Patent Application
20180058456
This application claims priority to German Patent Application DE102016115868.2 filed Aug. 26, 2016, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The invention relates to a fluid flow machine.
The aerodynamic loads applied to fluid flow machines, such as for example fans, compressors, pumps and blowers that can be operated with a gaseous as well as with a liquid medium, is determined by the growth and separation of boundary layers on the blades as well as on the hub and housing walls. Usually, a good operational behavior can be obtained when the aerodynamic loading is evenly distributed to the rotor blading and the stator blading, for example in a fan stage or compressor stage. What mostly occurs here is a decrease of the flow path's cross-sectional area in flow direction, which is necessary with a compressible working medium between the entry and the exit plane of a stage, similar at the rotor and the stator.
The stability limit of fluid flow machines such as fans, compressors, pumps and blowers is significantly determined by the choice of the profile angle of the blading and the resulting loading and utilisation factor (performance). For this reason, threshold values that are based on the designing experience of successful machines are usually not exceeded. This applies in the same way and according to the state of the art also to a similar degree to the rotor blade rows as well as stator blade rows of a fluid flow machine. The correspondingly used threshold values for rotors and stators according to the state of the art entail a course of the main flow path (formed by the hub and housing contour of the machine) that extends in a smooth and continuous manner and barely shows any differences to the downstream flow cross-section changes in rotors and stators. Thus, at a given rotor blade speed, the possible stage pressure conditions are limited to values that have already been long known.
DE 10 2009 033 591 A1 describes a fluid flow machine with at least one blade row group in which the area cross section of the main flow path in at least one stage of the fluid flow machine leads to an excessive rotor-stator necking ratio.
There is a need to provide a fluid flow machine that implements a new manner of relating the blade angle and the course of the main flow path area to each other.
Accordingly to an embodiment of the invention it is provided a combination of a special downstream course of the area cross sections of the main flow path that are passed by the flow and a special dimensioning of the entry and exit angle of the rotor blade profiles and stator blade profiles of a stage of the fluid flow machine (FFM).
In this manner, it is provided that, in at least one stage, the averaged blade profile angles βRI, βRE of the rotor assembly group, the averaged blade profile angles βSI, βSE of the stator assembly group, as well as the course of the cross-sectional areas of the main flow path in the downstream direction are chosen so as to fulfil the following relationship:
ACC/RSC>−7.2143 LC2+1.5414 LC+2.776,
wherein ACC identifies the area change count of a stage and is defined based on the following formula:
ACC=[(R22−R12)/(R42−R32)]/[(R62−R52)/(R82−R72)]
At that, in the through-flow direction of the fluid flow machine, it applies that
R1 is the radius at the radially innermost point of the leading edge of that blade row of the rotor assembly group that is located furthest upstream,
R2 is the radius at the radially outermost point of the leading edge of that blade row of the rotor assembly group that is located furthest upstream,
R3 is the radius at the radially innermost point of the trailing edge of that blade row of the rotor assembly group that is located furthest downstream,
R4 the radius at the radially outermost point of the trailing edge of that blade row of the rotor assembly group that is located furthest downstream,
R5 is the radius at the radially innermost point of the leading edge of that blade row of the stator assembly group that is located furthest upstream,
R6 is the radius at the radially outermost point of the leading edge of that blade row of the stator assembly group that is located furthest upstream,
R7 is the radius at the radially innermost point of the trailing edge of that blade row of the stator assembly group that is located furthest downstream,
R8 is the radius at the radially outermost point of the trailing edge of that blade row of the stator assembly group that is located furthest downstream,
Thus, the area change count ACC indicates the rotor-stator necking ratio, i.e. the ratio of the change in cross-section of the rotor and the stator within a stage, and thus the course of the cross-sectional areas of the main flow path in the downstream direction.
Further, RSC indicates the rotor stagger count of a stage and is defined based on the following formula:
RSC=1/(tan αRI+tan αIE).
The rotor stagger count RSC of a stage is a measure for the flow rate that the stage has in relation to the rotational speed of the rotor assembly group.
