Patent Application
20110203695
The invention relates to a flexible pipe which can be used for transportation of fluids and gasses, and in particular a flexible pipe of the type which is useful in water transportation, and in offshore transportation of crude oil e.g. from seabed to an installation or between installations.
The flexible pipes for offshore use are often unbounded pipes. In this specification the term “unbounded” means that at least two of the layers of the pipe are not bonded to each other. Often unbounded flexible pipes comprise an internal sheath (often called “inner liner”) which forms a barrier against the outflow of the fluid which is conveyed through the pipe, and one or more armouring layers on the outer side of the internal sheath (outer armouring layer(s)). The flexible pipe may comprise additional layers such as a carcass which is an inner armouring layer to prevent the collapse of the internal sheath. An outer sheath may be provided with the object of forming a barrier against the ingress of fluids from the pipe surroundings to the armouring layers. In practice the pipe will normally comprise at least two armouring layers, which are not bonded to each other directly or indirectly via other layers along the pipe. Thereby the pipe becomes bendable and sufficiently flexible to roll up for transportation.
Typical unbounded flexible pipes are e.g. disclosed in WO0161232A1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,114 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,085,799.
The above-mentioned type of flexible pipes is used, among other things, for off-shore as well as some on-shore applications for the transport of fluids and gases. Flexible pipes can e.g. be used for the transportation of fluids where very high or varying water pressure exists along the longitudinal axis of the pipe, such as riser pipes which extend from the seabed up to an installation on or near the surface of the sea, pipes for transportation of liquid and gases between installations, and pipes which are located at great depths on the seabed (flow lines).
Flow lines work mainly in static mode, whereas risers including flexible pipes between installations where the pipes are not laid on or below the seabed work essentially in dynamic mode. The invention relates both to pipes working in static mode and in dynamic mode.
The flexible pipes used offshore must be able to resist high internal pressures and/or external pressures and also withstand longitudinal bending or twisting without the risk of being ruptured. For high strength pipes the outer armouring layers normally comprise a pressure vault which is resistant mainly to the pressure developed by the fluid in the sealing sheath and consisting of the winding of one or more interlocked metal profile wires wound in a helix with a short pitch around the internal sheath and at least one tensile armouring layer (and generally at least two crossed tensile armouring layers) of wires whose lay angle measured along the longitudinal axis of the pipe is significantly less than the lay angle of the pressure vault, e.g. less than 70°.
The pressure vault should be designed to provide the pipe with sufficient pressure strength against bursting while simultaneously providing a desired degree of flexibility. Furthermore the pressure vault in particular in dynamic application should be resistant to fatigue caused by the rubbing due to dynamic stress under laying out of the pipe and during use. The interlocked wires of prior art pressure vaults are therefore normally designed such that there is a certain space or interstice, hereafter called “gap”, between the interlocked wires.
For deep-sea applications, it is generally sought to have moment of inertia at the pressure vault so as also to withstand the external pressure. In this case, the profile wire constituting the pressure vault has a relatively large height which is the height measured in radial direction from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
Generally the high weight of the flexible pipe is undesired both due to high transportation cost and material cost, but also due to the pull in the pipe during lay out and in the riser pipes in general.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,840,286 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,867 describe flexible pipes where the pressure vault has been made from metal strips which have been folded to have a desired cross-sectional folded profile with trapezoidal box section(s) and which are interlocked by an edge of the metal strip. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,840,286 the pressure vault is composed of two types of metal strips, wherein one of them is folded to have a cross-sectional folded profile with 2 trapezoidal box sections and the other metal strip is slightly bended to hold together trapezoidal box sections of the folded strip in consecutive winding thereof to limit the gap between these consecutive windings. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,867 the pressure vault is composed of one type of metal strip, which is folded along one of its edges to have a profile with 1 trapezoidal box section and a bulge, and where the other of the edges is free, the free edge is slightly bent to engage the bulge of the in consecutive winding thereof.
The pressure vault provided by strips as described above solves many of the above discussed objects. However, the engagement and the strength of the engagement provided by the strips in the pressure vaults described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,840,286 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,867 have been found to be insufficient and unreliable.
The object of the invention is to provide a flexible pipe with a pressure vault, which is improved compared to the flexible pipes described above. In particular it is an object to provide a flexible pipe with a pressure vault which is simple and cost effective to produce, and has the necessary strength for both static and dynamic applications.
This object has been achieved by the invention as claimed.
It should be emphasized that the term “comprises/comprising” when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other stated features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.
