Fluoranthene derivatives

The present invention relates to polycyclic aromatic alkanol derivatives which have been found to have biocidal activity. More specifically the invention concerns aminoalkanol derivatives containing a polycarbocyclic aromatic ring system, methods for the synthesis thereof, pharmaceutical formulations thereof, novel intermediates therefor, pharmaceutical formulations thereof and the use thereof as biocidal agents, particularly antitumor agents.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the formula (I)
ArCH.sub.2 R.sup.1 (I)
or a monomethyl or monoethyl ether thereof (the compound of formula (I) including these ethers may contain no more than 30 carbon atoms in total); ethers, esters thereof; acid addition salts thereof;
wherein
Ar is a fluoranthene ring optionally substituted by one or two substituents (the substituents will contain not more than four carbon atoms in total when taken together being the same or different and are selected from halogen; cyano; C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, each optionally substituted by hydroxy or C.sub.1-2 alkoxy; halogen substituted C.sub.1-2 alkyl or C.sub.1-2 alkoxy; a group S(O).sub.n R.sup.2 wherein n is an integer 0, 1 or 2 and R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-2 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C.sub.1-2 alkoxy; or the fluoranthene ring is optionally substituted by a group NR.sup.3 R.sup.4 containing not more than 5 carbon atoms wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different and each is a C.sub.1-3 alkyl group or NR.sup.3 R.sup.4 forms a five- or six-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing one ot two additional heteroatoms);
R.sup.1 contains not more than eight carbon atoms and is a group ##STR2## wherein m is 0 or 1;
R.sup.5 is hydrogen;
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are the same or different and each is hydrogen or C.sub.1-3 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxy;
R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are the same or different and each is hydrogen or C.sub.1-3 alkyl;
--C--C-- is a five- or six-membered saturated carbocyclic ring;
R.sup.10 is hydrogen, methyl or hydroxymethyl;
R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are the same or different and each is hydrogen or methyl;
R.sup.14 is hydrogen, methyl, hydroxy, or hydroxymethyl.
Suitably ArCH.sub.2 R.sup.1 or a monomethyl or monethyl ether thereof contains not more than 28 carbon atoms in total.
Ar is suitably 3- or 7-fluoranthenyl, ##STR3## suitably m is 0, suitably R.sup.1 is ##STR4## wherein R.sup.16 is CH.sub.2 OH, CH(CH.sub.3)OH or CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH,
R.sup.17 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-3 alkyl or CH.sub.2 OH;
R.sup.18 is hydrogen or methyl.
Preferably R.sup.16 is CH.sub.2 OH or CH(CH.sub.3)OH; R.sup.17 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or CH.sub.2 OH; Ar is 3-fluoranthenyl.
Most preferably R.sup.1 is a diol of the structure ##STR5## wherein R.sup.19 is hydrogen or methyl and R.sup.20 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, preferably methyl.
Acid addition salts included within the scope of the present invention are those of compound of formula (I) and ethers and esters thereof.
Esters and nonpharmaceutically useful acid addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) are useful intermediates in the preparation and purification of compounds of the formula (I) and pharmaceutically useful acid addition salts thereof, and are therefore within the scope of the present invention. Thus, acid addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) useful in the present invention include but are not limited to those derived from inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acids, and organic acids such as isethionic (2-hydroxyethylsulfonic), maleic, malonic, succinic, salicylic, tartaric, lactic, citric, formic, lactobionic, pantothenic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, and ascorbic acids, and amino acids such as glycine. Acid addition salts particularly useful as biocidal agents are those that are pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable. Thus, suitable acid addition salts include but are not limited to those derived from hydrochloric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, isethionic, lactic and citric acids.
The preferred pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those that are soluble in solvents suitable for parenteral administration, for example, hydrochlorides, methanesulfonates and isethionates.
Esters of compounds of formula (I) are derived from acids known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for ester formation, and are conveniently those derived from C.sub.1-6 alkanoic acids or alkanoic acid derivatives, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid and iso-butyric acid. The esters may be formed from all or only some of the hydroxy groups contained in the compounds of formula (I). Specific compounds within the scope of formula (I) include;
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,
2-((3-Fluroanthenylmethyl)amino)-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol,
2-Ethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol,
2-((7-Fluoranethenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,
3-Methoxy-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol,
(+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol,
2-Ethoxymethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol,
(1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclohexanediol,
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-isopropyl-1,3-proanediol,
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol,
2-((4-Ethyl-3-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol,
2-((8-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,
2-(((3-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and
2-(((4-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol,
2-(((3-Ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and
2-(((4-Ethyl-8-fluroanthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol;
ethers, esters thereof; acid addition salts thereof.
Of these specific examples of compounds of formula (I), preferred compounds are 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-((3-fluroanthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol, and 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol; ethers, esters thereof; acid addition salts thereof.
Of these specific examples of compounds of formula (I), the most preferred compound is 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol; ethers, esters thereof; acid addition salts thereof.
The compounds of formula (I) and their ethers, esters and salts thereof may be prepared by any method known in the art for the preparation of compounds of analogous structure. Thus, the compounds of formula (I) may, for example, be prepared by any of the methods defined below.
1. The reduction of a compound of formula (II) ##STR6## wherein R.sup.1 -R.sup.4 are as hereinbefore defined or an appropriately protected derivative thereof followed by deprotection where appropriate.
The conditions and reagents for such a reaction are well known to those skilled in the art, and any such conditions/reagents may be employed. The conversion of (II) or suitably protected derivatives thereof may be carried out by a reducing agent followed by deprotection if necessary. The reduction is conveniently carried out by a metal hydride such as lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, or by catalytic hydrogenation, conveniently by hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst such as palladium or platinum, or equivalent reagents as outlined by J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., pages 819-820, McGraw Hill, New York, 1977. The reduction is suitably carried out with the compound of formula (II) in solution in an inert solvent or mixture of solvents compatible with the reducing agent, at a non-extreme temperature, for example, between 0.degree. and 80.degree. C., conveniently at room temperature.
In the case of lithium aluminum hydride and like reagents, suitable solvents include ethers (for example tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and 1,2 -dimethoxyethane) optionally in the presence of a hydrocarbon cosolvent (for example toluene, benzene or hexane).
In the case of sodium borohydride and like reagents, suitable solvents include alcohols (for example ethanol, methanol or isopropanol) optionally in the presence of a hydrocarbon cosolvent (for example toluene, benzene or hexane) or an ether cosolvent (for example diethylether or tetrahydrofuran).
In the case of sodium cyanoborohydride and like reagents, suitable solvents include those described for sodium borohydride and in the presence of an acid conveniently glacial acetic acid or ethanolic hydrochloric acid as outlined in, for example, R Hutchins et al., Organic Preparations and Procedures International 11, 201 (1979).
In the case of catalytic hydrogenation, suitable solvents include alcohols (for example methanol and ethanol) optionally in the presence of a hydrocarbon cosolvent (for example toluene or benzene) or ether cosolvent (for example diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran) in the presence of an acid (for example glacial acetic acid or ethanolic hydrochloric acid) or in glacial acetic acid.
Protected derivatives of compounds of formula (II) are conveniently used when lithium aluminum hydride is employed as the reducing agent. Convenient protecting groups are compatible with the reducing agent utilized and are readily removed under nondestructive conditions, for example benzyl, tetrahydropyranyl and isopropylidene ethers.
It is often convenient not to isolate the compound of the formula (II) but to react a compound of the formula (III) with a compound of the formula (IV): ##STR7## wherein Ar and R.sup.1 -R.sup.4 are as defined in (I), and reduce the compound of the formula (II) so formed in situ. The reaction of the compounds of the formulae (III) and (IV) is again suitably carried out using conditions and reagents which are well known to those skilled in the art, for example in the presence of an acid, such as a sulfonic acid, i.e. p-toluenesulfonic acid, in an appropriate inert solvent, such as an aromatic hydrocarbon, suitably toluene, with azeotropic removal of water followed by treatment with the reducing agent in an appropriate solvent, suitably ethanol or methanol. Alternatively, (II) formed under equilibrium conditions in appropriate solvents can be reduced in situ with an appropriate reducing agent, suitably sodium cyanoborohydride.
