Patent Application
20160129395
The present invention relates to a flue gas treatment system and to a flue gas treatment method, and more specifically, relates to a flue gas treatment system and a flue gas treatment method for treating combustion flue gases including sulfur trioxide generated in coal-fired power generation plants or low-grade fuel-fired power generation plants.
In recent years, a flue gas treatment system and a flue gas treatment method that treat combustion flue gases combusted in various types of furnaces for power generation plants such as coal-fired power generation plants and low-grade fuel-fired power generation plants have been strongly desired in order to prevent air pollution. Such flue gases contain nitrogen oxides (NOx) and a large amount of sulfur oxides (SOx), and in order to treat them, a denitration apparatus, a precipitator, a desulfurization apparatus, and the like are installed in plants. However, among SOx, sulfur trioxides (SO3) are corrosive and are a factor that inhibits stable operation and long-term operation of power generation plants.
For a method of treating such SO3, a method has been known in which ammonium (NH3) is charged to a combustion flue gas as a reductant, then the combustion flue gas is brought into contact with a denitration catalyst constituted by ruthenium (Ru) carried on titania (TiO2), and thereby NOx is reduced and generation of SO3 in combustion flue gases is prevented by a reaction expressed by the following expression (1) (Patent Literature 1). In addition, another method has been known, in which the reduction ratio of SO3 is improved by using such a denitration catalyst produced in a form in which Ru is carried on a carrier constituted by two of titania, silica (SiO2), and tungsten oxide (WO3) and the remaining one is coated as a base material (Patent Literature 2).
[Chemical Formula 1]
SO3+2NH3+O2→SO2+N2+3H2O (1)
However, even in the exemplary cases recited in Patent Literatures 1 and 2, the oxidation reaction expressed by the following expression (2) predominantly progresses during treatment of combustion flue gases, and therefore the concentration of SO3 may increase. In addition, failures may thus occur within the system, and it is necessary to stop the operation of the plant every time such a failure occurs, and therefore, stable operation, long-term operation, and the like of the plant may be affected.
[Chemical Formula 2]
SO2+½O2→SO3 (2)
[Patent Literature 1] JP 3495591
[Patent Literature 2] JP 4813830
Under these circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a flue gas treatment system and a flue gas treatment method that reduces treatment costs, reduces NOx contained in a combustion flue gas in an oxygen atmosphere, and reduces the concentration of SO3 compared to that available conventionally, and thus, enables stable long-term operation of a plant.
In order to achieve the above-described object, according to an aspect of the present invention, a flue gas treatment system is a flue gas treatment system which removes NOx and SO3 in a combustion flue gas that includes NOx and SO3, and the system includes a denitration and SO3 reduction apparatus configured to denitrate the combustion flue gas and reduce SO3 into SO2 by adding NH3 that is a first additive and a second additive including one or more selected from the group consisting of an olefinic hydrocarbon expressed by a general formula: Cn,H2n (n is an integer of 2 to 4) and a paraffinic hydrocarbon expressed by a general formula: CmH2m+2 (m is an integer of 2 to 4) to the combustion flue gas before bringing the combustion flue gas into contact with a catalyst. Note that in descriptions given herein and in the claims, the term “and/or” is used, in conformity with JIS Z 8301, to collectively express a combination of two terms used in parallel to each other and either one of the two terms, i.e., to collectively express the three possible meanings that can be expressed by the two terms.
In addition, the second additive may be an olefinic hydrocarbon having an allyl structure, and C3H6 is preferable as the olefinic hydrocarbon.
In addition, it is preferable that the load of the C3H6 be 0.1 to 2.0 by molar ratio of C3H6/SO3.
The catalyst may include an oxide, a mixed oxide, or a complex oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, TiO2—SiO2, TiO2—ZrO2, and TiO2—CeO2 as a carrier. It is preferable that SiO2 in the TiO2—SiO2 complex oxide be contained within a range of 5% to 60% by a percentage ratio of
SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2).
According to another aspect of the present invention, the flue gas treatment system may further include an air preheater arranged on a back stream side of the denitration and SO3 reduction apparatus and configured to recover heat from the combustion flue gas; an electric precipitator arranged on a back stream side of the air preheater and configured to collect dust from the combustion flue gas; and a denitration apparatus arranged on a back stream side of the electric precipitator and configured to absorb and remove SO2 remaining in the combustion flue gas or obtained by reducing SO3 by bringing the SO2 into contact with slurry formed from calcium carbonate.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, in the flue gas treatment system, the combustion flue gas may be a flue gas from a low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant, and the system may further include a third addition device arranged on a front stream side of the electric precipitator and configured to further add NH3 and/or CaCO3 to the combustion flue gas including SO3 remaining therein as a third additive.
Further, according to yet another aspect of the present invention, the present invention is a flue gas treatment method. The flue gas treatment method according to yet another aspect of the present invention is a flue gas treatment method for removing NOx and SO3 in a combustion flue gas including NOx and SO3, and the method includes a denitration and SO3 reduction step of denitrating the combustion flue gas and reducing SO3 into SO2, in which NH3 that is a first additive and a second additive including one or more selected from the group consisting of an olefinic hydrocarbon expressed by a general formula: CnH2n (n is an integer of 2 to 4) and a paraffinic hydrocarbon expressed by a general formula: CmH2m+2 (m is an integer of 2 to 4) are added to the combustion flue gas before bringing the combustion flue gas into contact with a catalyst.
According to the present invention, a flue gas treatment system and a flue gas treatment method are provided, which enable the stable long-term operation of a plant by reducing NOx in a combustion flue gas and reducing the concentration of SO3 more compared with that conventionally available.