A folded strip is herein defined as an in principle endless unit with at least one fold and a width which in unfolded condition is at least 6 times its thickness, such as at least 10, such as at least 15, such as at least 25 times its thickness or even up to 100 or 500 times its thickness. The term ‘endless’ is used to indicate that the tapes and profiles are very long compared to their other dimensions.
The flexible pipe of the invention comprises a plurality of layers surrounding a longitudinal axis of the pipe, the plurality of layers comprising an internal sheath and one or more armouring layers which may include an inner armouring layer also called a carcass.
In most situation the longitudinal axis of the pipe will be a longitudinal axis of the pipe, namely in situations where the flexible pipe is for transportation of fluids. In some situations the longitudinal axis of the pipe is not hollow, namely in situations where the flexible pipe in an umbilical.
An umbilical is a type of flexible pipe which is used for the transport of process liquids and hydraulic oil and for the carrying of light and power from an installation positioned at the surface of the sea and down to the oil wells on the seabed. Umbilicals are not directly involved in the transport of oil and gas, but may be necessary for the supply of the process liquids which, as mentioned, are to be used for the recovery of oil, as well as for the running of hydraulic pipes, electrical wires, fibre optics, etc. Umbilicals may be combined with an oil/gas transporting pipe e.g. a riser to form an integrated production umbilical or an integrated service umbilical.
The flexible pipe comprises a pressure vault surrounding and preferably supporting the internal sheath. The pressure vault may preferably be applied directly onto the internal sheath optionally with a film layer in between. The pressure vault comprises at least one helically wound folded metal strip, which folded metal strip is interlocked with itself in consecutive windings or interlocked with another helically wound metal strip. The at least one folded metal strip is folded along both of its edges to form protruding edge sections of two or more strip material layers, each of said protruding edge sections protrudes in one of the directions towards or away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
Due to the interlock provided by the protruding edge sections of the folded strips the pressure vault is provided with a high strength while simultaneously being very flexible. Furthermore, the pressure vault is very simple to produce and apply, and the cost of the pressure vault is very beneficial compared with the cost of prior art pressure vaults.
As it will be clear from the following description various embodiments of the invention provide additional benefits.
As mentioned above the flexible pipe of the invention may have one or more armouring layers including at least one pressure vault. The number and the placement of armouring layer or layers may e.g. be as it is well known from prior art described above as well as the prior art disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,124,780, U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,333, U.S. Pat. No. 5,813,439 and WO 01/81809. Other layers than the pressure vault may e.g. be well known e.g. as described in the above prior art as well as in any of the publications U.S. Pat. No. 6,691,743, U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,867, WO 0242674, U.S. Pat. No. 5,730,188, U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,581, U.S. Pat. No. 6,192,941, U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,161, WO 0036324, U.S. Pat. No. 6,454,897, U.S. Pat. No. 6,408,891 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,550.
The flexible pipe of the invention may preferably comprise one or more tensile armouring layers. In one embodiment the flexible pipe comprises two or more tensile armouring layers wound onto the pressure vault. The two tensile armouring layers (also referred to as traction armouring layers) may e.g. be of wound wires, e.g. cross wound at angles of 25-40, and 70-80 degrees, respectively.
Any degrees mentioned herein should be taken to mean degrees in relation to the centre axis of the pipe unless otherwise specified.
An inner armouring layer (carcass) is an armouring layer which is placed inside the internal sheath and has the main purpose of preventing crushing of the pipe due to external forces. An inner armouring layer may be placed in direct contact with the inner side of the internal sheath or one or more material layers e.g. a film and/or an insulating layer may be placed between the inner side of the internal sheath and the inner armouring layer.
An outer armouring layer is an outer armouring layer placed outside the internal sheath and has the main purpose of resisting pressure forces due to internal forces (pressure vault) and/or resisting traction forces due to both external and external forces (tensile armour). Typically a flexible pipe will comprise at least two outer armouring layers. An innermost outer armouring layer, preferably the pressure vault, may be placed in direct contact with the outer side of the internal sheath or one or more material layers e.g. a film may be placed between the outer side of the internal sheath and the pressure vault. If the pipe comprises two or more outer armouring layers, these outer armouring layers may be placed in direct contact with each other or the two or more outer armouring layers may independently of each other be separated by one or more material layers e.g. film layer(s), intermediate sheath(s), insulation sheath(s) or similar.
For protection the flexible pipe may comprise an outer sheath, preferably of a polymer layer.
The flexible pipe of the invention may comprise additional layers such as it is well known in the art, e.g. insulation layers of polymers, composite, cork or other, intermediate polymer sheaths or films and etc.