The compound of formula (III) may be in the form of a protected aldehyde, for example an acetal, which liberates the aldehyde function under the reaction conditions.
In turn, a compound of formula (III) can be synthesized by reacting the appropriate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a formylating agent such as that generated by the reaction between SnCl.sub.4 and Cl.sub.2 CHOCH.sub.3 or equivalent reagents, for example, according to the method of A. Reiche et al., Chem. Ber. 93, 88 (1960), or with other standard formylating reagents/procedures known to the art, for example, the Gatterman-Koch reaction (CO/HCl/AlCl.sub.3 /CuCl), the Gatterman reaction (HCN/HCl/ZnCl.sub.2), and the Vilsmeier reaction (POCl.sub.3 /PhN(Me)CHO, or POCl.sub.3 /Me.sub.2 NCHO) (J. March, vide supra, pages 494-497).
The compounds of the formula (III) may also be prepared from an appropriate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon substituted by a suitable functional group such as CH.sub.2 OH, CHBr.sub.2, CH.sub.3, COCH.sub.3, COOH, or CN, and converting this functional group to an aldehyde group by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Where the polycyclic aromatic ring bears substituents, the compound of formula (III) may be prepared by a variety of methods known in the art of organic chemistry depending on the nature of the substituent on the polycyclic ring. For example, if the substituent(s) is a halogen, the starting materials may be prepared by direct treatment of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a halogenating agent (e.g. Cl.sub.2, Br.sub.2, or SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2) or indirectly by such routes as the Sandmeyer reaction (H. H. Hodgson, Chem. Rev. 40, 251 (1947). If the substituent(s) is alkyl, the polycyclic Taromatic hydrocarbon may be reacted with the appropriate reagents under Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions (G. A. Olah, Friedel Crafts and Related Reactions, Vols. 1-3, Interscience, New York, NY, 1963-1965).
The compounds of the formula (IV) may also be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, by the reaction of compound NO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 R.sup.` with an appropriate aldehyde, conveniently acetaldehyde or formaldehyde (as in B. M. Vanderbilt and H. B. Hass, Ind. Eng. Chem. 32, 34 (1940)) followed by reduction (as outlined in J. March, vide supra, pages 1125-1126), conveniently by hydrogen and a metal catalyst (for example, a platinum containing catalyst) in an appropriate solvent, conveniently glacial acetic acid.
2. The reduction of a compound of the formula (V) ##STR8## wherein Ar and R.sup.1 -R.sup.4 are as hereinbefore defined and the hydroxy groups are optionally protected, followed by deprotection of the hydroxy groups where appropriate. The reduction may be carried out by standard reducing agents known for carrying out this type of reduction (as outlined in J. March, vide supra page 1122), for example, a hydride reagent such as lithium aluminium hydride in an inert solvent, such as an ether, i.e. tetrahydrofuran, at a non-extreme temperature, for example, at between 0.degree. and 100.degree. C. and conveniently at the reflux temperature of the ether.
The compound of the formula (V) may be formed by the reaction of the appropriate acid (ArCOOH) or a suitable reactive acid derivative thereof (as outlined in J. March. vide supra, pages 382-390), for example, an acid halide, in an inert solvent with an amine of the formula (IV) in which the hydroxy groups are optionally protected, for example, when the compound of the formula (IV) is a diol, by an isopropylidene group. The compound of the formula (V) so formed is suitably reduced in situ and deprotected if necessary to give a compound of formula (I). The compounds of the formula ArCOOH can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
3. The reaction of a compound ArCH.sub.2 L (wherein Ar is as hereinbefore defined and L is a leaving group) with a compound of the formula (IV) as hereinbefore defined. Suitable leaving groups are those defined by J. March, vide supra, pages 325-331, and include halogens such as chlorine and bromine and sulfonic acid derivatives such as p-toluenesulfonate. The reaction is suitably carried out in an appropriate solvent, such as a dipolar aprotic solvent or alcohol at a non-extreme temperature, for example 50.degree.-100.degree.. The compounds of the formula ArCH.sub.2 L can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
There is therefore provided, as a further aspect of the invention, a method for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) comprising any method known for the preparation of analogous compounds, in particular those methods defined in (1) to (3) hereinabove.
The compounds of this invention have biocidal activity, e.g. are toxic to certain living cells which are detrimental to mammals, for example pathogenic organisms and tumor cells. This toxicity to pathogenic organisms has been demonstrated by activity against viruses (e.g. Herpes simplex 1/vero), fungi (e.g. Candida albicans), protozoa (e.g. Eimeria tenella and Trichomonas vaginalis), bacteria (e.g. Mycoplasma smegmatis and Streptococcus pyogenes), and helminths (e.g. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis). The antitumor activity of compounds of formula (I) has been demonstrated in a number of recognized screens and primarily by activity against ascitic P388/0 leukemia.
Preferred compounds of the formula (I) are those which have antitumor activity. The activity against ascitic tumors, including P388/0, is evidenced by reduction of tumor cell number in mammals (for example, mice bearing ascitic tumors) and their consequent increase in survival duration as compared to an untreated tumor bearing control group. Antitumor activity is further evidenced by measurable reduction in the size of solid tumors following treatment of mammals with the compounds of this invention compared to the tumors of untreated control tumor bearing animals. Compounds of formula (I) are active against murine tumors such as lymphocytic leukemia P388/0, lymphocytic leukemia L1210, melanotic melanoma B16, P815 mastocytoma, MDAY/D2 fibrosarcoma, colon 38 adenocarcinoma, M5076 rhabdomyosarcoma and Lewis lung carcinoma.
Activity in one or more of these tumor tests has been reported to be indicative of antitumor activity in man (A. Goldin et al. in Methods in Cancer Research ed. V. T. DeVita Jr. and H. Busch, 16 165, Academic Press, N.Y. 1979).
There are sublines of P388/0 which have been made resistant to the following clinically useful agents: cytosine arabinoside, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, L-phenylalanine mustard, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, cis-platin and bis-chloroethylnitrosourea. Compounds of this invention show potent activity against these drug-resistant tumours using the procedure for P388/0 above.
Compounds of formula (I) have also been found to be active against human tumor cells in primary cultures of lung, ovary, breast, renal, melanoma, unknown primary, gastric, pancreatic, mesothelioma, myeloma, and colon cancer. (As used herein "cancer" is to be taken as synonymous with "malignant tumor" or more generally "tumor" unless otherwise noted.) This is a procedure in which the prevention of tumor cell colony formation, i.e. tumor cell replication, by a drug has been shown to correlate with clinical antitumor activity in man (D. D. Von Hoff et al., Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 6, 265 (1980); S. Salmon and D. D. Von Hoff, Seminars in Oncology, 8, 377 (1981)). Compounds of formula I which have been found to have antitumor activity intercalate in vitro with DNA (this property is determined by viscometric methods using the procedure of W. D. Wilson et al., Nucleic Acids Research 4, 2697 (1954)) and a log P as calculated by the method of C. Hansch and A. Leo in Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979, lying in the range between -2.0 and +2.5.
As has been described above, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of animals (including humans) bearing susceptible tumors. The invention thus further provides a method for the treatment of tumors in animals, including mammals, especially humans, which comprises the administration of a clinically useful amount of compound of formula (I) in a pharmaceutically useful form, once or several times a day or other appropriate schedule, orally, rectally, parenterally, or applied topically.
In addition, there is provided as a further, or alternative, aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (I) for use in therapy, for example as an antitumor agent.
The amount of compound of formula (I) required to be effective as a biocidal agent will, of course, vary and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary practitioner. The factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, surface area, age and general condition, and the particular compound to be administered. A suitable effective antitumor dose is in the range of about 0.1 to about 120 mg/kg body weight, preferably in the range of about 1.5 to 50 mg/kg, for example 10 to 30 mg/kg. The total daily dose may be given as a single dose, multiple doses, e.g., two to six times per day, or by intravenous infusion for a selected duration. For example, for a 75 kg mammal, the dose range would be about 8 to 9000 mg per day, and a typical dose would be about 2000 mg per day. If discrete multiple doses are indicated, treatment might typically be 500 mg of a compound of formula I given 4 times per day in a pharmaceutically useful formulation.
