Fluorescent dye compounds, conjugates and uses thereof

Abstract

The present teachings generally relate to fluorescent dyes, linkable forms of fluorescent dyes, energy transfer dyes, reagents labeled with fluorescent dyes and uses thereof.

Description

The present teachings generally relate to fluorescent dyes, linkable forms of fluorescent dyes, energy transfer dyes, and reagents labeled with fluorescent dyes, and uses thereof.

The non-radioactive detection of biological analytes utilizing fluorescent labels is an important technology in modern molecular biology. By eliminating the need for radioactive labels, safety is enhanced and the environmental impact and costs associated with reagent disposal is greatly reduced. Examples of methods utilizing such non-radioactive fluorescent detection include 4-color automated DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide hybridization methods, and detection of polymerase-chain-reaction products, immunoassays, and the like.

In many applications it is advantageous to employ multiple spectrally distinguishable fluorescent labels in order to achieve independent detection of a plurality of spatially overlapping analytes, e.g., single-tube multiplex DNA probe assays and 4-color automated DNA sequencing methods. In the case of multiplex DNA probe assays, by employing spectrally distinguishable fluorescent labels, the number of reaction tubes may be reduced thereby simplifying experimental protocols and facilitating the production of application-specific reagent kits. In the case of 4-color automated DNA sequencing, multicolor fluorescent labeling allows for the analysis of multiple bases in a single lane thereby increasing throughput over single-color methods and reducing uncertainties associated with inter-lane electrophoretic mobility variations.

Currently available multiplex dye sets suitable in 4-color automated DNA sequencing applications require blue or blue-green laser light to adequately excite fluorescence emissions from all of the dyes making up the set, e.g., argon-ion lasers. Use of blue or blue-green lasers in commercial automated DNA sequencing systems are often disadvantageous because of the high cost and limited lifetime of such lasers.

Thus, there exists a need for fluorescent dye compounds that satisfy the above constraints and are excitable by light having a wavelength above about 600 nm.

It has now been found that red fluorescence emitting dyes based on the structure (1) are very chemically and photoactively stable and are excitable by light of longer wavelengths.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide novel fluorescent dyes comprising a structure selected from,

wherein

R₁-R₃ and R₆-R₁₆ can each independently be —H, halogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, —NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group, wherein R can be C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group; and

R₄ and R₅ taken separately can be C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl, R₄ and R₅ taken together can be C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ unsaturated cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ substituted cycloalkyl or C₄-C₇ substituted unsaturated cycloalkyl;

with the proviso that if the compound comprises the structure (I), then at least one of R₁-R₃ or R₈ is not —H. Optionally, at least one of R₁-R₃ and R₆-R₁₆ can be —SO₃H.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for energy transfer dye compounds comprising a donor dye covalently attached to an acceptor dye, wherein the donor dye is capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength and emitting excitation energy in response, and the acceptor dye is capable of absorbing the excitation energy emitted by the donor dye and fluorescing at a second wavelength in response. In some embodiments, the donor dye can be covalently attached to the acceptor dye by a bond, a non-nucleotidic linker or a nucleotidic linker (i.e.—a polynucleotide, ribonucleic acid, and the like). In some embodiments, the linker can serve to facilitate efficient transfer of energy between the donor dye and the acceptor dye. In some embodiments, at least one of the donor and acceptor dyes is a dye of the present teachings.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for labeled nucleosides and/or nucleotides comprising the structureNUC-L-D

wherein NUC comprises a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a modified nucleoside or a modified nucleotide, L comprises a bond or a linker and D comprises a dye compound of the present teachings. In some embodiments, NUC and D can be covalently linked by a linking moiety, L, wherein L can be attached to D at one of R₁-R₃ and R₆-R₁₆. In some embodiments, if NUC comprises a purine base, the linking moiety can be attached to the 8-position of the purine, if NUC comprises a 7-deazapurine base, the linking moiety can be attached to the 7-position of the 7-deazapurine, and if NUC comprises a pyrimidine base, the linking moiety can be attached to the 5-position of the pyrimidine.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for oligonucleotide analysis methods comprising the steps of forming a set of labeled oligonucleotide fragments labeled with a dye of the structure set forth above, subjecting the labeled oligonucleotide fragments to a size-dependent separation process, e.g., electrophoresis, and detecting the labeled oligonucleotide fragments subsequent to the separation process.

These and other features and advantages of the present teachings will become better understood with reference to the following description, figures, and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a generalized synthetic pathway for the synthesis of dye compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (I).

FIG. 2 shows a generalized synthetic pathway for the synthesis of dye compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (II).

FIG. 3 shows a generalized synthetic pathway for the synthesis of dye compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (III).

FIG. 4 shows a generalized synthetic pathway for the synthesis of dye compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (IV).

FIG. 5 shows a possible synthetic pathway for the synthesis of dye compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (I).

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary synthetic pathway for the synthesis of a tertiary alcohol (e.g.—2-(4′-hydroxynathalen-2-yl)-2-propanol) intermediate useful for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings.

FIG. 7 shows a possible synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (II).

FIG. 8 shows possible synthetic schemes for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (II).

FIG. 9 shows absorption spectra of DDAO and several representative compounds of the present teachings.

FIG. 10 shows emission spectra of DDAO and several representative compounds of the present teachings.

Reference will now be made in detail to alternative embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the present teachings will be described in conjunction with the alternative embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the present teachings to those embodiments. On the contrary, the present teachings are intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the invention as defined by the appended claims.

In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “comprising,” as well as other forms, such as “comprises” and “comprise,” will be considered inclusive, in that the term “comprising” leaves open the possibility of including additional elements.

It will be understood that the chemical structures that are used to define compounds of the present teachings are each representations of one of the possible resonance structures that each given structure can be represented by. Further, it will be understood that by definition, resonance structures are merely a graphical representation used by those of skill in the art to represent electron delocalization, and that the present teachings are not limited in any way by showing one particular resonance structure for a given structure.

Generally, the present teachings comprise fluorescent dye compounds useful as fluorescent labels, as components of energy transfer dyes, in conjugates of nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides, in methods utilizing such dyes and reagents in the area of analytical biotechnology. The compounds of the present teachings may find particular application in the area of fluorescent nucleic acid analysis, e.g., automated DNA sequencing and fragment analysis, detection of probe hybridization in hybridization arrays, detection of nucleic acid amplification products, and the like.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide novel fluorescent dyes comprising a structure selected from,

wherein

R₁-R₃ and R₆-R₁₆ can each independently be —H, halogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, —NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group, wherein R can be C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group; and

R₄ and R₅ taken separately can be C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl, R₄ and R₅ taken together can be C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ unsaturated cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ substituted cycloalkyl or C₄-C₇ substituted unsaturated cycloalkyl;

with the proviso that if the compound comprises the structure (I), then at least one of R₁-R₃ or R₈ is not —H. Optionally, at least one of R₁-R₃ and R₆-R₁₆ can be —SO₃H. It will be understood that any of the compounds described herein can include the phenol oxygen deprotonated form as well as all possible resonance structures.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure:

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure:

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure:

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure:

In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ can be fluorine. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ can be chlorine. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ can be bromine.