In the following the term ‘folded metal strip’ should mean ‘at least one folded metal strip’ unless otherwise specified.
The directions towards or away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe should be taken to mean the radial directions toward the longitudinal centre axis of the pipe.
The edge sections of the folded metal strip should be taken to mean the two opposite edge sections extending essentially in the length direction of the strip and comprising at least one fold capable of engaging with a flange of the profile.
The flexible pipe may in principle comprise any number of helically wound folded metal strips Ns. Ns may for example be 10 or less, e.g. 1-5.
In one embodiment the pressure vault consists essentially of helically wound and interlocked metal strip(s). In other embodiments the pressure vault may comprise other elements such as a hoop layer described below.
The pressure vault may in one embodiment be wound from one helically wound and interlocked metal strip. In other embodiments the pressure vault is wound from two or more helically wound and interlocked metal strips, the metal strips being identical or different from each other.
The helically wound folded metal strip(s) may preferably be wound with a winding angle of 70-90 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the flexible pipe. The winding angle should preferably be essentially identical for all the helically wound folded metal strip(s) if there is more than one.
According to the invention the folded metal strip is folded along both of its edges to form protruding edge sections of two or more strip material layers, each of said protruding edge sections protrudes in one of the directions towards or away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. Preferably these protruding edge sections of one or more folded metal strips are engaged with each other to provide the interlocked structure.
In one embodiment a first of said protruding edge sections of one or more folded metal strips is engaged with a second edge section of one or more folded metal strips. The engagement may preferably be provided by the protruding of the first edge section protruding towards the longitudinal axis of the pipe and the protruding of the second edge section protruding away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
It is preferred that the engaged protruding edge sections are not folded into each others folds, so that the folded metal strip may be prefolded prior to the winding thereof onto the pipe. This makes the application of the folded metal strip very simple since the protruding edge sections need not being co-folded (folded together during winding). Furthermore any risk of tearing co-folded strips apart is avoided.
In one embodiment the pressure vault comprises at least a first folded metal strip with protruding edge sections protruding in the direction towards the longitudinal axis of the pipe, and at least a second folded metal strip with protruding edge sections protruding in the direction away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe, wherein the protruding edge sections of the first folded metal strip are engaged with the protruding edge sections of the second folded metal strip. The first folded metal strip may preferably be arranged to hold together consecutive windings of said second folded metal strip by engagement of said protruding edge sections. In this embodiment the number of first folded metal strips and the number of second folded metal strips should preferably be identical. In one embodiment there is one single first folded metal strip and one single second folded metal strip, the first and the second folded metal strip being helically wound and interlocked with each other.
The first folded metal strip(s) and the second folded metal strip(s) may preferably be identical, but turned in opposite direction of each other so that the protruding edge sections protrude in opposite directions. This makes the pressure vault even simpler to produce.
In one embodiment the pressure vault comprises at least a folded metal strip with a first protruding edge section protruding in the direction towards the longitudinal axis of the pipe, and a second protruding edge sections protruding in the direction away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. In this embodiment the pressure vault may comprise or be provided by one single folded metal strip. Alternatively the pressure vault may comprise two or more folded metal strips which may be identical or different from each other.
In this embodiment the first protruding edge section is preferably engaged with said second protruding edge section in a subsequent winding of said folded metal strip. In an embodiment where the pressure vault comprises at least at least two folded metal strips, the first and said second protruding edge sections are engaged with a protruding edge section of one or more other folded metal strips.
The folded metal strip may in principle be folded to form the protruding edge sections with any shape, provided that it can engage itself in consecutive windings or interlock with another helically wound metal strip. In one embodiment the folded metal strip is folded against itself at least along one of its edges to form at least one edge section protruding in one of the directions towards or away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
The metal strip may preferably be folded to provide 3 or more strip material layers along both of its edges to form at least two edge sections, each protruding in one of the directions towards or away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
The folding direction and the protruding direction may be essentially the same or they may be essentially opposite each other. The folding direction means the direction perpendicular to the surface of the non-folded part of the edge section of the folded metal strip and towards the folded part of the edge section.
In most situations it is desired that the folding direction and the protruding direction are essentially the same.
The folded metal strip should preferably be folded at least along one of its edges in at least two folds to form at least one protruding edge section having 3 or more layers.
‘One fold’ means that the edge part is folded one time to form a two layered edge section.
The folded metal strip may in one embodiment be folded against itself in at least along one of its edges in at least one fold, such as two or even more folds to form at least one edge section, where the edge section comprises two or more layers of strip material.