While it is possible for the active compound (defined herein as compound of formula (I), or ether, ester, or salt thereof) to be administered alone, it is preferable to present the active compound in a pharmaceutical formulation. Formulations of the present invention, for medical use, comprise an active compound together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally other therapeutical ingredients. The carrier(s) must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
The present invention, therefore, further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) (in the form of the free base, ether, or ester derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof) together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore.
There is also provided a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising bringing into association a compound of formula (I), an ether, ester, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore.
While the antitumor activity of the compounds of formula (I) is belived to reside in the free base, it is often convenient to administer an acid addition salt of a compound of formula (I).
The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous) administration. Preferred are those suitable for oral or parenteral administration.
The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active compound into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into desired formulations.
Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid such as a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion or a draught. tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered active compound with any suitable carrier.
A syrup may be made by adding the active compound to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to which may also be added any accessory ingredients. Such accessory ingredient(s) may include flavorings, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, such as a polyhydric alcohol for example glycerol or sorbitol.
Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a conventional carrier such as cocoa butter.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient. Such formulations suitably comprise a solution of a pharmaceutically and pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the formula (I) that is isotonic with the blood of the recipient. Thus, such formulations may conveniently contain distilled water, 5% dextrose in distilled water or saline and a pharmaceutically and pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the formula (I) that has an appropriate solubility in these solvents, for example the hydrochloride, isethionate and methanesulfonate salts, preferably the latter.
Useful formulations also comprise concentrated solutions or solids containing the compound of formula (I) which upon dilution with an appropriate solvent give a solution suitable for parental administration above.
In addition to the aforementioned ingredients, the formulations of this invention may further include one or more accessory ingredient(s) selected from diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants) and the like.
The following examples are provided by the way of illustration of the present invention and should in no way be construed as a limitation thereof.
GENERAL COMMENTS
All solvents were reagent grade and used without further purification with the following exceptions. THF was dried by distillation from Na/K alloy under nitrogen (N.sub.2) and used immediately. Toluene (PhCH.sub.3) was distilled from CaH.sub.2 under N.sub.2 and stored over 3.ANG. molecular sieves. Chemicals used were reagent grade and used without purification unless noted. The full name and address of the suppliers of the reagents and chemicals is given when first cited. After this, an abbreviated name is used.
Preparative HPLC was carried out on a Water's Prep LC/System 500A machine using two 500 g silica gel (SiO.sub.2) cartridges unless otherwise noted. Plugs of SiO.sub.2 used for purification were "flash chromatography" SiO.sub.2 (Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Chemical Division, Rahway, NJ, 07065, silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh). An appropriate volume sintered glass funnel was filled approximately 3/4 full with the SiO.sub.2 and packed evenly by tapping the outside of the funnel. A piece of filter paper was then placed on top of the SiO.sub.2 and a solution of the material to be purified applied evenly to the top. Gentle suction through a filter flask moved the eluting solvent through the plug rapidly. The appropriate size fractions were combined as needed and further manipulated.
General procedures are described in detail. Analogous procedures show melting point (mp), recrystallization solvents, and elemental analyses (all elements analyzing within a difference of .ltoreq.0.4% of the expected value). Any changes to the procedure such as solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, or workup are noted.
NMR (.sup.1 H, .sup.13 C), IR, MS data of all new products were consistent with the expected and proposed structures. The positions assigned to structural isomers were unequivocally determined by a number of NMR techniques. All final products were dried in a vacuum oven at 20 mm Hg pressure at the temperature indicated overnight (12-16 h). All temperatures are in degrees Celsius. Other abbreviatipns used are: room temperature (RT), absolute (abs.), round bottom flask (RB flask), minutes (min), hours (h).

EXAMPLE 1
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Formylation of Fluoranthene
A 5 L 3-neck flask fitted with overhead mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser, and N.sub.2 line was charged with fluoranthene (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI, 53201, 100 g, 0.49 mol) and CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (700 mL). After cooling with a salt-ice bath to 5.degree., SnCl.sub.4 (Aldrich, 98%, 250 g, 0.96 mol, 112 mL) was added to the solution in one portion. No temperature change occurred. The flask temperature was kept below 5.degree., and 1,1-dichloromethylmethylether (Aldrich, 67.6 g, 0.59 mol, 53 mL) was added dropwise over 1 h. The resulting suspension was warmed slowly to reflux (-37.degree.) over 2 h and further stirred for 16 h. Considerable HCl gas evolution occurred during the warming and the early part of the reaction at 37.degree.. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 10.degree. and hydrolysed by careful addition of 1 L of cold H.sub.2). After 4 h the layers were separated and the organic layer filtered, dried with anhydrous Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (Mallinckrodt Co., 2nd and Mallinckrodt St., St. Louis, MO, 100 g) and filtered again. The clear yellow solution was concentrated to give a yellow oil. The crude material was passed through a 1000 g plug of SiO.sub.2 using PhCH.sub.3 as the eluting solvent (3 L). The fractions containing the mixture of aldehydes were combined and the solvent removed giving 115 g of crude yellow oil. This material was dissolved in 500 mL of CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 and diluted to 1 L with hexane. A yellow precipitate formed and was isolated by filtration. This solid (which is 3-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde) was crystallized from CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane and dried at 50.degree. to give 45.7 g of pure material. The filtrate was added to the remaining impure mixture and the solvent removed. The remainder of the material was chromatographed on a 1000 g plug of SiO.sub.2 using PhCH.sub.3 as eluting solvent and the fractions further purified by preparative HPLC, again using PhCH.sub.3 as the eluting solvent. From this mixture, three aldehydes (including more of the 3-isomer) were obtained. The total amounts isolated, identity, and TLC behavior (SiO.sub.2 /PhCH.sub.3) of these aldehydes are shown below.
1A. 3-Fluoranthenecarbaldehyde 68.73 g (61%) mp 103.degree.-104.5.degree., (Rf=0.27), (C, H), (lit. mp 98.degree.-99.degree., N. Campbell and N. H. Wilson, Chem. and Ind. 1114 (1970).
1B. 7-Fluoranthenecarbaldehyde 2.10 g (2%) mp 139.degree.-141.degree., (C, H), Rf=0.38
1C. 8-Fluoranthenecarbaldehyde 24.8 g (22%) mp 91.5.degree.-93.degree., (C, H), (Rf=0.19).
1D. 2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
To a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask was added 3-fluoranthenecarbaldeyde (11.51 g, 50 mmol) 2-methyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich, 5.52 g, 52.5 mmol), p-toluenesulfonic acid.H.sub.2 O (Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY, 14650, 0.1 g, 0.5 mmol), and PhCH.sub.3 (500 mL). The mixture was warmed to reflux for a few minutes and H.sub.2 O (2-3 mL) was driven off. The resulting golden colored solution was allowed to cool to RT, diluted with abs. EtOH (500 mL) and stirred overnight. NaBH.sub.3 CN (Aldrich, 95%, 1.57 g, 25 mmol) was added to the reaction. After the NaBH.sub.3 CN dissolved, an indicator (bromocresol green, Eastman, 5 mg) was added. To the resulting added. To the resulting blue solution was added 5 drops of 1M solution of HCl gas in absolute EtOH every 15 minutes. After 3 days the indicator turned green then yellow and voluminous white precipitate was present in the flask. To the flask was then added 1M HCl gas (10 mL) in abs. EtOH, and H.sub.2 O (10 mL). The liquid was then removed by rotary evaporation to give a yellow solid. The solid was shaken with 20% HCl solution (500 mL) and collected by filtration. The resulting solid was washed with additional 20% HCl solution (250 mL) and then with CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (4.times.250 mL), pressed and then sucked dry. The slightly yellow solid was then recrystallized from CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O to give 11.80 g (66%) of 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 262.degree.-265.degree. (dec), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 2
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure described in 1D, 3-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (1A) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Aldrich) gave 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 240.degree.-241.degree. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, N, Cl).
