Patent Grant
10106945
Not applicable
Technical Field
This invention relates to blocking flooding water from entering underground ventilation passages.
Background Art
Surface storm waters entering and flooding underground tunnels and chambers through ventilation ducts connecting the underground chambers or tunnels to air at ground surface affect without limitation, underground transportation tunnels for road vehicles, trains, and subways, and underground chambers, such as associated with a complex of connecting tunnels and shafts, for example as used for such things as underground hydroelectric-power plants, or with underground utilities which require ventilation, such as underground transformer rooms.
In a typical subway ventilation arrangement, ventilation ducts or shafts are incorporated into subway systems near stations to exhaust stale pushed air as the train nears a station and to pull in fresh outside air as a train leaves a station, Also reducing the “piston effect” of air being forced through the tunnels at high speeds by moving trains. Typically, a ventilation duct communicates from an underground tunnel and terminates in a ventilation shaft structure below grade level that opens to the atmosphere at grade level such as a sidewalk where the opening is covered by a subway grating.
Subways have systems for handling water. When it rains, water runs down stairwells, onto platforms and thence onto tracks, and some gets in the ventilation systems through the surface grates. Drains beneath the tracks pipe water to underground sumps in pump rooms next to the subway tracks. Pumps deliver the water up to pressure relief manholes open to the atmosphere at street level; from there the water drains under gravity flow into city storm sewers. The problem is that in heavy rains, storm sewers are overwhelmed and flush water back into the streets, flooding the streets with water that inundates sidewalks and pours down through subway grates into the ventilation system thence into the tunnels and onto the tracks. The pumping system can only return water to the flooded street; from there the water reenters the flood pool pouring into the ventilation system, defeating the pumping system as a means of controlling subway flooding.
One solution for reducing entrance of runoff water from sidewalk grate openings through the ventilation ducts down into the underground systems was raising the subway ventilation grates above sidewalk level, as was done in some locations in New York City in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn after flooding from a severe rainstorm in 2007. This not only was costly to implement but also sacrificed much of the available sidewalk area available for pedestrians. Storm surge flooding is also a problem. The flooding problem is especially acute in cities like New York and Lower Manhattan, which is low-lying, vulnerable to storm surges and dotted with grade-level grates, stairwells and other points of entry for running water into the subways. In advance of the super storm Sandy in 2013, when predicted storm surge and high tides in addition to heavy rains signaled flooding of subways, workers resorted to sandbags and fastening plywood covers over subway ventilation grates to try to prevent flooding. Sandy was testament to flood hazards of subways and vented subterranean structures. Fastening plywood covers over large numbers of air vent grates in a short period of time as a solution is an imperfect labor and materials intensive process and can be too little too late, as was made clear by subway flooding from Sandy. A simpler, faster, relatively inexpensive and more effective method of preventing flooding through sidewalk air vent gratings is needed.
In accordance with this invention apparatus is provided for allowing ventilation as usual for underground tunnels through a ventilation shaft covered by grating opening to atmosphere, yet when there is advance warning of a serious storm event such as an offshore hurricane or tropical storm predicted to make landfall as was the notorious 2013 super storm Sandy (a “threat of flooding”), the apparatus is manually operable by active human intervention to prevent underground flooding from surface waters pouring through the grating. The concepts embodied in the exemplary embodiments of such apparatus described herein have application to any system in which an atmospheric opening communicates with a ventilation duct for an underground chamber or tunnel or other underground structure requiring ventilation, and through which opening substantial volumes of water can enter, whether by heavy rain or by storm surge propelled by hurricane or tropical storm or otherwise.
In the descriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention that follow, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The drawings are conceptual in nature to represent the arrangement of elements of the exemplary embodiments; the elements are not necessarily to scale. Specific details disclosed herein are in every case a non-limiting embodiment representing concrete ways in which the concepts of the invention may be practiced. This serves to teach one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or manner consistent with those concepts. It will be seen that various changes and alternatives to the specific described embodiments and the details of those embodiments may be made within the scope of the invention. Because many varying and different embodiments may be made within the scope of the inventive concepts herein described and in the specific embodiments herein detailed, it is to be understood that the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not as limiting.