In some embodiments, R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, and —CH₂NHR where R is defined as above. In some embodiments, X₁ can be —H and X₂ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, and —CH₂NHR where R is define as above.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings comprise the structure (I), wherein R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —H, —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above, with the proviso that if the compound comprises the structure (I), then at least one of R₁-R₃ or R₈ is not —H. In some embodiments, R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H or —SO₃R, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —CH₂NH₂ or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings comprise the structure (I), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —H, —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, —NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group, wherein R is defined as above, with the proviso that if the compound comprises the structure (I), then at least one of R₁-R₃ or R₈ is not —H. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are fluorine and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are chlorine and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₆ and R₇ are bromine and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (I), wherein R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above, and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H or —SO₃R, and R₁-R₃ and R₈ can each independently be —CH₂NH₂ or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, R can be substituted benzoyl. In some embodiments, R can be linking group. In some embodiments, R can be trifluoroacetyl. In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ can be methyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R₂ and R₃ can be —NO₂ and R₄ and R₅ can be methyl.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine and any of R₃, R₈ and R₉-R₁₂ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, —NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxyaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, bond or linking group, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R₉ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₁₀-R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R₁₀ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₉ and R₁₁-R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R₁₁ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₉-R₁₀ and R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ and R₇ can each independently be halogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R₁₂ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₉-R₁₁ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above, R₉ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂ and R₁₀-R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above, R₁₀ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₉ and R₁₁-R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above, R₁₁ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂, and R₉-R₁₀ and R₁₂ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, dye compounds of the present teachings can comprise the structure (II), wherein R₆ can be —H and R₇ can be —H, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂NH₂, or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above, R₁₂ can be —CO₂H, —CO₂R, —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂CO₂H, —CH₂CO₂R, —CH₂SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR or —NO₂ and R₉-R₁₁ can be —H, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, any of R₉-R₁₂ can be —SO₃H, —SO₃R, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHR, or —NO₂, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, any of R₉-R₁₂ can be —SO₃H or —SO₃R, wherein R is defined as above. In some embodiments, any of R₉-R₁₂ can be —CH₂NH₂ or —CH₂NHR, wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R₆ and R₇ can be hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R₆ and R₇ can be hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R₆ and R₇ can be hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R₆ and R₇ can be hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, a dye compound of the present teachings can comprise the structure

wherein R is defined as above.

In some embodiments, R can be substituted benzoyl. In some embodiments, R can be linking group. In some embodiments, R can be trifluoroacetyl. In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, compounds of the present teachings comprise the structure (III). In some embodiments, R₁ and R₃ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₆ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₃, R₁₅ and R₁₆ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₂ can be —SO₃H. In some embodiments, R₂ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —CH₂NHR. In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can be linking group. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —SO₃H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₂ can be —CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, R₂ can be —CH₂NHR. In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can be linking group. In some embodiments, R₂ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ can be methyl.

In some embodiments, compounds of the present teachings comprise the structure (IV). In some embodiments, R₁₀ can be —SO₃H. In some embodiments, R₁₀ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —CH₂NHR. In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R is linking group. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₃, R₆, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₅ and R₁₆ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —SO₃H. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₁₀ can be —CH₂NH₂. In some embodiments, R₁₀ can be —CH₂NHR. In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can comprise the structure

X can be succinimide.

In some embodiments, R can be

In some embodiments, R can be linking group. In some embodiments, R₁₄ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₃, R₆, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₅ and R₁₆ can be —H. In some embodiments, R₄ and R₅ can be methyl.

As used herein “substituted” refers to a molecule wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with one or more non-hydrogen atoms, functional groups or moieties. For example, unsubstituted amine is —NH₂, while a substituted amine can be —NHCH₃. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to halogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ branched alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkene, C₁-C₆ cyclic alkene, C₁-C₆ branched alkene, C₁-C₆ alkyne, C₁-C₆ branched alkyne, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfone, amino, ammonium, amido, nitrile, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy aromatic, phenyl, polycyclic aromatic, electron-rich heterocycle, and linking group.

As used herein, “linking group” refers to a moiety capable of reacting with a “complementary functionality” attached to a reagent or member of an energy transfer dye pair, such reaction forming a “linkage” connecting the dye to the reagent or member of the energy transfer dye pair. Suitable linking groups include but are not limited to isothiocyanate, sulfonyl chloride, 4,6-dichlorotriazinyl, succinimidyl ester, or other active carboxylate whenever the complementary functionality is amine. Suitable linking groups include but are not limited to maleimide, haloacetyl, iodoacetyl, haloacetamide or iodoacetamide whenever the complementary functionality is sulfhydryl. See, for example, R. Haugland, Molecular Probes Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals, Molecular probes, Inc. (1992).

Furthermore, it will be understood that a variety of complementary linking group/complementary functionality pairs suitable for covalently conjugating dye molecules of the present teachings to various molecules or substrates (i.e.—nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, peptides, other dyes molecules, linking moieties, and the like) are known in the art. Examples of complementary electrophiles and nucleophiles suitable for use as linking group/complementary functionality pairs in a wide variety of contexts are shown in Table 1, where the reaction of the indicated electrophilic and nucleophilic species yields the indicated covalent linkage. Conditions under which the covalent linkages are formed are well-known.

TABLE 1
Examples Of Some Routes To Useful Covalent Linkages
Electrophilic Group	Nucleophilic Group	Resulting Linkage
activated esters*	amines/anilines	carboxamides
acyl azides**	amines/anilines	carboxamides
acyl halides	amines/anilines	carboxamides
acyl halides	alcohols/phenols	esters
acyl nitriles	alcohols/phenols	esters
acyl nitriles	amines/anilines	carboxamides
aldehydes	amines/anilines	imines
aldehydes or ketones	hydrazines	hydrazones
aldehydes or ketones	hydroxylamines	oximes
alkyl halides	amines/anilines	alkyl amines
alkyl halides	carboxylic acids	esters
alkyl halides	thiols	thioethers
alkyl halides	alcohols/phenols	ethers
alkyl sulfonates	thiols	thioethers
alkyl sulfonates	carboxylic acids	esters
alkyl sulfonates	alcohols/phenols	ethers
anhydrides	alcohols/phenols	esters
anhydrides	amines/anilines	carboxamides
aryl halides	thiols	thiophenols
aryl halides	amines	aryl amines
aziridines	thiols	thioethers
boronates	glycols	boronate esters
carboxylic acids	amines/anilines	carboxamides
carboxylic acids	alcohols	esters
carboxylic acids	hydrazines	hydrazides
carbodiimides	carboxylic acids	N-acylureas or anhydrides
carbonates	amines	carbamates
chloroformates	amine	carbamates
diazoalkanes	carboxylic acids	esters
epoxides	thiols	thioethers
haloacetamides	thiols	thioethers
halotriazines	amines/anilines	aminotriazines
halotriazines	alcohols/phenols	triazinyl ethers
imido esters	amines/anilines	amidines
isocyanates	amines/anilines	ureas
isocyanates	alcohols/phenols	urethanes
isothiocyanates	amineslanilines	thioureas
maleimides	thiols	thioethers
phosphoramidites	alcohols	phosphite esters
silyl halides	alcohols	silyl ethers
sulfonate esters	amines/anilines	alkyl amines
sulfonate esters	thiols	thioethers
sulfonate esters	carboxylic acids	esters
sulfonate esters	alcohols	ethers
sulfonyl halides	amines/anilines	sulfonamides
sulfonyl halides	phenols/alcohols	sulfonate esters
*Activated esters, as understood in the art, generally have the formula —COX, where X is a good leaving group, e.g., oxysuccinimidyl (—ONC4H4O2), oxysulfosuccinimidyl (—ONC4H3O2—SO3H), 1-oxybenzotriazoiyl (—OC6H4N3); or an aryloxy group of the formula —OR″, where R″ is an aryl or an aryl substituted with one or more of the same or different electron- withdrawing substituents (e.g., —NO2, —F, —Cl, —CN or —CF3), used to form an anhydride or mixed anhydride of the formula —OCORa or —OCNRaNHRb, where Ra and Rb, which may be the same or different, are (C1-C6) alkyl, (C1-C6) perfluoroalkyl or (C1-C6) alkoxy; or cyclohexyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, or N-morpholinoethyl.
**Acyl azides can also rearrange to isocyanates.

