Patent Grant
10653554
The present disclosure is generally directed to methods and apparatus to exchange a fluid of an implantable device.
Implantable devices can be used to provide a therapeutic agent to one or more portions of a body of a patient. The implantable device may have a chamber for storing the therapeutic agent, and the agent can be released into the patient to provide a therapeutic benefit. After an amount of time, the amount of fluid release can be less than ideal, and the fluid of the implantable device may be replaced, refilled, or exchanged to provide additional amounts of therapeutic agent to extend the therapy.
Work in relation to embodiments of the present disclosure indicates that the prior methods and apparatus to place a fluid in a device implanted in the body can be less than ideal in at least some instances. For example, the amount of therapeutic fluid placed in an implanted therapeutic device with injection can be less than ideal in at least some instances. The therapeutic fluid placed in the implantable device may mix with a fluid already present in the implantable device, such that the amount of therapeutic fluid placed in the implantable devices can be less than ideal in at least some instances. Also, mixing of the implantable device fluid with the therapeutic fluid during exchange can provide a less than ideal sample of the fluid from the implantable device in at least some instances. At least some of the prior injections may at least partially damage the implantable device, for example with repeated injection of a needle through a septum. Further, as the implantable device may be small, the amount of pressure within a chamber of the implantable device may substantially exceed atmospheric pressure in order to provide a clinically acceptable amount of time to place the therapeutic fluid in the implanted device. In at least some instances the seal between the injector apparatus and implantable therapeutic device may be absent or inadequate and the exchanged fluids may leak from one or more of the injector apparatus or the implantable device in at least some instances.
Refilling devices implanted in the eye may present additional challenges in at least some instances. At least some of the prior devices implanted in the eye can be small to decrease interference with vision, and the refill port of such devices can be small and the eye can move rapidly in at least some instances. Alignment of the injection apparatus with the refill port of the implanted device can be more difficult than would be ideal in at least some instances.
Work in relation to embodiments suggests that at least some prior injector apparatus may be reused among patients, for example needles, and it may be helpful to limit reuse of the injector apparatus.
At least some of the prior methods and apparatus to diagnose a patient have been less than ideal in at least some respects. In at least some instances, the eye disease may have progressed more than would be ideal. Although tissue can be removed from the patient with a biopsy or vitreous humor removed with a vitreal tap, such procedures can be more invasive than would be ideal. It would be helpful to provide methods and apparatus to obtain a sample from a patient that is less invasive than prior methods and apparatus.
In light of the above, it would be desirable to provide improved treatments for the eye and improved methods and apparatus to place therapeutic fluids in a device implanted in the eye. These treatments and methods and apparatus would decrease at least some of the deficiencies of the prior art, and would provide improved replacement and sampling of a fluid of a device implanted within the body, improved ease of alignment, improved exchange efficiency, little or no leakage resulting from pressure of the injection, and a clinically acceptable exchange time.
Embodiments disclosed herein provide improved methods and apparatus to treat a patient having a device implanted in the body. The apparatus may comprise an exchange apparatus having an elongate structure capable of extending into the implantable device when implanted, and the elongate structure may comprise an opening to place a therapeutic fluid in the implanted device and one or more openings to receive an implantable device fluid from the implantable device. The implantable device may comprise a lock, and the exchange apparatus may comprise a key, so as to limit access to appropriate apparatus and formulations appropriate for the implantable device. The implantable device fluid may comprise air, or a liquid such as saline or a fluid comprising a component of the patient. The elongate structure of the exchange apparatus may comprise a needle and a sheath, in which the sheath extends over a proximal portion of the needle so that the needle and the sheath can be advanced through a penetrable barrier and into a reservoir of the implantable device. The sheath extending over at least a portion of the needle can maintain integrity of the penetrable barrier, and can provide an outflow path having a low resistance to flow so that the fluid within the implantable device can be displaced with decreased pressure. The outflow path can extend from the one or more openings to a receiver container configured to receive the fluid of the implantable device. The implantable device may comprise a porous structure to release therapeutic agent for an extended time. The porous structure may comprise a resistance to fluid flow greater than the resistance to flow of the outflow path from the one or more openings to the receiver container, so that the fluid of the implantable device can be displaced to the receiver container and flow through the porous structure inhibited. The exchange apparatus may comprise a receiver container to receive a sample of the implantable device fluid when the therapeutic fluid is placed in the implantable device. In many embodiments, the exchange apparatus is configured to separate at least a portion of the implantable device fluid from the therapeutic fluid. The separation of at least a portion of the implantable device fluid from the therapeutic fluid can provide a sample of the implantable device fluid useful for analysis and may increase the amount of therapeutic fluid placed in the implantable device.
The one or more openings may comprise a plurality of openings to receive the implantable device fluid. In many embodiments, an injector apparatus comprises an elongate structure having a plurality of openings positionable near a penetrable barrier of the implantable device so as to receive fluid of the implantable device and increase exchange efficiency and decrease refill pressure. The elongate structure may comprise a distal tip to penetrate tissue and the penetrable barrier, and a distal opening near the tip to release therapeutic fluid into the implantable chamber. In many embodiments the distal tip, the distal opening, and the plurality of openings are separated from a stop that engages a tissue of the patient and limits penetration depth such that the distal opening and the plurality of openings are located along an axis of the implantable device so as to increase efficiency of the exchange. A tapered portion of the elongate structure can extend between the distal opening and the plurality of openings so as to stretch a penetrable barrier when the elongate structure is advanced. The plurality of openings can be located away from the tapered portion along a proximal portion so as to maintain integrity of the penetrable barrier and so that leakage can be inhibited. The penetrable barrier can be used repeatedly with pressure for subsequent fluid exchange which can extend the lifetime of the device implanted in the eye. The proximal portion of the elongate structure may comprise an extension without openings extending from the stop to the plurality of openings so as to inhibit leakage through the penetrable barrier and place the plurality of openings away from a proximal side of the penetrable barrier. The extension without openings may extend from the stop to the plurality of openings a distance corresponding substantially to a thickness of the penetrable barrier, such that at least one of the plurality of openings is placed near an inner surface of the penetrable barrier so as to receive fluid near the surface of the penetrable barrier and increase an efficiency of the exchange. The plurality of openings can be distributed along an axis of the elongate structure and may be distributed circumferentially around the elongate structure so as to receive fluid from a plurality of axial and circumferential locations of the reservoir chamber of the implantable device.
The fluid initially within the implantable device may comprise a density less than a therapeutic fluid, and the distal tip and plurality of openings can be configured to at least partially separate the fluid injected through the distal tip from the fluid received through the plurality of openings. The distal opening may be placed below the plurality of openings so as to increase separation and the efficiency of the exchange. The distal opening can be placed below the plurality of openings with a distance from the stop shorter than a length of the implantable device. The distance from the distal opening to the stop may correspond to a length of the reservoir chamber of the implantable device so as to position the distal tip having the opening near a distally located porous structure of the implantable device. In many embodiments the distance from the distal opening to the stop can be no more than about half the distance of the reservoir chamber of the implant so as to facilitate alignment and provide high exchange efficiency with the distal opening placed below the proximal plurality of openings.
In many embodiments, the exchange apparatus comprises one or more structures to separate at least a portion of the implantable device fluid from the therapeutic fluid. The one or more structures may comprise a valve, fluid separator, a separator fluid or combinations thereof. The separator fluid may comprise a fluid miscible with the therapeutic fluid and the implantable device fluid, or a fluid immiscible with the therapeutic fluid and the implantable device fluid such as an immiscible fluid comprising one or more of an oil, a hydrophobic liquid, a gas, or air. The separator fluid can be contained in the fluid separator to inhibit mixing of the implantable device fluid with the therapeutic fluid. The valve may be coupled to a first receiver container and a second receiver container such that a first portion of the implantable device fluid can be placed in the first container without substantial amounts of therapeutic fluid. A second portion of the implantable device fluid mixed with the placed therapeutic fluid can be placed in the second receiver container to inhibit mixing of the therapeutic fluid with the sample contained in the first container. The fluid separator may comprise a structure configured to contain the separator fluid between the implantable device fluid and the therapeutic fluid to inhibit mixing.