For illustrative purposes of an application of the concepts herein disclosed for blocking entrance of water into a ventilation duct, the embodied concepts are described in reference to a specific ventilation environment. The exemplary application is for a subway system. In the specific embodiments described herein as examples, it is assumed the atmospheric opening through which flooding waters enter has a rectilinear shape, as for grated grade level sidewalk openings for subway ventilation systems, which at least in New York City typically are rectangular. Although the descriptions of specific embodiments relate to a rectilinear shape and for a particular environment, the invention does not require that the opening be rectilinear or that embodiments of the invention conform to a rectilinear shape or that the atmospheric opening be at grade level. The elements of the invention can be configured to fit within the downwardly vertically projected dimensions of any ventilation shaft surface opening serving any underground tunnel, chamber, room or other underground structure, whether rectilinear, circular or oval or some other shape.
The various directions such as “upper,” “lower,” “bottom,” “top,” “transverse”, “perpendicular”, “vertical”, “horizontal,” “outwardly,” “inwardly” and so forth used in the detailed description of embodiments are made only with respect to easier explanation in conjunction with the drawings. The components may be oriented differently while performing the same function and accomplishing the same result as the embodiments herein detailed that embody the concepts of the invention, and such terminologies are not to be understood as limiting the concepts which the embodiments exemplify. For example, the term “perpendicular” means substantially at a right angle to a reference to a degree that if not absolutely a right angle will not materially adversely affect the arrangement and function of the element described as perpendicular. The terms “vertical” or “vertically” include but are not limited to literal vertical and generally mean oriented up and down with respect to the earth's horizon to a degree that if not absolutely vertical will not materially adversely affect the function of the element described as vertical. Similarly, the terms “horizontal” or “horizontally” include but are not limited to literal horizontal and generally mean not out of level with respect to the earth's horizon to a degree that will materially adversely affect the function of the element described as horizontal.
As used herein, the use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” (or the synonymous “having” or “including”) in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” In addition, as used herein, the phrase “connected to” means joined to or placed into communication with, either directly or through intermediate components.
The exemplary embodiments described herein comprise an assembly that fits within the ventilation shaft, typically under a grating. In the exemplary embodiments a support is arranged in the ventilation shaft and defines a passage between top and bottom openings of the support for fluid communication of a ventilation duct up through the support to the atmospheric opening of the shaft. Each of one or more panels is mounted on a pivot axis in the support (a) for rotation of each panel upwardly by human action raising each panel past a center point of the pivot axis into an upright inwardly leaning home position in the support, the home position not obstructing the passage between the top and bottom openings of the support to allow ventilation as usual in normal times, and but on threat of flooding, (b) for rotation of each panel downwardly by human action moving each panel away from the inwardly leaning home position outwardly past the pivot or center point of the pivot axis, allowing each panel then to rotationally fall by gravitational impetus to a lower passage closing position where further downward rotation is prevented by one or more stops within and connected to the support proximate the bottom opening of the support. Each panel has a profile that, if one panel alone, or if more than one panel, together, closes the passage when each panel gravitationally rotates to the passage closing position, thereby preventing water from passing into ventilation ducts leading to underground tunnels or chambers. The upright inwardly leaning home position of the one or more panels is sometimes herein called an “over-the-center” position.
In one exemplary embodiment, a single panel is mounted in the home position to a side of such a passage to alone gravitationally fall from home position to a passage closing position across the entirety of the passage to protect the underground ventilation duct from flooding. In another exemplary embodiment, a pair of panels is mounted on opposite sides of the passage, to gravitationally fall from home position down toward each other to passage closing positions to combine to close the passage. In yet another exemplary embodiment, a pair of panels is mounted centrally in the passage for rotation of the panels in directions opposite each other from the home position to a lower passage closing position. An advantage of paired panels is that they may be used to close a passage that is wider than it would be feasible for a single taller panel to close.