The flue gas treatment system and the flue gas treatment method according to the present invention will be described below with reference to embodiments shown in attached drawings. A flue gas combusted in a furnace of a boiler in an oxygen atmosphere such as a presence of oxygen will be referred to as a “combustion flue gas”. The stream of gas is herein referred to as a “front stream” or “back stream” in relation to the direction of flow of a combustion flue gas.
A first embodiment of the flue gas treatment system according to the present invention will be described with reference to
The boiler 2 combusts an externally fed boiler fuel in a furnace and feeds combustion flue gases generated by the combustion to the denitration apparatus 4. The flue gas generated by combustion at least includes SO3 generated by oxidation of SO2.
The first addition device 3a is an injection pipe installed on a front stream side of the denitration apparatus 4 and injects ammonia (NH3), which is a first additive, into the combustion flue gas. The first addition device 3a injects ammonia to denitrate nitrogen oxides in a flue gas by selective catalytic reduction.
The second addition device 3b is an injection pipe installed closely to the first addition device 3a on a front stream side of the denitration apparatus 4 and injects a second additive into the flue gas. The second addition device 3b collaborates with the denitration apparatus 4 to reduce SO3 in the combustion flue gas into SO2 and reduce the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas. In addition to the form of injection pipes, a plurality of spray nozzles can be used as the form of the first and the second addition devices 3a and 3b, and a plurality of nozzles arranged along the direction of flow of the combustion flue gas is suitable. The second addition device 3b herein, and in the claims, is also referred to as an “SO3 reductant injection device”.
The second additive injected from the second addition device 3b is an SO3 reductant which primarily SO3 can be reduced into SO2, and is one or more selected from the group consisting of olefinic hydrocarbons (unsaturated hydrocarbons) expressed by general formula: CnH2n (n is an integer of 2 to 4) and paraffinic hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons) expressed by general formula CmH2m+2 (m is an integer of 2 to 4). The hydrocarbons may be used alone or in a combination of one or more when necessary. For the second additive, one or more selected from the group consisting of propane (C3H8), ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butene (C4H8) are preferable; one or more selected from the group consisting of the group consisting of C3H6 and C4H8 are more preferable; and one or more selected from the group consisting of C3H6, which is a hydrocarbon compound with an aryl structure (CH2═CH—CH2—), 2-butene such as cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, and isobutene (iso-C4H8) are yet more preferable, and C3H6 is particularly preferable. With this configuration, SO3 can be reduced into SO2 in an oxygen atmosphere and thus the concentration of SO3 in a combustion flue gas can be reduced.
If C3H6 is used as the second additive, it is preferable that the load of the second additive be 0.1 to 2.0 by molar ratio of C3H6/SO3. If the molar ratio of the second additive is less than 0.1, the oxidation of SO2 may become predominant and thus SO3 may abruptly increase, and in contrast, if the molar ratio of the second additive is more than 2.0, then a large amount of unreacted excessive C3H6 may be discharged. By controlling the amount of the second additive in the above-described range, the performance of eliminating SO3 in the combustion flue gas can be improved. Note that the effect of removing SO3 can be obtained outside the range specified above.
The denitration apparatus 4 is arranged on a back stream side of the first and the second addition devices 3a and 3b, and a known selective catalytic reduction (SCR) apparatus installed in existing plants can be employed. The denitration apparatus 4 includes a denitration catalyst and brings a combustion flue gas including the first additive into contact with the denitration catalyst. After the contact with the denitration catalyst, NOX such as NO and NO2 in the combustion flue gas are decomposed into nitrogen and steam to be denitrated by reactions expressed by the following expressions (3) to (5). If a denitration catalyst including a denitration active component such as vanadium oxide (V2O5) is used as the denitration apparatus 4, the efficiency of denitration becomes high but oxidation of SO2 may progress.
[Chemical Formula 3]
NO+NH3+ 1/402→N2+ 3/2H2O (3)
NO2+2NH3+½O2→ 3/2N2+3H2O (4)
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O (5)
In addition, the denitration apparatus 4 according to the present embodiment reduces SO3 in the combustion flue gas into SO2 by collaboration with the second addition device 3b and thus reduces the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas by reactions expressed by the following expressions (6) to (11).
[Chemical Formula 4]
SO3+CH3OH+¾O2→SO2+½CO+½CO2+2H2O (6)
SO3+C2H5OH+ 5/42O2→SO2+CO+CO2+⅖H2O (7)
SO3+C2H4+ 5/2O2→SO2+CO+CO2+2H2O (8)
SO3+ 3/2C3H6+4⅛3O2→SO2+ 9/4CO+ 9/4CO2+6H2O (9)
SO3+ 3/2C3H8+6⅜O2→SO2+ 9/4CO+ 9/4CO2+6H2O (10)
SO3+ 3/2C4H8+1 3/2O2→SO2+3CO+3CO2+6H2O (11)
The denitration apparatus 4 includes, in its inside, a catalyst structure constituted by one or more catalysts combined together in a plurality of layers. In the present embodiment, the number of catalyst layers in the denitration apparatus 4 can be increased and the catalyst can be regenerated for the denitration apparatus 4. By increasing the number of the catalyst layers and by carrying out regeneration of the catalysts, the rate of oxidation of SO2 in the denitration apparatus increases, and thus the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas increases. However, in the present embodiment, the decrease of the amount of reduction of SO3 can be greater than the increase of the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas. Accordingly, even if the number of the catalyst layers is increased and the catalysts are regenerated, the concentration of SO3 can be reduced.
The catalyst is a catalyst in which the active component is carried on a carrier which is an oxide, a mixed oxide, and/or a composite oxide. More specifically, examples of the carrier include an oxide of one or more of elements selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), and cerium (Ce) and/or a mixed oxide and/or a composite oxide of two or more of elements selected from the above group. Among them, it is preferable that the carrier be an oxide or a mixed oxide or a composite oxide selected from the group consisting of TiO2, TiO2—SiO2, TiO2—ZrO2, and TiO2—CeO2, and it is more preferable that the carrier be a composite oxide of TiO2 or TiO2-SiO2.