While the elongate structure can be configured in many ways, in many embodiments the elongate structure comprises a needle extending from the proximal stop to the distal tip and a sheath placed over the needle to provide the plurality of openings and the tapered intermediate portion. The sheath may comprise a distal portion to engage the needle and an increased cross sectional size to provide the taper. In many embodiments the sheath located over the needle provides one or more channels coupled to the plurality of opening to receive the fluid from the implantable device. The one or more channels may extend proximally from the plurality of openings to a container to receive the fluid from the implantable device.
The exchange apparatus can be coupled to an injector in many ways and may comprise an injector, such as a syringe. In many embodiments the exchange apparatus comprises a connector to couple to a syringe. The connector may comprise a known standard connector, such as a Luer connector, or may comprise a custom connector, such as a keyed connector, to inhibit inappropriate access to the implantable device. The connector may comprise a lock and key mechanism. The connector of the implantable device may comprise a lock and the connector of the syringe may comprise a key to access the exchange apparatus. Alternatively, the injector can be integrated with the exchange apparatus, and the injector may comprise an amount of therapeutic agent to inject into the implantable device.
In many embodiments, the receiver container comprises one or more channels that vent to atmospheric pressure such that a gas within the receiver container can be displaced with fluid comprising liquid from the implantable device. The receiver container may comprise a porous structure that readily allows passage of the gas from the receiver container with a low resistance to flow and substantially inhibits passage of the liquid from the implantable device chamber with a substantially greater resistance to flow. The receiver container may comprise a volume to inhibit re-use of the exchange apparatus, such that the injector apparatus can be a single-use device. The volume of the receiver container may be no more than about twice a volume of the reservoir chamber of the implantable device, for example.
The container of the exchange apparatus can be configured to receive a sample from the implantable device container, and to provide access to the fluid stored in the receiver container. The fluid from the receiver container can be removed from the receiver container for analysis to determine the health of the eye of the patient. The receiver container may comprise a penetrable barrier to access the fluid sample within the receiver container with a needle. The receiver container may be separated from the exchange apparatus to provide the sample from the container. Alternatively or in combination, the receiver container may be pressurized to displace the sample fluid from the reservoir container.
In many embodiments, a sample container can be coupled to the receiver container so as to receive the implantable device fluid from the receiver container. The exchange apparatus may comprise an elongate structure having one or more openings to receive the implantable device fluid, and the implantable device fluid can be displaced from the receiver container so as to pass through the one or more openings and into the sample container. The implantable device fluid can be displaced from the receiver container in many ways. A pressure source or a vacuum source such as a syringe can be coupled to the one or more openings to urge the implantable device fluid from the receiver container to the sample container. The implantable device fluid can be urged, for example drawn, into the sample container with aspiration from the vacuum source comprising the syringe. Alternatively or in combination, the implantable device fluid can be urged, for example pushed, with pressurization of the receiver container, for example from a pressure source comprising a syringe. A channel may extend from the receiver container to an opening that vents to atmospheric pressure during exchange, and the opening can be coupled to the syringe with pressurization subsequent to exchange, such that the channel and receiver container can be pressurized so as to urge fluid from the receiver container through the one or more openings. The receiver container and sample container may be placed in a centrifuge to urge implantable device fluid through the one or more openings onto an inner surface of the sample container. The sample container may comprise a penetrable barrier such as a septum, and the elongate structure may be advanced to place the one or more openings within a chamber of the sample container such that the implantable device fluid can be displaced from the receiver container.
Additional aspects of the present disclosure are recited in the claims below, and can provide additional summary in accordance with embodiments. It is contemplated that the embodiments as described herein and recited in the claims may be combined in many ways, and any one or more of the elements recited in the claims can be combined together in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure and teachings as described herein.
FIG. 8B1 shows an embodiment of a deflectable elongate structure in an unloaded configuration prior to insertion in the lock of
FIG. 8B2 shows an embodiment of a deflected elongate structure in an unloaded configuration prior to insertion in the lock of
FIG. 8C1 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device comprising a lock and an exchange apparatus comprising a rotatable key to the lock;
FIG. 8C2 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device of FIG. 8C1 in a locked configuration in which the elongate structure extends through the open lock to access the reservoir chamber of the implantable device;
FIG. 8D1 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device comprising a lock and an exchange apparatus comprising a slidable key to the lock;
FIG. 8D2 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device of FIG. 8D1 in a locked configuration in which the elongate structure extends through the open lock to access the reservoir chamber of the implantable device;
FIG. 31A1 shows an embodiment of an exchange apparatus having a fluid separator comprising an internal channel sized to support the implantable device fluid with a pocket of air;
FIG. 31A2 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus of FIG. 31A1 having the implantable device fluid supported with a pocket of air to separate the implantable device fluid from the therapeutic fluid;
FIG. 31B1 shows an embodiment of an exchange apparatus having a fluid separator comprising an internal channel having a first portion sized to support the implantable device fluid with a pocket of air and a second portion sized to pass air through the implantable device fluid;
FIG. 31B2 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus of FIG. 31B1 having the first portion supporting the implantable device fluid contained in the second portion with the pocket of air within the first portion;
FIG. 31B3 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus of FIGS. 31B1 and 31B2 having the first portion supporting the implantable device fluid with the pocket of air and therapeutic fluid;
Embodiments of the present disclosure as described herein can be combined in many ways to treat one or more diseases of a patient such as a disease of the eye. The embodiments as described herein are well suited to treat patients with a therapeutic agent for an extended time, such as may be provided with a device that can be at least partially implanted into the eye. Although specific reference is made to ophthalmic treatment of the eye, the methods and apparatus to place a therapeutic fluid in implantable device can be used with many implantable devices and treatments of one or more of many diseases, such as systemic medication to treat systemic disease, orthopedic treatment to treat orthopedic disorders, or dental treatment, for example. The exchange apparatus and methods as described herein are well suited for use with many drug delivery devices, such as refillable diffusion based devices, and can be exceptionally well suited for diffusion devices having a porous drug release structure configured for extended release in which the porous structure inhibits flow of fluid during exchange.
The exchange apparatus and methods as described herein are well suited for diagnoses and treatment of the eye, for example with diagnosis and treatment of the eye based on the implantable device fluid received with the exchange apparatus with the fluid is injected. The implantable device can be combined with one or more known methods of analysis of biomarkers, for example commercially available beads and arrays to detect and measure biomarkers. The methods and apparatus as described herein are well suited for combination with analysis of samples as described in U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/538,736, entitled “Diagnostic Methods and Apparatus”, Filed: Sep. 23, 2011, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of injector apparatus, therapeutic devices, valves and mechanisms to provide the bolus injection are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/696,678, filed on Jan. 29, 2010, entitled “Posterior Segment Drug Delivery”, Publication No. 2010/0255061; and U.S. PCT Pat. App. No. PCT/US2011/046812, filed Aug. 5, 2011, entitled “Injector Apparatus and Method for Drug Delivery”, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/049654, filed Aug. 3, 2012 entitled “Small Molecule Delivery with Implantable Therapeutic Device” is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As used herein like numerals and/or letters denote like elements in the drawings and text as will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
The eye also comprises a choroid 28 disposed between the sclera 24 and the retina 26. The retina comprises the macula 32. The eye comprises a pars plana, which comprises an example of a region of the eye suitable for placement and retention, for example anchoring, of the therapeutic device as described herein. The pars plana region may comprise sclera 24 and conjunctiva 16 disposed between the retina 26 and cornea 12. The therapeutic device can be positioned so as to extend from the pars plana region into the vitreous humor 30 to release the therapeutic agent. The therapeutic agent can be released into the vitreous humor 30, such that the therapeutic agent arrives at the retina 26 and choroid 28 for therapeutic effect on the macula 32. The vitreous humor of the eye 30 comprises a liquid disposed between the lens 22 and the retina 26. The vitreous humor 30 may comprise convection currents to deliver the therapeutic agent to the macula 32.
