Patent Grant
7921881
The field of the present invention is fluid delivery systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a fluid conduit assembly used in fluid delivery systems, such as, for example, fuel systems for fuel injected internal combustion engines in which fuel is communicated from a fuel source to one or more fuel injectors of the fuel system.
Fluid delivery systems, such as, for example, vehicular fuel delivery systems, are often comprised, at least in part, of a fluid conduit that allows for the communication of fluid from a source to one or more components downstream from the source. In a fuel delivery system, for example, a fluid conduit (i.e., a fuel rail) includes an inlet that is connected to and in fluid communication with an outlet of a fuel source (i.e., a fuel tank), a plurality of outlets that are each configured for mating with a corresponding fuel injector, and a fuel passageway between the inlet and outlets of the fluid conduit to allow for the transfer of fuel therebetween. In many instances, the fluid conduit includes a number of components (i.e., mounting brackets, fuel injector cups, end caps, etc.) that are affixed to the fluid conduit using a furnace brazing process in which the fluid conduit and the corresponding components are inserted into a brazing furnace where the components are brazed onto the fluid conduit.
One inherent drawback with many types of fluid conduit assemblies is that various devices that are part of or associated with the fluid distribution system may cause pressure waves in the form of pulses to propagate through the system. These pressure waves are undesirable as they can have an adverse impact on the performance of the system. In fuel systems, for example, pressure waves may cause inaccurate metering of fuel by the fuel injectors associated with the fuel rail. This degrades the performance of the engine to which the fuel injectors supply fuel because the desired amount of metered fuel will vary with the amount of pressure within the fuel rail. Another effect of pressure waves is that the waves may cause undesirable noise in the fuel rail, and thus, the fuel system.
In order to prevent or at least substantially reduce these pressure waves, conventional systems employ dampers within the fluid conduit, and more particularly, within the passageway of the fluid conduit. However, such dampened systems are not without their disadvantages. For example, conventional dampers are typically hollow-bodied structures constructed of a thin stainless steel material that are sealed at each end using a brazing or welding process, for example. As a result of this and other like constructions, if the damper is installed into the fluid conduit prior to the fluid conduit being subjected to the furnace brazing process described above, the damper may rupture due to thermal expansion of the gases captured within the body of the damper during the brazing process. More particularly, when the fluid conduit, and thus the damper, is exposed to extreme levels of heat, as is the case in a brazing furnace, gases within the cavity of the hollow-bodied damper expand, thereby causing distortion to the damper body and rendering the damper ineffective, or possibly causing the damper to be destroyed.
In light of the above, conventional fluid conduit assemblies are typically assembled in a multi-part process wherein the fluid conduit is brazed as described above, the damper is then inserted into the fluid conduit following the cooling step of the brazing process, and then an end cap is added to seal the fluid conduit. Accordingly, in addition to the brazing process, a second, additional operation such as laser welding or induction brazing is used to permanently attach the end cap. This added processing results in, among other things, added costs to the overall system.
Therefore, there is a need for a fuel delivery system that will minimize and/or eliminate one or more of the above-identified deficiencies.
The present invention is directed to a fluid conduit assembly. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the inventive fluid conduit assembly includes a fluid conduit having an inlet, at least one outlet and a fluid flow passageway therebetween configured to allow for fluid to be communicated between said inlet and said at least one outlet. The inventive fluid conduit assembly further includes at least one damper disposed within the passageway of the fluid conduit. The damper includes a sealed vent configured to vent gases captured by the damper during a brazing process performed on the fluid conduit when unsealed. A method of assembling the above described fluid conduit assembly, as well as other apparatus and methods corresponding to the fluid conduit assembly are also provided.
