, an elastomeric foam material, or the like. For example, suitable meltblown elastomeric fibrous webs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,220 issued May 5, 1987, to A. Wisneski et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of composite fabrics comprising at least one layer of nonwoven textile fabric secured to a fibrous elastic layer are described in European Patent Application No. EP 0 110 010 published on Apr. 8, 1987, with the inventors listed as J. Taylor et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of NBL materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13, 1993, to Mormon, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. When the substrate comprises a thermoplastic or thermosetting film, the substrate may be integrally formed with the first mechanical fastener component. That is, the substrate may comprise an extension of the backing of the first mechanical fastener component.
Naturally, the physical properties of the first and/or second substrate materials will affect the flexibility of the fastening tab illustrated in FIG. 1. Accordingly, it is generally desired that the first and/or second substrate materials be selected to be relatively flexible, thus enabling the fastening tab of the present invention to possess the desired Gurley stiffness value. Specifically, it is desired that the first and/or second substrate materials have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 200 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 75 milligrams measured in at least the machine direction.
Any method capable of attaching the first and second substrates to one another and/or the first mechanical fastener component to the first substrate is believed suitable for use in the present invention. For example, the materials may be attached together by adhesives, thermal bonding (including ultrasonic bonding), sewing, combinations of these methods, and the like. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first mechanical fastener component is attached to the first substrate with both adhesive and thermal bonds. Again, the method of attaching the first and/or second substrates together as well as the method for attaching the first mechanical fastener component to the first substrate can affect the flexibility (as measured by the Gurley stiffness) of the fastening tab. Accordingly, the method of attachment must be carefully chosen to enable the fastening tab to possess the desired Gurley stiffness value.
The fastening tabs of the present invention have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 500 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 200 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 75 milligrams, in an area of said fastening tab including said first mechanical fastener component. The area of said fastening tab including said first mechanical fastening component and having the Gurley stiffness values described above, is suitably at least about 1 square centimeter in size, alternatively of at least about 2 square centimeters in size.
The fastening tabs of the present invention will be considered to have the desired Gurley stiffness values when the fastening tabs have a desired Gurley stiffness value measured in either the machine or cross direction of the fastening tabs 10. It is generally desired that the fastening tabs have the desired Gurley stiffness values in both the machine and cross direction of the fastening tabs.
With reference to
The bond lines 28 suitably have a width of about 0.004 inch to about 0.02 inch, alternatively from about 0.006 inch to about 0.012 inch. Similarly, the flexibility of the fastening tab 10 is affected by the frequency of the bond lines 28. Accordingly, the first mechanical fastener component 16 is suitably attached to the first substrate 12 by bond lines 28 having a frequency of about 3 to about 12 bond lines per inch, alternatively of from about 5 to about 10 bond lines per inch in the machine direction 20 of the fastening tab 10.
The fastening tabs illustrated in
In contrast,
Those skilled in the art will recognize that diaper 36 generally comprises an outer cover 38, an inner bodyside liner 40, and an absorbent core 42 located between the outer cover 38 and the bodyside liner 40. Leg elastics 44 are located generally at the longitudinal edges of the diaper 36. The diaper further comprises a front waist elastic 46 and a rear waist elastic 48. The fastening tabs of the present invention are generally attached at the rear of the diaper. In the illustrated embodiment, the fastening tab illustrated has the construction illustrated in
Specific examples of disposable absorbent products on which the fastening tabs of the present invention may be utilized are disclosed in the following U.S. patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,603 issued Jan. 17, 1989, to Meyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,668 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bernardin; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,672 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bruemmer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,606 issued Mar. 9, 1993, to Proxmire et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/096,654 filed Jul. 22, 1993, in the name of Hanson et al. and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/263,281 filed Jun. 21, 1994, in the name of Dilnik et al.
Exemplary of a loop material suitable for use as the second mechanical fastener component 50 illustrated in
The second mechanical fastener component can be a discrete element located on the outer surface of a disposable absorbent product in a manner such as that illustrated in FIG. 7. Alternatively, the second mechanical fastener component may comprise the entire outer surface of the disposable absorbent product such as when the outer cover is the second mechanical fastener component. In one specific embodiment, the outer cover of the disposable absorbent product is a film/nonwoven laminate known as a stretch thermal laminate comprising a 0.6 mil (0.015 millimeter) polypropylene blown film and 0.7 ounce per square yard (23.6 grams per square meter) polypropylene spunbond material. The spunbond material is composed of about 2.0 denier fibers. The stretch thermal laminate is formed by stretching the polypropylene film, in one direction, until it is extended by 25 percent. The spunbond polypropylene is then brought into face-to-face contact with the stretched polypropylene film. The polypropylene film and spunbond material are then thermally bonded together at spaced intervals. The resulting laminate has a plurality of separate and distinct bond sites with an overall bond area of about 13 percent per unit area. After the film and spunbond material are laminated to one another, the laminate is allowed to relax. The film layer retracts about 10 percent, thereby leaving the film permanently deformed to a length of about 15 percent greater than its original length. The process for forming the stretch thermal laminate is described in greater detail in commonly-owned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/997,800, filed Dec. 29, 1992, in the name of McCormack at al., the contents of which are incorporated herein.