While the implant can be positioned in the eye in many ways, work in relation to embodiments suggests that placement in the pars plana region 25 can release therapeutic agent into the vitreous 30 to treat the retina 26, for example therapeutic agent comprising an active ingredient composed of large molecules.
Therapeutic agents 110 suitable for use with device 100 include many therapeutic agents, for example as listed in Table 1A, herein below. The therapeutic agent 110 of device 100 may comprise one or more of an active ingredient of the therapeutic agent, such as a formulation of the therapeutic agent, a commercially available formulation of the therapeutic agent, a physician prepared formulation of therapeutic agent, a pharmacist prepared formulation of the therapeutic agent, or a commercially available formulation of therapeutic agent having an excipient. The therapeutic agent may be referred to with generic name or a trade name, for example as shown in Table 1A.
The therapeutic device 100 can be implanted in the eye to treat the eye for as long as is helpful and beneficial to the patient. For example the device can be implanted for at least about 5 years, such as permanently for the life of the patient. Alternatively or in combination, the device can be removed when no longer helpful or beneficial for treatment of the patient.
The therapeutic agent 110 can be placed in the therapeutic device 100 in many ways. In many embodiments, a therapeutic fluid 260 (
With reference to
The exchange apparatus 200 can be configured in many ways, and may be coupled to a syringe 300 with one or more of many connectors, such as a Luer connector, a Luer-Lok™ connector, for example. Alternatively or in combination, the exchange apparatus may comprise syringe 300, for example. The exchange apparatus 200 may comprise an elongate structure 201 to for insertion into the reservoir chamber of the implantable device, and a stop 240 to limit a depth of insertion of the elongate structure 201 into the reservoir chamber of the implantable device. The exchange apparatus 200 may comprise a receiver container 250 to receive the implantable device fluid from the reservoir chamber of the implantable device, and the elongate structure may comprise a plurality of openings coupled to the receiver container so as to receive the fluid of the implantable device through the plurality of openings when the fluid is injected. Alternatively, the therapeutic fluid may be drawn into the reservoir chamber of the implantable device with aspiration of the implantable device fluid into chamber 310 of the syringe, such that the therapeutic fluid placed in chamber 250 can be drawn into the reservoir chamber of the implantable device, for example.
The container may comprise a tubular barrier 160 that defines at least a portion of the reservoir, and the container may comprise a width, for example a diameter 134. The diameter 134 can be sized within a range, for example within a range from about 0.5 to about 4 mm, for example within a range from about 1 to 3 mm and can be about 2 mm, for example. The container may comprise a length 136 sized so as to extend from the conjunctive to the vitreous along axis 100A to release the therapeutic agent into the vitreous. The length 136 can be sized within a range, for example within a range from about 2 to about 14 mm, for example within a range from about 4 to 10 mm and can be about 7 mm, for example. The volume of the reservoir may be substantially determined by an inner cross sectional area of the tubular structure and distance from the porous structure to the penetrable barrier. The retention structure may comprise an annular extension having a retention structure diameter greater than a diameter of the container. The retention structure may comprise an indentation configured to receive the sclera when the extension extends between the sclera and the conjunctive. The penetrable barrier may comprise a septum disposed on a proximal end of the container, in which the septum comprises a barrier that can be penetrated with a sharp object such as a needle for injection of the therapeutic agent. The porous structure may comprise a cross sectional area 150A sized to release the therapeutic agent for the extended period.
The porous structure 150 may comprise a control release mechanism. The porous structure 150 can be configured in many ways to provide controlled sustained release, for example with a release rate index, or a size and number of openings, for example. The porous structure 150 may comprise a first side 150S1 coupled to the reservoir and a second side 150S2 to couple to the vitreous. The first side may comprise a first area 150A1 and the second side may comprise a second area 150A2. The porous structure may comprise a thickness 105T. The porous structure many comprise a diameter 150D.
The porous structure 150 may comprise one or more of a release control element, a release control mechanism, permeable membrane, a semipermeable membrane, a material having at least one hole disposed therein, channels formed in a rigid material, straight channels, nano-channels, nano-channels etched in a rigid material, laser drilled holes, laser etched nano-channels, a capillary channel, a plurality of capillary channels, one or more tortuous channels, sintered material, sintered rigid material, sintered glass, sintered ceramic, sintered metal, tortuous micro-channels, sintered nano-particles, an open cell foam or a hydrogel such as an open cell hydrogel. Additional examples of porous structures are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/696,678, filed on Jan. 29, 2010, entitled “Posterior Segment Drug Delivery”, Publication No. 2010/0255061; and U.S. PCT Pat. App. No. PCT/US2011/046812, filed Aug. 5, 2011, entitled “Injector Apparatus and Method for Drug Delivery”, the entire disclosures of which have been previously incorporated herein by reference.
The volume of the reservoir chamber may comprise from about 5 μL to about 2000 μL of therapeutic agent, or for example from about 10 μL to about 200 μL of therapeutic agent. The reservoir may comprise an axial length 136C extending between the penetrable barrier 184 and the porous structure 150.
The therapeutic agent stored in the reservoir of the container comprises at least one of a solid comprising the therapeutic agent, a solution comprising the therapeutic agent, a suspension comprising the therapeutic agent, particles comprising the therapeutic agent adsorbed thereon, or particles reversibly bound to the therapeutic agent. For example, reservoir may comprise a suspension of a cortico-steroid such as triamcinolone acetonide to treat inflammation of the retina. The reservoir may comprise a buffer and a suspension of a therapeutic agent comprising solubility within a range from about 1 μg/mL to about 100 μg/mL, such as from about 1 μg/mL to about 40 μg/mL. For example, the therapeutic agent may comprise a suspension of triamcinolone acetonide having a solubility of approximately 19 μg/mL in the buffer at 37° C. when implanted.
The release rate index may comprise many values, and the release rate index with the suspension may be somewhat higher than for a solution in many embodiments, for example. The release rate index may be no more than about 5, and can be no more than about 2.0, for example no more than about 1.5, and in many embodiments may be no more than about 1.2, so as to release the therapeutic agent with therapeutic amounts for the extended time. The release rate index can be at about 0.01, for example.
The therapeutic device, including for example, the retention structure and the porous structure, may be sized to pass through a lumen of a catheter.
The porous structure may comprise a needle stop that limits penetration of the needle. The porous structure may comprise a plurality of channels configured for the extended release of the therapeutic agent. The porous structure may comprise a rigid sintered material having characteristics suitable for the sustained release of the material.
The porous structure 150 may comprise the control release mechanism having one or more straight channels 150SC through which material (e.g., fluid that contains therapeutic agent) can pass. There can be at least 3, for example at least 6 and even more typically at least 10 channels. There may be fewer than 1000 channels, for example no more than 200 and in many embodiments no greater than 50 of the channels 150SC.
Material, particularly ophthalmic pharmaceutical composition and aqueous humor fluid, is typically allowed to freely flow and/or diffuse into and out of the reservoir chamber 140 (
In the illustrated embodiments, as shown in
The porous structure 150 comprising the control release mechanism may comprise a plate 150PL. The plate 150PL may be formed of a variety of materials such as metals or polymeric materials. In many embodiments, the plate 150PL is formed of an etchable material such as silicon, which allows the channels 150SC to be etched into the material.
The number and size of each of the openings provides a combined cross-sectional surface area for the plate 150PL. The combined cross-sectional surface area of the channels 150SC may be no more than about 100,000 μm2, so as to provide sustained release of the therapeutic agent for an extended time. While the combined cross-sectional surface area can be within a range from about 1000 μm2 to about 100,000 μm2, in many embodiments the combined cross-sectional area is within a range from about 2,000 μm2 to about 30,000 μm2, for example about 2,000 to about 10,000 μm2. The combined cross-sectional area can be determined based on one or more of the thickness of the plate 150PL, the diffusion coefficient of the therapeutic agent, the volume of the reservoir chamber, the concentration of the therapeutic agent placed in the reservoir chamber, or the targeted release rate profile of the therapeutic agent above a minimum inhibitory concentration for a predetermined amount of time, or combinations thereof, for example.
