Not applicable.
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to an equalization valve for use in a downhole tool assembly, the valve being useful for the equalization of fluid pressures about the valve.
At various stages during the lifetime of a well, the wellbore will require that a particular operation requiring treatment by fluids, such as for example fracturing, cleaning or stimulation be performed. In performing a wellbore treatment or operation it is often desirable to deliver a fluid treatment to a particular wellbore region rather than to the entire wellbore. To this end, it is well known to use a downhole tool fit with one or more packers to selectively and sealingly engage a wellbore or a casing and isolate the region of the wellbore that is to be treated. The downhole tool is conveyed into and out of the well on a work string, such as coiled tubing.
A number of different types of packers are known (bridge plugs, friction cups, inflatable packers, and straddle packers) and they can be used to isolate a section of the wellbore below the packer or between a pair of packers, depending on the treatment operation to be performed.
Packers, by design, are a barrier to fluid movement, and yet the downhole tools bearing packers are intended to be moved up and down along the wellbore during run-in and when being pulled out of hole (POOH), and are alternately set and released, all of which occurs in a fluid environment. Thus, without fluid management about the packers or through the downhole tool, the operator can end up swabbing the well with possible detrimental effect to the wellbore or the downhole tool.
The downhole tools bearing packers are exposed to varying conditions during use, and debris accumulation around the tool assembly is also concern. Fluid flow during operations or movement can carry significant amounts of debris that settles over and about the sealing device, or within other portions of the tool assembly. This may result in tool damage, or in the tool assembly becoming lodged within the wellbore.
Further, once a particular treatment operation has been performed, it may be desirable to release the downhole tool and associated packers and move it to another location in the wellbore and set the tool again, or to remove it entirely from the wellbore. Generally, a pressure differential across the packer element will exist after an operation in the wellbore is performed, for example a fracturing operation. Unless dissipated or otherwise released, a fluid head uphole of the downhole tool imposes significant fluid forces on the tool and can maintain the packer in an energized state or hold other aspects of the downhole tool in a set condition, risking damage to the tool, the packers or the wellbore if forcibly moved, or preventing any movement at all.
In order to release the tool, the pressure above and below the packer should be equalized. Once the pressure is equalized, the work string can then be manipulated to unset the packer. Accordingly, equalization across a packer after a treatment or other operation has been performed is desirable to avoid debris-related tool malfunction, jamming or immobility of the tool assembly, and potential loss of the well if the tool assembly cannot be retrieved.
US 2011/0198082 teaches a tool assembly including a multi-function valve deployed on work string. Forward and reverse circulation pathways to an isolated interval of a wellbore allow clearing of debris from the wellbore annulus while the sealing device remains set against the well bore. The valve plug is actuable upon application of force to the work string.
US 2012/0055671 teaches a tool assembly deployed on work string. The tool assembly includes an equalization valve that can be opened or closed to control fluid passage between the coiled tubing and treatment zone to the wellbore below. The valve plug may be actuated from surface by pulling or pushing on the tubing to open or to seal the passageway upon application of mechanical pressure to the work string.
US2013/0133891 teaches an equalization valve having a valve plug movable from an open position to a seated position. The valve has a primary fluid passageway and the valve plug defines a conduit that provides for a minimal fluid flow across a sealing element, when the valve plug is at the seated position. The movement of the valve plug between the open position and the seated position is mediated by application of mechanical force applied to the work string.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,474,419 teaches a packer with an equalizing valve for automatically equalizing the pressure above and below the packer element. The packer comprises an equalization valve that has an open position and a closed position. The equalization valve seals to a closed position to prevent flow through the valve when the packer element is actuated to engage the wellbore. Communication above and below the packer is equalized by setting the valve to an open position, after which the packer can be unset and retrieved from the wellbore.