It is preferable that SiO2 in the TiO2—SiO2 complex oxide be 5% to 60%, more preferably 12% to 21%, by a percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2). By controlling the amount of SiO2 in a TiO2—SiO2 complex oxide in the above-described range, oxidation of SO2 can be suppressed and the effect of the second additive for reducing SO3 into SO2 can be improved even at the same amount of the carried active component. If the above ratio is 5% or less, the effect of suppressing oxidation of SO2 may not be achieved. Note that herein, and in the claims, the term “percentage ratio” refers to a ratio of the weight of SiO2 versus 100 for the total weight (wt.) of TiO2 and SiO2, and the term “weight” can be substituted by a term “mass”.
The catalyst can be a honeycomb structure body. However, the shape of the catalyst is not limited to this, and examples of the shape of the catalyst include a spherical shape, a cylindrical shape, a powder body, a porous flat plate body, and the like. The complex oxide can be prepared by a process in which an alkoxide compound a chloride, a sulfate, or an acetate of the above-described elements is mixed, then the resulting mixture is further mixed with water and then stirred in the form of an aqueous solution or sol for hydrolysis. The complex oxide may also be prepared by a known coprecipitation process instead of the above-described sol-gel process.
The active component is a metal oxide of one or more selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide (V2O5), tungsten oxide (WO3), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), and cobalt oxide (CO3O4). With this configuration, an active metal carried by the catalyst acts as an active site, and thus increase of SO3 in the combustion flue gas can be prevented in an oxygen atmosphere without using expensive metals such as ruthenium (Ru) and the denitration of NOx such as NO2 can be efficiently performed in an oxygen atmosphere. It is preferable that the active component, among these metal oxides, be one or more selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide (V2O5), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), and tungsten oxide (WO3).
It is preferable that a catalytic reaction by the denitration apparatus 4 be carried out within a temperature range of 250° C. to 450° C., more preferably 300° C. to 400° C. If the temperature is 300° C. or less, the performance of the catalyst may degrade due to degradation of the catalyst in the denitration apparatus 4, and in contrast, if the temperature exceeds 400° C., the second additive may be self-degraded and thus poor reduction of SO3 may occur.
Note that the catalyst can be produced by applying a method known per se as a method basically used in producing a denitration catalyst. In addition, the concentration of SO3 in a combustion flue gas can be reduced by reducing SO3 to SO2. Accordingly, a configuration may be employed in which the denitration activity the catalyst itself and the rate of oxidation of SO2 are increased and the catalyst amount is reduced in accordance with the level of reduction of SO3.
The air preheater 5 is arranged on a back stream side of the denitration apparatus 4, and an air preheater (AH) installed in an existing plant can be employed. The air preheater 5 is provided with a heat transfer element for introducing combustion air into the boiler 2, and recovers the heat from the combustion flue gas by heat exchange between the combustion flue gas and the combustion air by using the heat transfer element. By performing the heat recovery, the temperature of the combustion flue gas is lowered to a predetermined temperature and the temperature of the combustion air is increased, and thus the efficiency of combustion in the boiler is improved. In the present embodiment, the concentration of SO3 flowing into the air preheater 5 has been decreased. With this configuration, the SO3 in the combustion flue gas is converted into gaseous or mist-like concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by a reaction with H2O as expressed by the following expression (12), and thus corrosion of metallic members and increase of the amount of accumulated ash, which may occur due to such corrosion, can be suppressed.
[Chemical Formula 5]
SO3+H2O→H2SO4 (12)
Further, if SO3 exists in the flue gas in the air preheater 5 at a high concentration, a part of the SO3 may be condensed due to the metal members provided inside the air preheater 5, which may promote corrosion of the metal members and the like and accumulation of ash. As a result, conventionally, the pressure drop inside the air preheater 5 may increase, and it is necessary to stop the operation of the plant for maintenance operations such as washing with water. According to the present embodiment, SO3 in the flue gas which flows into the air preheater 5 is reduced, thus the concentration of SO3 is decreased, and therefore the problems described above can be suppressed and stable and long-term operation of the plant is thus enabled. In addition, the air preheater 5 can optionally include a thermometer (not shown). If this configuration is employed, the metal temperature of the metallic members and the moisture content in the combustion flue gas are estimated and the pressure drop in the air preheater 5 and the concentration of SO3 for enabling the stable operation are calculated, and according to result of the estimation and calculation, the amount of the second additive to be fed can be controlled so that the concentration of SO3 is to be controlled at a threshold value or less, for example. With this configuration, the amount of the second additive can be reduced, and thus the running costs can be reduced.
The precipitator 6 is arranged on a back stream side of the air preheater 5, and an electric precipitator (EP) or a bag filter installed in an existing plant can be employed. The precipitator 6 collects dust in the combustion flue gas by using an electric precipitation machine, bag filter, or the like. In the present embodiment, the concentration of SO3 which flows into the precipitator 6 has decreased. Accordingly, corrosion of the precipitator 6 and the piping system thereof, adhesion of dust to electrodes, and poor charging and clogging by ash, which may occur due to the dust adhered to the electrodes, can be prevented. Accordingly, the precipitator 6 can be continuously operated, and thus the stable and long-term operation of the plant is enabled. In addition, installation of a wet type EP, which is installed if the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas is high, would not be required.