The tip to penetrate tissue 212 and the opening 214 can be located a distance 204 from the stop and the plurality of opens to provide efficient exchange of the fluid within the reservoir chamber of the implanted device. In many embodiments, the opening 214 is placed within the reservoir chamber at a distance from the stop 240 greater than the plurality of openings 236 to inhibit mixing of the injected therapeutic fluid with the fluid within the reservoir chamber of the implanted device. The opening 214 can be separated from the plurality of openings with a distance 208, such that the opening 214 can be located below the plurality of openings when the therapeutic fluid is injected.
The therapeutic fluid may comprise a density greater than the fluid of the implanted device and opening 214 can be placed below the plurality of openings 236 when the therapeutic fluid is injected to inhibit mixing. The axis 100A (see
Examples of therapeutic agents and corresponding formulations and fluids that may have a density greater than the density of the fluid within the chamber of the implanted device are listed in Table 1A. For example, one or more of the therapeutic agent or a stabilizer can increase the density of the therapeutic fluid. In many embodiments the therapeutic fluid having the greater density comprises a stabilizer, such as trehalose, and the therapeutic agent such as a protein comprising an antibody fragment. Alternatively or in combination, the therapeutic formulation may comprise an amount of therapeutic agent sufficient to provide a density greater than the fluid of the implanted device. The difference in density can be within a range from about 1% to about 10% and can depend on the density of the fluid within the reservoir chamber of the therapeutic device and density of the therapeutic fluid placed in the reservoir chamber with the exchange apparatus. The density of the therapeutic fluid may correspond to a density of the therapeutic agent and a density of the stabilizer (when present). In many embodiments, the density of the fluid of the reservoir chamber may correspond to a density of phosphate buffered saline, or plasma, or an amount of therapeutic fluid remaining in the reservoir from a prior exchange, or combinations thereof, for example.
When injected into a device implanted within the patient, the distance 204 may correspond to no more than approximately the distance of the reservoir chamber of device 140. The distance 204 may correspond substantially to the length of the reservoir chamber so as to place the distal tip near the porous structure, and the elongate structure of the exchange apparatus can be aligned with an elongate axis of the implantable device. In many embodiments, the distance 204 may correspond to no more than about half the distance of the reservoir chamber, such that the elongate structure 201 can be readily aligned with the implantable device. Work in relation to embodiments suggests than a distance providing a tolerance for angular alignment error of the axis 100A with the axis 202 can facilitate exchange and improve efficiency of the exchange. The distance 204 from stop 240 to tip 212 comprising no more than about half of the axial distance of the implantable device can facilitate alignment during injection.
The intermediate portion 220 may comprise an extension 222 extending between tapered portion 224 and the distal portion 210. The extension 222 may comprise a cross-sectional size that is smaller than the tapered portion 224. The extension 222 may comprise a smooth outer surface to penetrate tissue. The tapered portion 224 may comprise a smother outer surface to penetrate tissue and the penetrable barrier. The outer surface of the tapered portion can extend at an angle of inclination relative to the axis, and the tapered portion 224 may comprise a conic section having an angle with the axis such that the outer surface extends at the angle of inclination relative the axis. The angle of inclination of the tapered portion 224 can be no more than about 25 degrees, for example. The angle of inclination can be about 1 degree, about 2 degrees, about 5 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, or about 25 degrees, for example. The extension portion 216 may comprise a first cross-sectional dimension, and the portion having the plurality of openings may comprise a second cross sectional dimension greater than the first dimension, such that tapered portion having the angle of inclination extends there between to connect the extension portion 216 with the portion having the plurality of openings 236.
The proximal portion 230 may comprise the plurality of openings 236 spaced apart along the axis 202 and distributed circumferentially around the proximal portion to receive fluid from a plurality of circumferential and axial locations when the stop 240 engages the conjunctiva to place the plurality of openings within the reservoir chamber. At least one 237 of the plurality of openings can be separated from the stop 240 with a distance 206 corresponding substantially to the thickness of the penetrable barrier 184, such that the at least one 237 of the plurality of openings 236 can be placed near the inner surface of the penetrable barrier to receive fluid contacting the inner surface of the penetrable barrier. In many embodiments, the thickness of the penetrable barrier is within a range from about 0.25 to about 2 mm, for example within a range from about 0.5 to about 1.5 mm, such that the thickness of the penetrable barrier is substantially greater than a thickness of the conjunctiva which can be approximately 100 μm. The distance 206 corresponding substantially to the thickness of the penetrable barrier may correspond substantially to the thickness of the penetrable barrier and the epithelium of the patient.
A sheath 280 can be configured to extend over at least a portion of needle 270. The sheath 280 may extend along the intermediate portion 220 and the proximal portion 230, and the needle 270 can extend through the sheath. The sheath 280 may comprise the plurality of openings 236 and provide one or more channels extending along needle 270 to pass the fluid of the implantable device through the septum.
The sheath 280 may comprise portions corresponding to the intermediate and proximal portions of the elongate structure 201. The extension 222 may comprise a distal portion sheath 280 having an inner surface sized to engage an outer surface of the needle, and the diameter of the portion to engage the needle may comprise an inner cross sectional diameter less than the needle to engage the needle with at least one or of pressure or friction. The tapered portion 224 may comprise an intermediate portion of sheath 280, in which the sheath 280 comprises tapered surface to penetrate the tissue and penetrable barrier 184. The proximal portion 230 may comprise a proximal portion of the sheath 280 comprising the plurality of openings 236 and the extension 238. A channel 239 can extend along an outer surface of the needle to the plurality of openings 236. The channel 239 can extend proximally along extension portion 238 toward a container 250 (see
The plurality of openings 236 may comprise one or more of many shapes and can be arranged in many ways. Each row may comprise from about 2 to about 20 holes, for example, and may comprise circular, oval, elliptical or other shapes, for example. The sheath 280 may comprise a sheath 280A having four rows of circular holes. Each of the holes may have a diameter of no more than about one half of the thickness of the outside diameter of the sheath 280, for example, and may be located circumferentially at 90 degrees to each other, for example. Each of the four rows may extend axially along the sheath 280. The rows can be spaced angularly at 90 degrees to each other, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280B having about two rows, each row comprising about four holes, each hole having a diameter of no more than about one eighth of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280. The two rows may be spaced apart circumferentially at 180 degrees, and the holes may comprise holes cross-drilled through both sides of the sheath, such that each hole has a corresponding hole on the other row on an opposite side of the sheath.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280C comprising about four cross drilled holes, each hole having a diameter of no more than about three quarters of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280, for example. The holes may comprise pairs of holes, in which the holes of each pair have corresponding axial locations. The holes can be arranged in two rows spaced circumferentially at 180 degrees.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280D comprising at least about three rows of at least about 3 holes, each hole having a diameter of no more than about one quarter of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280. The rows can be spaced apart circumferentially at about 120 degrees, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280E comprising at least about 40 holes, each hole having a diameter of no more than about one tenth of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280F comprising slots. Each of the slots may comprise a narrow dimension across and a long dimension across. The long dimension can extend axially along the sheath 280 and may extend a distance greater than the narrow dimension across. The long dimension can extend a distance greater than the outside diameter of the sheath 280 where the slots are located, for example. The narrow dimension across each slot may comprise no more than about half of the outside diameter of the sheath, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280G comprising staggered rows of holes. The plurality of openings 236 may comprise a first row and a second row of cross drilled holes 236A, in which the holes of the first row are paired with the holes of the second row at a common axial location for each pair. A third row of holes and a fourth row of holes may comprise cross drilled holes 236B located at 180 degrees to each other and 90 degrees to the first row and the second row. The axial locations of the third and fourth rows of holes can be staggered from the first and second rows of holes, such that the axial locations of the holes 236A of the first row and second row correspond to axial locations away from the holes 236B of the first row and the second row, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280H comprising oval holes having a long dimension and a short dimension, with the long dimension extending transverse to the axis of the sheath 280 and the short dimension extending along the axis of the sheath 280. The oval holes can be spaced apart and located in rows extending along the axis of the sheath as described herein, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280I comprising elongate oval holes having the long axis of the oval extending along the axis of the sheath and the narrow dimension of the oval extending transverse to the long axis of the sheath, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280J comprising at least about three rows of at least about 3 oval holes, each oval hole having a maximum dimension across of no more than about one quarter of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280. The rows can be spaced apart circumferentially at about 120 degrees as described herein, for example.
