This disclosure relates to fluid analysis and, more particularly, to determining fluid composition using downhole fluid analysis.
This disclosure relates to determination of fluid composition using downhole fluid analysis (DFA). The composition of a fluid may be determined from various measurements obtained from a fluid downhole in a well. However, composition determinations for a fluid downhole may be difficult and may not provide accurate measurements of all components of a fluid. Moreover, extracting a fluid sample to a surface laboratory to provide a detailed composition analysis may be time-consuming and may be insufficiently responsive for reservoir development, production, and management.
A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below.
Embodiments of this disclosure relate to various methods and systems for determining the gas/oil ratio of a fluid using gas chromatography and optical analysis. According to some embodiments, a method for determining a gas/oil ratio of a fluid is provided that includes quantifying a plurality of components of a fluid sample from measurements obtained from a gas chromatogram adapted to receive a first portion of the fluid sample and from an optical analyzer adapted to receive a second portion of the fluid sample. The plurality of components may include light components and intermediate components. The method also includes determining a mass fraction for each light component of the plurality of components and determining a mass fraction for each intermediate component of the plurality of components. The method also includes determining a gas/oil ratio of the fluid sample from the mass fraction of each light component, the mass fraction of each intermediate component, a molecular weight of each light component, a molecular weight of each intermediate component, the density of stock tank oil, the vapor mass fraction of the intermediate components, and the mass fraction of a plus fraction determined from the fluid sample.
According to another embodiments, a method for determining a gas/oil ratio of a fluid is provided that includes quantifying a plurality of components of a fluid sample from measurements obtained from a gas chromatogram adapted to receive a first portion of the fluid sample and from an optical analyzer adapted to receive a second portion of the fluid sample. The plurality of components may include light components and intermediate components. The method includes determining a gas/oil ratio of the fluid sample from the density of stock tank oil, the vapor mole fraction of the intermediate components, and the molecular weight of stock tank oil.
According to another embodiment, a system is provided having one or more processors and a non-transitory tangible computer-readable memory coupled to the one or more processors and having executable computer code stored thereon. The code includes a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: quantifying a plurality of components of a fluid sample from measurements obtained from a gas chromatogram adapted to receive a first portion of the fluid sample and from an optical analyzer adapted to receive a second portion of the fluid sample. The plurality of components may include light components and intermediate components. The code further includes a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: determining a gas/oil ratio of the fluid sample from the density of stock tank oil, the vapor mole fraction of the intermediate components, and the molecular weight of stock tank oil.
Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
Described herein are various implementations related to determining fluid composition using gas chromatography and optical analysis of a fluid sample. In some embodiments, a fluid sample may be obtained using a fluid sampling tool having a gas chromatograph and an optical analyzer. Gas chromatography measurements and optical measurements may be obtained and used to determine a composition of the fluid. The fluid composition may include, for example, light components, intermediate components, and a plus fraction that includes heavier components. In some embodiments, a gas/oil ratio (GOR) of the fluid may be determined from the fluid sample from the mass fraction of each light component, the mass fraction of each intermediate component, a molecular weight of each light component, a molecular weight of each intermediate component, the density of stock tank oil, the vapor mass fraction of the intermediate components, and the mass fraction of the plus fraction. In some embodiments, a gas/oil ratio of the fluid may be determined from the density of stock tank oil, the vapor mole fraction of the intermediate components, and the molecular weight of stock tank oil.
These and other embodiments of the disclosure will be described in more detail through reference to the accompanying drawings in the detailed description of the disclosure that follows. This brief introduction, including section titles and corresponding summaries, is provided for the reader's convenience and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims or the proceeding sections. Furthermore, the techniques described above and below may be implemented in a number of ways and in a number of contexts. Several example implementations and contexts are provided with reference to the following figures, as described below in more detail. However, the following implementations and contexts are but a few of many.