EXAMPLE 3
2-Ethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure described in 1D, 3-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (1A) and 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave 2-ethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 250.degree.-252.degree. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 4
2-((7-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 1D, 7-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (1B) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave 2-((7-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 204.degree.-206.degree. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 5
(+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol
5A. (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol and
5B. (+-)(2R*,3R*)-2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol
To a mixture of 2-nitro-1-propanol (Aldrich, 63.0 g, 0.60 mol) and acetaldehyde (Eastman, 39.6 g, 0.90 mol) cooled in an ice bath under N.sub.2 was added cold H.sub.2 O (40 mL) and calcium hydroxide (200 mg). The mixture was allowed to warm to RT over 2 h and then stirred for 68 h. The resulting solution was neutralized with excess solid CO.sub.2. The mixture was stirred for 1 h before filtration through a Millipore.RTM. filter. The filtrate was then concentrated under vacuum at 35.degree.. The residue, a viscous syrup partially crystallized on drying under vacuum (0.1 mm, RT, 48 h) was then triturated with cold Et.sub.2 O (35 mL). Solid white crystals which formed were collected by filtration, washed with cold Et.sub.2 O (3.times.15 mL) and dried under vacuum (0.1 mm, RT) to give 34.1 g of material, judged by NMR to be (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol (5A) (purity>97%, racemic). After recrystallization, the diastereoiomeric purity was >99%, mp 78.5.degree.-81.degree. (lit. 78.degree.; cf. Beil 1, 482, in Henry, Bull. Soc. Chem. Fr. [3] 15, 1224), (C, H, N).
The original filtrate (including washes) was concentrated under vacuum to a pale yellow liquid which was subjected to flash chromatography as follows: The sample was mixed with hexane/EtOAc (2:1, 100 mL) and added to a column of dry SiO.sub.2 (1.5 kg). The column was eluted with hexane/EtOAc (2:1, 12 L) then hexane/EtOAC (1:1, 6 L) while 500 mL fractions were collected. Appropriate fractions were combined. Pure product was found in the final 8 L; yield, 38.7 g of viscous syrup, judged by NMR to be a 1:1 mixture of the two racemic diastereomers (5A and 5B), (C, H, N).
This and another batch of the 1:1 diasteriomeric mixture of 5A and 5B (prepared as described above) were combined (67 g, total) and subjected to successive liquid-liquid partitioning between H.sub.2 O and EtOAc to give pure samples (99% on the basis of NMR and HPLC (Hamilton PRP-1 column using 3.5% aqueous acetonitrile as the mobile phase)) of (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol (5A) (24.9 g, k'=4.3, mp 79.degree.-81.degree., C, H, N) and (+-)(2R*,3R*)-2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol (5B) (15.8 g, k'=2.1, C, H, N, a colorless, viscous liquid).
5C. (+-)(2R*,4S*,5R*)-4,5-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane and
5D. (+-)(2R*,4S*,5S*)-4,5-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane
The relative configurations of the two diasteriomeric pairs (5A and 5B) were unequivocably assigned on the basis of comparative NMR analysis of the respective cyclic acetals derived from benzaldehyde. Thus, 5A (1.49 g, 0.01 mol) and benzaldehyde (Mallinckrodt, 1.06 g, 0.01 mol) were condensed in benzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid (Fisher) with azeotropic removal of water (according to the method of H. Piotrowska, B. Serafin and T. Urbanski, Tetrahedron 109, 379 (1963)). After successive washing with satd. NaHCO.sub.3 solution, drying (MgSO.sub.4), filtration, and removal of the benzene by rotary evaporation, a pale yellow solid was obtained. A solution of this product in ethanol at 0.degree. C. provided an oil which was isolated by decanting the mother liquor and drying under vacuum (0.1 mm, RT). The yield was 1.48 g (62%) of (+-)(2R*,4S*,5R*)-4,5-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane (5C) (C, H, N). Similarly prepared from 5B and benzaldehyde was (+-)(2R*,4S*,5S*)-4,5-dimethyl-5-nitro-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane (5D) (74%) (C, H, N).
5E. (+-)(2R*,3R*)-2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol acetate
To a solution of (+-)(2R*,3R*)-2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol (5B, 22.1 g, 0.146 mol) in 95% EtOH (150 mL) was added glacial acetic acid (25 mL) and 10% Pd/C (MCB, 2.0 g). The reduction was carried out in a Parr apparatus at 50 psi of H.sub.2 during a 48 h period at RT. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a Millipore.RTM. filter, and the solvent removed under vacuum (2 days). The viscous, colorless syrup was dissolved in abs. EtOH (30 mL). Dilution with abs. Et.sub.2 O (300 mL) gave a cloudy liquid which was placed in a refrigerator for two days. During this time, colorless crystals formed. They were washed with Et.sub.2 O and dried in a vacuum oven at RT for two days. The yield of (+-)(2R*,3R*)-2-amino-methyl-1,3-butanediol acetate was 25.6 g (97%) mp 117.degree.-121.degree., (C, H, N).
5F. (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol acetate
Using the procedure described for 5E (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-butanediol (5A) gave (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol acetate (93%) mp 163.degree.-165.degree. (C, H, N).
5G. (+-)(2R*,2S*)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol hydrochloride
To a RB flask was added (+-)(2R*,3S*)-2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol acetate (5F, 4.40 g, 24.55 mmol), NaOCH.sub.3 (Aldrich, 1.33 g, 24.55 mmol) and CH.sub.3 OH (100 mL). After warming to aid solution the solvent was removed. To the flask was then added fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A, 5.76 g, 25.0 mmol), p-toluenesulfonic acid (Aldrich, 100 mg) and PhCH.sub.3 (250 mL). The flask was then equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, condenser, Dean-Stark trap and N.sub.2 bubbler. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h with azeotropic removal of H.sub.2 O. Most of the PhCH.sub.3 was then removed by distillation. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0.degree. with an ice bath. Abs. EtOH (200 mL) was then added to the mixture and after further cooling, NaBH.sub.4 (MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Inc., 2909 Highland Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45212, 0946 g, 25.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and then stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was treated with 1N NaOH (10 mL) and then the solvents removed by rotary evaporation. The solid was resuspended with 1N NaOH (3.times.200 mL) filtered, washed with H.sub.2 O) (2.times.100 mL) and sucked semidry. The crude white solid was dissolved in excess ethanolic HCl solution (100 mL) filtered and diluted to 2 L with Et.sub.2 O. Filtration and two further crystallizations gave after drying (+-)-(2R*,3S*)-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-butanediol hydrochloride mp 242.degree.-243.degree. (dec), EtOH/Et.sub.2 O, (C, H, Cl, N).
Note: In other preparations the crude free base was treated with CH.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H (99.5%, Morton Thokol, Inc., Alfa Products, P.O. Box 279, 152 Andover Street, Danvers, MA, 01923) and purified by the above procedure to give the corresponding methanesulfonate salt.
EXAMPLE 6
2-Ethoxymethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol
6A. 3,5-Diphenyl-7a(7H)-ethoxymethyl-1H,3H,5H-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole
A mechanically stirred 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (Morton Thiokol, Inc.--Alfa Products, P.O. Box 299, 152 Andover Street, Danvers, MA, 01923, 34.0 g, 0.85 mol) was washed with dry hexane to remove the oil and suspended in dry DMF (300 mL). To the mixture was added a solution of 3,5-diphenyl-1H,3H,5H-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole-7a(7H)-ethanol (208.2 g, 0.7 mol, prepared by the method of J. Pierce et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73 2595 (1951)) in dry DMF (300 mL) keeping the reaction mixture between 30.degree.-35.degree.. The salt suspension was stirred at RT for 60 min, dilutes with dry DMF (200 mL) to facilitate stirring, cooled, then treated with ethyl iodide (Aldrich, excess) at such a rate that the reaction temperature was between 20.degree.-35.degree.. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h, then cautiously treated with abs. EtOH (30 mL). The resulting mixture was diluted with Et.sub.2 O (2.5 L) and the resulting solids removed by filtration. The solvent was then removed using a rotary evaporator to give 229.5 g of a yellow oil containing both starting material and desired product. A solution of the oil in chloroform was mixed with SiO.sub.2 (200 g) and the solvent removed. The solid was then added to a column of SiO.sub.2 (800 g). Elution with the EtOAc/hexane (1:3.5) gave 139.7 g (61.3%) of 3,5-diphenyl-7a(7H)-ethoxymethyl-1H,3H,5H-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole. An analytical sample was obtained by recrystallization from hexane, mp 83.5.degree.-85.degree., (C, H, N). The bulk of the material was used without further purification.