The selection of nucleophile or electrophile used to covalently conjugate a dye of the present teachings to a given molecule or substrate can depend upon the identity of the complementary functional group on the molecule or substrate to which the dye molecule is to be conjugated. Types of complementary functional groups that can be present on molecules or substances to be conjugated include, but are not limited to, amines, thiols, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, phosphates, imidazoles, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, mono- and disubstituted amines, halides, epoxides, sulfonate esters, carboxylic acids or carboxylates.

In some embodiments, suitable nucleophiles for use in connection with the present teachings comprise amines, phenols, anilines, thiols or alcohols, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleophile comprises an amine. In some embodiments, the nucleophile comprises a primary amine. In some embodiments, the nucleophile comprises a secondary amine.

In some embodiments, the electrophile comprises an acrylamide, an activated ester of a carboxylic acid, an acyl azide, an acyl nitrile, an acyl halide, an aldehyde, an alkyl halide, an anhydride, an aryl halide, an azide, an aziridine, a boronate, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate, a diazoalkane, a haloacetamide, a halotriazine, a hydrazine, an imido ester, an isocyanate, an isothiocyanate, a maleimide, a phosphoramidite a Michael acceptor (i.e.—an α,β-unsaturated ester, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, and the like) or a sulfonyl halide.

In some embodiments, the electrophile comprises an activated ester of a carboxylic acid or carboxylate, a succinimidyl ester, a haloacetamide, an acyl halide, an alkyl halide, a sulfonyl halide, an isothiocyanate, a maleimide or an azidoperfluorobenzamido group. In some embodiments, the linking group is a N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester and the complementary functionality is an amine. To form an NHS ester, a dye of the present teachings including a carboxylic acid moiety as a linking group is reacted with, for example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Alternatively, to form an NHS ester, a molecule or substrate to be conjugated to a dye molecule of the present teachings including a carboxylic acid moiety as a linking group is reacted with, for example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide.

An exemplary synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (I) is shown in FIG. 1. Using, for example, the synthetic procedures described in Corey, P. F., U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,636 as a guide, one of skill in the art can react a 4-hydroxyaniline compound of the type (2) with a tertiary alcohol (4), such as 2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol, in the presence of a base to form compound (5). Alternatively, one can oxidize 4-hydroxyaniline compound (2) to form an N-chloroimine compound of the type (3) which can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (4), such as 2-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol, in the presence of a base to form compound (5). Compound (5) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (6). Compound (6) can then be converted to compound (7) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate. In some embodiments, depending on the substitution pattern present, compound (7) can be optionally be further derivitized. For example, compound (7) can optionally be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid.

Alternatively, compound (7) can be aminomethylated by reaction with an aminomethylating agent, for example, N-(hydroxymethyl)trifluoroacetamide in the presence of an acid such as concentrated sulfuric acid, or similar established conditions.

An exemplary synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (II) is shown in FIG. 2. Following a scheme similar to that described by Corey, a 4-hydroxyaniline compound of the type (2) can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (8), such as 2-(4′-hydroxynathalen-2-yl)-2-propanol, in the presence of a base to form compound (9). Alternatively, 4-hydroxyaniline compound (2) can be oxidized using known conditions to form an N-chloroimine compound of the type (3) which can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (8) in the presence of a base to form compound (9). Compound (9) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (10). Compound (10) can then be converted to compound (11) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate. In some embodiments, depending on the substitution pattern present, compound (11) can be optionally be further derivitized. For example, compound (11) can optionally be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid.

An exemplary synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (III) is shown in FIG. 3. Following a scheme similar to that described by Corey, a compound of the type (12) can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (4), in the presence of a base to form compound (14). Alternatively, compound (12) can be oxidized using known conditions to form an N-chloroimine compound of the type (13) which can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (4) in the presence of a base to form compound (14). Compound (14) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (15). Compound (15) can then be converted to compound (16) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate. In some embodiments, depending on the substitution pattern present, compound (16) can optionally be further derivitized. For example, compound (16) can optionally be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid.

An exemplary synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present teachings comprising the structure (IV) is shown in FIG. 4. Following a scheme similar to that described by Corey, a compound of the type (12) can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (8), in the presence of a base to form compound (17). Alternatively, compound (12) can be oxidized using known conditions to form an N-chloroimine compound of the type (13) which can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (8) in the presence of a base to form compound (17). Compound (17) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (18). Compound (18) can then be converted to compound (19) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate. In some embodiments, depending on the substitution pattern present, compound (19) can optionally be further derivitized. For example, compound (19) can optionally be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid.

A synthetic scheme for the preparation of exemplary compounds of the present teachings is shown in FIG. 5. Following a scheme similar to that described by Corey, a chloroimine compound of the type (20) can be reacted with a tertiary alcohol (21), in the presence of a base to form compound (22). Compound (22) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (23). Compound (23) can then be converted to compound (24) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate. Further, compound (24) can be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid to provide dye (25) of the present teachings. Alternatively, compound (24) can be aminomethylated by reaction with an aminomethylating agent, for example, N-(hydroxymethyl)trifluoroacetamide in the presence of an acid such as concentrated sulfuric acid, or similar established conditions to form compound (26). Dye (26) can be de-halogenated by literature procedure (Corey, P. F., U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,636 Mar. 7, 1989; Corey, et al. Angew Chem Int. Ed. Engl 30 (1991)), by reduction with, for example, Raney nickel/H₂ and then oxidized by reacting with an oxidizing agent, such as sodium periodate, to give dye (27) of the present teachings. Dye (27) can be can be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid to provide dye (28) of the present teachings.