CA 2,683,432 teaches a pressure equalization valve for a work string comprising an equalization valve that closes when a fluid flow having a rate greater than a threshold actuates a shuttle to close the valve. A fluid flow rate less than the threshold maintains the shuttle biased in the open position to open the valve.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,273 teaches a plunger-type valve for use in a wellbore. The valve is arranged to be actuated by the differential pressure to selectively allow fluid flow to enter and exit the valve in both directions. The valve seat is biased for controlled flow in one direction and the plunger 704 is biased to enable controlled flow in a second direction. Subsequently, the plunger-type valve can be deactivated to selectively allow fluid flow in only one direction.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,141,642 teaches a valve assembly that is configured to selectively control fluid flow into a fill-up and circulation tool and out of the tool. The valve assembly comprises a movable valve head and a movable valve seat. The valve seat is biased for controlled flow in one direction and the valve stem or head is biased to enable controlled flow in a second direction.
What is needed in the art is an equalization valve that can be moved up and down the wellbore and used in varying positions along the wellbore, without having to pull the valve up to the surface to reset it.
In equalization valves that are opened by bleeding pressure off the valve to equalize pressure above and below the valve, it can be difficult to ascertain from the surface whether the valve is in fact open and able to be moved without damaging the packers. Bleeding off is a particular problem in low pressure wells. In some cases the pressure reduction can allow fluid to flow back into the well, which can carry debris that damages the packers when they are moved. Thus, it would be beneficial to avoid using bleeding off as the primary means by which the valve is opened.
It may at times be necessary to flow fluid through the equalization valve in order to clean components of the work string that lie below the valve. Accordingly, valves actuated by fluid flow are at risk of premature actuation. Similarly, flow-induced closure of a valve can also arise when there is a relative movement of fluid through the valve while moving the tool along a fluid-filled wellbore, thus limiting tripping rates between zones.
Described herein is a pressure equalization valve that is used to equalize pressure across a downhole tool. The valve requires actuation by two different mechanisms, and thus provides an added degree of control when the valve is moved within the wellbore and/or used in a treatment or stimulation. The valve has a fluid flow actuation aspect that can be enabled and disabled using manipulation of the relative axial positions of an uphole and a downhole portion of the downhole tool.
In one aspect, described herein is a pressure equalization valve comprising:
In one embodiment the valve shuttle has a fluid inlet in fluid communication with the uphole valve bore, and a flow-diverting fluid outlet in fluid communication with the uphole valve bore, and fluid flow through the shuttle's fluid inlet and fluid outlet urges the shuttle downhole against resistance of the biasing.
In one embodiment the downhole tubular further comprises a means of immobilizing the downhole tubular in a wellbore.
In one embodiment the valve seat is fit at an end of the bore of the downhole tubular.
In one embodiment the downhole tubular moves axially within the bore of the uphole tubular.
In one embodiment the valve-enabled position of the downhole tubular is the uphole-delimited position of the downhole tubular.
In one embodiment the uphole biased position of the shuttle is an uphole-delimited position of the shuttle.
In another aspect described is a pressure equalization valve for a downhole tool, the valve comprising:
In one embodiment fluid flow through the uphole valve bore and into the downhole valve bore urges the shuttle downhole against resistance of the biasing.
In one embodiment the fluid flow through the uphole valve bore comprises the flow of fluid into a fluid inlet of the valve shuttle that is in fluid communication with the uphole valve bore, and out of a fluid outlet that is in fluid communication with the uphole valve bore.
In one embodiment the downhole tubular further comprises a means of immobilizing 5 the downhole tubular in a wellbore.
In one embodiment the valve seat is fit at an end of the bore of the downhole tubular.
In one embodiment the downhole tubular moves axially within the bore of the uphole tubular.
In one embodiment the valve-enabled position of the downhole tubular is an uphole-delimited position of the downhole tubular.
In one embodiment the valve-disabled position of the downhole tubular is a downhole-delimited position of the downhole tubular.
In one embodiment the uphole biased position of the shuttle is an uphole-delimited position of the shuttle.