More specifically, a drilling system 10 is depicted in
The drill string 16 can be suspended within the well 14 from a hook 22 of the drilling rig 12 via a swivel 24 and a kelly 26. Although not depicted in
During operation, drill cuttings or other debris may collect near the bottom of the well 14. Drilling fluid 32, also referred to as drilling mud, can be circulated through the well 14 to remove this debris. The drilling fluid 32 may also clean and cool the drill bit 20 and provide positive pressure within the well 14 to inhibit formation fluids from entering the wellbore. In
In addition to the drill bit 20, the bottomhole assembly 18 can also include various instruments that measure information of interest within the well 14. For example, as depicted in
The bottomhole assembly 18 can also include other modules. As depicted in
The drilling system 10 can also include a monitoring and control system 56. The monitoring and control system 56 can include one or more computer systems that enable monitoring and control of various components of the drilling system 10. The monitoring and control system 56 can also receive data from the bottomhole assembly 18 (e.g., data from the LWD module 44, the MWD module 46, and the additional module 48) for processing and for communication to an operator, to name just two examples. While depicted on the drill floor 30 in
Another example of using a downhole tool for formation testing within the well 14 is depicted in
The fluid sampling tool 62 can take various forms. While it is depicted in
The pump module 74 can draw the sampled formation fluid into the intake 86, through a flowline 92, and then either out into the wellbore through an outlet 94 or into a storage container (e.g., a bottle within fluid storage module 78) for transport back to the surface when the fluid sampling tool 62 is removed from the well 14. The one or more fluid analysis modules 72, which may also be referred to as a fluid analyzer 72 or a downhole fluid analysis (DFA) module, can include one more modules for measuring properties of the sampled formation fluid, and the power module 76 provides power to electronic components of the fluid sampling tool 62.
In some embodiments, the one or more fluid analysis modules 72 may include an optical analysis module adapted to receive at least a portion of the fluid sample. The optical analysis module may determine an optical property of the fluid sample and to provide an output signal related to or otherwise indicative of the optical property. In such embodiments, the optical analysis module may perform near-infrared optical absorption spectrometry and fluorescence emission measurements for analyzing fluids as they flow through the tool 62. The optical analysis module may be used to determine gas-fraction concentrations and to identify fluid types, respectively.
In some embodiments, the one or more fluids analysis modules 72 of the tool 62 include a gas chromatography (GC) module. The GC module is configured to determine a composition of the fluid sample and to provide an output signal indicative of the determined composition. The GC module may produce what may be referred to as a “gas chromatogram.” For the example embodiment using gas chromatography, the gas chromatography module 116 is configured to obtain a chromatogram of sampled formation fluids available within the flowline 92 portion of the tool 62. An example of such a device is described in U.S. Pub. App. No. 2010/0018287, entitled “Wireline Downhole Gas Chromatograph and Downhole Gas Chromatography Method,” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,453, entitled “Self Contained Chromatography System,” each assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the GC module may output composition up to C9, e.g., hydrocarbon fractions C1 through C8. In some embodiments, the GC module may output composition up to C30, e.g., hydrocarbon fractions C1 through C29. Additionally, the GC module may also measure N2, CO2, H2S, and saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and abundance ratios. In some embodiments, the GC module of the fluid analysis tool 62 described above may be insensitive to mud filtrate contamination in a sampled fluid by providing analysis of hydrocarbon fractions C1 through C8. Additionally, the GC module of the fluid analysis tool 62 may provide relatively fast profiling of fluid composition ratio changes versus depth.
In some embodiments, the one or more fluid analysis modules 72 may include a downhole pressure-volume-temperature PVT unit and may obtain microfluidic measurements of the sampled fluid. Embodiments of the tool 62 and fluid analysis modules 72 may include any one of or combination of the modules described above. For example, in some embodiments, the tool 62 may include an optical analysis module and a gas chromatography module.
The drilling and wireline environments depicted in
Accordingly, the embodiments described above and illustrated in
Additional details as to the construction and operation of the fluid sampling tool 62 may be better understood through reference to
In operation, the hydraulic system 102 can extend the probe 82 and the setting pistons 88 to facilitate sampling of a formation fluid through the wall 84 of the well 14. It also can retract the probe 82 and the setting pistons 88 to facilitate subsequent movement of the fluid sampling tool 62 within the well. The one or more fluid analysis modules 72 can measure properties of the sampled formation fluid in accordance with the embodiments described above. For example, an optical analysis module may measure optical properties such as optical densities (absorbance) of the sampled formation fluid at different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Using the optical densities, the composition of a sampled fluid (e.g., volume fractions of its constituent components) can be determined. In another example, as described above, a gas chromatography module may determine composition of the fluid sample and provide an output signal indicative of the determined composition. Other sensors 106 can be provided in the fluid sampling tool 62 (e.g., as part of the probe module 70 or the fluid analysis module 72) to take additional measurements related to the sampled fluid. In various embodiments, these additional measurements could include reservoir pressure and temperature, live fluid density, live fluid viscosity, electrical resistivity, saturation pressure, and fluorescence, to name several examples. In some embodiments, as mentioned above, some or all of other sensors 106 may be incorporated into a DFA module (e.g., such as in a PVT unit) of the fluid sampling tool 62.