Applicants have found that, when the second mechanical fastener component comprises a nonwoven material, it is generally desired that the hooks be relatively small, having a height of no more than about 0.02 inch, and being present at a density of from about 900 to about 2500 hooks per square inch (140 to about 280 hooks per square centimeter). Suitable hook materials are those described above as the CFM-25-1003, CFM-29-1003 and CS 200 hook materials.
Applicants have discovered that it is desirable to have the second mechanical fastener component be extremely flexible. Thus, the woven or knit materials such as those described above have been found to be particularly well suited for use in the present invention. For example, the loop material obtained from Guilford Mills has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 6 milligrams. When the Guilford Mills loop material is adhesively attached to a stretch thermal laminate (STL) outer cover, the loop/STL composite has a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 40 milligrams in both the MD and CD directions. The stretch thermal laminate material described above has been found to have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 10 milligrams in both the MD and CD directions. The stretch thermal laminate is capable of performing both the function of a liquid impervious film and a second mechanical fastener component (loop material). Thus, the Gurley stiffness of the stretch thermal laminate can represent the stiffness of the second mechanical fastener component. In contrast, the Guilford Mills loop material is attached to a substrate such as the STL material such that the loop/STL composite may represent the stiffness of the second mechanical fastener component and the material to which it is directly attached.
Applicants have discovered that it is desirable that the second mechanical fastener component itself (no other attached components) have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 100 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 75 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 50 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 20 milligrams. It is also desired that the second mechanical fastener component and any other components of a disposable absorbent product to which it is directly attached have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 500 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 200 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 75 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 50 milligrams.
In one preferred embodiment of the present application, the ratio of the Gurley stiffness value of the fastening tab and the Gurley stiffness value of the second mechanical fastener component itself, is from about 1:10 to 10:1, alternatively from about 1:5 to 5:1. By having the Gurley stiffness ratio of the fastening tab and second mechanical fastening component itself be within the ranges described above, improved fastening can be achieved. In another embodiment of the present invention, the ratio of the Gurley stiffness value of the fastening tab and the Gurley stiffness value of the second mechanical fastener component and any other components of a disposable absorbent product to which the second mechanical fastener component is directly attached is from about 1:10 to 10:1, alternatively from about 1:5 to 5:1.
Further, when the fastening tab and the second mechanical fastener component itself are in an engaged relationship to form a fastener composite, it is desired that the fastener composite have a Gurley stiffness value of less than about 1000 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 500 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 200 milligrams, alternatively of less than about 75 milligrams.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the second mechanical fastener component and/or a component to which it is attached is able to deform during the application of shear forces when the fastening tab and second mechanical fastener component are engaged. For example, the second mechanical fastener component may be formed from or attached to an elastomeric material or a stretchable material having a low modulus. The ability of the second mechanical fastener component to deform when subjected to shear forces allows the shear forces being applied to the second mechanical fastener component to be dissipated over a larger area. Thus, the shear forces which are being applied are not concentrated in the area where the fastening tab is engaged with the second mechanical fastener component.
The fastening tab and hook material may have other alternative shapes and configurations. For example, such shapes and configurations are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/366,080 filed on even date herewith in the name of Zehner et al. which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Gurley Stiffness
A suitable technique for determining Gurley Stiffness values is set forth in TAPPI Standard Test T 543 om-94 (Stiffness of paper (Gurley type stiffness tester)). A suitable testing apparatus is a Gurley Digital Stiffness Tester: Model 4171-D manufactured by Teledyne Gurley, 514 Fulton Street, Troy, N.Y. 12181-0088. This instrument allows the testing of a wide variety of materials through the use of various lengths and widths in combination with the use of a 5, 25, 50, or 200 gram weight placed in one of three positions on the pointer of the apparatus. For purposes of the present description, the stated Gurley stiffness values are intended to correspond to the values that would be generated by a “standard” sized sample. Accordingly, the scale readings from the Gurley stiffness tester are appropriately converted to the stiffness of a standard size sample and are expressed in terms of milligrams. The standard size sample has a width of 1″ and a nominal length of 3″ (actual length of 3.5″). The actual length of the sample is the nominal length, plus an additional 0.25″ of length for holding in the clamp and another 0.25″ of length for overlapping the vane. Tables of factors for taking scale readings generated with non-standard sized test samples and converting the readings to the stiffness of the standard size sample are given in the Instruction Manual for the Gurley Stiffness Tester provided by Teledyne Gurley. Accordingly, other designated dimensions for the test sample may also be conveniently employed so long as the appropriate conversion factor is employed to determine the appropriate value which corresponds to the standard size sample.