6B. 2-Amino-2-ethoxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride.1/4H.sub.2 O
3,5-Diphenyl-7a(7H)-ethoxymethyl-1H,3H,5H-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole (6A, 136 g, 0.42 mol) was dissolved in 6N HCl (400 mL) and the resulting solution stirred 1.5 h at RT. After extraction with Et.sub.2 O (2.times.200 mL) to remove benzaldehyde, the aqueous solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to give a colorless oil. This was cooled in an ice bath to facilitate crystallization. The solid which formed was slurried with cold CH.sub.3 CN, filtered, then washed with Et.sub.2 O and dried in a vacuum oven at RT to give 71 g (89%) of 2-amino-2-ethoxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride.1/4H.sub.2 O mp 78.degree.-79.degree., (C, H, Cl, N).
6C. 2-Ethoxymethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride.9/20H.sub.2 O
To a RB flask was added 2-amino-2-ethoxymethyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride.1/4H.sub.2 O (6B) and an equimolar amount of sodium methoxide (MCB) and CH.sub.3 OH (100 mL). After warming, the solvent was removed and after addition of fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A), the reaction run following the normal reductive amination procedure outlined in (5G) gave 2-ethoxymethyl-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride.9/20H.sub.2 O mp 179.degree.-180.degree., (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 7
3-Methoxy-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol
7A. 4-Aza-3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane
A solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich, 303.4 g, 3.0 mol), cyclohexanone (Fisher Scientific Co., 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, 294.5 g, 3.0 mol) and PhCH.sub.3 (400 mL) was refluxed for approximately 2 h with azetropic removal of H.sub.2 O. The material which crystallized from the PhCH.sub.3 on cooling was recrystallized 2X from hexane to give 444.4 g of 4-aza-3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane (80%) mp 52.degree.-54.degree., (C, H, N).
7B. 4-Aza-3-methoxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane
A mechanically stirred 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (Alfa, 75 g, 1.9 mol) was washed with dry hexane to remove the oil and suspended in dry DMF (200 mL). To the mixture was added a solution of 4-aza-3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane (7A, 27.8 g, 1.5 mol) in dry DMF (200 mL) keeping the reaction mixture temperature between 30.degree.-35.degree.. Small amounts of DMF were added as necessary to facilitate stirring. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1.5 h, then cooled and treated with methyl iodide (Fisher, 234.2 g, 102.7 mL, 1.65 mol) keeping the reaction temperature between 20.degree.-30.degree.. The mixture was stirred 2 h at RT and slowly treated with abs. EtOH (40 mL), then diluted with dry Et.sub.2 O (3 L). The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation. The residue was then fractionally distilled to give 209.7 g (70.3%) of 4-aza-3-methoxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane as a colorless liquid bp 114.degree./14 mm, (C, H, N).
7C. 2-Amino-3-methoxy-2-methyl-1-propanol
A solution of 4-aza-3-methoxymethyl-3-methyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decane (7B, 299 g, 1.5 mol) and 6N HCl (500 mL) was refluxed for 60 min. On cooling, two layers formed, the upper one containing cyclohexanone was removed by extraction with Et.sub.2 O (2.times.400 mL). The lower aqueous layer was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to give a syrup which then was treated with excess 50% NaOH. The resulting slurry was extracted with Et.sub.2 O/CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (2:1, 4.times.500 mL), then with CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (500 mL). The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give 198 g of pale oil. Fractional distillation of this oil gave 166 g (93%) of 2-amino-3-methoxymethyl-1-propanol as a colorless oil bp 94.degree./17 mm, (C, H, N).
7D. 3-Methoxy-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 5G, fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A) and 2-amino-3-methoxy-2-methyl-1-propanol (7C) gave 3-methoxy-2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol hydrochloride mp 222.degree.-223.degree. (dec), (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C,H,Cl,N).
EXAMPLE 8
(1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclohexanediol
8A. 1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.-2-Amino-1,3-cyclohexanediol acetate
This compound was prepared by the method of F. Lichtenthaler (Ber. 96, 845 (1963)), mp 175.degree.-177.degree., (C,H,N), (lit. 178.degree.-179.degree., F. Lichtenthaler, (Ber. 96, 851 (1963)). 8B. (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclohexanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined for 5G, fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A) and (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-1,3-cyclohexanediol acetate (8A) gave (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-((3-fluoranthenymethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclo hexanediol hydrochloride mp 258.degree.-260.degree. C. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C,H,Cl,N)
8C. (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclohexanediol methanesulfonate
A solution of 8B in CH.sub.3 CH was treated with 5 equivalents of 1N NaOH. The free base which formed was filtered, washed with H.sub.2 O and dried. Using the procedure in 5G was converted to its free base. Addition of an equivalent of methanesulfonic acid (Aldrich, 99.5%) followed by recrystallization (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O) gave (1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.)-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-1,3-cyclohexanediol methanesulfonate mp 214.degree.-216.degree. (dec), (C,H,N,S).
EXAMPLE 9
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-isopropyl-1,3-propanediol
9A. 2-Isopropyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
A solution of 2-methyl-1-nitropropane (38.7 g, 0.375 mol, prepared by the procedure of N. Kornblum, B. Tunbe, and H. Ungnade, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 76, 3209 (1954)) and NEt.sub.3 (Eastman, 3.79 g, 0.375 mol) in CH.sub.3 OH (50 mL) was added dropwise 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution (Mallinckrodt, 76.2 g, 0.938 mol) at a rate such that the reaction mixture temperature did not exceed 30.degree.. After 72 h, the solution was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in H.sub.2 O (250 mL). The solution was continuously extracted for 1 h with CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (1 L). The CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 solution was dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated to give 53.3 g (87%) of 2-isopropyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, as a waxy, white solid mp 67.degree.-72.degree. C. (lit. mp 87.degree.-88.degree. B. M. Vanderbilt and H. B. Hass, Ind. Eng. Chem. 32, 34 (1940). In our hands this procedure failed to give the desired compound).
B. 10-((1,1-Bis(hydroxymethyl)ethylamino)methyl)-9-anthracenecarbonitrile hydrochloride
9B. 2-Amino-2-isopropyl-1,3-propanediol acetate
Using the procedure in 5E, 2-isopropyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol acetate mp 155.degree.-155.5.degree.. H. S. Broadbent et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem., 13, 337 (1975) report the synthesis of this compound as the free base (mp 70.degree.-72.degree.)).
9C. 2-((3-Fluoroanthenylmethyl)amino)-2-isopropyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined for 5G, fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A) and 2-amino-2-isopropyl-1,3-propanediol acetate.1/4 H.sub.2 O (2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-isopropyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 216.degree.-217.degree. (dec), (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C,H,Cl,N).
EXAMPLE 10
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol
10A. Ethyl N-benzylidene-l-alaninate
Ethyl N-benzylidene-l-alaninate was prepared according to the gerneral procedure of G. Stork et al., J. Org. Chem. 41 349 (1976), bp 98.degree.-100.degree./0.4 mm (lit. 100.degree./0.3 mm, A. Calcagni et al., Synthesis 445 (1981)). 10B. 2-(2-Iodoethoxy)tetrahydro-2-H-pyran
Freshly distilled dihydropyran (Aldrich, 59.0 g, 0.7 mol) was added dropwise to a cooled solution of 2-iodoethanol (Aldrich, 98 g, 0.57 mol) in Et.sub.2 O (1L) containing 0.1 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid (Eastman). The solution was then stirred for 1 h at 5.degree.. Solid K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 (Mallinckrodt, 5 g) was then added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension stirred an additional 1 h at RT. The reaction was then filtered and the remaining solid washed with Et.sub.2 O (1 L). The organic solutions were combined and concentrated rotary evaporation (in a flask washed with 1% NEt.sub.3 in H.sub.2 O). The crude 2-(2-iodoethoxy)-tetrahydro-2-H-pyran (.about.100 g, 68.9%) was used without further purification.