The sheath 280 may comprise sheath 280K comprising at least about 40 holes, each hole having a diameter of no more than about one tenth of the diameter of the outside diameter of the sheath 280. The holes can be located on opposite sides of the sheath 280, and may comprise cross drilled holes, for example.
In many embodiments, a valve 256V can be provided, so as to vary the resistance to flow of the outflow path to provide a bolus. The valve 256V may comprise a porous structure 256, for example, or a stop, plunger or other mechanism so as to increase pressure and provide the bolus when the exchange apparatus 200 has received a predetermined amount of displaced liquid from the reservoir container 140. The porous structure 256 may comprise a gas such as air initially, and be configured to contact the liquid from the reservoir chamber when the predetermined amount of fluid has been received and provide a substantial increase in the resistance to flow 156R, such that the bolus is passed through porous structure 150. Examples of valves and mechanisms to provide the bolus injection are described in U.S. PCT Pat. App. No. PCT/US2011/046812, filed Aug. 5, 2011, entitled “Injector Apparatus and Method for Drug Delivery”, the entire disclosure of which has been previously incorporated herein by reference.
The pressure drops can be configured in many ways so as to inhibit a bolus release into the eye when the therapeutic fluid is exchanged with the implantable device fluid, or so as to release a bolus of therapeutic fluid through the porous structure of the implantable device, for example. The therapeutic fluid 260 comprising therapeutic agent 110 is injected through needle 270 into the reservoir chamber 140 of the implantable device, so as to pressurize the implantable device chamber with a force sufficient to pass a substantial portion of the implantable device fluid 262 into the receiver container 250. A pressure drop DP extends from the reservoir chamber of the implantable device through the plurality of openings 236, along channel 239 extending to opening 285, and through opening 285, such that the implantable device fluid 262 is received in receiver container 250. The outflow path from the reservoir chamber of the implantable device to the receiver container 250 comprises a resistance to flow corresponding to a resistance to flow 236R of the plurality of openings 236, the resistance to flow 239R of the channel 239, and the resistance to flow 285R of opening 285, for example. The resistance 150R to flow of the porous structure corresponds to an amount of therapeutic fluid 260 passed from the reservoir chamber of the implantable device to the chamber of the eye containing vitreous humor, for example. The amount of fluid into the receiver container such as the chamber 250 relative to the amount of fluid through the porous structure is related to the resistances based on parallel flow. The amounts of flow to the receiver container 250 and through the porous structure 150 correspond substantially to the following equations:
(Amount through porous structure)/(Amount through receiver)=(Resistance 236R+Resistance 239R)/(Resistance 150R)
(Amount through porous structure)=(Amount through receiver)*(Resistance 236R+Resistance 239R)/(Resistance 150R)
(Amount to receiver container)=(Amount through porous structure)*(Resistance 150R)/(Resistance 236R+Resistance 239R)
The resistance 150R corresponding to extended release of the therapeutic agent can be substantially greater than the resistance of the outflow path to the receiver container 250 comprising resistance 236R and resistance 239R, such that the amount of bolus of therapeutic fluid 260 and implantable device fluid 262 through the porous structure 150 can be less than about 1 μL combined, for example. Alternatively, the resistance to flow of the outflow path can be sufficient such that a substantial amount of therapeutic agent 110 is released through porous structure 150 with a bolus during exchange. The resistance to flow along the outflow path may comprise one or more of the resistance to flow 236R of the plurality of openings 236, the resistance to flow 239R of the channel 239 extending from the plurality of openings to the opening 285, or the resistance to flow 285R of the opening 285, for example, or combinations thereof. The size and number of the plurality of openings 236 and the thickness 286 of the sheath can determine substantially the resistance 236R of the plurality of openings. The length of the channel 239 extending from the plurality of openings 236 to the opening 285, and the transverse dimensions of the channel can determine substantially the resistance to flow 239R. For example the channel 239 may comprise a plurality of channels extending from the plurality of openings opening 236 to the reservoir container 250.
The resistance to flow 150R can vary with the RRI of the porous structure 150. In many embodiments, the resistance to flow 150R of porous structure 150 is inversely related to the RRI of the porous structure. For example, experimental testing with syringes and test therapeutic devices has shown that a bolus can be achieved through a porous structure 150 having an RRI of about 0.06 when the resistance to flow of outflow path is sufficiently large and device 100 is constructed such that chamber 140 can be pressurized to at least about one atmosphere, for example. However, porous structures having lower RRIs can provide a substantial resistance to flow so as to inhibit release of a substantial bolus. For example a porous structure 150 having an RRI of about 0.02 has a resistance to flow 150R such that an attempt to pass a substantial bolus amount through the porous structure 150 with a clinically acceptable injection time of 30 seconds or less may result in substantial pressure, for example greater than about four atmospheres.
The resistance to flow 150R of the porous structure 150 comprising the plurality of straight channels 150SC varies with one or more of the combined cross-sectional surface area of the channels 150SC, the number of openings, the size of each of the openings, or the thickness 150T, and combinations thereof. The combined cross-sectional surface area of the channels 150SC may be no more than about 100,000 μm2, so as to provide a resistance to flow 150R of the porous structure 150 sufficient decrease flow through the porous structure and provide exchange as described herein. The combined cross-sectional surface area can be within a range from about 1000 μm2 to about 100,000 μm2, for example, so as to provide a resistance to flow 150R greater than the resistance to flow of the outflow path 140P1. For example, the combined cross-sectional area within a range from about 1,000 μm2 to about 30,000 μm2 may provide a substantial resistance to flow 150R, which may be substantially greater than the resistance to flow of the outflow path. In many embodiments, the combined surface area is within a range from about 1,000 μm2 to about 10,000 μm2, and the resistance to flow 150R is substantially greater than the resistance to flow of the outflow path so as to inhibit bolus release through the porous structure (see also
The resistance to flow of the outflow path comprising resistance 236R and 239R may comprise about 5 percent of the resistance 150R to flow of the porous structure 150, such that about 5 μL of fluid flows through the porous structure and about 95 μL flows through the plurality of openings 236 and channel 239. The size and number of the plurality of openings and dimensions of channel 239 can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the teachings described herein so as to provide a target amount of bolus for a target amount of injected therapeutic fluid.
As the therapeutic fluid 260 can be denser than the implantable device fluid 262, a substantial portion of the fluid through the porous structure 150 may comprise the therapeutic fluid 260, for example.
The sheath may comprise an annular configuration shaped for placement over the substantially annular needle, such that the sheath and needle comprise a substantially concentric configuration extending along axis 202.
The connector 290 of the exchange apparatus and the connector 320 of the injector can be configured in many ways. For example, the connector 290 and the connector 320 may comprise a standard connector such as a Luer connector or a pressure fit connector. Alternatively, the connector 290 may comprise a non-standard connector to limit access to the exchange apparatus 200. For example the connector 290 may comprise a star connector or other connector, and connector 290 may comprise a lock and key mechanism. The lock and key mechanism may comprise a lock on the exchange apparatus configured to receive a key of the injector, such that the lock of connector 290 can receive the key of connector 320 to couple the injector to the exchange apparatus and permit injection from chamber 310 through opening 214. Alternatively, the syringe 300 may be affixed to exchange apparatus 200, and syringe 300 provided with a single dose of therapeutic agent.
The container 250 of the exchange apparatus may have a volume to limit and amount of fluid received from the implantable device and to limit use of the apparatus to a single use. For example, the volume of the container may comprise no more than about 100 μL, for example no more than about 50 μL, so as to limit and amount of fluid exchanged with the implantable device and inhibit reuse of the exchange apparatus from patient to patient. The implantable device can be provided to a health care provider with an amount of gas, such as air within the receiver container 250, and the receiver container may comprise a structure along a vent path to limit the amount of fluid that can be received by the container 250.