The heat recovery/reheating device 7a is arranged on a front stream or on a back stream of the precipitator 6, and is a heat recovery device of a gas-gas-heater (GGH) installed in an existing plant. The heat recovery/reheating device 7a recovers heat from the combustion flue gas and cools the combustion flue gas by heat exchange. The heat recovery/reheating device 7a includes metal members such as a heat exchanger (not shown). In the present embodiment, because the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas which flows into heat recovery/reheater 7a has been decreased, corrosion of metal members such as a heat exchanger arranged inside the heat recovery/reheating device can be suppressed and adhesion and accumulation of lime ash in the heat recovery/reheating device can also be suppressed.
The desulfurization apparatus 8 is arranged on a back stream side of the precipitator 6 and the heat recovery/reheater 7a, and is a flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) apparatus installed in an existing plant. The desulfurization apparatus 8 brings SO2 remaining in the combustion flue gas or reduced SO2 into contact with lime slurry formed by suspending limestone (calcium carbonate: CaCO3) in water to absorb and remove the SO2 by a reaction expressed by the following expression (13). In addition, the desulfurization apparatus 8 oxidizes the lime slurry that has absorbed SO2 with air supplied through an air supply line (not shown) to form plaster slurry (CaSO4/2H2O) and collects and removes SO2 in the form of plaster.
[Chemical Formula 6]
SO2+CaCO3+½H2O→CaSO3·½H2O+CO2 (13)
CaSO2·½H2O+½O2+ 3/2H2O→CaSO4·2H2O (14)
The heat recovery/reheating device 7b is arranged on a back stream side of the desulfurization apparatus 8, and is a reheater of a gas-gas-heater installed in an existing plant. The heat recovery/reheating device 7b reheats the combustion flue gas on a front stream side of the stack 9 with the heat recovered by the heat recovery/reheating device 7a. The heat recovery/reheating device 7b includes metal members such as a heat exchanger (not shown). In the present embodiment, the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas which flows into heat recovery/reheater 7b has decreased. Accordingly, corrosion of metal members such as a heat exchanger arranged inside the heat recovery/reheating device 7b can be suppressed and adhesion and accumulation of lime ash in the heat recovery/reheating device can also be suppressed.
From the stack 9, treated combustion flue gas is discharged by using fans (not shown). The stack 9 is installed in an inside or an outside of the precipitator 6, and can have a configuration for discharging the treated combustion flue gas. In the present embodiment, the flue gas which flows into the stack 9 includes substantially no SO3. Accordingly, SO3 does not enter the stack 9, and thus emission of blue smoke can be prevented.
A first embodiment of the flue gas treatment method according to the present invention will be described with reference to its mode of operation of the first embodiment of the flue gas treatment system having the above-described configuration.
The flue gas treatment method according to the present embodiment is a flue gas treatment method of removing NOX and SO3 in a flue gas in a coal-fired power generation plant, and at least includes a denitration and SO3 reduction process, an air preheating process, a heat recovery and reheating process, a desulfurization process, and a discharge process.
In the denitration and SO3 reduction process, before a combustion flue gas generated in the boiler 2 is brought into contact with the denitration catalyst, the first additive and the second additive are added to the combustion flue gas in a line L1, and the combustion flue gas is denitrated by the denitration apparatus 4 to reduce SO3 to SO2. More specifically, the denitration and SO3 reduction process includes a first addition process and a second addition process. In the first addition process, ammonia (NH3), which is the first additive, is injected by the first addition device 3a into the flue gas supplied from the boiler 2 through L1. In the second addition process, a compound including an H element and a C element, which is the second additive, is injected by the second addition device 3b. It is preferable that the first and the second addition processes be carried out in the line L1 from the boiler 2 to the denitration apparatus 4 by using a plurality of nozzles arranged along the direction of flow of the combustion flue gas.
In addition, it is preferable that the first addition process and the second addition process be carried out at the same time. Note that for the method of adding the first and the second additives, a method can be employed in which air, inert gas, steam, and the like are added to the previously vaporized first and second additives and then the mixture is diluted before adding the additives, for example. Note that herein, and in the claims, the second addition process will also be referred to as an “SO3 reduction process”.
In the air preheating process, heat is recovered from the flue gas that has undergone the denitration and SO3 reduction process. More specifically, heat is recovered from the flue gas supplied from the denitration apparatus 4 by using the air preheater 5 by heat exchange to cool the combustion flue gas.
In the first heat recovery and reheating process, heat is recovered from the flue gas which has undergone the dust collection process to cool the combustion flue gas. More specifically, heat is recovered by the heat recovery/reheating device 7a from the flue gas supplied from the precipitator 6 through a line L3 by heat exchange to cool the combustion flue gas.
In the desulfurization process, SO2 remaining in the combustion flue gas which has undergone the first heat recovery and reheating process or SO2 generated by reduction of SO3 is brought into contact with slurry formed from calcium carbonate, and thereby such SO2 is removed. More specifically, SO2 remaining in the combustion flue gas supplied from the heat recovery/reheating device 7a through a line L4 or SO2 generated by reduction is brought into contact with lime slurry formed by suspending limestone (calcium carbonate: CaCO3) in water, and thereby such SO2 is absorbed and removed. In addition, the lime slurry which has absorbed SO2 may also be treated by oxidation with the air supplied through an air supply line (not shown) to form plaster slurry (CaSO4/2H2O) to collect and remove such SO2 in the form of plaster.
In the second heat recovery and reheating process, the flue gas which has undergone the desulfurization process is reheated. More specifically, the combustion flue gas supplied from the desulfurization apparatus 8 through a line L5 is reheated by the heat recovery/reheating device 7b and the reheated combustion flue gas is fed into the stack 9 through a line L6.
In the discharge process, the combustion flue gas treated by using a fan (not shown) after having undergone the second heat recovery and reheating process.