10C. Ethyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butyrate
A solution of lithium diisopropylamide was prepared by dropwise addition of n-BuLi (Aldrich 1.6 M in hexane, 228 mL, 0.365 mol) to a solution of diisopropylamine (Aldrich, 51.6 g, 0.51 mol) in a mixture of dry THF (700 mL) and dry HMPA (Aldrich, 40 mL) kept at 30.degree.-40.degree.. The solution was then cooled to -70.degree. and a solution of ethyl N-benzylidene-l-alaninate (10A, 74.9 g, 0.365 mol) was added dropwise to the solution allowing the reaction mixture warm to -20.degree. for several min. The resulting red solution was then cooled to -70.degree.. 2-(2-Iodoethoxy)tetrahydro-2-H-pyran (10B, 98.1 g, 0.383 mol) was then added to the solution at such a rate that the temperature in the reaction mixture did not rise above -65.degree..
EXAMPLE 27
2-((10-Methoxy-9-anthracenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
A. 10-Methoxy-9-anthracenecarbaldehyde
A 2 L round bottom flask fitted with distilling head, thermometer, and condenser was charged with 15-crown-5 (Aldrich, 25.89 g, 0.118 mol), NaOCH.sub.3 (Aldrich, 7.62 g, 0.141 mol), and CH.sub.3 OH (50 mL). After 5 minutes 10-chloro-9-anthracenecarbaldehyde (Aldrich, 28.4 g, 0.118 mol) and 900 mL of dry PhCH.sub.3 were added to the clear colorless solution. The solvent was distilled off until the head temperature reached 108.degree. (300 mL). Additional dry PhCH.sub.3 was added to give at total of 1 L volume. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h, cooled and poured onto a large plug of SiO.sub.2 (1000 g) in a sintered glass funnel. The crude product was chromatographed using PhCH.sub.3 as eluent (5 L). The fractions (250 mL) containing the product were combined (-3 L) and the solvent volume reduced to 500 mL. The shiny golden crystals which formed were filtered to give after drying at 50.degree. 15.6 g of material. The volume of the filtrate was reduced to 200 mL and more material fell out of solution and was filtered and dried to give 6.91 g of additional material. The two crops were combined to give 22.51 g (81%) of 10-methoxy-9-anthracenecarbaldehyde which was used without further purification. Recrystallization gave analytically pure material mp 164.5.degree.-166.5, (PhCH.sub.3), (C, H), (lit. mp 165.degree., J. B. Conant and M. Bramann, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 50 2305 (1928)).
B. 2-((10-Methoxy-9-anthracenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 1B, 10-methoxy-9-
The solution was allowed to warm slowly to RT and stirred for 14 h. The volume of the solution was reduced to 300 mL by a stream of dry N.sub.2 during the last few hours to facilitate the final workup. The reaction was quenched with satd. NaCl (800 mL) and diluted with Et.sub.2 O (800 mL). The Et.sub.2 O was removed and the aqueous layer extracted with hexane (500 mL). The Et.sub.2 O and hexane layers were combined and dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4). The solution was filtered and the solvent removed to give 124 g of crude red oil. Bulb to bulb distillation (in 1% aq. NEt.sub.3 washed glassware) (210.degree. bath temperature/0.3 mm) gave 95 g of ethyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butyrate which was homogeneous by vpc and gave acceptable NMR and mass spectra. It was stored under N.sub.2 in the refrigerator and was used without further purification.
10D. 2-Benzylamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butanol
A solution of ethyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butyrate (10C, 100.0 g, 0.3 mol) in THF (100 mL) was added slowly to a suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (Alfa, 22.77 g, 0.6 mol) rapidly stirred in dry THF (1 L) at such a rate to maintain a gentle reflux. After the addition was complete the mixture was refluxed for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and treated successively with H.sub.2 O (23 mL), 15N NaOH (23 mL) and H.sub.2 O (45 mL). The solid was removed by filtration and washed with THF (200 mL). The organic layers were combined and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give 2-benzylamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butanol (81.1 g, 92.0%) as a thick oil which was used without further purification.
10E. 2-Benzylamino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol
The crude 2-benzylamino-2-methyl-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)butanol (10D, 80.1 g, 0.273 mol) was dissolved in 3N HCl (128 mL). After 5 min the mixture was washed with Et.sub.2 O (200 mL). The aqueous solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a thick oil which was cooled and basified with excess 50% NaOH. The oily amine which formed was extracted with Et.sub.2 O (3.times.200 mL). The Et.sub.2 O extracts were combined and concentrated to give 63.6 g of a thick oil. Distillation gave 49.8 g (94%) of 2-benzylamino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol as a pale yellow oil (bp 168.degree.-170.degree./0.35 mm) (C, H, N)
10F. 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol hydrochloride
2-Benzylamino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol (10E, 31.08 g, 0.149 mol) was dissolved in 95% EtOH (240 mL) containing conc. HCl (21 mL, 0.25 mol) and 5% Pd/C (10.0 g) and reduced in a Parr apparatus at 40 psi over 37 h at RT. The catalyst was then removed by filtration and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation (bath at 60.degree.) to give 20.91 g of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol hydrochloride (90.2%) as a clear, thick, colorless oil with acceptable NMR and mass spectra. It was used without further purification. This compound has been reported as its acetate salt (G. Cardillo et al., Chem. Commun. 1308, 1982), but no data was given. Attempts to duplicate the latter procedure were unsuccessful.
10G. 2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol hydrochloride 11/20H.sub.2 O
To a RB flask was added 2-amino-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol hydrochloride (10F), an equimolar amount of sodium methoxide (MCB) and enough CH.sub.3 OH to form a solution when warmed. The solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and after addition of fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (1A), the reaction run following the normal reductive amination procedure outlined in 5G to give 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol hydrochloride.11/20H.sub.2 O mp 210.degree.-212.degree. (dec), (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 11
2-(((4-Ethyl-3-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol methanesulfonate
11A. Formylation of 3-ethylfluoranthene
3-Ethylfluoranthene (Cambridge Chemical, Inc., 202 E. Smith Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53207, 70 g, 0.304 mol) was formylated according to the procedure outlined in 1A, except that CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (1 L) was used as the reaction solvent. Chromatography on a plug of SiO.sub.2 (1 kg) yielded three partially purified products, each of which was rigorously purified by preparative HPLC using PhCH.sub.3 as the eluting solvent. Each of the three products were isomeric mixtures as described below.
11B. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-7-carbaldehyde, 5.0 g (6%), (Rf=0.55, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
11C. 4-Ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde and 3-ethylfluoroanthene-2-carbaldehyde, 4.7 g (6%), (Rf=0.49, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
11D. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-8-carbaldehyde, 47.3 g (60%), (Rf=0.38, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
11E. 4-Ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde
The mixture 11C (4.7 g) was recrystallized 2.times. from CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane to yield 1.83 g (2% from 3-ethylfluoranthene) of 4-ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde mp 113.5.degree.-116.degree., (C, H).
11F. 2-(((4-Ethyl-3-fluoroanthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol methanesulfonate
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 5G, 4-ethyl-fluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde (11E) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave 2-(((4-ethyl-3-fluoroanthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol methanesulfonate mp 198.degree.-199.degree., (EtOH/hexane), (C, H, N, S).
EXAMPLE 12
2-((3-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 1D, 3-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (1A) and 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol (Aldrich) gave 2-((3-fluoranthenylmethyl)-amino)-2-methyl-1-propanol hydrochloride, mp 288.degree.-290.degree. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 13
2-((8-Fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 1D, 8-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (1C) and 2-methyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave 2-((8-fluoranthenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 233.degree.-234.5.degree. (dec), (CH.sub.3 OH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 14
2-(((3-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
14A. 3-Chlorofluoranthene
Fluoranthene (Aldrich, 99 g, 0.49 mol) dissolved in 2 L of HOAc (at 40.degree.) treated dropwise with SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (Eastman, 47 mL, 0.59 mol), then heated at 100.degree. for 1 h gave a mixture of dichloro- and monochloro- products plus starting material. The dichloro- material (predominantly 1,3-dichlorofluoranthene, 16.8 g, 13%, mp 179.degree.-182.degree.) precipitated upon cooling overnight and was isolated by filtration. The filtrate was stripped to dryness and dissolved in hexane, then eluted through 500 g of SiO.sub.2 with hexane to remove polar impurities. The hexane eluates were reduced to 200 mL to yield a precipitate that was recrystallized twice from CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane to afford 31.8 g of slightly impure 3-chlorofluoranthene (28%), mp 93.degree.-96.degree.. A sample purified by preparative HPLC using hexane as the eluting solvent gave pure 3-chlorofluoranthene, mp 95.degree.-98.degree., (lit. mp 96.degree.-98.degree., A. Sieglitz and H. Troster, Berichte, 96, 2577 (1963) (C, H, Cl).