a is a side cross-section view of an alternate exemplary embodiment of the fluid conduit assembly of
b is an end elevational view of the exemplary fluid conduit assembly illustrated in
a is a side cross-section view of another alternate exemplary embodiment of the fluid conduit assembly of
b is an end elevational view of the exemplary fluid conduit assembly illustrated in
a-12d are diagrammatic views of alternate exemplary embodiments of a damper for use in connection with a fluid conduit shown in
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views,
With reference to
With continued reference with
With reference to
As briefly mentioned above, damper 14 may have one of a number of constructions (i.e., welded seam, seamless, etc.), and may be formed of any number of materials known in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, damper 14 is formed of stainless steel having a wall thickness of approximately 0.005 to 0.015 inches (0.127 to 0.381 mm). It should be noted, however, that the present invention is not intended to be so limited. Rather, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other types of materials (e.g., various grades of stainless steel and low carbon steel, as well as other metals that can withstand furnace brazing temperatures on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example) having different thicknesses may be used to construct damper 14. Further, in the illustrated embodiment, damper 14 has a substantially smooth outer surface. However, the present invention is not so limited. In other alternate exemplary embodiments damper 14 may not have a smooth surface but rather may have a corrugated surface, for example.
Additionally, damper 14 may have any number of cross-sectional shapes. For example, in
Once inserted into passageway 28 of fuel rail 12, damper 14 may be retained and held in place in a number of ways. For instance, in the embodiment illustrated in
Alternatively, in the embodiment illustrated in
With respect to an embodiment wherein at least one end of damper 14 is engaged with end cap(s) 18, 22 or the interior wall of fuel rail 12, in an exemplary embodiment damper 14 is further held in place or retained by brazing the damper ends with the end caps or inner surface of fuel rail 12. In one embodiment, brazing material is placed or located proximate the location where damper ends 32, 34 are held in place. This brazing material is characterized as having a melt point such that it will change from a solid to a liquid when exposed to the level of heat being applied to fuel rail 12 during the brazing process (e.g., in one exemplary embodiment, this heat is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C., for example)), and then return to a solid once cooled. Examples of materials that can be used include without limitation, for exemplary purposes only, pre-formed copper pieces, copper paste, various blends of copper and nickel and various blends of silver and nickel, all of which have melting points on the order of approximately 1200-2050° F. (650-1121° C.). As the heating and cooling steps of the brazing process are performed on fuel rail 12, the material within fuel rail 12 melts and is pulled into the joint between end cap(s) 18, 22 and/or the inner wall of fuel rail 12, and damper end(s) 32, 34. Once sufficiently cooled, the material returns to a solid state, thereby sealing damper 14 and retaining it in place. It should be noted that the gases within damper 14 continue to be vented therefrom throughout the brazing process and until the brazing material begins to melt and fill in the gaps/openings between end cap(s) 18, 22 and damper end(s) 32, 34.
With continued reference to
While these particular means of retaining damper 14 in place within fuel rail 12 have been described in detail, it should be noted that the present invention is not so limited. Rather, many other known retention means can be used to retain and/or hold damper 14 in place. Accordingly, dampers having all different cross-sectional geometries positioned in any number of locations within fuel rail 12 using any number of retention/sealing means remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention
As discussed in the Background section above, one drawback of conventional fluid conduit assemblies is that the damper component of the assembly must be inserted after the brazing process performed on the fluid conduit (i.e., fuel rail) is complete. This is because conventional dampers cannot withstand exposure to the high degree of heat associated with the brazing process (e.g., in one embodiment the temperature within the brazing furnace is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (8161121° C.), for example) without the structural integrity of the damper being compromised. Accordingly, since the damper must be inserted after the brazing process, the fluid conduit cannot be sealed during the brazing process, and thus, a secondary operation is required to seal the fluid conduit after the damper is inserted, which adds costs to the overall system.
As will be described in greater detail below, the present invention provides a remedy to this drawback in that the inventive damper, which includes a vent, is able to withstand the brazing process performed on the fluid conduit, and more specifically, the temperature associated therewith. Thus, the inventive damper can be inserted prior to the performance of the brazing process on the fluid conduit. As a result, the fluid conduit itself can be sealed during the brazing process (or the cooling step thereof), negating the need for the secondary operation previously required to seal the fluid conduit after the damper is inserted.