Any suitable pump 108 may be provided in the pump module 74 to enable formation fluid to be drawn into and pumped through the flowline 92 in the manner discussed above. Storage devices 110 for formation fluid samples can include any suitable vessels (e.g., bottles) for retaining and transporting desired samples within the fluid sampling tool 62 to the surface. Both the storage devices 110 and the valves 112 may be provided as part of the fluid storage module 78.
In the embodiment depicted in
In some embodiments, the fluid sampling tool 62 described above may be used in a determination of gas/oil ratio of a fluid reservoir fluid. However, in such embodiments, fluid compositions obtained from an optical analysis module may be affected by the measurement capabilities of the optical analysis module. For example, the measurement accuracy of C1 (methane) fractions may be affected by factors such as benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) content. In such instances, a high BTX content may result in a overestimation of some fluid properties such as GOR due to, for example, higher values for C2 (ethane) and other hydrocarbon fractions such as C3, C4, and C5. Furthermore, other fractions such as nitrogen may not be accounted for.
As described further below, the GOR for a reservoir fluid may be determined using both GC measurements and optical measurements from fluid analysis modules of the fluid sampling tool 62. For example, the GC measurements may provide information about the ratio between methane, ethane, propane, n- and i-butanes, neo-pentane, and CO2. The ratio of all these components, in combination with the borehole pressure, may be used to determine a combined optical absorption spectrum for these components.
For a live reservoir fluid, the single stage flash GOR may be defined as the ratio of the volume of the flashed gas that comes out of the live fluid solution to the volume of the flashed oil (also referred to as “stock tank oil (STO)”) at standard conditions. In some embodiments, standard conditions may refer to 60° F. and 14.7 psia. Accordingly, the GOR may be defined according to Equation 1 below:
Where GOR is the gas/oil ratio of the fluid, Vgas is the flashed gas volume, and VSTO is the volume of flashed STO at standard conditions.
In some embodiments, the flashed gas may include CO2, N2, H2S, C1, C2, C3, n-C4, i-C4, n-C5, neo-C5, iso-C5, C6, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, C7, benzene, toluene, and smaller amounts of C8, o-xylene, and ethyl-benzene. In such embodiments, the flashed oil may include components heavier than C2, e.g., C3 and higher molecular weight components. Assuming the ideal gas law is valid at standard conditions, the flashed gas volume at standard conditions may be determined. In some embodiments, CO2, N2, H2S, C1, and C2 components may be referred to as “light components.” In some embodiments, C3 through C7 components may be referred to as “intermediate components” and C8+ may be referred to as “heavy components.” In other embodiments, C3-C8 may be referred to as “intermediate components” and C9+ may be referred to as “heavy components.”
Light components of the fluid, such as CO2, N2, H2S, C1, and C2, may be assumed to be completely vaporized in the gas phase at standard conditions. Intermediate components, such as C3, n-C4, i-C4, n-C5, neo-C5, i-C5, C6, methyl-cyclopentane, cyclohexane, C7, benzene, and toluene, may be assumed to be distributed in the gas and oil phases. C8, o-xylene, and ethyl-benzene may be ignored in the vapor phase and assumed to be in the oil phase. Heavy components, such as C8 and heavier, may be assumed to be completely present in the oil phase. Based on 1 mass unit of a reservoir fluid, the flashed gas volume Vg at standard conditions may be determined according to Equation 2:
Where m1 is the mass fraction of the light components, M1 is the molecular weight of the light components, mi is the mass fraction of the intermediate components, Mi is the molecular weight of the intermediate components, R is the ideal gas constant, Tstd is the standard temperature, Pstd is the standard pressure, fg is the vapor mass fraction of the intermediate components, and 23.69 is the number of liters that one gram-mole of any gas occupies at standard conditions. As will be appreciated, the molecular weight of the light components M1 and the molecular weight of the intermediate components Mi may be determined from reference sources. The mass fraction of the light components ml and the mass fraction of the intermediate components mi may be determined from the downhole GC measurements and the downhole optical measurements.
The volume of flashed STO at standard conditions VSTO may be determined according to Equation 3 as follows:
Where dsto is the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions, mn+ is the mass fraction of C8+ or, in some embodiments, C9+. The mass fraction mn+ may be determined from the downhole GC measurements and the downhole optical measurements. Using Equations 1-3, GOR may be determined according to Equation 4 below:
As described further below, vapor mass fraction of the intermediate components fg and the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto for Equation 4 may be estimated using any one of or combination of suitable techniques.