The downhole tool comprises an uphole tubular portion connected to the work string manipulated from surface and a downhole tubular portion releasably anchorable in the wellbore. The valve spans the uphole and downhole tubulars and telescopic manipulation therebetween either enables or disables the valve. A valve shuttle and ball are supported in the uphole tubular and a valve seat is supported in the downhole tubular. When in an “enabled configuration”, the shuttle is actuable at a threshold fluid flow rate against biasing to close the valve. When in a “disabled configuration”, the valve remains open regardless of fluid flow rate.
In order to close the valve two different events occur: (a) the downhole tubular is anchored in the wellbore and sets the position of the valve's valve seat, the uphole tubular being manipulated to place the valve shuttle's ball within the operable travel range of the valve seat, the valve being in an enabled configuration, and (b) the rate of fluid flow through the valve is manipulated to be greater than a threshold rate, to overcome the biasing and actuate the valve ball towards the valve seat. When the downhole tubular is not immobilized through anchoring in the well bore, the valve cannot be closed even if the rate of fluid flow through the valve exceeds the threshold rate, as the pressure from fluid flow through the valve will force the seat away from the range of travel of the valve shuttle and ball. Therefore, even if the rate of fluid flow through the valve exceeds the threshold rate, the valve will not close. This scenario is applied, for example, if it is desired to direct fluid downhole of the valve such as to wash therebelow or to clean up any internal components of the downhole tool. Further, the tool can be pulled out of hole at high tripping rates, resulting in high displaced fluid downhole therethrough, because there is no concern that the rate of fluid flow will close the valve.
After closing the valve, and performing a wellbore operation such as a fracing operation, the equalization valve can be opened such as, in one embodiment, by bleeding down pressure from above the valve to release hydro-static pressure that otherwise holds the valve closed. Optionally, the equalization valve can be opened by mechanical force, that is, by pulling up on the work string and uphole tubular for disabling the valve (see
The bore of pressure equalization valve 10 is in fluid communication with the bore running through the work string 100. When the equalization valve is in an “open (or equalization) configuration” fluid can flow through the valve, thus pressure above and below the bottom cups 106 is equal. When the valve is in a “closed (or treatment) configuration” fluid cannot pass through the valve and any injected fluid exits the work string above the equalization valve, for example via ports 118 above the bottom cups 106. An open configuration is used, for example, when running in or pulling out of hole and a closed configuration is used, for example, when performing fluid treatment such as hydraulic fracturing. Herein, the fluid treatment is described in terms of hydraulic fracturing, in which fluid at high pressure is discharged through the slotted treatment sub 102. Other treatments as introduced above are equally applicable.
The pressure equalization valve 10 is shown on work string 100 in
A first configuration is achieved when the downhole tubular is maximally spaced from the uphole tubular a distance 60, between shoulder/stop 15 of the downhole tubular and shoulder/stop 13 of the uphole tubular 12. In this first configuration the downhole tubular is at its downhole-delimited position. Contact between an internal stop 54 and shoulder 56 between the uphole and downhole tubulars respectively (see
A second configuration is achieved when the downhole tubular is minimally spaced from the uphole tubular, such that shoulder 15 of the downhole tubular 14 contacts shoulder 13 of the uphole tubular 12. In this second configuration the downhole tubular is at its uphole-delimited position. Contact of shoulders 15 and 13 sets the “uphole-delimited” position of the downhole tubular (shown also in
The tubulars 12, 14 are actuated to move axially toward or away from one another by mechanical force. More particularly, when running in hole, friction and drag on the downhole tubular move it axially towards the uphole tubular, towards its uphole-delimited position. When pulling out of hole, friction and drag on the downhole tubular move it away from the uphole tubular, increasing the distance therebetween to maximum distance 60.
When the downhole tool is located and a fluid treatment operation is to be performed, the downhole tubular may be anchored within the wellbore using the set down J-slot slip and drag block assembly 108, which causes the slips 112 to engage the cone 110 and therefore to be disposed radially outwards to contact the casing. Once anchored, the downhole tubular does not move axially along the well bore.