A fastening tab is formed employing a hook material available from Velcro Group Company under the trade designation CFM-22-1056 (also known as HTH-856). The hook material has a hook height (from the top surface of the base film, theoretical values) of 0.028 inch and a hook width (at the widest location, theoretical values) of about 0.008 inch. The hook material has a base film thickness of 0.009-0.012 inch, a hook density of 890 hooks per square inch, and is formed from a polymeric material having a flexural modulus of 110-140 kilo pounds per square inch.
The hook material described above is attached to a neck-bonded-laminate (NBL) material to form a fastening tab. The hook material has a dimension of 1.75 inches by 0.5 inch. The neck-bonded-laminate (NBL) is formed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13, 1993, to Morman. The NBL employed included three layers. The outer two layers were polypropylene spunbond layers having a basis weight of 1.4 ounce per square yard and being formed from 2-3 denier fibers. The center layer was an elastomeric film having a basis weight of 45 grams per square meter and being formed from Kraton™ 2740X, a polymeric resin available from Shell Chemical Company. The NBL material has a length of 4 inches and a width of 2.75 inches. The hook material is attached to the NBL material by ultrasonic (about 6.25 percent bond area) and adhesive bonding. A 1.0 ounce per square yard spunbond material (1.0 inch×0.75 inch) is located between the hook material and the NBL material.
Additional fastening tabs are formed in the same manner except that bond lines, such as those illustrated in
The diapers thus formed are subjected to sensory use panel testing. In a sensory use panel, mothers are trained and asked to monitor a number of specific attributes during usage of the test diapers. In this particular test, care givers were asked, inter alia, to monitor the degree of hook irritation and the number of pop-opens (unassisted separation of the hook and loop fastening materials). In the sensory use panel test 60 children used each diaper design for 1 week. Thus, each child was involved in the study for a period of 3 weeks. Each child used all three diaper designs (unbonded, registered bond lines and unregistered bond lines).
Each of the three diaper designs was used by 20 children during each week of the three week study. The results of this testing are set forth in Table 1.
1In milligrams measured in machine direction. (Average of 5 samples.)
As can be seen from Table 1, the presence of both the registered and unregistered bond lines resulted in lower hook irritation. It is also noted that the number of pop-opens increased. This is believed to be the result of a perceived increase in stiffness in the cross machine direction caused by the bond lines. This demonstrates the importance of flexibility in both the machine direction and the cross machine direction and the need to balance flexibility properties to achieve your desired results.
The Following Materials Are Subjected to Gurley Stiffness Testing
1MD = Machine Direction; CD = Cross Direction
2In milligrams
The following material was subjected to tensile testing in a manner similar to that described in American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Method D-882:
A laminate of a bonded carded web and a film. The bonded carded web is formed from polypropylene fibers available from Hercules Inc, under the designation T-196. The bonded carded web has a basis weight of 0.77 ounce per square yard (26 grams per square meter). The bonded carded web is adhesively laminated to a breathable film available from The Sam Woo Corporation. The film has a basis weight of 39 grams per square meter. The film was formed from about 26 weight percent linear low density polyethylene, about 10 weight percent high density polyethylene, about 10 weight percent ethylene vinyl acetate, about 48 weight percent of calcium carbonate coated with a fatty acid and about 6 weight percent of other additives. The laminate was tested to determine both the MD and CD tensile strength. The results of this testing are set forth in Table 3.
The laminate described above and a hook material available from the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the designation CS-200 were subjected to shear testing generally as outlined in ASTM test method D-5169. The result of this testing are set forth in Table 4.
1Direction shear forces applied to laminate material.
2In grams force
3Tensile Energy Absorbed (TEA) at Peak, in Inch-Pounds per square Inch. Refers to total area under stress/strain curve, to peak, generated during shear testing.
As can be seen from the above data, the ability of the laminate material to deform during application of shear forces greatly increases the total shear energy which can be applied to the system before failure of the bond between the hook material and the laminate.