A second embodiment of the flue gas treatment system will be described with reference to
For the third addition device 3c, an injection pipe installed in an existing plant, which is arranged on a back stream of the air preheater 5 and on a front stream of the precipitator 6, can be employed. The third addition device 3c further injects ammonia (NH3), which is a third additive, to the combustion flue gas to which the first additive and the second additive have been added by the first addition device 3a and the second addition device 3b, on a front stream of the precipitator 6. When ammonia is injected by the third addition device 3c, SO3 in the flue gas reacts with NH3 by a reaction expressed by the following expression (15) and generates ammonium sulfate ((NH4)HSO4) in the form of solid particles. SO3 is thereby collected together with dust.
[Chemical Formula 7]
SO3+NH3+H2O→(NH4)HSO4 (15)
In the flue gas treatment system according to the second embodiment, the configuration is described in which the heat recovery/reheating device 7a and the heat recovery/reheating device 7b are not included as an example. However, the heat recovery/reheating device 7a and the heat recovery/reheating device 7b can be included according to requirements of the low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant such as the purpose of use and the like of the plant.
A second embodiment of the flue gas treatment method according to the present invention will be described with reference to a mode of operation of the second embodiment of the flue gas treatment system having the above-described configuration. Processes similar to those of the first embodiment will not be repeatedly described below.
The flue gas treatment method according to the present embodiment is a flue gas treatment method of treating a combustion flue gas in a low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant, and at least includes a third addition process of further adding NH3 and/or CaCO3 as a third additive to the combustion flue gas containing SO3 remaining in the combustion flue gas before the dust collection process. For the third addition process, an injection pipe installed in the line L2 from the air preheater 5 to the precipitator 6 can be used, and the third addition process is performed in L2 and/or the precipitator 6. For a method of injecting the third additive, a method can be employed in which the third additive is vaporized, then air, inert gas, steam, and the like are added thereto, and the resulting mixture is diluted and then added to the combustion flue gas. The flue gas which has undergone the third addition process is discharged from the stack 9 via the precipitator 6 and/or a line L7 and the desulfurization apparatus 8 and a line L8.
According to the present embodiment, the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be exhibited, and also the amount of NH3, calcium carbonate, and the like to be injected to decrease the concentration of SO3 in the third addition device 3c and the desulfurization apparatus 8, which are arranged in the subsequent stage, can be reduced. Accordingly, the cost of the chemicals can be reduced.
In the present embodiment, the exemplary system and the method do not include the heat recovery/reheating device 7a and the heat recovery/reheating device 7b; however, the present invention is not limited to this. In the flue gas treatment system and the flue gas treatment method for a low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant also, a heat recovery/reheating device with a configuration similar to that of the first embodiment can be arranged on a back stream side of the precipitator 6 or on a front stream side of the stack. With this configuration also, because the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas has been decreased, corrosion of metal members such as a heat exchanger provided in the installed heat recovery/reheating device and adhesion and accumulation of lime ashes in the heat recovery/reheating device can be suppressed.
In addition, in the first and the second embodiments, the number of the catalyst layers can be further increased and the catalysts can be regenerated for the plurality of catalyst layers of the denitration apparatus. By increasing the number of the catalyst layers and by regenerating the catalysts, the rate of oxidation of SO2 in the denitration apparatus increases, and thus the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas is increased. However, in the present embodiment, denitration can be performed by the second addition device 3b, and SO3 can be reduced by the second addition device 3b. Further, because the decrease of the amount of reduction of SO3 can be greater than the increase of the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas, even if the number of the catalyst layers is increased and the catalysts are regenerated, the concentration of SO3 can be reduced.
The regeneration of the catalyst can be implemented by a method in which a degraded catalyst is washed with water and a chemical to remove degraded components from the catalyst and the catalyst is then impregnated with active components of the catalyst where necessary, such as vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, and molybdenum oxide.
In addition, the system of the first and the second embodiments can be optionally a system in which a CO converter is provided, which further includes an oxidation catalyst layer arranged on a front stream side of the denitration apparatus 4. The CO converter is provided in order to perform oxidation treatment on carbon monoxide (CO) generated as unburned fraction of the reductant having been added as the second additive and a byproduct gas thereof. In the system having the configuration described above, it is made possible to take measures for reducing the unburned fraction of the second additive to be newly discharged from a denitration and SO3 reduction apparatus and the like and CO. A large amount of carbon monoxide (CO) is generated particularly in the low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant according to the second embodiment, and the large amount of CO can be further reduced in the system. Further, the CO converter may be arranged on a back stream side of the air preheater or on a back stream side of the desulfurization apparatus. If the CO converter is arranged in the desulfurization apparatus, sulfurous acid gas absorbed by the desulfurization can be converted into sulfuric acid gas, and thus the efficiency of the desulfurization can be improved. On the other hand, if the CO converter is arranged on a back stream side of the air preheater, CO generated in the air preheater can be reduced and the temperature of the oxidation catalyst layer can be controlled to about 200° C. or less, and thereby reoxidation of SO2 into SO3 can be efficiently prevented. Further, the oxidation catalyst arranged in the above-described oxidation catalyst layer can include a carrier constituted by an oxide, a mixed oxide, or a complex oxide of one or more selected from the group consisting of titanic (TiO2), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3). In addition, the carrier is capable of carrying a catalyst constituted by a first component including one or more selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), lead (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and silver (Ag); and a second component which includes at least one compound including elements such as phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb). By using the catalyst having the above-described configuration, the above-described effects can be achieved, the denitration effect can be achieved, and an effect of efficiently suppressing oxidation of SO2 into SO3 can be achieved.
The effects of the present invention will be shown by more specifically describing the present invention with reference to examples. However, the flue gas treatment system and the flue gas treatment method according to the present invention is not limited by the examples.
The effect of an SO3 reductant (the second additive) for reducing SO3 in a flue gas generated under the same conditions as those in the coal-fired power generation plant was examined.