14B. 3- and 4-Chlorofluoranthene-8-carboxaldehyde
3-Chlorofluoranthene (14A, 30 g, 0.13 mol) was formylated according to the procedure outlined in 1D. Chromatography on a plug of SiO.sub.2 (500 g) using PhCH.sub.3 as the eluting solvent gave 14.2 (42%) of purified material, a mixture of 3- and 4-chlorofluoranthene-8-carbaldehyde mp 165.degree.-183.degree., (C, H, Cl).
14C. 2-(((3-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-Chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reduction amination procedure outlined in 1A the mixture of 3- and 4-chloro-fluoranthene-8-carbaldehydes (14B) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave a mixture of 2-(((3-chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)-methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-chloro-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride, mp 224.degree.-225.degree. (dec), (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
EXAMPLE 15
2-(((3-Ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-Ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
15A. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-7-carbaldehydes
15B. 4-Ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde and 3-ethylfluoranthene-2-carbaldehyde
15C. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-8-carbaldehydes
3-Ethylfluoranthene (Cambridge Chemical, Inc., 70 g, 0.304 mol) was formylated according to the procedure outlined in 1A, except that CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (1 L) was used as the reaction solvent. Chromatography on a plug of SiO.sub.2 (1 kg) yielded three partially purified products, eachh of which was rigorously purified by preparative HPLC using PhCH.sub.3 as the eluting solvent. Each of the three products was an isomeric mixture as described below.
15A. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-7-carbaldehyde, 5.0 g (6%) (Rf=0.55, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
15B. 4-Ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde and 3-ethylfluoranthene-2-carbaldehyde, 4.7 g (6%), (Rf=0.49, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
15C. 3- and 4-Ethylfluoranthene-8-carbaldehyde, 47.3 g (60%), (Rf=0.38, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3), (C, H).
15D. 4-Ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde
Product mixture 15B (4.7 g) was recrystallized twice from CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane to yield 1.83 g (2% from 3-ethylfluoranthene) of 4-ethylfluoranthene-3-carbaldehyde mp 113.5.degree.-116.degree., (C, H), (Rf=0.31, SiO.sub.2, PhCH.sub.3).
15E. 2-(((3-Ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-Ethyl-8-fluoroanthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride
Using the reductive amination procedure outlined in 1D, the mixture of 3- and 4-ethyl-8-fluoranthenecarbaldehyde (15C) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (Aldrich) gave 2-(((3-ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-(((4-ethyl-8-fluoranthenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride mp 182.degree.-183.degree. (dec), (EtOH/Et.sub.2 O), (C, H, Cl, N).
Antitumor Screening Results
Methods for evaluating the antitumor activity of these compounds are essentially those used in the Tumor Panel by the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, A. Goldin, et al., Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. XVI, p. 165, Academic Press (1979). Some modifications, in dose level and schedule have been made to increase the testing efficiency.
EXAMPLE 16
Lymphocytic Leukemia P388/0 Test
CD2-F.sub.1 mice, of the same sex, weighing 20.+-.3 g are used for this test. Control and test animals are injected intraperitoneally with a suspension of .about.10.sup.6 viable P388/0 tumor cells on day 0. In each test, several dose levels which bracket the LD.sub.20 of the compound are evaluated; each dose level group contains six animals. The test compounds are prepared either in physiologic saline containing 0.05% Tween 80 or distilled water containing 5% dextrose and are administered intraperitoneally on days 1, 5, and 9 relative to tumor implant. Doses are on a mg/kg basis according to individual animals' body weights. The day of death for each animal is recorded, the median identified for each group and the ratios of median survival time for treated (T)/control (C) groups are calculated. The criterion for activity is T/C.times.100.gtoreq.120%. Results of P388/0 testing are summarized in Table I below.
TABLE 1______________________________________P388/0 SCREENING RESULTS T/C .times. 100%Compound of Optimal Dose (Excluding 30 DayExample No. (mg/kg) Survivors LD.sub.20.sup.A______________________________________1D 90 +270 90 2 46 +250 53 3 90 +280 80 4 123 +242 1007D 150 +260 1805G 60 +255 406C 95 +260 958B 452 +225 (675)9C 210 +260 (675)10G 86 +230 7012 100 +220 150______________________________________ .sup.A Values in parentheses are the highest nontoxic dose where the LD.sub.20 was not determined.
EXAMPLE 17
Lymphocytic Leukemia L1210 Test
The protocol for this test is identical to that for P388/0, except that the number of L1210 cells implanted on day 0 is 10.sup.5 /mouse. The mouse CD2-F.sub.1 strain is used, and the criterion for activity is T/C.times.100.gtoreq.125%. Results of L1210 testing are summarized in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________Screening Results for L1210 T/C .times. 100%Compound of Dose Excluding 30 dayExample No. (mg/kg) Survivors______________________________________1D 75 +258______________________________________
EXAMPLE 18
Melanotic Melanoma B16
B6C3-F.sub.1 mice of the same sex, weighing 20.+-.3 g, are used for this test. A suspension of B16 cells is prepared from a non-necrotic portion of solid tumor tissue obtained from a passage mouse. One gram of tumor is homogenized in 9 mL ice-cold Earle's salts solution and filtered through 1000 mesh screen to remove debris. 0.5 mL of the resulting brei is injected intraperitoneally into each animal. Dosing is carried out as in the P388/0 and L1210 tests. Days of death are recorded for a 60 day period and T/C ratio calculated as in the P388/0 and L1210 tests. The criterion for activity is T/C.times.100>125%. The results of B16 testing are summarized below in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________Screening Results for B16 Melanoma T/C .times. 100%Compound of Doe Excluding 60 dayExample No. (mg/kg) Survivors______________________________________1D 85 +2104 100 +1602 25 +1943 60 +172______________________________________
EXAMPLE 19
Lewis Lung Carcinoma Test
This tumor arose spontaneously in the lung of C57B1/6 mouse and is maintained by subcutaneous passage in that strain. The solid tumor is excised aseptically and placed in sterile saline. Pieces of viable tumor tissue are minced finely with scissors and forced through a 200 mesh stanless steel screen to disaggregate the tumor cells into a suspension. 10.sup.6 Viable cells are injected intravenously into the tail vein of BD-F.sub.1, mice of the same sex weighing 20.+-.3 g. In each test, several dose levels which bracket the LD.sub.20 for the compound are evaluated. Ten animals are included in each dose level group, and twenty animals in the untreated control group. The test compounds are prepared and administered on days 1, 5, and 9 as in the P388/0 protocol. The day of death for each animal is recorded, the median identified for each group and the ratios of median survival time for treated (T)/control (C) groups are calculated. The criterion for activity is T/C.times.100.gtoreq.140%. The results of Lewis Lung testing are summarized in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Screening Results for Lewis Lung T/C .times. 100%Compound of Dose Excluding 60 dayExample No. (mg/kg) Survivors______________________________________1 85 +222______________________________________
EXAMPLE 20
Colon 38 Carcinoma Test
This chemically-induced tumor arose in a C57B1/6 mouse and is maintained as a solid tumor in that mouse strain. The subcutaneously growing solid tumor is aseptically excised from passage mice and placed in sterile saline. The tumour is trimmed free of visible necrotic and connective tissue, then divided into 2-3 mm cubes. A cube is implanted subcutaneously in the ventral thoracic region with a sterile trochar on day 0. In each test several dose levels which bracket the LD.sub.20 for the compound are evaluated. Ten animals are included in each dose level group and thirty animals in the untreated control group. The test compounds are prepared either in physiologic saline containing 0.05% Tween 80 or distilled water containing 5% dextrose and are administered intraperitoneally on days 1, 5 and 9 after tumor implant. Doses are on a mg/kg basis according to individual animals' body weights. At day 20, the animals are sacrificed and the longest (L) and shortest (W) dimensions of each tumor measured wih vernier calipers. Tumor weight is calculated from the formula ##EQU1## The criterion for activity is T/C.times.100.ltoreq.42%. The results of Colon 38 testing are summarized in Table V.