While the present invention has been described in terms of the specific embodiments set forth herein, those skilled in the art will recognize numerous variations and alterations thereof which are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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| 7474625 | Oct 1974 | AU |
| 76 18 87 | Jan 1971 | BE |
| 848690 | Mar 1977 | BE |
| 88591 | Dec 1921 | DE |
| 906 365 | Mar 1954 | DE |
| 1 070 779 | Dec 1959 | DE |
| 1 435 886 | Oct 1965 | DE |
| 1 808 518 | Nov 1968 | DE |
| 2 322 492 | Nov 1974 | DE |
| 2 504 210 | Feb 1975 | DE |
| 33 17 117 | May 1983 | DE |
| 35 33 881 | Sep 1985 | DE |
| 0 013 463 | Jul 1980 | EP |
| 0 080 647 | Jun 1983 | EP |
| 0 110 010 | Jun 1984 | EP |
| 0 131 490 | Jan 1985 | EP |
| 0 155 155 | Sep 1985 | EP |
| 0 187 725 | Jul 1986 | EP |
| 0 191 355 | Aug 1986 | EP |
| 0 194 453 | Sep 1986 | EP |
| 0217032 | Apr 1987 | EP |
| 0 233 364 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 0 235 014 | Sep 1987 | EP |
| 0 240 213 | Oct 1987 | EP |
| 0 262 447 | Apr 1988 | EP |
| 0 276 890 | Aug 1988 | EP |
| 0276970 | Aug 1988 | EP |
| 0 278 866 | Aug 1988 | EP |
| 0 319 249 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0 321 232 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0 321 234 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0 324 577 | Jul 1989 | EP |
| 0 324 578 | Jul 1989 | EP |
| 0 338 680 | Oct 1989 | EP |
| 0 374 730 | Jun 1990 | EP |
| 0 396 050 | Nov 1990 | EP |
| 0 403 832 | Dec 1990 | EP |
| 0 476 992 | Mar 1992 | EP |
| 0 529 681 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0 734 243 | Jun 2000 | EP |
| 0 594 375 | Sep 1925 | FR |
| 2 050 837 | Apr 1971 | FR |
| 2 105 683 | Apr 1972 | FR |
| 2 335 165 | Jul 1977 | FR |
| 2 558 691 | Aug 1985 | FR |
| 2 564 298 | Nov 1985 | FR |
| 2 594 650 | Aug 1987 | FR |
| 2 606 257 | May 1988 | FR |
| 493819 | Oct 1938 | GB |
| 678769 | Sep 1952 | GB |
| 918084 | Feb 1963 | GB |
| 1067730 | May 1967 | GB |
| 1095397 | Dec 1967 | GB |
| 1299897 | Dec 1972 | GB |
| 1318957 | May 1973 | GB |
| 1326098 | Aug 1973 | GB |
| 1428572 | Mar 1976 | GB |
| 1430747 | Apr 1976 | GB |
| 1516287 | Jul 1978 | GB |
| 1523018 | Aug 1978 | GB |
| 2035053 | Jun 1980 | GB |
| 2074011 | Oct 1981 | GB |
| 2091986 | Aug 1982 | GB |
| 2101875 | Jan 1983 | GB |
| 2129689 | May 1984 | GB |
| 2131346 | Jun 1984 | GB |
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| 2142241 | Jan 1985 | GB |
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| 2148095 | May 1985 | GB |
| 2 162 737 | Feb 1986 | GB |
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| 2209672 | May 1989 | GB |
| 2233876 | Jan 1991 | GB |
| 2 284 742 | Jun 1995 | GB |
| 49-25293 | Mar 1974 | JP |
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| 50-87791 | Jul 1975 | JP |
| 53-158440 | Dec 1978 | JP |
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| 56-11243 | Feb 1981 | JP |
| 56-42909 | Apr 1981 | JP |
| 57-138908 | Aug 1982 | JP |
| 57-161101 | Oct 1982 | JP |
| 57-191303 | Nov 1982 | JP |
| 57-191304 | Nov 1982 | JP |
| 58-143809 | Sep 1983 | JP |
| 59-165407 | Nov 1984 | JP |
| 60-9908 | Jan 1985 | JP |
| 63-2708 | Jan 1988 | JP |
| 63-131710 | Aug 1988 | JP |
| 63-61402 | Nov 1988 | JP |
| 1-168901 | Jul 1989 | JP |
| 56-70812 | Oct 1995 | JP |
| 55-103208 | Oct 1995 | JP |
| 59-88407 | Nov 1995 | JP |
| WO 8303754 | Nov 1983 | WO |
| WO 8404242 | Nov 1984 | WO |
| WO 8602263 | Apr 1986 | WO |
| WO 9426220 | Nov 1994 | WO |
| WO 9505140 | Feb 1995 | WO |
| WO 9525496 | Sep 1995 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030100878 A1 | May 2003 | US |