In some embodiments, based on 1 mole of the reservoir fluid, GOR may also be determined according to Equation 5 below:
Where ng is the vapor mole fraction of the intermediate components and msto is the molecular weight of stock tank oil. As described further below, the vapor mole fraction of the intermediate components ng, the molecular weight of stock tank oil Msto, and the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto for Equation 5 may be estimated using any one or combination of suitable techniques.
In some embodiments, the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components and the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto may be estimated (block 408). Accordingly, using Equation 4, the GOR for the fluid may be calculated from the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the mass fractions of the light components ml, the molecular weights of the light components Ml, the mass fractions of the intermediate components mi, and the molecular weights of the intermediate components Mi (block 410).
In some embodiments, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, and the STO molecular weight Msto may be estimated (block 412). Accordingly, using Equation 5, the GOR for the fluid may be calculated from the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, and the molecular weight of stock tank oil Msto (block 414).
As noted above, in some embodiments, the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components and the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto in Equation 4 may be estimated using suitable techniques. Similarly, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, and the STO molecular weight in Equation 5 may be estimated using the same techniques. Discussed in detail below are three example techniques for estimating the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the STO molecular weight Msto, or any combination thereof. Embodiments of the disclosure may use any one of or combination of the estimation techniques described below. Moreover, in some embodiments, additional estimation techniques or combinations thereof may be used to estimate the parameters described above.
In some embodiments, the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the STO molecular weight Msto, or any combination thereof may be estimated using an artificial neural network (ANN), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,966,273, entitled “Predicting formation fluid property through downhole fluid analysis using artificial neural network,” assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The ANN may be used to estimate the parameters described above and perform the flash calculation.
In some embodiments, the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the STO molecular weight Msto, or any combination thereof may be estimated using an equilibrium constant technique. The equilibrium constant for a component i may be defined as the ratio of the vapor mole fraction to liquid mole fraction, as described below in Equation 6:
Where Ki is the equilibrium constant, yi is the vapor mole fraction and xi is the liquid mole fraction. For a reservoir fluid, the correlation described in Hoffmann et al. “Equilibrium Constant for a Gas-Condensate System”, Petroleum Transactions, AIME, vol. 198, 1-10 (1953), may be used and is described below in Equation 7:
Where Pstd equals 14.7 psia, Tstd equals 519.67° R, Tc is the critical temperature (in ° R), Pc is the critical pressure (in psia), Tb is the normal boiling temperature (in ° R), and a and b are turning parameters. The critical temperature Tc, the critical pressure Pc, and the normal boiling temperature Tb may be obtained from reference materials. For example, Table 1 below lists these properties for various components:
Because light components (e.g., CO2, N2, H2S, C1, C2) may be absent in the liquid phase at standard conditions, very large equilibrium constants may be assigned to the light components. In contrast, because heavy components (e.g., C8+ or C9+) may be absent in the vapor phase at standard conditions, very small (or zero) equilibrium constants may be assigned to the heavy components. At standard conditions, a=10.22 and b=1.15 may be used for all other components. Parameters a and b may be updated from updated data.
For Cn+, the equilibrium constant may be determined according to Equation 8 below:
K
Cn+=0.1KCn (8)
Based on 1 mole of reservoir fluid with a mole fraction z, the mass balance equations are Equations, 9, 10, and 11 as follows:
As the sum of y, and x, should equal one, the Rachford-Rice equation may be derived, as described below in Equation 12:
Equation 12 may be solved using the Newton method to obtain ng, x, and y. The molecular weight of the gas may be expressed according to Equation 13 as follows:
Similarly, the molecular weight of the oil may be expressed according to Equation 14 as follows:
In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the Cn+ (e.g., C8+) fraction may be determined according to Equation 15 as follows:
MW
C8+=812.8GOR−0.168175+14 (15)
In other embodiments, the molecular weight of the Cn+ fraction may be calculated using other suitable correlations. In some embodiments, the specific gravity (density) of the Cn+ (e.g., C8+) fraction may be determined according to Equation 16 as follows:
SG
C8+=0.124151n(MWC8+)+0.172 (16)
In other embodiments, the specific gravity of the Cn+ fraction may be calculated using other suitable correlations. The vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components may be estimated by first performing the flash calculation at standard conditions. The mass fractions of the intermediate components may be converted to mole fractions using the molecular weight, and the flash calculation may be performed to determine ng, y, and x. The mole fraction for the intermediate components may be normalized using Equations 17 and 18 described below:
The molecular weights for the intermediate components may be determined using Equations 19 and 20 described below:
The vapor mole fraction ng for the intermediate components may be converted to the vapor mass fraction fg using Equation 21 as follows:
The STO density dsto may be estimated according to Equations 22 and 23 as follows:
In some embodiments, instead of using Equations 22 and 23, the STO density dsto may also be estimated using the ANN technique mentioned above.