The exchange apparatus 200 may comprise a porous structure 256 to inhibit passage of the fluid of the implantable device and limit the amount of fluid exchanged. The porous structure 256 may comprise a material to pass a gas, such as air and inhibit flow of a liquid, such as the fluid of the implantable device. The material may comprise one or more of a fabric, a porous fabric, a semipermeable membrane, an air permeable material, a moisture vapor transfer waterproof fabric, a hydrophilic porous material, or a porous sintered material, for example. The channels extending through the porous structure 256 may comprise a gas, such as air and a lower resistance to flow of the gas and a substantially greater resistance to flow of a liquid, such as the therapeutic fluid, such that the exchange is substantially inhibited when receiver container 250 is substantially filled with fluid of implanted device and the fluid exchanged with the implanted device contacts the porous structure 256. The porous structure 256 may comprise one or more of a fabric, a porous fabric, a semipermeable membrane, an air permeable material, a moisture vapor transfer waterproof fabric, a hydrophilic porous material, or a porous material or a porous sintered material, for example.
The exchange apparatus may comprise a structure 259 composed of a material penetrable with a needle to draw a sample from the receiver container. The structure 259 may comprise one or more materials suitable for penetration with a needle such as one or more of rubber or silicone elastomer, for example. The structure 259 may comprise the porous structure 256, for example, and the material penetrable with the needle may comprise one or more of a fabric, a porous fabric, a semipermeable membrane, an air permeable material, a moisture vapor transfer waterproof fabric, a hydrophilic porous material, or a porous material or a porous sintered material, for example.
In many embodiments, the lock 360 inhibits access with a straight rigid needle, so as to inhibit placement of the therapeutic agent which may be ineffective or inappropriate when placed in the therapeutic device. For example, the exchange apparatus 200 can be delivered to the physician with a predetermined therapeutic agent formulation and key, and the implantable device has the lock configured to receive the key to place the therapeutic agent, such that access to the implantable device can be limited substantially.
In many embodiments, the lock 360 comprises the deflected channel 364, which may comprise one or more of a bent channel, a curved channel, a helical channel, or a serpentine channel, for example. The lock 360 may comprise a stiff substantially non-penetrable biocompatible material, for example one or more of rigid plastic, polymethylmethacrylate (hereinafter “PMMA”), polycarbonate, metal, or titanium, for example. The key 370 may comprise one or more of many components and structures of elongate structure 201 as described herein. The key 370 may comprise one or more of a deflectable key or a deflected key configured to extend along the deflected channel 364 to deliver the therapeutic fluid 260 and receive the implantable device fluid 262. The lock comprises an engagement structure 362 to engage an engagement structure 372 of the key. The engagement structure 362 may comprise an inner surface of the channel 364, and the outer surface of the deflectable key engages the inner surface of the channel so as to deflect the elongate structure 201 to advance along channel 364.
FIG. 8B1 shows an embodiment of a deflectable elongate structure 201 in an unloaded configuration prior to insertion in the lock 360 of
The lock 360 may comprise a rigidity sufficient to inhibit penetration with a straight needle, and the channel 364 can be extend internally with lock 360.
The key 370 comprising the elongate structure 201 can extend through tissue such as the conjunctiva and epithelium to reach the lock 360, and the key can be configured to penetrate the tissue. The penetration of the tissue and penetrable barrier 184 inhibits contamination of the reservoir chamber as the barrier function of the conjunctiva 16 and Tenon's capsule 17 can be substantially maintained. The deflectable elongate structure 201 can be made of one or more of many components and may comprise sheath 280 and needle 270. The needle and sheath can be configured to deflect together when advanced along channel 364. The deflectable needle may comprise a metal, for example Nitinol, and the sheath may comprise a polymer such as polyimide, for example.
FIG. 8B2 shows an embodiment of a deflected elongate structure 201 in an unloaded configuration prior to insertion in the lock of
FIG. 8C1 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device 100 comprising a lock 360 and an exchange apparatus 200 comprising a rotatable key 370 to the lock 360. The exchange apparatus 200 can be advanced toward the implantable device 100 and rotated as shown with arrows 374. The engagement structures 372 of the key couple to the engagement structures 362 of the lock, such that the lock 360 opens to allow access of the elongate structure 201. The engagement structures may comprise one or more of many structures, for example magnets, teeth, or notches, and the engagement structures can be spaced apart at appropriate distances such that the engagement structures of the lock are keyed to the engagement structures of the key to allow access. For example the engagement structures 372 of the key may comprise magnets, and the engagement structure of the lock may comprise a magnetic material such that the key can be opened with the lock and the magnetic field extending through the conjunctiva 16 and the Tenon's capsule 17, for example. Alternatively, the conjunctiva and/or Tenon's capsule can be displaced and the engagement structures 372 of the key can contact the engagement structures 362 of the lock to allow access to the reservoir chamber.
FIG. 8C2 shows an embodiment of the implantable therapeutic device 100 of FIG. 8C1 in a unlocked configuration in which the elongate structure 201 extends through the open lock and penetrable barrier 184 to access the reservoir chamber 140 of the implantable device 100. The exchange apparatus can place the therapeutic fluid 260 in the implantable device 100 and receive the implantable device fluid 262 in the receiver container 250 as described herein.
FIG. 8D1 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device comprising 100 a slide lock 360 and exchange apparatus 200 comprising a slidable key to engage the slide lock. The exchange apparatus 200 can be advanced toward the implantable device 100 and slid as shown with arrows 374. The engagement structures 372 of the key couple to the engagement structures 362 of the lock, such that the lock 360 opens to allow access of the elongate structure 201. The engagement structures of the slide lock 360 and slide key 370 may comprise structures similar to the rotatable key and lock described with reference to FIG. 8C1.
FIG. 8D2 shows an embodiment of an implantable therapeutic device 100 in an unlocked configuration in which the elongate structure 201 extends through the open lock 360 and penetrable barrier 184 to access the reservoir chamber 140 of the implantable device. The exchange apparatus can place the therapeutic fluid 260 in the implantable device 100 and receive the implantable device fluid 262 in the receiver container 250 as described herein.
The lock can be configured in many ways to receive the key, and the engagement structures 362 of the lock may comprise pins aligned to a shear plane 368 when the key is inserted, for example.
The piston of the syringe can be drawn outward to draw air from chamber 440, which chamber draws sample fluid 264 into chamber 440.
A step 1810 removes therapeutic fluid 260 from the needle of the elongate structure 201 with injection of a gas comprising air from a syringe 300.
A step 1820 depresses the plunger towards the needle.
A step 1830 places the exchange apparatus 200 on the support 450 of container 400 with the exchange apparatus coupled to syringe 300. The support 450 coupled to exchange apparatus 200 may define a chamber 440. The support 450 can be shaped to inhibit air flow between and outer surface of the exchange apparatus and an inner surface of the support 450, for example with a seal formed between the outer surface of the exchange apparatus 200 and the inner surface of the support 450. The support may comprise a soft material, such as a soft elastomeric material, for example.
A step 1840 draws air from chamber 440 with syringe 300 through the injection needle of the elongate structure extending into chamber 440. The implantable device fluid 262 comprising sample fluid 264 is displaced from the receiver container with air drawn into the receiver container 250 through opening 258 of channel 254. The implantable device fluid 262 comprising sample fluid 264 falls to the lower end of chamber 440 and is contained on an inner surface of container 400.
A step 1850 removes the exchange apparatus 200 and syringe 300 from the sample container 400. The cap 430 is placed on the container 400, so as to inhibit evaporation of the implantable device fluid 260 comprising sample fluid 264.
The receiver container 250 comprising the implantable device fluid 262 comprising sample fluid 264 is fluidically coupled to the plurality of openings as described herein such that the implantable device fluid 262 comprising the therapeutic fluid 264 is passed through the plurality of openings. The channel 254 extends from the receiver container 250 to the opening 258 such that air may be drawn into the receiver container 250 to replace the volume of the displaced implantable device fluid 262 comprising sample fluid 264. In many embodiments, the implantable device fluid 262 comprising the sample fluid 264 comprises a liquid comprising water as described herein.