If one of skill in the art were to use 2-(4′-hydroxynathalen-2-yl)-2-propanol as the tertiary alcohol, it could be prepared according to the literature procedures (Haworth et al. J. Chem Soc, Abstracts, pp. 10-13 (1943)), see FIG. 6. Specifically, benzyl succinate (29) (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis.) can be suspended in cold acetyl chloride to give a bis-anhydride benzyl succinate derivative. The anhydride derivative can be cyclized to the tetralone intermediate with AlCl₃ in nitrobenzene. The tetralone intermediate can be aromatized in two steps by bromination and base catalyzed bromide elimination to give 4-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid (30). 4-Hydroxy-2-napthoic acid compound (30) can be converted to the ethyl ester derivative by Fisher esterification in ethanol and HCl. Finally, using established literature procedures (J. Am. Chem. Soc., v. 108, 4119 (1986)), ethyl 4-Hydroxy-2-napthoate can be reacted with methyl magnesium chloride (3.3 eqiuv) to give the tertiary alcohol 2-(4′-hydroxynathalen-2-yl)-2-propanol (31).

A synthetic scheme for the preparation of exemplary compounds of the present teachings is shown in FIG. 7. Following a scheme similar to that described by Corey, N-chloroimine compound (20) can be reacted with tertiary alcohol (M), in the presence of a base to form compound (32). Compound (32) can then be reacted with a reducing agent, such as sodium dithionite, to form secondary amine compound (33). Compound (33) can then be converted to compound (34) by cyclization, through treatment with an acid such as 2N HCl, followed by oxidation, with for example sodium periodate.

A synthetic scheme for the conversion of exemplary compound (34) to further compounds of the present teachings is shown in FIG. 8. In some embodiments, dye (34) can be can be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid to provide dye (35) of the present teachings. Dye (35) can be de-halogenated by literature procedure (Corey, P. F., U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,636 Mar. 7, 1989; Corey, et al. Angew Chem Int. Ed. Engl. 30 (1991)), by reduction with, for example, Raney nickel/H₂ and then oxidized by reacting with an oxidizing agent, such as sodium periodate, to give dye (36) of the present teachings. Dye (36) can be aminomethylated by treating with N-(hydroxymethyl)trifluoroacetamide in the presence of an acid such as concentrated sulfuric acid, or similar established conditions to form compound (37) of the present teachings. Alternatively, dye (34) can be aminomethylated by treating with N-(hydroxymethyl)trifluoroacetamide in the presence of an acid such as concentrated sulfuric acid, or similar established conditions to form compound (38). As above, compound (38) can be de-halogenated and then oxidized by literature procedures to give compound (39). Finally, compound (39) can be sulfonated by reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonic acid to provide a dye (40) of the present teachings. Further, one of skill in the art will recognize that the amine functionality on compounds (37) or (40) can optionally be deprotected and optionally converted to a substituted amine and/or compounds (37) or (40) can optionally be halogenated using established procedures to tune the fluorescence properties (i.e.—emission wavelength).

Suitable N-chloroimine compounds of the type (3), shown in, for example, FIGS. 1 & 2, for use in connection with the present teachings can be obtained from commercial sources and/or prepared from numerous 4-hydroxyaniline compounds that are either commercially available or are known in the art using literature established procedures. Examples, of suitable 4-hydroxyaniline compounds include, but are not limited to, the following:

One of skill in the art will understand that any of the above 4-hydroxyaniline compounds can be converted into the N-chloroimine directly or after optional protection of possibly labile functionality. Further examples of suitable for 4-hydroxyaniline compounds that are known in the art can be found by structure searching in available databases such as Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SciFinder, and the like.

Suitable N-chloroimine compounds of the type (12), shown in, for example, FIG. 3, for use in connection with the present teachings can be obtained from commercial sources and/or prepared from numerous 4-hydroxy-aminonaphthalene compounds that are either commercially available or are known in the art using literature established procedures. Examples, of suitable 4-hydroxy-aminonaphthalene compounds include, but are not limited to, the following:

One of skill in the art will understand that any of the above 4-hydroxy-aminonaphthalene compounds can be converted into the N-chloroimine directly or after optional protection of possibly labile functionality. Further examples of suitable for 4-hydroxy-aminonaphthalene compounds that are known in the art can be found by structure searching in available databases such as Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SciFinder, and the like.

Suitable tertiary alcohol compounds of the type (8) shown in, for example, FIG. 2, can be prepared from suitable 4-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid compounds in a manner similar to that described in FIG. 6. Examples of suitable 4-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid compounds known in the art include, but are not limited to, the following:

One of skill in the art will understand that any of the above 4-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid compounds can be used directly for synthesizing compounds of the present teachings or after optional protection of possibly labile functionality. Further examples of suitable for 4-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid compounds that are known in the art can be found by structure searching in available databases such as Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SciFinder, and the like.

In some embodiments, the present teachings comprise energy transfer dye compounds incorporating dye compounds of Formula I-IV. Generally, energy transfer dyes of the present teachings comprise a donor dye capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength and emitting excitation energy in response that is covalently attached to an acceptor dye which is capable of absorbing the excitation energy emitted by the donor dye and fluorescing at a second wavelength in response. In some embodiments, the donor dye can be covalently attached to the acceptor dye through a linker. In some embodiments, the linker can be effective to facilitate efficient energy transfer between the donor and acceptor dyes. In some embodiments, the linker can be non-nucleotidic. In some embodiments, the linker can be a nucleotidic linker, such as a polynucleotide. For a thorough discussion of the structure, synthesis and use of such energy transfer dyes see, for example, Mathies, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,528, Lee, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,727, Glazer, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,992, Waggoner, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,373, Nampalli, et al., U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2004/0126763 A1, Kumar, et al., PCT Pub. No. WO 00/13026A1 and PCT Pub. No. WO 01/19841A1, each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all it discloses with regard to energy transfer dye structures, energy transfer dye synthesis, energy transfer dye linkers, alternative donor dyes, alternative acceptor dyes and energy transfer dye spectral properties.

In some embodiments, linkers suitable for use in connection with the present teachings can comprise the general structure

wherein carbonyl can be covalently attached to either a donor dye or an acceptor dye, R₁₁ can be a moiety that comprises an unsubstituted alkene, a substituted alkene, an unsubstituted diene, a substituted diene, an unsubstituted triene, a substituted triene, an unsubstituted alkyne, a substituted alkyne, an unsubstituted five- or six-membered ring having at least one unsaturated bond, a substituted five- or six-membered ring having at least one unsaturated bond or an unsubstituted or substituted fused ring structure that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, and R₁₂ is a moiety comprising a functional group that is capable of attaching the linker to a donor dye or an acceptor dye, such that both a donor dye and an acceptor dye are represented.