A ventilation shaft in which an exemplary embodiment of the invention may be fitted may not be vertical, and so the orientation of the passage of the support may not be vertical but at some angle relative to horizontal that allows the panels to gravitationally rotate under their own weight to a position closing the bottom opening in the support. A large part of the time the shaft in which the support of an exemplary embodiment of this invention is fitted will be vertical, in which case the rotational axis or axes of the panels is horizontal.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the support may be a space frame. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention employing a space frame, the space frame includes flanges configured to extend over a top of walls of the shaft, for suspension of the support in the shaft.
In another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the support is a liner wall, sized to internally line the shaft between the ventilation duct and the atmospheric opening. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention employing a liner wall, the liner wall is supported in the shaft from a frame having flanges transverse to the liner wall to extend over a top of walls of the shaft.
In an exemplary embodiment for application in a vertical ventilation shaft where the atmospheric opening is rectilinear, the support of the apparatus may comprise a four-sided box inclusive of sidewalls sized to internally fit in the vertical shaft between a ventilation duct and the atmospheric opening. Such support has flanges transverse to said sidewalls for overlaying a top of the vertical shaft to hold the support box in said shaft. In an exemplary box embodiment sidewalls adjacent one another may include a base having rounded corners with a first radius of curvature and distal portions of the supported rotatable panels have rounded corners with a radius of curvature substantially the same as said first radius of curvature of the sidewall corners they sweep when rotating to the passage closing position. In an exemplary embodiment, the panels include seals for sealing the passage when the panels are in the passage closing position.
In an exemplary embodiment, the panels are attached to one or more hinge mounts rotatable on at least one axis supported by and horizontally disposed within the support. In an embodiment, a mount comprises at least one hinge member comprising a stationary member connected to the apparatus support, a movable member and a hinge pin interconnecting the stationary and movable members. In an exemplary embodiment, the support may comprise a hinge mount mounting member unobstructively horizontally spanning across the support passage to opposed sides of the support proximate the bottom opening, and the stationary member may be connected to the hinge support member. Each panel has a proximal and distal portion, and each moveable hinge member attaches to the proximal portions of each panel. By unobstructively is meant that the hinge mount mounting member does not block movement of air though the passage.
In an exemplary embodiment a beam unobstructively horizontally spans across the support passage and connects to opposed sides of the support proximate the top opening. By unobstructively is meant that the beam does not block movement of air though the passage. In an embodiment such opposing sides are the same as the sides to which the hinge mount mounting member spans, and the beam and the hinge mount mounting member are centered in the passage. In an embodiment a plurality of straps connects the hinge mounting member to the beam.
In mentioned embodiments in which a beam unobstructively horizontally spanning across said passage, the upright over-the-center home position of the panels tucks the panels under the beam free from casual pedestrian view through the atmospheric opening covered by a grate over the opening. The panels may lean inwardly against a vertical member suspended from the beam. The rotation of each panel downwardly to a passage closing position is by active human intervention acting to move each panel away from the over-the-center home position to a position past the center point of the pivot axis, letting the panel then fall under the force of gravity. This movement of a panel away from the over-the-center home position may be accomplished by insertion of a tool though a grating to push or pull a panel. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, a moveable member is included mounted inside the support higher than the pivot axis and is manipulatable by human action to move the one or more panels past the center point of the pivot axis to allow the one or more panels to gravitationally rotate downwardly to the passage closing position. In one exemplary embodiment, a vertical member against which a panel leans may comprise the moveable member. In an exemplary embodiment the moveable member is vertically slideable in the beam and have a lateral dimension in the direction of the panels such that on vertical retraction toward the beam the depth of the lateral dimension is enough to push the one or more panels past the mid-point of the pivot axis. In another exemplary embodiment, the moveable member is mounted in the beam for horizontal rotation and has a lateral length such that on rotation the length suffices to push the one or more panels past the center point of the pivot axis to allow the one or more panels to gravitationally rotate downwardly to the passage closing position.