The exchange apparatus 550 may comprise an elongate tubular structure 570 shaped to penetrate tissue, for example a needle. The elongate tubular structure 570 shaped to penetrate tissue can be advanced into access port 180 through penetrable barrier 184, followed by balloon 560 and the distal end of elongate tubular member 580, such that balloon 560 is placed in the reservoir chamber.
The balloon 560 may comprise a highly compliant balloon. As the balloon 560 is inflated, implantable device fluid is displaced out of the reservoir chamber. The balloon 560 may comprise Pebax™ or another highly elastic material such as silicone, for example, or a non-elastic material capable of being one or more of folded, rolled or compressed, for example. The balloon 560 may comprise a tubular structure and supported on the outside diameter of the needle or a sheath over the needle prior to inflation. The balloon may be designed to inflate proximally to distally, e.g. top down, to contact the inner wall of the reservoir chamber and displace fluid toward the vent needle opening. The balloon may be inflated with therapeutic fluid 260. The balloon may be retractable within a sheath, for example. A sheath may be provided to deliver the balloon through the penetrable barrier, for example with the sheath penetrating the penetrable barrier to protect and place the balloon in the reservoir chamber without substantial contact of the balloon to the penetrable barrier when the balloon is placed.
The exchange apparatus 550 comprises components and structure to inflate balloon 560 and remove implantable device fluid 262 from the reservoir chamber 140. The elongate tubular structure 570 shaped to penetrate tissue may comprise a channel 572 to fluidically couple the reservoir chamber 140 with an external container, for example. The elongate tubular member 580 may comprise a first lumen 582 and a second lumen 584, for example. The elongate tubular member 580 can be connected to one or more containers, syringes, or pumps, for example. The elongate tubular member 580 may comprise a first connector 588 fluidcially coupled to first lumen 582, and a second connector 586 fluidcially coupled to the second lumen 584, for example. The first lumen 582 of the elongate tubular member 580 can fluidically couple to channel 572 and external connector 588, for example, such that the implantable device fluid 262 can be received in a receiver container as described herein. The second lumen 584 can fluidically couple the connector 586 to balloon 560, so as to allow inflation of the balloon, for example with a syringe. The connector 586 and the connector 588 may each comprise standard known connectors as described herein, for example. The exchange apparatus 550 may comprise one or more catheter components known to a person of ordinary skill in the art in the field of catheter design and suitable for combination in accordance with the teachings described herein, for example.
The valve 700 may be configured in many ways to provide sample 264 of implantable device fluid 262. With elongate structure 301 introduced into therapeutic device 100, an initial amount of implantable device fluid 262 can be placed in first receiver container 702 with valve 700 comprising a first configuration. The first configuration of valve 700 can fluidically couple one or more openings 236 of elongate structure 201 with the first receiver container 702 and inhibit fluidic coupling of the one or more openings of elongate structure 201 with second receiver container 702. When a sufficient amount of implantable device fluid 262 has been placed in the first receiver container 702, the configuration valve 700 can change from the first configuration to the second configuration. The second configuration of valve 700 can fluidically couple the one or more openings 236 with the second receiver container 704 and inhibit flow to the first receiver container 702, such that a majority of the therapeutic fluid 260 mixed with implantable device fluid 262 is placed in second receiver container 704.
The valve 700 may comprise a manual valve 710 operable by a user, and may comprise one or more of many valves known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, for example a stopcock or other manual or automatic valve, for example.
The sample 264 within first container 702 can be removed for analysis with one or more of many methods or structures as described herein.
The valve 720 and flow resistance structure 722 can be configured in many ways to provide sample 264 of implantable device fluid 262 with no substantial portion of therapeutic fluid 260. The relative resistance to flow of the porous structure 720 when we can be substantially greater than the resistance to flow of the resistance structure 722 when wet, for example at least about twice, and in many embodiments at least about five times the resistance to flow of the flow resistance structure. The flow resistance structure 722 may comprise a valve that opens under pressure such as a duckbill valve or flap with a spring, for example. A baffle 728, a channel, or other internal structure can be provided to inhibit mixing of the therapeutic fluid 260 and implantable device fluid 262 with the sample fluid 264 when valve 720 is wet and comprises the closed configuration.
In the closed configuration, valve 740 directs flow of the implantable device fluid 262 and therapeutic fluid 260 into second receiver container 704 through holes 748 in sheath 280. The exchange apparatus may comprise connector 290 to couple to a syringe as described herein.
FIG. 31A1 shows an embodiment of an exchange apparatus 200 having a receiver container 250 comprising a fluid separator 800 comprising an internal channel 822 sized to support the implantable device fluid 262 with a pocket of air. The fluid separator 800 may comprise a tubular structure 820, for example a column, having an internal dimension such as a diameter sized to support the implantable device fluid with an immiscible separator fluid. The immiscible separator fluid may comprise one or more of an oil, a hydrophobic liquid, a gas, or air, for example. The exchange apparatus may comprise one or more of many structures as described herein such as connectors to couple to a syringe and an elongate structure comprising a sheath and needle. The internal channel 822 of fluid separator 800 can be fluidly coupled to openings 236 to receive implantable device fluid 262 as described herein. The fluid received from the implantable device can be received in receiver container so as to separate the implantable device fluid 262 from the therapeutic fluid 260. The internal channel 822 may initially comprise a gas such as air which can be displaced through opening 258 of receiver container 250.
While the exchange apparatus can be used in many ways with an immiscible separator fluid such as a gas comprising air, in many embodiments the therapeutic fluid 260 is first drawn into a syringe 300, and then the immiscible separator fluid such as air drawn into syringe 300. The syringe 300 can be coupled to the exchange apparatus 200 with the therapeutic fluid supported with the immiscible separator fluid such as air within the container, for example. In many embodiments, the barrel of the syringe comprises an inner diameter sized such that the therapeutic fluid 260 can remain free standing within the barrel of the syringe and may be supported with air, such that the air can be injected into the implantable device before the air is injected. The implantable device may comprise a maximum cross-sectional dimension, for example a maximum diameter, such the implantable device fluid can be supported and displaced with the immiscible separator fluid 810 placed in the lower portion of the reservoir chamber near porous structure 150. Injection of the immiscible separator fluid 810 displaces implantable device fluid 262 through one or more openings 236 of sheath 280 and upward into channel 822. When a substantial portion of the implantable device fluid has been displaced from the reservoir chamber, for example with air, the therapeutic fluid 260 can enter the reservoir chamber such that the implantable device fluid 262 remains substantially separated from the therapeutic fluid 260 introduced into the reservoir chamber.
The separator fluid 810 may comprise a miscible separator fluid, for example saline or other liquid capable of mixing with the therapeutic fluid 260 and the implantable device fluid 262, and the separator fluid 810 may comprise a sufficient volume so as to inhibit mixing of the therapeutic fluid 260 with the implantable device fluid 262. In many embodiments, the separator fluid 810 comprises a fluid not miscible with the therapeutic fluid 260 and implantable device fluid 262, each of which may comprise substantial amounts of water. The immiscible separator fluid 810 can inhibit mixing of the implantable device fluid 262 and the therapeutic fluid 260 with the separator fluid 810, such that the separator fluid 810 may comprise a barrier and inhibit mixing of the components of the implantable device fluid 262 with components of the therapeutic fluid 260.
FIG. 31A2 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus 200 of FIG. 31A1 having the implantable device fluid 262 supported with a pocket of immiscible separator fluid 810 such as air 812, so as to separate the implantable device fluid 262 from the therapeutic fluid 260. An interface 818 extends between the immiscible separator fluid 810 and the implantable device fluid 262. An interface 814 extends between the immiscible separator fluid 810 and the therapeutic fluid 260. In many embodiments, immiscible separator fluid 810 comprises a gas, and implantable device fluid 262 and therapeutic fluid 260 each comprise liquid such that interface 814 comprises a meniscus and interface 818 comprise a meniscus.