Examples of suitable five- or six-membered rings that can be used as R₁₁ in the linker include, but are not limited to cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, furan, thiofuran, pyrrole, pyrazole, isoimidazole, pyran, pyrone, benzene, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, triazine, pyrazine and oxazine. Examples of fused ring structures include, but are not limited to indene, benzofuran, thionaphthalene, indole and naphthalene. In some embodiments, the linker has the structure

In some embodiments, the linker attaches to a dye of the present teachings at one of the X₁-X₂, R₁-R₃ or R₇-R₁₀ positions. In some embodiments, the linker can be a bond. Additional suitable linkers include polynucleotides, ribonucleic acids, and the like.

In some embodiments, one of the donor or acceptor dye is a dye according to the present teachings and the other dye can be a cyanine, phthalocyanine, squaraine, bodipy, fluorescein, rhodamine, extended rhodamine or dibenzorhodamine dye.

Example of suitable dyes for use in connection with energy transfer dyes of the present teachings include, but are not limited to, 5-carboxyfluorescein, 6-carboxyfluorescein, rhodamine green (R110), 5-carboxyrhodamine, 6-carboxyrhodamine, N,N′-diethyl-2′,7′-dimethyl-5-carboxy-rhodamine (5-R6G), N,N′-diethyl-2′,7′-dimethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (6-R6G), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (5-TAMRA), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (6-TAMRA), 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine (5-ROX), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (6-ROX), 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′,-4,7-hexachlorofluorescein, 6-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′,4,7-hexachloro-fluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,7′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichlorofluorescein, 6-carboxy-2′,7′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichloro-fluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrachlorofluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein, 1′,2′,7′,8′-dibenzo-4,7-dichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein, as well as other commercially available dyes as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2
	Absorbance	Emission	Extinction
Fluorescent Dye	(nm)	(nm)	Coefficient
5-Fluorescein	495	520	73000
5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM)	495	520	83000
6-Carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM)	495	520	83000
6-Carboxyhexachlorofluorescein (6-HEX)	535	556	73000
6-Carboxytetrachlorofluorescein (6-TET)	521	536	73000
JOE	520	548	73000
LightCycler Red 640	625	640
LightCycler Red 705	685	705
Oregon Green 488	496	516	76000
Oregon Green 500	499	519	84000
Oregon Green 514	506	526	85000
BODIPY FL-X	504	510	70000
BODIPY FL	504	510	70000
BODIPY-TMR-X	544	570	56000
BODIPY R6G	528	547	70000
BODIPY 650/665	650	665	101000
BODIPY 564/570	563	569	142000
BODIPY 581/591	581	591	136000
BODIPY TR-X	588	616	68000
BODIPY 630/650	625	640	101000
BODIPY 493/503	500	509	79000
5-Carboxyrhodamine 6G	524	557	102000
5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)	546	576	90000
6-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)	544	576	90000
5(6)-Carboxy-X-Rhodamine (ROX)	576	601	82000
6-Carboxy-X-Rhodamine (ROX)	575	602	82000
AMCA-X (Coumarin)	353	442	19000
Texas Red-X	583	603	116000
Rhodamine Red-X	560	580	129000
Marina Blue	362	459	19000
Pacific Blue	416	451	37000
Rhodamine Green-X	503	528	74000
7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid	432	472	56000
7-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid	358	410	26000
Cy3	552	570	150000
Cy3B	558	573	130000
Cy5	643	667	250000
Cy5.5	675	694	250000
DY-505	505	530	85000
DY-550	553	578	122000
DY-555	555	580	100000
DY-610	606	636	140000
DY-630	630	655	120000
DY-633	630	659	120000
DY-636	645	671	120000
DY-650	653	674	77000
DY-675	674	699	110000
DY-676	674	699	84000
DY-681	691	708	125000
DY-700	702	723	96000
DY-701	706	731	115000
DY-730	734	750	113000
DY-750	747	776	45700
DY-751	751	779	220000
DY-782	782	800	102000
Cy3.5	581	596	150000
EDANS	336	490	5700
WellRED D2-PA	750	770	170000
WellRED D3-PA	685	706	224000
WellRED D4-PA	650	670	203000
Pyrene	341	377	43000
Cascade Blue	399	423	30000
Cascade Yellow	409	558	24000
PyMPO	415	570	26000
Lucifer Yellow	428	532	11000
NBD-X	466	535	22000
Carboxynapthofluorescein	598	668	42000
Alexa Fluor 350	346	442	19000
Alexa Fluor 405	401	421	35000
Alexa Fluor 430	434	541	16000
Alexa Fluor 488	495	519	71000
Alexa Fluor 532	532	554	81000
Alexa Fluor 546	556	573	104000
Alexa Fluor 555	555	565	150000
Alexa Fluor 568	578	603	91300
Alexa Fluor 594	590	617	73000
Alexa Fluor 633	632	647	100000
Alexa Fluor 647	650	665	239000
Alexa Fluor 660	663	690	132000
Alexa Fluor 680	679	702	184000
Alexa Fluor 700	702	723	192000
Alexa Fluor 750	749	775	240000
Oyster 556	556	570	155000
Oyster 645	645	666	250000
Oyster 656	656	674	220000
5(6)-Carboxyeosin	521	544	95000
Erythrosin	529	544	90000

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for labeled nucleosides and/or nucleotides comprising the structureNUC-L-D

wherein NUC comprises a nucleoside, a nucleotide, a modified nucleoside or a modified nucleotide, L comprises a bond or a linker and D comprises a dye compound of the present teachings. In some embodiments, NUC and D can be conjugated by a linker, L, wherein L can be attached to D at one of X₁-X₂, R₁-R₃ or R₇-R₁₀. In some embodiments, if NUC comprises a purine base, the linker can be attached to the 8-position of the purine, if NUC comprises a 7-deazapurine base, the linker can be attached to the 7-position of the 7-deazapurine, and if NUC comprises a pyrimidine base, the linker can be attached to the 5-position of the pyrimidine. Such nucleoside and nucleotide reagents can be particularly useful in the context of labeling polynucleotides formed by enzymatic synthesis, e.g., nucleotide triphosphates used in the context of PCR amplification, Sanger-type polynucleotide sequencing, and nick-translation reactions.

It will be understood that nucleoside labeling can be accomplished by any of number of known labeling techniques employing known linkers, linking groups, and associated complementary functionalities. Generally, the linker should (i) not interfere with oligonucleotide-target hybridization, (ii) be compatible with relevant enzymes, e.g., polymerases, ligases, and the like, and (iii) not adversely affect the fluorescence properties of the dye. For exemplary base labeling procedures suitable for use in connection with the present teachings see, for example, Gibson, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 15:6455-6467 (1987); Gebeyehu, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 15: 4513-4535 (1987); Haralambidis, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 15: 4856-4876 (1987); Nelson, et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 5(3): 233-241 (1986); Bergstrom, et al., JACS, 111: 374-375 (1989); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,855,225, 5,231,191, and 5,449,767.