With particular reference with
Since fuel rail 12 is sealed as a result of the brazing process, in one exemplary embodiment, vent 38 is formed at a location in damper body 30 such that when damper 14 is inserted within passageway 28 of fuel rail 12, vent 38 is aligned with an access point into passageway 28 of fuel rail 12 such that damper 14, and vent 38 in particular, can be accessed and sealed (a sealed vent 38 is shown in phantom line in
With reference to
Accordingly, in one embodiment, damper end 32 is initially unsealed, and then during or following the brazing process, end 32 is sealed. Alternatively, end 32 may be sealed prior to the brazing process (i.e., using any number of processes such as, for example, laser welding, resistance welding, crimping, etc.), and end 34 may be initially unsealed. End 34 will then be sealed during or following the brazing process, as described above, so as to seal damper 14′. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, damper 14′ also includes an aperture formed in body 30 thereof similar to that described above. In such an embodiment, the unsealed end(s) 32, 34 of damper 14′ and the aperture in body 30 combine to serve as vent 38. During or following the brazing process, the unsealed end(s) 32, 34 of damper 14′ (and the aperture, if applicable) can be sealed using, for example, one or more of the methods described above and below used to seal the aperture in damper body 30 that serves as vent 38 (e.g., brazing, welding, crimping, a plug, or any combination thereof or using other suitable process(es)).
As described above with respect to retaining damper 14 in place, in an exemplary embodiment, the aperture in, or the unsealed end(s) of, damper 14/14′ are sealed during the brazing and associated cooling step(s) of the brazing process performed on fuel rail 12. In order to do so, material having a melt point such that it will change from a solid to a liquid when exposed to the level of heat being applied to fuel rail 12 in the brazing process (e.g., in one exemplary embodiment, this heat is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example), and then return to a solid once cooled by the cooling step of the brazing process, is placed or located proximate the location where the aperture in damper 14/14′ or the damper ends 32, 34 are open. Examples of materials that can be used include, without limitation, for exemplary purposes only, pre-formed copper pieces, copper paste, various blends of copper and nickel and various blends of silver and nickel, all of which have melting points on the order of approximately 1200-2050° F. (650-1121° C.). As the aforedescribed heating and cooling steps of the brazing process are performed on fuel rail 12, the brazing material melts and is pulled into the open gaps/joints in the aperture in damper 14/14′ and/or the unsealed end(s) 32, 34 of damper 14/14′, and if applicable, into the joint between end cap(s) 18, 22 and/or the inner wall of fuel rail 12, and damper end(s) 32, 34. Once sufficiently cooled, the material returns to a solid state, thereby sealing the previously unsealed end(s), and if applicable, retaining damper 14/14′ in place. It should be noted that the gases within damper 14/14′ continue to be vented therefrom throughout the brazing process and until the brazing material begins to melt and fill in the open gaps/joints in the aperture in damper 14/14′ and/or the unsealed end(s) 32, 34 of damper 14′, and if applicable, into the joint between end cap(s) 18, 22 and/or the inner wall of fuel rail 12, and damper end(s) 32, 34. It should be further noted that this method of sealing can be used alone to seal the aperture and/or damper end(s), or in conjunction with one or more of the other aforementioned sealing means.
With reference to
In one embodiment, seam 40 is sealed following the completion of the brazing process in the same manner described above with respect to vent 38 comprising an aperture in the body of the damper. Accordingly, the seam may be accessed via an access point in fuel rail 12 and sealed using a number of processes, such as, for example, a brazing process, a welding process, a crimping process, or any combination thereof or using any other suitable process(es). In an alternate embodiment, seam 40 is sealed in the same manner as described above with respect to the use of brazing material that serves to seal the vent during the cooling step of the brazing process. Accordingly, material having a melt point such that it will change from a solid to a liquid when exposed to the level of heat being applied to fuel rail 12 in the brazing process (e.g., in one exemplary embodiment, this heat is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example), and then return to a solid once cooled by the cooling step of the brazing process, is placed or located proximate the location of seam 40. Examples of materials that can be used include, without limitation, for exemplary purposes only, pre-formed copper pieces, copper paste, various blends of copper and nickel and various blends of silver and nickel, all of which have melting points on the order of approximately 1200-2050° F. (650-1121° C.). As the aforedescribed heating and cooling steps of the brazing process are performed on fuel rail 12, the material within fuel rail 12 melts and is pulled into the open gaps/joints in the unsealed seam of damper 14″. Once sufficiently cooled, the material returns to a solid state, thereby sealing the previously unsealed seam 40. It should be noted that this method of sealing can be used alone to seal seam 40, or in conjunction with one or more of the other aforementioned sealing means. It should be noted that the gases within damper 14″ continue to be vented therefrom throughout the brazing process and until the brazing material begins to melt and fill in the open gaps/joints in the unsealed seam of damper 14″.