The valve comprises a valve shuttle 18 fit with valve ball 20, and a valve seat 22. The valve shuttle 18 is disposed within the bore of the uphole tubular 12, and is axially movable therealong between two positions: (a) a position in which the valve shuttle is maximally biased uphole, referred to herein as the “uphole-delimited” position of the shuttle (see
The valve shuttle 18 is actuable by fluid flow therethrough for axial downhole movement. The rate of fluid flow through the shuttle determines whether the valve shuttle is near or at its uphole- or downhole-delimited position. More particularly, a downhole rate of fluid flow that is below a threshold value, including no flow or uphole flow, is insufficient to overcome the biasing of the valve shuttle, and the valve shuttle will be at its uphole-delimited position. A rate of fluid flow that is greater than a threshold value will overcome the biasing and the valve shuttle will move to or towards its downhole-delimited position.
At a distal (downhole) end of the valve shuttle 18 is a valve ball 20 which can sealably interact with valve seat 22 at the proximal (uphole) end of the downhole tubular 14. When the ball 20 is not seated in the seat 22, a contiguous axial bore is formed between the uphole and downhole tubulars 12 and 14, and a fluid can flow between the bore of the uphole tubular and the bore of the downhole tubular (referred to herein as the open, or equalization, configuration of the valve). When the ball 20 is seated in the seat 22, the fluid can no longer flow between the bore of the uphole tubular and the bore of the downhole tubular (referred to herein as the closed, or treatment, configuration of the valve).
In the equalization valve described herein, when the downhole tubular is at its downhole delimited position a sealing interaction between the ball 20 and seat 22 cannot be achieved, regardless of the position of the valve shuttle (which positions the valve ball). Likewise, when the valve shuttle is at its uphole-delimited position a sealing interaction between the ball 20 and seat 22 cannot be achieved, regardless of the position of the downhole tubular (which positions the valve seat). Thus, in both scenarios, fluid can flow between the bore of the uphole tubular and the bore of the downhole tubular, that is, the valve is in an open configuration. It is only when the downhole tubular and the valve shuttle move away from their respective downhole- and uphole-delimited positions that a sealing interaction may be achieved, as described more fully below. If a sealing interaction occurs, a fluid will not be able to flow from the bore of the uphole tubular into the bore of the downhole tubular, that is, the valve will be in a closed configuration.
As described more fully below, the present equalization valve includes:
When the work string is being pulled out of hole, the downhole tubular is near or at its downhole-delimited position. The valve shuttle is at its uphole-delimited position if the rate of fluid flow is below a threshold, or it is moved to or towards its downhole-delimited position if the rate of fluid flow is above a threshold. But, because the downhole tubular is near or at its downhole-delimited position, the equalization valve cannot be closed when being pulled out of hole, regardless of the rate of fluid flow.
When being run in hole the downhole tubular is near or at its uphole-delimited position. But, fluid flow through the valve maintains the valve shuttle at its uphole-delimited position and therefore the equalization valve cannot be closed when being run in hole. If fluid is added while running in hole, a rate of fluid flow that overcomes the biasing of the valve shuttle will also move the downhole tubular away from the uphole tubular, therefore the valve cannot be closed.
It is to be noted that once the equalization valve has been closed, a reduction in the rate of fluid flow will not result in movement of the valve ball 20 away from valve seat 22 and a subsequent opening of the equalization valve. A hydraulic head of fluid trapped above the valve places a large closing force on the ball against the seat, maintaining the ball in a closed position. Opening of the valve may be achieved either by pulling up on the valve shuttle, which forces the ball 20 off the seat 22, or by bleeding off the pressure above the valve to enable the ball to bias uphole off of the seat.
When pulling out of hole therefore, fluid (shown by arrows) flows down bore 26 of the uphole tubular 12, into the uphole shuttle bore 27 of the valve shuttle 18, through ports 28 in the valve shuttle 18, and into the downhole valve bore 30 of downhole tubular 14.
When running in hole therefore, fluid (shown by arrows) flows up bore 30 of the downhole tubular 14, through ports 28 into uphole shuttle bore 27, and then into bore 26 of the uphole tubular 12.