TABLE V______________________________________Screening Results for Colon 38Compound of DoseExample No. (mg/kg) T/C .times. 100%______________________________________1 65 23______________________________________
EXAMPLE 21
M5076 Sarcoma Test
This sarcoma arose as a solid tumor in the ovary of a C57B1/6 mouse and was subsequently converted to the ascitic form for intraperitoneal use. The protocol for this test is identical with that for P388/0. The B6C3-F.sub.1 mouse strain is used and the criterion for activity is T/C.times.100.gtoreq.125%. Results of M5076 testing are summarized in Table VI below.
TABLE VI______________________________________Screening Results for M5076Compound of DoseExample No. (mg/kg) T/C .times. 100%______________________________________1D 85 +162______________________________________
EXAMPLE 22
Herpes simplex 1/vero Test
Antiviral testing against Herpes simplex 1/vero was done using plaque inhibition methods as outlined in P. Collins and D. J. Bauer, Proc. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 284, 49(1977) and by plaque reduction methods as outlined in P. Collins and D. J. Bauer, J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3, Supplement A, 73(1977). The column headings labeled Score, Toxicity, and Zone of Inhibition refer to the plaque inhibition screen while the IC.sub.50 heading to the plaque reduction screen.
TABLE VII______________________________________Results of Antiviral Screening Against herpes simplex 1/veroCompound of Zone ofExample No. Score.sup.A Toxicity Inhibition.sup.B IC.sub.50.sup.B______________________________________ 4 -3 Y8B -3 Y 17.412 -3 Y 40(VTat28)13 -3 Y 6.10______________________________________ .sup.A Score: O = no inhibition, -1 = 1-25% inhibition, -2 = 26-50% inhibition -3 = 51-75% inhibition, -4 = 76-100% inhibition .sup.B ST = slight toxicity, T = toxic
EXAMPLE 23
Candida albicans Test
Antifungal testing against Candida albicans (CN 1863) was done with slight modifications using a combination of broth and agar dilution assays as outlined in Laboratory Handbook of Medical Mycology, Chapter 6, pages 441-446, M. R. McGinnis, Academic Press, New York, N.Y, 1980
TABLE VIII______________________________________Results of Antifungal Testing Against Candida albicans (CN1863) Compound of MIC Example No. (mg/L)______________________________________ 1D 30 2 30 3 30 5G 30 12 30______________________________________ Medium: Wellcotest .RTM. sensitivity test agar plus 7% lysed horse blood.
Antibacterial Screening
Antibacterial testing against Mycoplasma smegmatis (S3264) and Streptococcus pyrogenes (CN10) was done with slight modifications using standard agar dilution assays as outlined in Manual of Clinical Microbiology Second Ed., E. H. Lennette, E. H. Spaulding and J. P. Truant Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1974.
EXAMPLE 24
TABLE IX______________________________________Results of AntibacterialTesting AgainstStreptococcus pyogenes (CN10) Compound of MIC Example No. (mg/L)______________________________________ 1D .ltoreq.10 2 10 3 10 10G 30 12 10______________________________________
EXAMPLE 25
Mycoplasma smegmatis Test
TABLE X______________________________________Results of Antibacterial Screening AgainstMycoplasma smegmatis (53264) Compound of MIC Example No. (mg/L)______________________________________ 1D .ltoreq.10 2 30 3 10 10G 10 12 10______________________________________
EXAMPLE 26
Eimeria tenella Testing
Antiprotozoal testing against Eimeria tenella was done using methods outlined in V. S. Latter and D. Wilson, Parasitology 79, 169(1979)
TABLE XIII______________________________________Results of Antiprotozoa Screening AgainstEimeria tenella (in vitro)Compound of DoseExample No. (mg/L) Result.sup.A______________________________________1D 0.31 -4______________________________________ .sup.A Screen Code 0 = no inhibition, -1 = 25% inhibition, -2 = 26-50% inhibition, -3 = 51-75% inhibition, -4 = 76-100% inhibition
EXAMPLE 27
LD.sub.50 Tests
TABLE XIV______________________________________LD.sub.50 Values for Selected Compounds(IP single dose - CD-1 Male Mouse)Compound of LD.sub.50Example No. (mg/kg)______________________________________1D 82______________________________________
EXAMPLE 28
Formulation Examples
A. Tablet
Compound of Formula I: 500.0 mg
Pregelatinized Corn Starch: 60.0 mg
Sodium Starch Glycolate: 36.0 mg
Magnesium Stearate: 4.0 mg.
The compound of formula (I) is finely ground and intimately mixed with the powdered excipients, pregelatinized corn starch and sodium starch glycolate. The powders are wetted with purified water to form granules. The granules are dried and mixed with the magnesium stearate. The formulation is then compressed into tablets weighing approximately 600 mg each.
B. Tablet
Compound of formula (I): 500.0 mg
Corn Starch: 70.0 mg
Lactose: 83.8 mg
Magnesium Stearate: 4.2 mg
Polyvinylpyrrolidone: 14.0 mg
Stearic Acid: 28.0 mg.
The compound of formula (I) is finely ground and intimately mixed with the powdered excipients, corn starch and lactose. The powders are wetted with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone dissolved in purified water and denatured alcohol to form granules. The granules are dried and mixed with the powdered stearic acid and magnesium stearate. The formulation is then compressed into tablets weighing approximately 700 mg each.
C. Capsules
Compound of formula (I): 500.0 mg
Corn Starch: 50.0 mg
Magnesium Stearate: 3.0 mg.
The finely divided compound of formula (I) is mixed with powdered corn starch and wetted with denatured alcohol to densify the powder. The dried powder is mixed with stearic acid and filled into hard-shell gelatin capsules.
D. Syrup
Compound of formula (I): 250.0 mg
Ethanol: 250.0 mg
Glycerin: 500.0 mg
Sucrose: 3,500.0 mg
Flavoring Agent: q.s.
Coloring Agent: q.s.
Preserving Agent: 0.1%
Purified Water: q.s. to 5.0 mL.
The compound of formula (I) is dissolved in the ethanol, glycerin, and a portion of the purified water. The sucrose and preserving agent are dissolved in another portion of hot purified water, and then the coloring agent is added and dissolved. The two solutions are mixed and cooled before the flavoring agent is added. Purified water is added to final volume. The resulting syrup is throughly mixed.
E. IV Injection
Compound of formula (I): 5.0 mg
Glycerin: q.s. for isotonicity
Preservative: 0.1%
Hydrochloric Acid or Sodium Hydroxide: as needed for pH adjustment
Water for Injection: q.s. to 1 mL
The compound of formula (I) and preservative is added to the glycerin and a portion of the water for injection. The pH is adjusted with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Water for injection is added to final volume and solution is complete after thorough mixing. The solution is sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 micrometer membrane filter and aseptically filled into sterile 10 mL ampules or vials.

Number	Name	Date
2530065	King	Nov 1950
2574150	Kerwin et al.	Nov 1951
3198802	Clark et al.	Aug 1965
4511582	Bair	Apr 1985
4530800	Bair	Jul 1985
4532394	Bair	Jul 1985
4551282	Bair	Nov 1985
4719046	Bair	Jan 1988
4719047	Bair	Jan 1988
4719048	Bair	Jan 1988
4719049	Bair	Jan 1988
4719055	Bair	Jan 1988
4720587	Bair	Apr 1988

Fluoranthene derivatives

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Investigational New Drugs 2, 1984, Bradley et al., pp. 54-90, "The Human Tumor Colony-Forming Chemosensitivity Array".
Dow Jones News Wire, 4/22/88 #160425-0097.
Hrabowska, M., et al., "Antitumor Activity of 1-Nitro-9 Amino Acidic Derivitives", Orgnin-Forsch./Drug Res. 32 (11), No. 9 (1982), 1013-1016.