With reference to
Damper 14′″ retains itself within fuel rail 12 in one or more ways described above with respect to a hollow-bodied damper. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, damper 14′″ stretches from end to end of fuel rail 12 and damper ends 32 and 34 are engaged by corresponding end caps 18 and 22 of fuel rail 12 as is described above. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, damper 14′″ is held in place by either the spring tension exerted by damper 14′″ against end caps 18 and 22 in a substantially axial direction relative to axis 46 of damper 14′″. In yet another alternate exemplary embodiment, once inserted into fuel rail 12, ends 32, 24 of damper 14′″ engage the inner wall of fuel rail 12 to retain damper 14′″ therein by spring tension exerted in a radial direction relative to axis 46. In yet still another alternate exemplary embodiment, damper 14′″ is sized and shaped such that at least a portion of each lateral side 54 (54a and 54b in
As set forth above, in another alternate embodiment, material such as that described above that melts when exposed to the heat of the brazing process and then hardens once cooled, is located either on damper ends 32, 34, or proximate thereto (or proximate the sides 54a, 54b of damper 14′″), such that when fuel rail 12 is subjected to the aforedescribed brazing process (i.e., the heating and cooling steps of the brazing process), the engagement points between damper ends 32, 34 (or the sides 54a, 54b of damper 14′″) and the end caps 18, 22 (or the inner wall of fuel rail 12) are sealed in the same manner described above with respect to sealing the damper end(s) and retaining the damper within the fuel rail. It should be noted that the gases captured by damper 14′″ continue to be vented therefrom throughout the brazing process and until the brazing material begins to melt and fill in the gaps or spaces at the engagement points between damper ends 32, 34 (or the sides 54a, 54b of damper 14′″) and the end caps 18, 22 (or the inner wall of fuel rail 12). It should be further noted that this process may be implemented alone or in combination with one or more of the above described retention means.
Accordingly, damper 14′″ is able to be inserted into and retained within fuel rail 12 prior to the brazing process performed on fuel rail 12. As a result, the fluid conduit can be sealed during the brazing process, thereby negating the need for the secondary operation previously required to seal the fluid conduit.
With reference to
In this embodiment, each damper 14″″ includes a mounting surface 56 that allows dampers 14″″ to be affixed or mounted to the inner surface of fuel rail 12, and a hollow damping portion 58 that has one of any number of shapes (See, for exemplary purposes only,
In an exemplary embodiment, mounting surface 56 is shaped so as to correspond to the cross section of fuel rail 12. For instance, with reference to
In this embodiment, at least one damper 14″″ is brazed to the inner surface of fuel rail 12 during the brazing process (or cooling step thereof) to which fuel rail 12 is subjected. In order to hold damper 14″″ in place prior to the performance of the brazing process, damper 14″″, and mounting surfaces 56 thereof in particular, is affixed to the inner surface of fuel rail 12 using one of any number of methods. Such methods include, for example, resistance welding or tacking using a brazing material, such as those described above, that will then serve to braze damper 14″″ in place. Accordingly, in the case of the latter method, material having a melt point such that it will change from a solid to a liquid when exposed to the level of heat being applied to fuel rail 12 in the brazing process (e.g., in one exemplary embodiment, this heat is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example), and then return to a solid once cooled by the cooling step of the brazing process, is placed or located proximate the mounting surface 56 of each damper 14″″ and the inner surface of fuel rail 12. Examples of materials that can be used include, without limitation, for exemplary purposes only, pre-formed copper pieces, copper paste, various blends of copper and nickel and various blends of silver and nickel, all of which have melting points on the order of approximately 1200-2050° F. (650-1121° C.). As the aforedescribed heating and cooling steps of the brazing process are performed on fuel rail 12, this brazing material melts and is pulled into the open gaps/joints between the mounting surface 56 and the inner surface of fuel rail 12. Once sufficiently cooled, the material returns to a solid state, thereby sealing the connection between damper 14″″ and the inner surface of fuel rail 12. It should be noted that the gases within damper 14″″ continue to be vented therefrom throughout the brazing process and until the brazing material begins to melt and fill in the open gaps/joints between the mounting surface 56 and the inner surface of fuel rail 12.