By applying a method which is, basically used in production of a denitration catalyst and publicly known per se, a catalyst A was prepared.
By bench-scale testing in which an actual machine is assumed, two pieces in which three pieces of catalysts A were serially combined were prepared, and the pieces were respectively used as Test Example 1 and Test Example 2. A flue gas with predetermined properties was allowed to flow through the test examples, and the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were measured at the outlet of the first layer, at the outlet of the second layer, and at the outlet of the third layer of the catalyst layer. In Test Example 1, the SO3 reductant was not added at the inlet of the catalyst layer, and in Test Example 2, propylene (C3H6) was added as the SO3 reductant. The load of C3H6 at the inlet of the catalyst layer was 2:1 by molar ratio of C3H6:SO3. The concentration of SO3 was analyzed by a deposition titration method after the sampling was done. The test conditions are shown in Table 1 below. In the Table, “AV” denotes the area velocity (total contact area by gas amount/catalyst), and the unit of AV is Nm3/(m2·h), which is denoted by the International System of Units as (m3(normal))/m2·h). Ugs denotes the superficial velocity (flow rate of fluid/cross section of the honeycomb catalyst).
It is understood from the above-described results that the same denitration effect as in the case in which C3H6 is added to a flue gas treated under coal-fired conditions can be achieved by adding C3H6 to the flue gas under the coal-fired conditions for all the regions of AV. In contrast, if no SO3 reductant is added, the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas may increase. On the other hand, if C3H6 is added to the flue gas treated under the coal-fired conditions as the SO3 reductant, SO3 in the flue gas can be reduced and the concentration of SO3 can be reduced in the regions in which AV is high (i.e., the regions in which the catalyst amount is small) and the regions in which AV is low (i.e., the regions in which the catalyst amount is large).
Next, influences on the actual machine from the concentration of SO3 in a combustion flue gas in an existing coal-fired power generation plant were examined. Assuming that an air preheater (AH) was installed in an existing coal-fired power generation plant, the continuous operation time was estimated. The continuous operation time was calculated based on the relationship between the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas and the number of times of washing of the air preheater with water in the same time.
The effect of the SO3 reductant (the second additive) for reducing SO3 in a flue gas generated under the same conditions as those in the low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant was examined.
Two pieces in which three pieces of catalysts A were serially combined were prepared, and the pieces were respectively used as Test Example 3 and Test Example 4. In Test Example 3 and Test Example 4, similarly to Example 1, the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were measured at the outlet of the first layer, at the outlet of the second layer, and at the outlet of the third layer of the catalyst layer. In Test Example 3, the SO3 reductant was not added at the inlet of the catalyst layer, and in Test Example 4, C3H6 was added as the SO3 reductant. Similarly to Example 1, the load of C3H6 at the inlet of the catalyst layer was 2:1 by molar ratio of C3H6:SO3. The test conditions are shown in Table 1 below.
It is understood from the above-described results that the same denitration effect as the case in which C3H6 is added to a flue gas treated under low-grade fuel-fired conditions can also be achieved by adding C3H6 to the flue gas under the low-grade fuel-fired conditions for all the regions of AV. In contrast, if no SO3 reductant is added, the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas may increase. On the other hand, if C3H6 is added to the flue gas treated under the low-grade fuel-fired conditions as the SO3 reductant, SO3 in the flue gas can be reduced and the concentration of SO3 can be reduced in the regions in which AV is high (i.e., the regions in which the catalyst amount is small) and the regions in which AV is low (i.e., the regions in which the catalyst amount is large).
Next, influences on the actual machine from the concentration of SO3 in a combustion flue gas in an existing low-grade fuel-fired power generation plant were examined. Assuming that a dry type electric precipitator (EP) was installed in an existing coal-fired power generation plant, the continuous operation time was estimated. For the EP, the continuous operation time was calculated based on the relationship between the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas and the number of times of accumulated ash removal operations.
Variation of concentration of SO3 in a combustion flue gas which occurs due to addition of an SO3 reductant (the second additive) when the number of denitration layers of the denitration apparatus is increased and the denitration catalysts are regenerated in an existing coal-fired power generation plant was examined.
Assuming that a construction work for increasing the number of the catalyst layers of the denitration apparatus installed in an existing coal-fired power generation plant was performed to additionally install a third denitration layer constituted by a catalyst A, the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were estimated. Similarly to Example 1, the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were measured at the outlet of the first layer, at the outlet of the second layer, and at the outlet of the third layer of the catalyst layer. A case in which no SO3 reductant was added was used as Test Example 5, and a case in which C3H6 was added as the SO3 reductant was used as Test Example 6. The test conditions were similar to those of Example 1 except that the load of C3H6 at the inlet of the catalyst layer was 0.5:1 by molar ratio of C3H6:SO3.
Subsequently, a degraded catalyst A was regenerated assuming that the number of the catalyst layers of the denitration apparatus in an existing plant had been increased. The regeneration of the catalyst was performed by impregnating vanadium, the active component of the catalyst, after washing the catalyst with chemicals. After the catalyst was regenerated, the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were measured at the outlet of the first layer, at the outlet of the second layer, and at the outlet of the third layer of the catalyst layer. A case in which no SO3 reductant was added was used as Test Example 7, and a case in which propylene (C3H6) was added as the SO3 reductant was used as Test Example 8. The test conditions were similar to those of Example 1 except that the load of C3H6 at the inlet of the catalyst layer was 0.9:1 by molar ratio of C3H6:SO3.