Further, LC indicates the load count of a stage and is defined based on the following formula:
LC=[1/(tan αRE+tan αSI)*(tan αSI)]−[1/(tan αRI+tan αIE)*(tan αIE)].
The load count LC of a stage is a measure for the work performed by the stage or for the flow deflection at the rotor assembly group and the stator assembly group. Here, a high value of LC indicates a high degree of deflection.
At that, □IE is the averaged angle value of the inflow swirl in front of the rotor assembly group,
αRI is the effective rotor entry angle and is defined as: αRI=βRI−[2/180*π],
αRE is the effective rotor exit angle and is defined as: αRE=βRE+[2/180*π],
αSI is the effective stator entry angle and is defined as: αSI=βSI−[2/180*π],
αSE is the effective stator exit angle and is defined as: αSE=βSE+[2/180*π].
Further, βRI is the averaged entry blade profile angle of the rotor assembly group, βRE is the averaged exit blade profile angle of the rotor assembly group, βSI is the averaged entry blade profile angle of the stator assembly group, and βSE is the averaged exit blade profile angle of the stator assembly group, wherein the averaging is performed respectively across the blade height.
The angle−[2/180*□] is an incidence angle and the angle+[2/180*□] is a deviation angle. With these angles, it is taken into account that the flow is flowing to the blades or away from them at a smaller angle with respect to the entry blade profile angle and the exit blade profile angle, which is assumed to be 2□/180* at approximately ±2 degrees.
The invention is based on the insight that the realizable level of the efficiently supplied work can be increased if the rotor and stator blade profile angles as well as the main gas path course are put into a new relation to each other, as a consequence of which the number of the stages of multi-stage axial fluid flow machines can be reduced, while the pressure conditions as they are required today can be met.
In embodiments of the fluid flow machines according to the invention it is provided that the blades of the rotor assembly group are embodied with a strong profile curvature and that the stator assembly group is embodied as a high-lift configuration.
The invention relates to a fluid flow machine for a gaseous as well as a liquid working medium. The teaching according to the invention presupposes a design of the fluid flow machine that is at least substantially axial.
It is provided in one embodiment of the invention that the averaged entry blade profile angle □RI of the rotor assembly group, the averaged exit blade profile angle □RE of the rotor assembly group, the averaged entry blade profile angle □SI of the stator assembly group, and the averaged exit blade profile angle □SE of the stator assembly group are determined as follows:
βRI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βRIN(i)]/21
βRE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βREX(i)]/21
βSI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSIN(i)]/21
βSE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSEX(i)]/21
At that, □RIN (i) indicates the entry blade profile angle of the rotor assembly group in the meridian streamline profile section (i), □REX (i) the exit blade profile angle of the rotor assembly group in the meridian streamline profile section (i), □ SIN (i) the entry blade profile angle of the stator assembly group in the meridian streamline profile section (i), and □SEX (i) indicates the exit blade profile angle of the stator assembly group in the meridian streamline profile section (i). Here, the meridian streamline profile sections (i) are distributed in an equidistant manner between the hub and housing.
Thus, the averaged entry blade profile angle or exit blade profile angle of the blades of a rotor assembly group or stator assembly group is a mean value across a high number of the respective blade profile angle of meridian streamline profile sections that are distributed in an equidistant manner along the main flow path height between the hub and housing contour, wherein 21 is chosen as a number by way of example.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the above-mentioned averaged angle value □IE of the inflow swirl in front of the rotor assembly group equals zero if a stage (consisting of a rotor assembly group and the stator assembly group that is arranged directly downstream of the rotor assembly group) has no inlet guide stator assembly group and a swirl-free inflow to the rotor assembly group is provided. The value does not equal zero if a swirling inflow is provided due to other built-in components.