As with those embodiments described above, gases captured within cavity 36 of the hollow formed damping portion of damper 14″″ during the brazing process are vented thereform to avoid damage to damper 14″″. Since mounting surface 56 and the inner surface of fuel rail 12 are not sealed together until the cooling step of the brazing process is complete, the gases captured within cavity 36 during the brazing process are vented through opening 59 and then out through the spaces and gaps between mounting surface 56 and the inner surface of fuel rail 12 prior to mounting surface 56 being brazed to the inner surface of fuel rail 12 and the connection therebetween being sealed.
With reference to
In a second step 62, a damper 14 is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, damper 14 is configured to vent gases captured by damper 14 during a brazing process performed on fluid conduit 12. In one exemplary embodiment, damper 14 is a hollow-bodied tubular-like structure. In another exemplary embodiment, damper 14 is a flat sheet. In yet still another alternate embodiment, damper 14 is a pod-like structure configured to be mounted to the inner surface of fluid conduit 12. Damper 14 includes a vent 38 formed in body 30 of damper 14 that is configured to vent gases captured by body 30 of damper 14. In one embodiment, vent 38 comprises an aperture in body 30. In an alternate embodiment, vent 38 comprises a seam 40 in damper body 30 that is initially unsealed. Additionally, or alternatively, damper 14 has at least one unsealed end 32, 34 that is configured to vent the aforementioned gases, and thus, such unsealed end(s) serve as vent 38. In another alternate embodiment wherein damper 14 has another type of opening, such as an open bottom, the opening thereof serves as vent 38.
In a third step 64, damper 14 is inserted into the fluid flow passageway 28 of fluid conduit 12 through, for example, an open end 16, 20 of fluid conduit 12. In a substep 64a, once inserted into fluid conduit 12, damper 14 is retained in place by engaging at least one end 32, 34 of damper 14 with at least one corresponding end cap 18, 22 of fluid conduit 12. In addition, retaining step 64a may further include sealing the engagement points between end cap(s) 18, 22 of fluid conduit 12 and end(s) 32, 34 of damper 14 during the brazing process performed on fluid conduit 12. In an alternate embodiment wherein damper 14 has a flat shape, a retaining step 64b may be carried which comprises sealing the engagement points between sides 54 of damper 14 and the inner wall of fluid conduit 12. In another alternate embodiment wherein damper 14 has a pod-like structure, a retaining step 64c may be carried out which comprises brazing a mounting surface of damper 14 to the inner surface of fuel rail 12.
In a fourth step 66, a brazing process is performed on fluid conduit 12 wherein a high degree of heat (e.g., on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example) is directed onto fluid conduit 12 when fluid conduit 12 is inserted into a brazing furnace. This process allows for various components of fluid conduit 12 (i.e., mounting brackets, fuel injector cups, end caps, etc.) to be affixed thereto, as well as to seal fluid conduit 12 (i.e., seal ends 16, 20 of fluid conduit 12).
In an exemplary embodiment, a fifth step 68 is performed wherein damper 14 is sealed following the brazing process performed in step 66. In another exemplary embodiment, damper 14 is sealed during the brazing and corresponding cooling steps of the brazing process performed on fluid conduit 12.
In one exemplary embodiment, the sealing of damper 14 includes sealing the vent 38 formed in body 30 of damper 14, which can be accomplished by accessing damper 14 through an access point (such as, for example, outlet 26 or a separate access point) in fluid conduit 12. Damper 14 may be sealed using any number of sealing methods, such as, for example, welding, brazing, crimping, mechanical plug, and other similar methods known in the art, and/or any combination thereof.