It is known from these results that if the number of the catalyst layers is increased or the catalysts are regenerated in an actual machine, the catalyst amount increases and thus the concentration of SO3 increases. However, it was verified that increase of SO3 in the combustion flue gas that might occur due to addition of a catalyst could be prevented by adding C3H6 to the combustion flue gas as the SO3 reductant even in the case in which the number of the catalyst layers had been increased in an actual machine. In addition, it was verified that increase of SO3 in the flue gas could be prevented by adding C3H6 to the flue gas as the SO3 reductant even if the catalysts had been regenerated in an actual machine.
The effect of the SO3 reductant (the second additive) for reducing SO3 into SO2 was examined for a case of a denitration catalyst with a composition different from the above ones.
As a source of titanium, an aqueous solution of titanyl sulfate in sulfuric acid was prepared, aqueous ammonia was added to water, silica sol was further added thereto, and the previously prepared aqueous solution of titanyl sulfate in sulfuric acid was gradually added dropwise to the solution to obtain TiO2—SiO2 gel. The gel was filtered, and the residue was washed with water and then dried at 200° C. for 10 hours. Then the obtained product was fired at 600° C. for 6 hours in an air atmosphere and further crushed by using a crusher, and then classified by using a classifier to obtain a powder body with an average particle size of 10 μm. Ammonium paratungstate ((NH4)10H10W12O46·6H2O) was added to and dissolved in a solution of monoethanolamine, then ammonium metavanadate (NH3VO3) was dissolved therein to obtain a homogeneous solution. The TiO2—SiO2 powder was added to and mixed into this solution, and a honeycomb of 150 mm was formed by extrusion by using an extrusion molding machine.
A case in which the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) of the catalyst B was 5% was used as Test Example 9, and a case in which the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) of the catalyst B was 14% was used as Test Example 10. Similarly to Example 1, two pieces in which three pieces of catalysts B were serially combined were prepared, and the concentration of SO3 and the concentration of NOx were measured at the outlet of the first layer, at the outlet of the second layer, and at the outlet of the third layer of the catalyst layer. In Test Example 9 and Test Example 10, propylene (C3H6) was added as an SO3 reductant. The conditions were the same as those of Example 1.
Then, similarly to the preparation in Test Examples 9 and 10, Test Examples 11 and 12 were newly prepared so that the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) would become 12% and 21%, respectively. Ratios of the SO2 oxidation rate of Test Examples 9 to 12 were calculated based on the variation of the concentration of SO3 in cases in which no propylene was supplied, and based on the calculated ratios, ratios of the SO2 oxidation rate by the variation of the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) were examined.
From these results, the ratio of SO2 oxidation rate was lower for the cases in which the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) in the catalyst was 12% to 21% than in the case in which the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) in the catalyst was 5%, and it is understood that the former cases are more preferable in terms of reduction of SO3. In addition, it is known that the ratio of SO2 oxidation rate remarkably increases in the range of the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) exceeding 12%. Accordingly, it is understood that if the ratio of TiO2 in the catalyst is high, the SO2 oxidation rate becomes high and thus the oxidation reactions quickly progress, and that if the ratio of TiO2 in the catalyst is high, the concentration of SO3 in the flue gas is affected. In addition, it is understood that in a denitration catalyst in which the ratio of SiO2 is high, if the amount of vanadium in the active components is the same, the SO2 oxidation rate is reduced, and thus the effect of C3H6 for reducing SO3 to SO2 increases. Further, it is understood that although TiO2 is a glass fiber component, which is a shape-retaining agent for retaining the honeycomb shape, TiO2 does not contribute to reduction of the SO2 oxidation rate, which is implemented by the active components such as vanadium. Accordingly, it is understood that it is necessary to adjust the ratio between TiO2 and SiO2 in the solvent separately from adjustment of the load of the SO3 reductant, and that it is preferable that the percentage ratio of SiO2/(TiO2+SiO2) in the TiO2—SiO2 complex oxide be within a range of 5% to 60%, more preferably in the range of 12% to 21%.
Variation of the concentration of SO3 in a flue gas which occurs due to the SO3 reductant (the second additive) when a dry type denitration apparatus and an SO3 reduction apparatus (the second addition device) are additionally installed in an existing coal-fired power generation plant in which no dry type denitration apparatus had been installed until then was examined.
Assuming that a denitration apparatus including a catalyst A and an SO3 reduction device have been additionally installed in an existing coal-fired power generation plant, the concentration of SO3 was estimated. The test conditions were similar to those of Example 1 except that the load of C3H6 was 1.5:1 by molar ratio of C3H6:SO3.
It was verified from the above results that although the temperature for heat recovery by the air preheater is usually determined in consideration of the heat exchange in the plant, the concentration of SO3 would increase if a denitration apparatus is additionally installed. Accordingly, the continuous operation of the plant may be affected by the pressure drop which may occur due to corrosion of the air preheater and accumulation of ash. However, SO3 can be reduced at least in an amount equal to or larger than the amount of increased concentration of SO3 by additionally installing the second addition device in addition to the denitration apparatus and by supplying C3H6 from the front stream of the denitration apparatus. It is known that as a result, it is enabled to continuously operate the plant similarly to the operation of the plant performed before the additional installation of the denitration apparatus.
Next, influences from the SO3 reductant to the pressure drop, which may occur if the catalyst of the denitration apparatus has degraded and the amount of leaked ammonia corresponding to the part of NOx unreacted in the treatment of NOx in the coal-fired power generation plant in which the denitration apparatus and the SO3 reduction device (the second addition device) have been additionally installed, was examined.
In a plant similar to that of Example 5, the concentration of leaked NH3 and the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas were measured, and a ratio of increase of the pressure drop inside the air preheater arranged on a back stream side thereof was calculated. In addition, it was assumed that C3H6 was periodically supplied from an upstream of the denitration apparatus as the SO3 reductant to decrease the concentration of SO3 down to a reference value for the continuous leaked NH3 or less (e.g., to 3 ppm or less). The amount of leaked NH3 in the combustion flue gas was measured by an ion chromatographic analysis method, and the concentration of SO3 was measured by the deposition titration method. The ratio of increase of the pressure drop was determined based on the pressure drop in the measurement target AH.