FIG. 31B1 shows an embodiment of an exchange apparatus 200 having a fluid separator 800 comprising an internal channel having a first portion 852 sized to support the implantable device fluid with a pocket of an immiscible separator fluid air and a second portion 854 sized to pass an immiscible separator fluid such as air through the implantable device fluid. The first portion may comprise a volume approximating the volume of the reservoir chamber, for example. The exchange apparatus may comprise one or more of the structures of the exchange apparatus 200 as described herein, for example receiver container 200 and container wall 252 may have dimensions so as to define the first portion 852 and the second portion 854.
FIG. 31B2 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus of FIG. 31B1 having the first portion 852 supporting the implantable device fluid 262 with the immiscible separator fluid 810 such as air 812. The tip 212 of needle 270 may extend to the distal end of the reservoir chamber 140 such that the bubble forms at the distal end of the reservoir to increase exchange efficiency, for example. The reservoir chamber 140 and the first portion 852 may comprise immiscible separator fluid 810 such as air 812.
FIG. 31B3 shows an embodiment of the exchange apparatus of FIGS. 31B1 and 31B2 having the first portion 852 supporting the implantable device fluid 262 with the pocket of immiscible separator fluid 810 and therapeutic fluid 260, and the second portion containing the implantable device fluid. As additional gas such as air moves upward from the first portion 852 to the second portion 854, the immiscible separator fluid comprising a gas such as air forms bubbles in second portion 854 having the increased inner dimensions and the bubble can travel upward to escape through opening 258. The first portion 852 and the second portion 854 may each comprise an annular channel having an inner dimension determined by the outside diameter of needle 270, for example. The increased outer dimension of the annular channel of the second portion 854 allows bubbles to form in the implantable device fluid 262 contained in the second portion such that the bubbles can rise and escape through valve 258.
The piston 864 can displace the immiscible separator fluid 810 comprising air, such that the immiscible separator fluid 810 is displaced into reservoir chamber 140 and forms an interfacial boundary 816. The interfacial boundary 816 moves toward sheath 280 as the implantable device fluid is displaced with the immiscible separator fluid 810. When the piston 864 has advanced a sufficient distance, movement of piston 864 along the cylinder barrel is inhibited, and the therapeutic fluid 260 is displaced through the one or more holes 862 with piston 302. The displaced therapeutic fluid 260 is placed in reservoir chamber 140, for example with injection through the needle. The immiscible separator fluid 810 is displaced with therapeutic fluid 260 such that the immiscible separator fluid 810 enters receiver container 250.
In many embodiments the receiver container 250 comprises a volume that is at least the volume of the injected material comprising therapeutic fluid 260 and immiscible separator fluid 810, such that the volume of the receiver container 250 is sufficient to retain the implantable device fluid 262 and the immiscible separator fluid 810. The volume of immiscible separator fluid 810 injected with the therapeutic fluid can be less than, approximately the same as, or greater than the volume of the therapeutic agent injected. In many embodiments, the immiscible separator fluid 810 comprises a volume sufficient to separate the therapeutic fluid from the implantable device fluid and which is substantially less than the volume of the reservoir chamber. For example, the amount of immiscible separator fluid 810 may comprise a volume that is sufficient to form a bubble within the reservoir chamber 140 and that is substantially less than the volume of the volume of reservoir chamber 140.
The receiver container 250 can be configured in many ways to receive the implantable device fluid 262 and the immiscible separator fluid 810. For example, the receiver container 250 may comprise the inside dimension sufficient to support the implantable device fluid with the immiscible separator fluid along a majority of the length of the receiver container 250. Alternatively, the first portion 852 of the receiver container may comprise the inside dimension sufficient to support the implantable device fluid 262 and the second portion 854 of the receiver container may comprise the inside dimension sufficiently large so as to pass the immiscible separator fluid 810 through the implantable device fluid. A person or ordinary skill in the art can determine the internal dimensions of the first portion and the second portion based on the teachings of the present disclosure.
The first exchange apparatus 200A and the second exchange apparatus 200B may each comprise many of the structures of exchange apparatus 200 as described herein. For example, the first exchange apparatus 200A and the second exchange apparatus 200B may each comprise the elongate structure 201 and receiver container 250 as described herein. The double barrel syringe 300 may comprise the therapeutic fluid and the first exchange fluid 900. The double barrel syringe 300 may comprise a first chamber 910 containing the first exchange fluid 900 and a second chamber 920 containing the therapeutic fluid 260. The first chamber 910 may be coupled to a first piston 912 and plunger 914 having a first length. The second chamber 920 may be coupled to a second piston 922 and plunger 924 having a second length. The first length can be longer than the second length to that the contents of the first chamber are injected before the second chamber. The first exchange apparatus 200A can be connected to the syringe 300 and the elongate structure 201 inserted into the implantable device as described herein, and the first plunger advanced so as to displaced the implantable device fluid 262 from the reservoir chamber 140 with the first exchange fluid 900. The first exchange apparatus 200A can be removed from therapeutic device implanted in the eye. The first exchange apparatus 200A can be disconnected from the syringe 300, and the second exchange apparatus 200B connected to the syringe 300 and advanced into the therapeutic device 100. The second plunger 924 can be advanced to displace the first exchange fluid 900 from the reservoir chamber 140 of the implantable device with the therapeutic fluid 260 as described herein.
In many embodiments, one or more of the components of the first exchange apparatus 200A and the second exchange apparatus 200B can be combined for use with the double barrel syringe so that the first exchange fluid and the therapeutic fluid can each be exchanged sequentially when the exchange apparatus 200 is placed in the implantable device and without removing the exchange apparatus from the implanted device. For example, the exchange apparatus 200 may comprise the first receiver 702 container to receive the implantable device fluid and the second receiver container 704 as described herein to receive the first exchange fluid, and the first receiver container and the second receiver container can be coupled to one or more valves as described herein such that the implantable device fluid 262 is directed to the first receiver container when the valve comprises a first configuration and the first exchange fluid is directed to the second receiver container when the valve comprises a second configuration as described herein.
The therapeutic fluid was injected through the penetrable barrier comprising a septum of silicone elastomer. The injector needle was approximately 33 gauge and coupled to a syringe and positioned below the receiver needle. The receiver needle received liquid from the implantable device and extended upward to a receiver container. Axis of the injector needle 202 and the axis of the implantable device 100A were oriented to obtain samples. The reservoir chamber of the implantable device comprised about 25 μL, and about 50 μL were injected. The orientation of the axes varied from 0 degrees (horizontal) 45 degrees away from horizontal. At the −45 degree orientation the penetrable barrier was located above the reservoir chamber and the opening to the receiver needle located above the opening to the injector needle.
Table 2 shows device angles and fill efficiencies corresponding to the values in the graph of
A concentric needle device was also tested and provided similar results.
Pressure studies have been conducted with the injector apparatus having the plurality of openings. The sheath comprised polyimide placed over a 33 Gauge needle. A first pressure gauge was coupled to a syringe on the input side of the needle, and a second pressure gauge was coupled to the implantable device reservoir chamber where the porous structure is shown above. The input pressure to the syringe of 12 N produced a pressure of 85 pounds per square inch (hereinafter “psi”) into the needle and implantable device chamber had a pressure of about 45 psi. This amount of input pressure corresponds to a clinically acceptable exchange time of about 5 seconds, for example.
Additional experiments can be conducted by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the teachings described herein, for example experiments with an exchange apparatus comprising a polyimide sheath comprising a plurality of openings over a needle as described herein.
Additional experiments can be conducted with one or more of many release control mechanisms to determine the resistance to flow of the release control mechanism suitable for use in accordance with embodiments described herein. For example, studies can be conducted with porous structures of varying dimensions, release rates, and manufacturing processes, in order to measure the flow through the frits with pressure so as to determine the resistance to flow.
While the exemplary embodiments have been described in some detail, by way of example and for clarity of understanding, those of skill in the art will recognize that a variety of modifications, adaptations, and changes may be employed.
This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/615,229, filed Sep. 13, 2012, which claims priority of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications: (1) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/535,900, titled, “Fluid Exchange Apparatus and Methods,” filed on Sep. 16, 2011; and (2) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/595,604, titled, “Fluid Exchange Apparatus and Methods,” filed on Feb. 6, 2012. The disclosures of the Applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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| Child | 15877146 | US |