In some embodiments, suitable linkers can be acetylenic amido or alkenic amido linkers, wherein the conjugation between the dye and the nucleoside or nucleotide base can be formed by, for example, reaction of an activated N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of the dye with an alkynylamino- or alkenylamino-derivatized base of a nucleoside or nucleotide. In some embodiments, labeled nucleosides or nucleotides can comprise the structure

In some embodiments, labeled nucleosides or nucleotides can comprise the structure

wherein X can be

where n ranges from 1 to 5,

where n ranges from 1 to 5,

and

wherein R₁ can be —H or lower alkyl; and R₂ can be —H, lower alkyl or protecting group. See, for example, Khan et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/833,854 filed Apr. 10, 1997.

The synthesis of alkynylamino-derivatized nucleosides is taught by, for example, Hobbs, et al. in European Patent No. 0 251 786 B1, and Hobbs, et al., J. Org. Chem., 54: 3420 (1989). Briefly, the alkynylamino-derivatized nucleotides can be formed by placing the appropriate halodideoxynucleoside (usually 5-iodopyrimidine and 7-iodo-7-deazapurine dideoxynucleosides as taught by Hobbs, et al. (cited above)) and Cu(I) in a flask, flushing with argon to remove air, adding dry DMF, followed by addition of an alkynylamine, triethylamine and Pd(0). The reaction mixture is stirred for several hours, or until thin layer chromatography indicates consumption of the halodideoxynucleoside. When an unprotected alkynylamine is used, the alkynylamino-nucleoside can be isolated by concentrating the reaction mixture and purifying by silica gel chromatography with an eluting solvent that contains ammonium hydroxide to neutralize hydrohalide generated in the coupling reaction. When a protected alkynylamine is used, methanol/methylene chloride can be added to the reaction mixture, followed by the bicarbonate form of a strongly basic anion exchange resin. The slurry can then be stirred for about 45 minutes, filtered, and the resin rinsed with additional methanol/methylene chloride. The combined filtrates can be concentrated and purified by flash-chromatography on silica gel using a methanol-methylene chloride gradient. The triphosphates are obtained by standard techniques.

In some embodiments, nucleosides and/or nucleotides of the present teachings can comprise natural sugars (i.e.—ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, and the like) or sugar analogues. As used herein, the term “sugar analog” refers to analogs of the sugar ribose. Exemplary ribose sugar analogs include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted furanoses having more or fewer than 5 ring atoms, e.g., erythroses and hexoses and substituted or unsubstituted 3-6 carbon acyclic sugars. Typical substituted furanoses and acyclic sugars are those in which one or more of the carbon atoms are substituted with one or more of the same or different —R, —OR, —NRR or halogen groups, where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₆) alkyl or (C₁-C₁₄) aryl. Examples of substituted furanoses having 5 ring atoms include but are not limited to 2′-deoxyribose, 2′-(C₁-C₆)alkylribose, 2′-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyribose, 2′-(C₅-C₁₄)aryloxyribose, 2′,3′-dideoxyribose, 2′,3′-didehydroribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-haloribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-fluororibose, 2′-deoxy-3′-chlororibose, 2′-deoxy-3′-aminoribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₁-C₆)alkylribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyribose, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₅-C₁₄)aryloxyribose, 3′-(C₁-C₆)alkylribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₁-C₆)alkylribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′-deoxy-3′-(C₅-C₁₄)aryloxyribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′-deoxy-3′-haloribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′-deoxy-3′-aminoribose-5′-triphosphate, 2′,3′-dideoxyribose-5′-triphosphate or 2′,3′-didehydroribose-5′-triphosphate. Further sugar analogs also include so called locked nucleic acids (LNAs) having the structure

and those described in Wengel, et al. WO 99/14226, incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, nucleosides and/or nucleotides of the present teachings can have the structure

wherein B comprises a nucleoside or nucleotide base, such as uracil, cytosine, deazaadenine, or deazaguanosine; W₁ and W₂ taken separately can be —OH or a group capable of blocking polymerase-mediated template-directed polymerzation, e.g., —H, fluorine, and the like; W₃ can be OH, or mono-, di- or triphosphate or a phosphate analog; and D is a dye compound of the present teachings. In some embodiments, nucleotides of the present teachings can be dideoxynucleotide triphosphates having the structure including associated counterions if present.

including associated counterions if present.

Labeled dideoxy nucleotides such as that shown above find particular application as chain terminating agents in Sanger-type DNA sequencing methods utilizing fluorescent detection.

In some embodiments, nucleotides of the present teachings can be deoxynucleotide triphosphates having the structure

including associated counterions if present.

Labeled deoxynucleotides such as that shown above find particular application as reagents for labeling polymerase extension products, e.g., in the polymerase chain reaction or nick-translation.

In some embodiments, the present teachings can provide polynucleotides labeled with at least one dye of the present teachings. Such labeled polynucleotides are useful in a number of important contexts including as DNA sequencing primers, PCR primers, oligonucleotide hybridization probes, oligonucleotide ligation probes, and the like.

In some embodiments, labeled polynucleotides of the present teachings can include multiple dyes located such that fluorescence energy transfer takes place between a donor dye and an acceptor dye. Such multi-dye energy-transfer polynucleotides find application as spectrally-tunable sequencing primers, see for example, Ju, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4347-4351 (1995), or as hybridization probes, see for example, Lee, et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 21: 3761-3766 (1993).

Labeled polynucleotides can be synthesized either enzymatically, e.g., using a DNA polymerase or ligase, see for example, Stryer, Biochemistry, Chapter 24, W.H. Freeman and Company (1981), or by chemical synthesis, e.g., by the phosphoramidite method, the phosphitetriester method, and the like, see for example, Gait, Oligonucleotide Synthesis, IRL Press (1990). Labels may be introduced during enzymatic synthesis utilizing labeled nucleotide triphosphate monomers as described above, or introduced during chemical synthesis using labeled non-nucleotide or nucleotide phosphoramidites as described above, or may be introduced subsequent to synthesis.

Generally, if the labeled polynucleotide is made using enzymatic synthesis, the following procedure can be used. A template DNA is denatured and an oligonucleotide primer is annealed to the template DNA. A mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates is added to the mixture including dGTP, dATP, dCTP, and dTTP where at least a fraction of the deoxynucleotides is labeled with a dye compound of the invention as described above. Next, a polymerase enzyme is added under conditions where the polymerase enzyme is active. A labeled polynucleotide is formed by the incorporation of the labeled deoxynucleotides during polymerase-mediated strand synthesis. In an alternative enzymatic synthesis method, two primers are used instead of one, one primer complementary to the (+) strand and the other complementary to the (−) strand of the target, the polymerase is a thermostable polymerase, and the reaction temperature is cycled between a denaturation temperature and an extension temperature, thereby exponentially synthesizing a labeled complement to the target sequence by PCR, see fro example, PCR Protocols, Innis et al. eds., Academic Press (1990).