For the case that, as it is provided according to one embodiment variant of the present invention, the fluid flow machine has an inlet guide stator assembly group arranged upstream with respect to a regarded stage, the averaged angle value □IE of the inflow swirl in front of the rotor assembly group is determined by the effective inlet guide stator exit angle of the inlet guide stator assembly group, wherein one then has:
αIE=βIE+[2/180*π], if the inlet guide stator assembly group effects a deflection of the flow towards the machine axis direction,
αIE=βIE−[2/180*π], if the inlet guide stator assembly group effects a deflection of the flow away from the machine axis direction,
wherein βIE indicates the averaged exit blade profile angle of the inlet guide stator assembly group. It is for example obtained by [Σi=1 . . . 21βIEX(i)]/21, wherein βIEX indicates the exit blade profile angle of the inlet guide stator assembly group in the meridian streamline profile section (i).
A further embodiment of the invention provides that the stator assembly group of at least one stage is formed by a high-lift configuration. The latter provides a high lift at the stator. It for example comprises an arrangement with two or more stator blade rows, for example a tandem arrangement of two stator blade rows.
According to a further embodiment, at least one of the stages of the fluid flow machine is provided with a course of the main flow path in which a stronger area change across the rotor assembly group as well as an area change across the stator assembly group that is smaller by comparison is realized. In this case, the area change count ACC is larger than 1.
Further, it can be provided that at least one of the arrangements of the rotor assembly group and the stator assembly group is formed by a blade row group, wherein the at least one blade row group consists of multiple rotor blade rows that are arranged adjacent to it in the main flow direction, or of stator blade rows of the same type as member blade rows.
In further embodiments it is provided that, with at least one stage, the rotor assembly group is embodied with a single-row design and the stator assembly group is embodied with a blade row group, or that the rotor assembly group is embodied with a blade row group and the stator assembly group is embodied with a single-row design, or that the rotor assembly group is embodied with a blade row group and the stator assembly group is embodied with a blade row group. Here, a tandem arrangement with two rows of blades that are arranged at a fixed distance to each other is realized by the blade row group, for example.
An embodiment of the invention provides a design of the fluid flow machine in which the averaged blade profile angles βRI, βRE of the rotor assembly group and the averaged blade profile angles βSI, βSE of the stator assembly group are selected in such a manner that they lie within a value range to which applies: LC>0.2, in particular LC>0.35, in particular 0.35<LC<0.75, in particular 0.4<LC<0.6.
In a further embodiment of the invention it is provided that the following applies to the rotor coefficient RC of the rotor blade profiles and to the stator coefficient SC of the stator blade profiles:
SC>−6.4583 RC2+2.225 RC+0.2633,
Here, RC is the rotor coefficient and is calculated as
RC=ΔαR*λR, measured in rad2,
wherein ΔαR is the rotor deflection and λR the rotor stagger angle, and wherein one has:
ΔαR=αRI−αRE, measured in rad
λR=(αRI+αRE)/2, measured in rad.
Further, SC is the stator coefficient and is calculated as
SC=ΔαS*λS, measured in rad2,
wherein ΔαS is the stator deflection and λS is the stator stagger angle, and wherein one has:
ΔαS=αSI−αSE, measured in rad, and
λS=(αSI+αSE)/2, measured in rad.
What is thus regarded is the product of the deflection □□R, □□S of the blade profiles and the stagger angle □R, □S at the rotor and the stator, which is related with the above formula. Here, the rotor coefficient RC and the stator coefficient represent a loading value, wherein RC indicates the degree of deflection of the flow at the rotor assembly group and SC indicates the lift capacity of the stator assembly group. Here, high values of RC indicate a strong deflection of the flow at the rotor assembly group, and high values of SC a high lift capacity of the stator assembly group.
Here, it can be provided that, downstream of a stage with a high performance, a further such stage is provided in a directly adjacent manner, thus representing a multi-stage unit.
In one embodiment of the invention, a design of the fluid flow machine is provided in which the rotor deflection □□R and the rotor stagger angle □R are selected in such a manner that they lie within a value range to which applies: RC>0.2, in particular RC>0.3, in particular 0.3<RC<0.42, in particular 0.33<RC<0.39.