Additionally, in some embodiments, the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the STO molecular weight Msto, or any combination thereof may be estimated using an Equation of State (EoS), e.g., the Peng-Robinson EoS or the Soave-Redlich-Kwong EoS. In such embodiments, the single-state flash calculation may be performed using a cubic EoS. In some embodiments, the Cn+ fraction and cubic EoS for a reservoir fluid may be determined according to the techniques described in described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,920,970, entitled “Methods and apparatus for characterization of petroleum fluid and applications thereof,” assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the parameters for the EoS may be adjusted to match the fluid saturation pressure measured downhole and live fluid density. The EoS may then be used to perform the single stage flash calculation to obtain the vapor mass fraction fg of the intermediate components, the vapor mole fraction ng of the intermediate components, the stock tank oil (STO) density at standard conditions dsto, the STO molecular weight Msto (and, in some embodiments, the molecular weight of the flashed gas Mg) to then determine GOR.
The processor 502 may provide the processing capability to execute programs, user interfaces, and other functions of the system 500. The processor 502 may include one or more processors and may include “general-purpose” microprocessors, special purpose microprocessors, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the processor 502 may include one or more reduced instruction set (RISC) processors, such as those implementing the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) instruction set. Additionally, the processor 502 may include single-core processors and multicore processors and may include graphics processors, video processors, and related chip sets. Accordingly, the system 500 may be a uni-processor system having one processor (e.g., processor 502a), or a multi-processor system having two or more suitable processors (e.g., 502A-502N). Multiple processors may be employed to provide for parallel or sequential execution of the techniques described herein. Processes, such as logic flows, described herein may be performed by the processor 502 executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating corresponding output. The processor 502 may receive instructions and data from a memory (e.g., memory 504).
The memory 504 (which may include one or more tangible non-transitory computer readable storage mediums) may include volatile memory and non-volatile memory accessible by the processor 502 and other components of the system 500. For example, the memory 504 may include volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM). The memory 504 may also include non-volatile memory, such as ROM, flash memory, a hard drive, other suitable optical, magnetic, or solid-state storage mediums or any combination thereof. The memory 504 may store a variety of information and may be used for a variety of purposes. For example, the memory 504 may store executable computer code, such as the firmware for the system 500, an operating system for the system 500, and any other programs or other executable code for providing functions of the system 500. Such executable computer code may include program instructions 518 executable by a processor (e.g., one or more of processors 502A-502N) to implement one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, such as determining GOR in accordance with the techniques described above. Program instructions 518 may include computer program instructions for implementing one or more techniques described herein. Program instructions 518 may include a computer program (which in certain forms is known as a program, software, software application, script, or code).
The interface 514 may include multiple interfaces and may enable communication between various components of the system 500, the processor 502, and the memory 504. In some embodiments, the interface 514, the processor 502, memory 504, and one or more other components of the system 500 may be implemented on a single chip, such as a system-on-a-chip (SOC). In other embodiments, these components, their functionalities, or both may be implemented on separate chips. The interface 514 may enable communication between processors 502a-502n, the memory 504, the network interface 512, any other devices of the system 500, or a combination thereof. The interface 514 may implement any suitable types of interfaces, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) interfaces, the Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Thunderbolt interfaces, Firewire (IEEE-1394) interfaces, and so on.
The system 500 may also include an input and output port 506 to enable connection of additional devices, such as I/0 devices 508 and 510. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include any number of input and output ports 506, including headphone and headset jacks, universal serial bus (USB) ports, Firewire (IEEE-1394) ports, Thunderbolt ports, and AC and DC power connectors. Further, the system 500 may use the input and output ports to connect to and send or receive data with any other device, such as other portable computers, personal computers, printers, etc.
The processing system 500 may include one or more input devices 508. The input device(s) 508 permit a user to enter data and commands used and executed by the processor 502. The input device 508 may include, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, an isopoint, and/or a voice recognition system, among others. The processing system 500 may also include one or more output devices 510. The output devices 510 may include, for example, display devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display or cathode ray tube display (CRT), among others), printers, and/or speakers, among others.
The system 500 depicted in
Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way used for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.
Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.