Labeled polynucleotides can be chemically synthesized using the phosphoramidite method. Detailed descriptions of the chemistry used to form polynucleotides by the phosphoramidite method are provided in, for example, Caruthers et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,458,066 and 4,415,732; Caruthers, et al., Genetic Engineering, 4: 1-17 (1982); Users Manual Model 392 and 394 Polynucleotide Synthesizers, pages 6-1 through 6-22, Applied Biosystems, Part No. 901237 (1991).

The phosphoramidite method of polynucleotide synthesis can be advantageous in some embodiments because of its efficient and rapid coupling reactions and the stability of the starting materials. The synthesis is performed with the growing polynucleotide chain attached to a solid support, so that excess reagents, which are in the liquid phase, can be easily removed by filtration, thereby eliminating the need for purification steps between synthesis cycles.

The following briefly describes the steps of a typical polynucleotide synthesis cycle using the phosphoramidite method. First, a solid support including a protected nucleotide monomer is treated with acid, e.g., trichloroacetic acid, to remove a 5′-hydroxyl protecting group, freeing the hydroxyl for a subsequent coupling reaction. An activated intermediate is then formed by simultaneously adding a protected phosphoramidite nucleoside monomer and a weak acid, e.g., tetrazole, to the reaction. The weak acid protonates the nitrogen of the phosphoramidite forming a reactive intermediate. Nucleoside addition is complete within 30 s. Next, a capping step is performed that terminates any polynucleotide chains that did not undergo nucleoside addition. Capping can be accomplished with acetic anhydride and 1-methylimidazole. The internucleotide linkage is then converted from the phosphite to the more stable phosphotriester by oxidation using iodine as the preferred oxidizing agent and water as the oxygen donor. After oxidation, the hydroxyl protecting group is removed with a protic acid, such as trichloroacetic acid or dichloroacetic acid, and the cycle is repeated until chain elongation is complete. After synthesis, the polynucleotide chain is cleaved from the support using a base, such as ammonium hydroxide or t-butyl amine. The cleavage reaction also removes any phosphate protecting groups, such as cyanoethyl. Finally, the protecting groups on the exocyclic amines of the bases and the hydroxyl protecting groups on the dyes are removed by treating the polynucleotide solution in base at an elevated temperature, e.g., 55° C. One of skill in the art will recognize that a variety if reagents can be used to perform the synthesis described above, and in some cases reagents are available to carry out more than one step in a single reaction.

Any of the phosphoramidite nucleoside monomers may be dye-labeled phosphoramidites as described above. If the 5′-terminal position of the nucleotide is labeled, a labeled non-nucleotidic phosphoramidite of the invention may be used during the final condensation step. If an internal position of the oligonucleotide is labeled, a labeled nucleotidic phosphoramidite of the invention may be used during any of the condensation steps.

Subsequent to synthesis, the polynucleotide may be labeled at a number of positions including the 5′-terminus, see for example Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Eckstein ed., Chapter 8, IRL Press (1991) and Orgel, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 11(18): 6513 (1983); U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,800; the phosphodiester backbone, see for example Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Eckstein ed., Chapter 9, IRL Press (1991); or at the 3′-terminus, see for example Nelson, Nucleic Acids Research 20(23): 6253-6259, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,401,837 and 5,141,813. For a through review of oligonucleotide labeling procedures see R. Haugland in Excited States of Biopolymers, Steiner ed., Plenum Press, NY (1983).

In one post-synthesis chemical labeling method an oligonuleotide can be labeled as follows. A dye including a carboxy linking group is converted to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester by reacting with approximately 1 equivalent of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and approximately 3 equivalents of N-hydroxysuccinimide in dry ethyl acetate for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is washed with 5% HCl, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to a solid which is resuspended in DMSO. The DMSO dye stock is then added in excess (10-20×) to an aminohexyl derivatized oligonucleotide in 0.25 M bicarbonate/carbonate buffer at pH 9.4 and allowed to react for 6 hours, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,141. The dye labeled oligonucleotide is separated from unreacted dye by passage through a size-exclusion chromatography column eluting with buffer, e.g., 0.1 molar triethylamine acetate (TEAA). The fraction containing the crude labeled oligonucleotide is further purified by reverse phase HPLC employing gradient elution.

It will be understood that the following examples are meant to be merely illustrative and are not meant to be limiting of the present teachings in any way. Although the above description will be adequate to teach one of skill in the art how to practice the present teachings, the following examples are provided as further guidance to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for a mixture comprising at least one compound of the present teachings in any of the forms described herein and at least one other component comprising a fluorescent dye. For example, the present teachings can provide for a mixture of polynucleotides, wherein at least one polynucleotide of the mixture comprises a compound of the present teachings and at least one other polynucleotide comprising a fluorescent dye. Mixture components comprising fluorescent dyes of the present teachings can be prepared by any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the present teachings provide for kits comprising at least one compound of the present teachings in any of the forms described herein.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Unless otherwise indicated, all reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.) and used as received from the distributor. DDAO (1) was prepared as described in Corey, P. F., U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,636. NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker 400 MHz Avance-NMR Spectrometer. Mass spec. data was obtained using an Applied Biosystems API 1500 Mass Spectrometer. Fluorescence data was obtained using a Perkin Elmer LS-50B Luminescence Spectrophotometer. UV/Vis data was obtained using a Hewlett Packard 8451A Diode Array Spectrophotometer.

Example 1

Synthesis of 6-sulfo-DDAO (42)

To a stirred solution of 50 mg of DDAO (41) dissolved in 5 mL dichlorormethane (DCM) and cooled to 0° C. was added 0.5 mL chlorosulfonic acid. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. overnight and then poured into ice-water. Unreacted starting material was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and then the product was extracted with n-butanol. The solvent was removed in vacou to obtain 45 mg of 6-sulfo-DDAO (42) as dark shiny crystals. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.9 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 1.78 (s, 6H). MS: M+H=388.

Example 2

Synthesis of N-(4-caboxybenzoyl)-aminomethyl DDAO (45)

To a stirred solution of 450 mg DDAO (1.466 mmoles) in 10 mL of conc. sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) was added 419 mg of N-(hydroxymethyl)trifluoroacetamide (2.929 mmoles) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction was poured into 100 mL of ice water and extracted with 4×100 mL of 10% methanol/dichloromethane (MeOH/DCM). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient of 2:20:78 to 8:20:72 MeOH/ethyl acetate (EtOAc)/DCM) to give 456 mg of compound 43 as a reddish solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 11.4 (br s, 1H, OH), 9.95 (t, 1H, NH), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 4.35 (d, 2H), 1.78 (s, 6H). MS: (ESI) M−H=431.2.

A solution of 64 mg of compound 43 (0.148 mmoles) in 30 mL NH₃/MeOH was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction was concentrated to dryness by evaporation and co-evaporation with MeOH. The solid was recrystallized from MeOH/DCM to give compound 44.