The solution according to the invention can be used in fluid flow machines having a stage that is formed by only one of rotor assembly group and stator assembly group as well as by multiple stages, respectively consisting of a rotor assembly group and a stator assembly group.
It is provided in one embodiment of the invention that the fluid flow machine according to the invention is a compressor of an aircraft engine, in particular of a turbofan engine.
The invention will be explained in more detail on the basis of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention relates to a broad range of designs of a fluid flow machine (FFM).
The fluid flow machine consists of one or multiple stages. Every stage comprises a rotor assembly group (rotor, in short) and a stator assembly group (stator, in short). The rotor consists of a number of blades that are connected to a rotating shaft of the machine and supply energy to the working medium. The rotor can be embodied with or without a tip shroud at the exterior blade end. The stator consists of a number of stationary blades that can be embodied at the hub side as well as housing side with a fixated or free blade end. The rotor drum and the blading are surrounded by a housing. The machine can have a stator in front of the first rotor (inlet guide vane). In contrast to the immobile fixation, the stators can be mounted in a rotatable manner and can have a spindle that is accessible for the purpose of adjustment from outside the annular channel. Alternatively, the fluid flow machine can have a bypass flow configuration in such a manner that the single-flow annular channel is divided behind a certain blade row into two concentric annular channels, which in turn respectively comprise at least one further blade row. Further, if it has a multi-stage design, the mentioned fluid flow machine has two contra-rotating shafts, so that the rotor blade rows change the rotational direction from stage to stage. Here, there are no stators present between the contra-rotating rotors.
In the solution according to the invention, it is advantageous if at least the stator assembly group of at least one stage of the fluid flow machine is embodied as a high-lift configuration. This is in particular advantageous if the individual stages of this fluid flow machine are provided with a course of the main flow path that allows for a comparatively strong area change across the rotor assembly group and a comparatively small area change across the stator assembly group, wherein the deflection of the rotor assembly group and its profile curvature, and in particular the product of deflection and stagger angle, is substantially larger than in the state of the art. Unlike in the state of the art, it is accordingly expedient to direct the design parameters that are significant in connection to this specification and in particular the blade profile angles of the rotor and stator, into a new area of the design space.
However, according to the invention also more than two member blade rows can be provided at the rotor assembly group 4 as well as at the stator assembly group 5. According to the invention, at least one stage of the fluid flow machine can comprise at least one blade row group, so that the following configurations according to the invention are possible:
The corner points P1 to P8 are determined by the section points of the leading and trailing edges (or, in rotor or stator blade ends with a gap, their extension orthogonal to the edge of the main flow path edge) and the housing or the hub. If the hub or housing contour extends in the circumferential direction with a non-constant radius, the radius as arithmetically averaged in the circumferential direction comes into effect.
The rotor 4 has the points P1 to P4, the stator 5 has the points P5 to P8. Each point P(i) has the axial position X(i) and the radius R(i), as it is for example drawn in for the point P1. The reference coordinate system is positioned on the machine axis 10.
The machine is passed by the flow always from left to right, as shown by the thick arrow.
At that, in the through-flow direction of the fluid flow machine, it applies that
In order to determine the metal angles, it is necessary to determine the profile camber line in the plane of the blade profile section, that means the center line between the pressure side (DS) and the suction side (SS) of the profile. The tangents TLE and TTE that are applied to the profile camber line at the leading and the trailing edge point (LE, TE) quantify the orientation of the profile and thus the metal angle. Finally, the entry metal angle □IN results between the tangent TLE and the meridian direction m, the exit metal angle □EX results between the tangent TTE and the meridian direction m.
What is shown in the lower part of the image is the meridian streamline section through a blade row group, consisting of at least two member blade rows comprising blades 41, 51, 42, 52 and being arranged in succession behind each other in flow direction. They may be member blade rows of a rotor assembly group, a stator assembly group, or an inlet guide stator assembly group, with the definition system again being identical for all of them.