If for some reason the rate of fluid flow were to exceed threshold while running in hole, or before the slips 112 were set, the valve could not be closed. The pressure from a rate of fluid flow that is sufficient to cause the valve shuttle to move to or towards its downhole-delimited position will cause the downhole tubular to move away from the uphole tubular.
Injected fluid therefore (shown by arrows) flows down bore 26 of the uphole tubular, into uphole shuttle bore 27, and through ports 28. However, the flow of injected fluid into downhole valve bore 30 is prevented by the seating of valve ball 20 in valve seat 22. Since the fluid flow into the downhole valve bore 30 is blocked, the fluid exits the work string 100 uphole of the equalization valve, for example at ports 118.
In this embodiment, uphole tubular 12 comprises a shuttle housing 32, which includes an axial bore within which is disposed valve shuttle 18, which is axially moveable therein. As shown in
In this embodiment, shuttle housing 32 further defines a lower shoulder 36 extending radially inward that defines a stop position for valve shuttle 18 when the shoulder is engaged by stop 38 which extends radially outward from the valve shuttle. Housing 32 further accommodates an adapter 40 that extends radially outward to form an upper shoulder 42 that defines an uphole and stop position for valve shuttle 18, when the shoulder is engaged by stop 38 on the valve shuttle. Thus in this embodiment valve shuttle 18 can move between the lower surface of stop 38 and the upper surface of shoulder 36, and thus the maximum distance that valve ball 20 can move, within the shuttle housing, is distance 44.
In this embodiment valve shuttle 18 further comprises a shoulder 46 that extends radially outward and that together with the upper surface of adapter 40 defines a space 48 within which is disposed a biasing member 50, such as a spring. The spring may be of any spring constant desired, and preloaded to provide a range of thresholds at which the valve shuttle will begin its movement when flow rate is applied. Biasing member 50 biases shuttle 18 uphole until stop 38 engages upper shoulder 42 (see
In this embodiment valve shuttle 18 further comprises nozzle 52 at its uphole (proximal) end, the purpose of which is to provide a flow restriction. As fluid passes through nozzle 52, the fluid friction imparts a force on the valve shuttle. In one embodiment, the nozzle 52 is made of a hard (ceramic) material to resist abrasion (which would change the ID of the nozzle) and maintain a consistent threshold flow rate.
In this embodiment, downhole tubular 14 comprises valve seat 22 fit within an axial bore 30 of the downhole tubular at the proximal (uphole) end of the bore. The valve seat delineates an uphole valve bore including housing bore 34 and shuttle bore 27, from downhole valve bore 30. In this embodiment the downhole tubular 14 further comprises a stop 54 which extends radially outward and which engages a shoulder 56 at the end of an adapter 58 disposed at the distal (downhole) end of upper tubular 12. Engagement of stop 54 and shoulder 56 prevents downhole tubular 14 from being pulled out of the bore of the shuttle housing (the downhole-delimited position of the downhole tubular).
In this embodiment, when stop 54 and shoulder 56 are engaged, the uphole and downhole tubulars are spaced maximally apart. Movement of the downhole tubular 14 towards the uphole tubular 12 stops when its proximal shoulder 15 contacts the distal shoulder 13 of the uphole tubular (the uphole-delimited position of the downhole tubular). Thus, the positions of shoulder 56 and shoulder 13 define the maximum distance 60 that valve seat 22 can move.
The downhole tubular further comprises a means for immobilizing the downhole tubular in the wellbore. In the embodiments described herein the means comprises a cone 110 disposed about the periphery of the downhole tubular that engages one or more slips 112 that in turn engage the casing of the wellbore and immobilize the downhole tubular. The slips are actuated by the set down J-slot slip and drag assembly.