In one embodiment the folded metal strip is folded at least along one of its edges so that a secondary element is integrated into the folding. The secondary material may in principle be any kind of material, such as a reinforcement element. In one embodiment the secondary element integrated into the fold is a fiber such a fiber sensor, e.g. for sensing stress, and or temperature or properties of the pipe or pipe elements. A suitable sensor is the sensor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,024,941.
The secondary element may preferably be an oblong element extending in essentially the whole length of the folded strip.
In one embodiment the secondary element integrated into the fold is a reinforcement element, such as an oblong metal element onto which the metal strip is folded to form a reinforced edge section. The reinforcement element may have any shape. In one embodiment the reinforcement element has a cross sectional profile which is essentially uniform along its length, the profile preferably being selected from round, ellipsoidal, semi ellipsoidal, quadrilateral polygonal, square, rectangular and trapezoidal shapes, where any edges optionally being rounded. By providing such reinforcement element integrated into the fold the strength of the pressure vault may be increased.
The folded metal strip may preferably be folded to form two edge sections and a non-folded mid-section between the two edge sections.
The non-folded mid-section may in principle have any shape and thickness within the limitation of a strip. However, in general it is preferred that the non-folded mid-section is essentially flat in order to allow a desired play between engaged profiled wires and folded metal strips.
In one embodiment the non-folded mid-section has an essentially uniform thickness.
The optimal thickness of the folded metal strip depends largely on the size of pipe, the intended use of the pipe and the strength of the metal used for the folded metal strip. If the pipe is large, the thickness of the folded metal strip should preferably be relatively large as well, e.g. even up to 16 mm. If the pipe is to be used as a riser, the thickness of the folded metal strip may preferably be larger than if the pipe is to be used as a flow line.
In most situations a thickness of the folded metal strip of about 5 mm or even about 2 mm is sufficient.
In one embodiment the non-folded mid-section has a non-folded thickness Tns of 0.2-5 mm, such as 0.2-2 mm.
The folded layers of the edge section of the folded metal strip may e.g. have a thickness which is different from the non-folded mid-section. Thus in one embodiment the folded layers of the edge section of the folded metal strip have a thickness of between 0.5 and 1.5 times the thickness of the non-folded mid-section. In principle the edge sections may thus each have an edge section thickness Tfs of down to one time the thickness of the non-folded mid-section Tns. However, in practice it is desired that the edge sections are thicker than the non-folded mid-section Tns.
In one embodiment the edge sections each has an edge section thickness Tfs of 1.5 to 10 times the thickness of the non-folded mid-section Tns, such as of 3-4 times the thickness of the non-folded mid-section Tns.
The profiled wire comprises a base with a first and a second face placed respectively away from and towards the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
In one embodiment the metal strip is folded from a metal strip having deformation lines along its edge sections for providing the fold. This may particularly be beneficial if the strip is 4 mm or thicker because the folding may be easier along such deformation line. In the deformation line the thickness may e.g. be reduced to from 0.1 to 0.9 of its thickness.
In order to increase the moment of inertia, the pressure vault may in one embodiment comprise a hoop layer. The hoop layer may preferably be wounded onto the helically wound metal strip(s).
In one preferred embodiment the hoop layer is provided by at least one helically wound wire (hoop wire). The wire may preferably be helically wound onto the helically wound, folded metal strip with a winding angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the pipe which is essentially equal to the winding angle of said helically wound, folded metal strip. Thereby a very balanced and strong structure can be obtained. Furthermore the hoop wire may be wound onto the pipe in the same production step as winding the folded metal strip.
The hoop wire may have any shape, which is preferably essentially identical along its length. In one embodiment the hoop wire has a cross sectional profile selected from round, ellipsoidal, semi ellipsoidal, quadrilateral polygonal, square, rectangular and trapezoidal shapes, where any edges optionally may be rounded.
The windings of the wound hoop wire should preferably not be interlocked to each other. Thereby both the production and the application of the hoop wire are simplified.
In one embodiment the folded metal strip(s) forms at least one strip layer, and the strip layer comprises a ridge on at least one of the helically wound folded metal strips. The ridge protrudes radially outwards from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The hoop wire(s) is applied so that the ridge protrudes at least partly in between at least some of the consecutive windings of the wire(s). Thereby the hoop may be held in position relative to the winding of the strip layer and risk of lateral displacement of the hoop wire may be reduced.