If the amount of leaked ammonia generated from the unreacted fraction from the denitration apparatus increases, the leaked ammonia usually reacts with SO3 concentrated in the combustion flue gas, and thus acid ammonium sulfate is precipitated. The level of accumulated ash in the air preheater abruptly increases mainly due to the precipitated acid ammonium sulfate, and thus the pressure drop may increase. Accordingly, it becomes necessary to stop the plant. However, it is understood from the above result that the amount of SO3, which is the reaction target matter, can be reduced by installing the second addition device is installed even if the amount of leaked ammonia has increased. With this configuration, precipitation of the acid ammonium sulfate, which may be the main cause of the increase of accumulated ash, can be suppressed. As a result, it was verified that the plant can be stably operated for a long period of time.
Next, variation of the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas in an existing coal-fired power generation plant in which the denitration apparatus and the SO3 reduction device (the second addition device) have been additionally installed, which may occur due to variation of the concentration of C3H6, was examined.
In a plant similar to that of Example 5, the concentration of SO3 was measured by a neutralization titration method similarly to Example 5, and based on the measurement values, the effect on the concentration of SO3 achieved due to varied concentration of C3H6 was examined.
It is known from the above results that as the amount of C3H6 supplied as the SO3 reductant is increased (i.e., as the concentration of C3H6 is increased), the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas can be reduced more. It is also known that a more remarkable reduction effect can be achieved for a high concentration of SO3 at the inlet of the catalyst layer of 20 ppm than for the lower concentration of 10 ppm. In addition, if the concentration of SO3 at the inlet of the catalyst layer is 10 ppm, the concentration of supplied C3H6 is preferably more than 20 ppm, more preferably 30 ppm or more, and yet more preferably 40 ppm to 50 ppm. Further, it is known from these results that if the concentration of SO3 at the inlet of the catalyst layer is 20 ppm, the concentration of supplied C3H6 is preferably more than 10 ppm, more preferably 20 ppm to 50 ppm, yet more preferably 30 ppm to 50 ppm, and particularly more preferably 40 ppm to 50 ppm.
The effect of reducing SO3 into SO2 in a catalyst A with respect to the composition of a hydrocarbon compound in the case in which hydrocarbons other than propylene having different compositions were used as the SO3 reductant (the second additive) was examined.
A case in which methanol (CH3OH) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 13, a case in which ethanol (C2H5OH) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 14, and a case in which propane (C3H8) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 15. In addition, a case in which ethylene (C2H4) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 16, a case in which propylene (C3H6) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 17, a case in which 1-butene (1-C4H8) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 18, a case in which 2-butene (3-C4H8) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 19, and a case in which isobutene (iso-C4H8) was used as the second additive was used as Test Example 20.
SO3 reductants with different compositions were added to the combustion flue gas respectively to Test Examples 13 to 20, and the combustion flue gas was allowed to go through the catalyst layers constituted by the SO3 catalysts and installed in the denitration apparatus and the SO3 reduction device similar to those in Example 5, and based on the results thereof, variation of the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas at AV=12.73 N m3/m2·h was examined. The test conditions are shown in Table 3, and the test results are shown in
SO3 reduction rate (%)=(1−concentration of SO3 at catalyst layer outlet/concentration of SO3 at catalyst layer inlet)×100
From the above results, it is understood that the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas can be more decreased by using C2H4, C3H6, or C4H8, which are a saturated hydrocarbon or an unsaturated hydrocarbon, as the SO3 reductant, compared with the cases in which alcohols such as CH3OH and C2H5OH were used. It is also understood that among them, C2H4, C3H6, or C4H8, which is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, can be used as the SO3 reductant to effectively decrease the concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas. In addition, it is understood that concentration of SO3 in the combustion flue gas can be remarkably decreased by using a ≧3C unsaturated hydrocarbon having an allyl structure as the SO3 reductant. It was estimated that this was because the decomposition activity of ≧3C unsaturated hydrocarbons having an allyl structure is high and the intermediate body thereof has high reactivity with SO3.
Next, based on the elementary reaction model on the surface of the catalyst described in the following items 1 to 4, the decomposition activation energy of C2H4, C3H8, and C3H6 as the SO3 reductant was estimated by molecular simulation.
From the above results, it is known that the SO3 reduction reaction rate constant for the decomposition activation energy of C2H4 has a value higher than that for a saturated hydrocarbon C3H8 and that the value of the constant for C3H6 is even higher. In addition, it was verified that the decomposition activation energy and the SO3 reduction reaction rate constant were correlated. It is understood that the above results of Examples were obtained because the double bond in the allyl structure of the SO3 reductant was easy to decompose. In addition, it is considered that because the decomposition activation energy of the allyl structure is low, hydrogen can be easily abstracted. Accordingly, it was verified that a reductant constituted by an unsaturated hydrocarbon was effective, and that a ≧3C unsaturated hydrocarbon which has an allyl structure was more effective.
According to the flue gas treatment system and the flue gas treatment method of the present invention, NOx in a combustion flue gas can be reduced and the concentration of SO3 can be reduced more compared with prior art, and a plant can be stably operated for a long period of time.
1, 10 Flue gas treatment system
2 Boiler
3
a First addition device
3
b Second addition device
3
c Third addition device
4 Denitration apparatus
5 Air preheater
6 Precipitator
7
a,
7
b Heat recovery/reheating device
8 Desulfurization apparatus
9 Stack
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-227579 | Nov 2014 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2015/067447 | 6/17/2015 | WO | 00 |