What results in this case is an entry metal angle □IN at the leading edge LE of the member blade row arranged furthest upstream, between the tangent TLE at its camber line and the meridian direction m, and the exit metal angle □EX results at the trailing edge TE of the member blade row arranged the furthest downstream, between the tangent TTE at its camber line and the meridian direction m.
If the local blade profile angles are known, the mean value can be formed as a representative value for a rotor assembly group (R), the stator assembly group (S), or the inlet guide stator assembly group (I) across a number of e.g. 21 meridian streamline profile sections that are distributed in an equidistant manner along the main flow path height between the hub and the housing contour, see
According to this system, the blade profile angles (metal angles) of the rotor assembly group (R) or the stator assembly group (S) or of an inlet guide stator assembly group (I), which are averaged over the blade height, are obtained based on the formula:
βI=Σi=1 . . . 21βIN(i)/21
βE=Σi=1 . . . 21βEX(i)/21,
wherein βI indicates the averaged entry blade profile angle and βE the averaged exit blade profile angle.
Specifically, resulting as averaged blade profile angles □RI, □RE of the rotor assembly group (R), as averaged blade profile angles □SI, □SE of the stator assembly group (S), and as averaged exit blade profile angles □IE of a possibly present inlet guide stator assembly group (I) are the following:
βIE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βIEX(i)]/21
βRI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βRIN(i)]/21
βRE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βREX(i)]/21
βSI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSIN(i)]/21
βSE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSEX(i)]/21
Consequently, the flow-relevant effective angles at the entry and the exit of the inlet guide stator assembly group (I), the rotor assembly group (R) and the stator assembly group (S) of a stage of the fluid flow machine are:
αIE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βIEX(i)]/21+[2/180*π]=βIE+[2/180*π], if the inlet guide stator assembly group effects a deflection of the flow towards the machine axis direction,
αIE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βIEX(i)]/21−[2/180*π]=βIE−[2/180*π], if the inlet guide stator assembly group effects a deflection of the flow away from the machine axis direction.
αRI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βRIN(i)]/21−[2/180*π]=βRI−[2/180*π]
αRE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βREX(i)]/21+[2/180*π]=βRE+[2/180*π]
αSI=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSIN(i)]/21−[2/180*π]=βSI−[2/180*π]
αSE=[Σi=1 . . . 21βSEX(i)]/21+[2/180*π]=βSE+[2/180*π]
Here, the angle−[2/180*□] is an incidence angle, and the angle+[2/180*□] is a deviation angle. The incidence angle is the angle between the entry flow direction and the tangents TLE applied to the profile camber line at the leading edge point (LE); the deviation angle is the angle between the exit flow direction and the tangents TTE, applied to the profile camber line at the trailing edge point (TE), cf.
In the case that a stage (consisting of the rotor assembly group and the rotor assembly group that is arranged directly downstream of the stator assembly group) has no inlet guide stator assembly group, the value zero it to be assumed for the effective inlet guide stator exit angle IE if a swirl-free inflow to the rotor assembly group is provided, and the averaged angle value of the inflow swirl in front of the rotor assembly group is to be assumed if a swirling inflow is present due to other built-in components.
Based on the provided values, multiple relevant key figures for the design of a fluid flow machine can be determined, with the help of which the aerodynamic quality, the power density and the shape of the main flow path—and thus ultimately the degree of performance in a fluid flow machine—can be obtained. The following definitions apply:
load count of the stage:
LC=[1/(tan αRE+tan αSI)*(tan αSI)]−[1/(tan αRI+tan αIE)*(tan αIE)]
RSC=1/(tan αRI+tan αIE)
area change count of a stage (consisting of a rotor assembly group and stator assembly group):
ACC=[(R22−R12)/(R42−R32)]/[(R62−R52)/(R82−R72)]
These three important characteristics of a fluid flow machine are regarded in
The diagram shows a comprehensive grouping of value points P that have been determined for an existing fluid flow machine according to the state of the art. Understandably, they are located within a narrow belt resulting from the observance of the usual design rules for blades and main gas paths.