In one embodiment the strip layer comprises at least a first folded metal strip with protruding edge sections protruding in the direction towards the longitudinal axis of the pipe, and at least a second folded metal strip with protruding edge sections protruding in the direction away from the longitudinal axis of the pipe, wherein the first folded metal strip comprises a ridge protruding radially outwards from the longitudinal axis of the pipe, the hoop wire(s) being applied so that the ridge protrudes at least partly in between at least some of the consecutive windings of the wire(s). This embodiment provides a particular stable pressure vault.
The hoop layer may be of any material having a sufficient strength. It may be hollow or solid. Preferably the hoop is made from composite materials and/or metal, such as steel or a steel alloy, e.g. a duplex steel.
The folded metal strip may preferably be of metal selected from steel and steel alloy, e.g. a duplex steel.
The invention will be explained more fully below in connection with a preferred embodiment and with reference to the drawings in which:
a-3m are schematic cross sectional side views of a different folded metal strips, which can be a part of a pressure vault of the flexible pipe of the invention.
The figures are schematic and simplified for clarity, and they just show details which are essential to the understanding of the invention, while other details are left out. Throughout, the same reference numerals are used for identical or corresponding parts.
The flexible pipe shown in
The pressure vault comprises at least one folded metal strip as described above.
a shows a cross sectional side view of a folded metal strip useful in a pressure vault of the pipe of the invention. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31a, both protruding in the same direction, namely in the folding direction. The metal strip is folded against itself along its edges in two folds for each of the edge sections 31a. The strip further comprises a non-folded mid-section 32a, between the two edge sections 31a.
b shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31b, both protruding in the folding direction. The metal strip is folded against itself along its edges in three folds for each of the edge sections 31b whereby each protruding edge section 31b has 4 or more strip material layers.
c shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 1c, both protruding in the folding direction. The metal strip is folded against itself along its edges in three folds for each of the edge sections 31c whereby each protruding edge section 31c has 5 or more strip material layers.
d shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31d, both protruding in the opposite direction of the folding direction.
e shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31e, both protruding in their respective folding directions, but where their protruding directions are opposite to each other. This folded metal strip may be wound to be interlocked with itself in subsequent windings of said folded metal strip. The folded metal strip has a mid section 32e which is essentially unfolded. When applied by helically winding onto the pipe, a wire, e.g. shaped as the hoop wire described herein may be applied in either side of layer provided by the folded and interlocked metal strip to support the metal strip.
f shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31f, both protruding in their respective folding directions, but where their protruding directions are opposite to each other. This folded metal strip may be wound to be interlocked with itself in subsequent windings of said folded metal strip. The folded metal strip has a mid section 32f which is folded in a step like folding to provide a pair of trench 33f for engagement with end section 31f of the folded metal strip in a previous and a subsequent winding or end sections of one or more other folded metal strips. The trench 33f may result in an increased control of possible sliding movements of interlocked folded metal strip(s).
g shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip useful in a pressure vault of the pipe of the invention. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31g, both protruding in the same direction. The strip comprises a mid-section 32g which is folded to have a ridge 34g protruding in the opposite direction than the protruding direction of the edge sections 31g. When applied onto the pipe the ridge 34g should preferably be arranged to protrude radially outwards from the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
h shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip useful in a pressure vault of the pipe of the invention. The metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31h, both protruding in the same direction. The strip comprises a mid-section 32h which is folded to have a ridge 34h protruding in the same direction as the protruding direction of the edge sections 31g. The ridge 34h provides a pair of trench 33h for engagement with end sections of one or more other folded metal strips. The trench 33h may result in an increased control of possibly sliding movements of the interlocked folded metal strips.
i shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31i, both protruding in the same direction. The metal strip is in each of its edge sections 31i folded against a secondary reinforcement element 35, which reinforcement element is thereby integrated in the fold. The reinforcement elements may be as described above.
j shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31j, 31j′, both protruding in the same direction. In one of its edge sections the strip is folded against a secondary element 36, such as a fibre.
k shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31k. As it can be seen the folded metal strip comprises deformation lines 37 for facilitating the folding.
l shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded to form two edge sections 31l. As it can be seen the folded metal strip is thicker along its edge section.
m shows a cross sectional side view of another folded metal strip, where the metal strip is folded in only one fold along its edges to form two edge sections 31m.
Some preferred embodiments have been shown in the foregoing, but it should be stressed that the invention is not limited to these, but may be embodied in other ways and variations as it will be clear for the skilled person.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA 2007 01203 | Aug 2007 | DK | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DK08/50207 | 8/20/2008 | WO | 00 | 4/14/2010 |