In one exemplary embodiment wherein damper 14 has a vent formed in body 30 and/or at least one unsealed end 32, 34, material having a melt point such that it will change from a solid to a liquid when exposed to the level of heat being applied to fuel rail 12 in the brazing process (e.g., in one exemplary embodiment, this heat is on the order of 1500-2050° F. (816-1121° C.), for example), and then return to a solid once cooled, is placed or located proximate the location where damper ends 32, 34 are to be sealed. Examples of materials that can be used include without limitation, for exemplary purposes only, pre-formed copper pieces, copper paste, various blends of copper and nickel and various blends of silver and nickel. As the aforedescribed heating and cooling steps of the brazing process are performed on fuel rail 12, the material within fuel rail 12 melts and is pulled into the open gaps/joints in the unsealed end(s) of damper 14. Once sufficiently cooled, the material returns to a solid state, thereby sealing the previously unsealed end(s) of damper 14. It should be noted that this method of sealing can be implemented alone or in conjunction with one or more of the aforementioned sealing methods.
In an exemplary embodiment wherein damper 14 is a hollow-bodied damper, the inventive method further includes a sixth step 70 that is performed prior to sealing step 68 in which damper 14 is charged with a pressurized or atmospheric pressure gas. Damper 14 may be charged through aperture 38 and/or unsealed end 32, 34 of damper 14 prior to sealing damper 14.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it is well understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/870,225 entitled “Fluid Conduit Damper with Post Braze Sealing,” which was filed on Dec. 15, 2006, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1058272 | Svistoonoff | Apr 1913 | A |
| 2530190 | Carver | Nov 1950 | A |
| 2599325 | Fritzberg | Jun 1952 | A |
| 3154037 | Mayrath | Oct 1964 | A |
| 3227147 | Gossiaux | Jan 1966 | A |
| 4056679 | Brandt et al. | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4295452 | Lembke et al. | Oct 1981 | A |
| 4519368 | Hudson, Jr. | May 1985 | A |
| 4570686 | Devine | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4601275 | Weinand | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4649884 | Tuckey | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4651781 | Kandelman | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4660524 | Bertsch et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4729360 | Fehrenbach et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4782570 | Spridco | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4861238 | Kamiyama et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4930544 | Ziu | Jun 1990 | A |
| 5024198 | Usui | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5058627 | Brannen | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5076242 | Parker | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5080069 | Hudson, Jr. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5311850 | Martin | May 1994 | A |
| 5359976 | Nakashima et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5373824 | Peters et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5374169 | Talaski | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5456233 | Felhofer | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5471962 | Nakashima et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5505181 | McRae et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5516266 | Talaski | May 1996 | A |
| 5538043 | Salazar | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5570762 | Jentsch et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5575262 | Rohde | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5595160 | Matsumoto et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5607035 | Fulks et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5617827 | Eshleman et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5620172 | Fulks et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5645127 | Enderle et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5687958 | Renz et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5718206 | Sanada et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5782222 | Morris et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5845621 | Robinson et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5894861 | Lorraine | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5896843 | Lorraine | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5954031 | Ogiso et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6032651 | Field | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6135092 | Schaenzer et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6148798 | Braun et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6182637 | Kilgore et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6205979 | Sims, Jr. et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6230685 | Kilgore et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6314942 | Kilgore et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6321719 | Schwegler | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6336442 | Kilgore | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6390131 | Kilgore | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6418909 | Rossi et al. | Jul 2002 | B2 |
| 6418910 | Nally et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6431149 | Schwegler et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6463911 | Treusch et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6513500 | Braun et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6615801 | Zdroik | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6651627 | Zdroik et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6655354 | Curran et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6675657 | Kaltsounis et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6761150 | Zdroik | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6915786 | Alder et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6935314 | Zdroik et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 7146700 | Darrah et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 20020043249 | Lee et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020108660 | Braun et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020139426 | Kippe et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030106535 | Zdroik | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20050133008 | Zdroik et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 445 475 | Jan 2004 | EP |
| 1745208 | Jul 2007 | EP |
| 2002-61552 | Feb 2002 | JP |
| 0165106 | Jul 2001 | WO |
| 2005090775 | Sep 2005 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080142105 A1 | Jun 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60870225 | Dec 2006 | US |