However, if the possibilities resulting from the use of high-lift configurations are realized at least in the area of the stator assembly group and a new design space for advantageous combinations of LC, ACC and RSC is opened up, the solutions I for a fluid flow machine according to the invention are located in the upper right value range as highlighted in the diagram.
The solutions according to the current state can be clearly demarcated by an enveloping line. This line is drawn in as a “boundary line” G1 in
ACC/RSC=−7.2143 LC2+1.5414 LC+2.776
Value points I for stages of a fluid flow machine according to the invention lie above this boundary line G1, i.e. the following applies to the stages of a fluid flow machine according to the invention: ACC/RSC>−7.2143 LC2+1.5414 LC+2.776.
What results for a desired value point I, which lies above the boundary line G1 and which is to be realized in a stage, are groupings of values for the averaged blade profile angles βRI, βRE of the rotor assembly group, the averaged blade profile angles βSI, βSE of the stator assembly group, as well as the course of the cross-sectional areas of the main flow path in the downstream direction as determined by the radiuses R1 to R8. In this manner, suitable values of βRI, βRE, βSI, βSE as well as R1 to R8 can be determined, with the values satisfying the mentioned formulas regarding ACC, RSC, LC.
According to the invention, a design in the value range of LC>0.2 has an advantageous effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of LC>0.35 has a favorable effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of 0.35<LC<0.75 has a very favorable effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of 0.4<LC<0.6 has a particularly favorable effect.
A special feature of the fluid flow machine according to the invention is that the deflection of the rotor blade profiles is larger than usual, and in particular the product of the deflection of the rotor blade profiles and the stagger angles of the rotor blade profiles is considerably larger than in the state of the art. The following definitions apply:
rotor deflection: ΔαR=αRI−αRE, measured in rad
rotor stagger angle: λR=(αRI+αRE)/2, measured in rad
rotor coefficient: RC=ΔαR*λR, measured in rad2
stator deflection: ΔαS=αSI−αSE, measured in rad
stator stagger angle: λS=(αSI+αSE)/2, measured in rad
stator coefficient: SC=ΔαS*λS, measured in rad2
The product of the deflection of the stator blade profiles and the stagger angles of the stator blade profiles lies closer to the range of the state of the art.
When regarding the new design space for advantageous combinations of RC and SC, the solutions for a fluid flow machine according to the invention lie in the right-hand heightened value range as highlighted in the diagram of
The solutions P according to the current standard can be clearly demarcated by an enveloping line. This line is drawn in as a “boundary line” G2 in
SC=−6.4583 RC2+2.225 RC+0.2633
Value points I for stages of a fluid flow machine according to the invention lie above this boundary line G2. i.e. according to the invention one has:
SC>−6.4583 RC2+2.225 RC+0.2633.
According to the invention, a design in the value range of RC>0.2 has an advantageous effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of RC>0.3 has a favorable effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of 0.3<RC<0.42 has a very a favorable effect. According to the invention, a design in the value range of 0.33<RC<0.39 has a particularly favorable effect.
It is particularly advantageous according to the invention if it can be provided that, downstream of a stage with a high degree of performance according to the invention, a further such stage is provided in a directly adjacent manner, thus representing a multi-stage unit.
Compared to the state of the art, the solution according to the invention is very advantageous in particular in the case that different design methods are used for rotors and stators. According to the invention, the use of a high degree of performance of the stage and a geometry of the blades and of the main flow path that are correspondingly combined in an optimized manner provide the precondition for creating a new design space for fluid flow machines, possibilities for an effective hybrid application in the evolutionarily developing modern blade technology and novel high-lift blade concept (e.g. blade row group).
The solution approach according to the invention is thus entirely novel and different from what is known in the state of the art, creating a distinctive category of new fluid flow machines.
It is furthermore pointed out that the features of the individually described exemplary embodiments of the invention can be combined in various combinations with one another. Where areas are defined, they include all the values within these areas and all the sub-areas falling within an area.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2016 115 868.2 | Aug 2016 | DE | national |