This is further shown in
Likewise, to avoid closure of the valve when the flow rate is not greater than the threshold rate, the distance 60 that the downhole tubular/valve seat can travel cannot be more than a distance that will maintain a gap 66 that ensures that there is always flow through the valve (
The maximum axial distance that valve ball 20 can be moved, distance 44, may therefore be determined by the minimum distance 64 between valve ball 20 and valve seat 22 that will provide a flow passage that is large enough to support the required fluid flow through the equalization valve when it is being pulled out of hole. Likewise, the maximum axial distance that the valve seat can be moved, distance 60, may be determined by the minimum distance 66 between valve ball 20 and valve seat 22 that will provide a flow passage that is large enough to support the required fluid flow through the equalization valve when it is being run in hole. These distances need not be the same.
It is to be further noted, having reference to
Likewise, if the valve ball is moved to any position within the gap distance 66, that is, if the valve ball is moved to a position that is outside of the travel distance 60 of the valve seat, the equalization valve will not be able to close. Therefore, an “uphole-biased” position of valve shuttle may be defined as a position wherein the valve shuttle is at its uphole-delimited position, or at any position that is outside of the travel distance 60 of the downhole tubular.
Thus, when the downhole tubular in a valve-enabled position, and
When the downhole tubular is at its valve-disabled position, the valve ball 20 cannot sealingly engage valve seat 22 regardless of whether the fluid flow rate is greater than or less than a threshold rate, and thus fluid can flow between the uphole valve bore and the downhole valve bore (
When the rate of fluid flow is sufficient to cause a sealing engagement between the valve ball 20 and seat 22, a reduction in the rate of fluid flow will not result in movement of the valve ball 20 away from valve seat 22 and a subsequent opening of the equalization valve. Thus, once it is in a closed configuration, the valve will not return to an open configuration simply because the flow rate has been decreased to below the threshold. Breaking the seal can be achieved by either:
Because fluid flow is below threshold, biasing returns valve shuttle 18 to an uphole-biased position until stop 38 engages shoulder 42. At the same time, or subsequently, stop 54 of downhole tubular engages shoulder 56 on the uphole tubular, to limit the uphole movement of the valve housing.
In one embodiment, a flow rate of more than 200 L/min is the threshold flow rate that will overcome the biasing of the valve shuttle 18. If the downhole tubular is also in its valve-enabled position and immobilized in the wellbore (e.g., by setting the slips), the equalization valve will close. Reducing the flow rate to less than 200 L/min does not open the valve.
If the downhole tubular is not immobilized in the wellbore, the equalization valve will not be able to close even if the flow rate is greater than the threshold rate, which in one embodiment is 200 L/min.
The uphole tubular 12 may be sealably connected to the downhole tubular 14.
The insertion and removal of the valve and work string into a wellbore will now be described in further detail.
When the work string 100 is run in hole (
If there is fluid injection at a rate sufficient to bias valve shuttle to a flow-extended position, the equalization valve will not close because slips 112 have not fully engaged cone 110 and therefore the wellbore casing. The pressure from the flow of fluid that is needed to overcome the biasing of valve shuttle will force the downhole tubular away from the uphole tubular. Thus, the equalization valve remains in an open configuration because even though there is sufficient fluid flow to bias the valve shuttle towards valve seat, the downhole tubular does not remain in its valve-enabled position.
When desired to perform a treatment operation that requires the valve to be in a closed configuration (
Before work string 100 is pulled out of hole, it is preferable to equalize pressure above and below the valve. This may be accomplished in one of two ways. The operator can pull up on the work string, which will force the valve ball away from valve seat, thus opening the equalization valve. Or, the pressure above the valve may be bled off and biasing will then cause valve shuttle to move uphole, which will unseat valve ball.
When the work string is being pulled out of hole (
While the equalization valve has been described in conjunction with the disclosed embodiments and examples which are set forth in detail, it should be understood that this is by illustration only and the equalization valve is not intended to be limited to these embodiments and examples. On the contrary, this disclosure is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents which will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure.
The present application is a National Phase entry of, and claims priority to, PCT Application No. PCT/CA2015/050259, filed Mar. 31, 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/CA2015/050259 | 3/31/2015 | WO | 00 |