In the descriptions of exemplary embodiments that follow, the passage closing position is one in which the panel or panels are horizontal. The concept of the invention is not limited to this disposition. Stops for stopping panel lowering may be positioned to stop the downward travel above horizontal and still close a ventilation passage. The described embodiments are only illustrative of examples in which the concepts of the invention may be implemented.
Referring now particularly to
Although an exemplary embodiment as described herein employs a four sided box support 210, some locations may allow use of a support in the shape of a hollow cylinder also having stops 230 proximate a bottom opening of the support, and this form is comprehended within the scope of the invention.
As best seen variously in
Referring variously to
Although an embodiment as described employs a suspension member comprising a beam 242 and straps 244 for supporting equipment described below, the scope of the invention is not limited to such embodiment. A suspension member may be employed other than beam 242 and straps 244, for example a suspension member can be a vertical solid or fenestrated plate. An advantage of the described beam 242 and straps 244 embodiment is a lighter weight imposing a lesser load on flanges 220 than a solid plate, but a fenestrated plate would serve a lighter load advantage as well albeit likely more costly.
Referring particularly to
Hinge mounting member 245 mounts and supports a plurality of hinge members 243. Hinge members 243 each comprise a stationary member 243b, a movable member 243a and a hinge pin 243c that interconnects stationary member 243b and movable member 243a. Stationary member 243b connects to hinge mounting member 245.
A pair of opposing panels 234, 236 each having proximal and distal portions, respectively 234a, 234b and 236a, 236b, are connected at proximal portions 234a, 236a by moveable hinge members 243a to stationary hinge members 243b and thereby to hinge mounting member 245 and from hinge mounting member 245 via straps 244a, 244b, 244c, 244d to beam 242. The connection of moveable hinge members 243a to the proximal portions 234a, 236a of panels 234, 236 on hinge pins 243c forms respective pivot axes of panels 234, 236 for vertical rotation of panels 234, 236. Panels 234, 236 rotate in directions opposite each other from or to an upright home position under beam 242. Rotation of the panels upwardly (one clockwise, the other counterclockwise) is effected manually by human action raising each panel so the panels 234, 236 pass over a center point of the pivot axis, in the embodiment, over the center point of hinge pins 243c, to an upright inwardly leaning over-the-center home position. In the depicted exemplary embodiments in
Each panel has a profile that closes the passage when the panels gravitationally rotate to the passage closing position. The distal portions of the panels have rounded corners 219 with a radius of curvature substantially the same as the radius of curvature of the sidewall corners 229a, 229b, 229c and 229d they sweep when rotating to the passage closing position. The panels include peripheral distal and lateral seals 221, 222 for sealing the passage in the passage closing position, seals 221a, 222a for panel 234 and seals 221b, 222b for panel 236. A gasket seal 223 (223a for panel 234, 223b for panel 236) spans the proximal ends of bases of panels 234, 236 below pin 243c and seals bottom opening 228 at the proximal ends of panels 234, 236 when the panels are in the passage closing position.
Panels 234, 236 are provided with structure to raise the panels manually to home position 213. Each panel 234, 236 has a handle 259, 259′ on its top side remote from the pivot axes of pins 243c of the hinge members 243 to which the proximate ends 234a, 236a of the panels 234, 236 are connected. A tool such as hooking tool can be used by an operator and inserted through a grate over box 210 to grasp handle 259, 259′ to lift panel 234, 236.
At least one of the panels, such as panel 236 as seen in
As depicted in
Having described illustrative examples of embodiments that incorporate concepts of the invention, those skilled in the art will be able to use these concepts as guided by these embodiments, and may form alternative variations that nonetheless embrace the concepts herein disclosed and still be within the scope of my invention as claimed in the claims that follow.
This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/411,344 filed Oct. 21, 2016, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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| 62411344 | Oct 2016 | US |