To a stirred solution of compound 44 in 6 mL dimethyl-formamide (DMF)/DCM (1:1) was added 118 mg of 4-carboxyethy terephthaloyl chloride (0.594 mmoles) and 0.2 mL diisopropylethylamine at room temperature. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction was then quenched by addition of 10 mL sat. aq. sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and 0.5 mL of a solution of sodium methoxide/MeOH (25%). The reaction mixture was then diluted with 20 mL H₂O and extracted 1×50 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was then treated with a solution of lithium hydroxide(LiOH)/MeOH/H₂O (177 mg/20 mL/5 mL) at 80° C. for 45 minutes. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature, evaporated under reduced pressure, re-dissolved in 30 mL H₂O, acidified with 1.5 mL 10% HCl, and extracted with 100 mL EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (using a gradient of 1:9 to 8:2 MeOH/DCM) to give 52 mg of compound 45 as a solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.84 (t, 1H, NH), 8.00 (d, 2H), 7.34 (m, 3H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 4.24 (d, 2H), 1.70 (s, 6H). MS: (ESI) M+H=485.0.

Example 3

Synthesis of 6,8-Dinitro-DDAO (46)

A solution of 50 mg of DDAO dissolved in 2 mL of a 1:1 solution of H₂SO₄/HNO₃ was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was extracted with EtOAc. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was recrystallized from EtOH to give 41 mg of dinitro-DDAO (46).

Example 4

Synthesis of N-(4-caboxy-2-sulfobenzoyl)-aminomethyl DDAO (47)

Compound 43 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2. A solution of 43.3 mg of compound 43 (0.1 mmoles) in 20 mL NH₃/MeOH was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction was concentrated to dryness by evaporation and co-evaporation with DCM to give compound 44.

The residue (44) was dissolved in 5 mL DMF and treated with 200 μL of diisopropylethylamine (Hunig's base) and 74 mg of anhydride 48 (0.324 mmoles) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then quenched with 1 mL 10% HCl. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was redissolved in 50 mL H₂O and extracted with 3×50 mL 10% MeOH/EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness.

The residue was then treated with 20 mL of a solution of LiOH.H₂O/MeOH/H₂O (0.85 g/100 mL/20 mL) at room temperature for 10 minutes. The mixture was acidified with 1 mL 10% HCl and diluted with 50 mL sat. NaCl. The mixture was extracted 2×100 mL 10% MeOH/EtOAc, then the organic layer was treated with 0.5 mL triethylamine, evaporated to dryness and finally co-evaporated with MeOH. The crude product was dissolved in 50 mL of 20% MeOH/DCM and purified by silica gel chromatography (2×17.5 cm, eluant gradient: 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% MeOH/DCM (100 mL each gradient step, collecting 20 mL fractions)) to give 60 mg of compound 47. ¹H NMR (in MeOD): δ 8.52 (d, 1H), 8.01 (dd, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H, CH₂), 1.82 (s, 6H, 2×CH₃). MS (ESI) m/e 563.2 (calcd. for M−H=563.0).

Claims

1. A compound having a structure of one of the following formulae:

2. The compound of claim 1 having the structure:

3. The compound of claim 1 having the structure:

4. The compound of claim 1 having the structure:

5. An energy transfer dye comprising a donor dye covalently attached to an acceptor dye, wherein the donor dye is capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength and emitting excitation energy in response, the acceptor dye is capable of absorbing the excitation energy emitted by the donor dye and fluorescing at a second wavelength in response, wherein the donor dye is a compound having a structure of one of the following formulae:

6. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the donor dye is covalently attached to the acceptor dye through a linker.

7. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the linker is non-nucleotidic.

8. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the linker is nucleotidic.

9. An energy transfer dye comprising a donor dye covalently attached to an acceptor dye, wherein the donor dye is capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength and emitting excitation energy in response, the acceptor dye is capable of absorbing the excitation energy emitted by the donor dye and fluorescing at a second wavelength in response, wherein the acceptor dye is a compound having a structure of one of the following formulae:

10. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein the donor dye is selected from the group consisting of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM), rhodamine green (R110), 5-carboxyrhodamine, 6-carboxyrhodamine, N,N′-diethyl-2′,7′-dimethyl-5-carboxy-rhodamine (5-R6G), N,N′-diethyl-2′, 7′-dimethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (6—R6G), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (5-TAMRA), Cy3, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (6-TAMRA), 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine (5-ROX), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (6-ROX), 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′,4,7-hexachlorofluorescein, 6-carboxy-2′, 4′,5,7′,4,7-hexachlorofluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,7′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichloro-fluorescein, 6-carboxy-1′,2′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichlorofluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrachlorofluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein and 1′,2′,7′,8′-dibenzo-4,7-dichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein.

11. The compound of claim 1, having a structure of formula (I):

12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from —SO3H, —SO3R, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHR, and —NO2.

13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

14. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the donor dye has a structure of formula (I):

15. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein R2 of the donor dye is selected from —SO3H, —SO3R, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHR, and —NO2.

16. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein R6 and R7 of the donor dye are each independently selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

17. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the donor dye has the structure:

18. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the donor dye has the structure:

19. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the donor dye has the structure:

20. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein the acceptor dye has a structure of formula (I):

21. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein R2 of the acceptor dye is selected from —SO3H, —SO3R, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHR, and —NO2.

22. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein R6 and R7 of the acceptor dye are each independently selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

23. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein the acceptor dye has the structure:

24. The energy transfer dye of claim 9, wherein the acceptor dye has the structure:

25. The energy transfer dye of claim 5, wherein the acceptor dye has the structure:

26. A comnaund having a cfnirture of formula (I):

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein R2 is selected from —SO3H, —SO3R, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHR, and —NO2.

28. The compound of claim 26, wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

29. The compound of 26 having the structure:

30. The compound of 26 having the structure:

31. The compound of 26 having the structure:

32. The compound of 26 having the structure:

33. An energy transfer dye comprising a donor dye covalently attached to an acceptor dye, wherein the donor dye is capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength and emitting excitation energy in response, the acceptor dye is capable of absorbing the excitation energy emitted by the donor dye and fluorescing at a second wavelength in response, wherein the donor or the acceptor dye is a compound having a structure of the formula (I):

34. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the donor dye is covalently attached to the acceptor dye through a linker.

35. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the linker is non-nucleotidic.

36. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the linker is nucleotidic.

37. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein when the acceptor dye is the compound of formula (I), then the donor dye is selected from the group consisting of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM), rhodamine green (R110), 5-carboxyrhodamine, 6-carboxyrhodamine, N,N′-diethyl-2′,7′-dimethyl-5-carboxy-rhodamine (5-R6G), N,N′-diethyl-2′,7′-dimethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (6-R6G), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (5-TAMRA), Cy3, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-5-carboxyrhodamine (6-TAMRA), 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine (5-ROX), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (6-ROX), 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′,4,7-hexachlorofluorescein, 6-carboxy-2′, 4′,5,7′,4,7-hexachlorofluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,7′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichloro-fluorescein, 6-carboxy-1′,2′-dicarboxy-4′,5′-dichlorofluorescein, 5-carboxy-2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrachlorofluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein, 1′,2′-benzo-4′-fluoro-7′,4,7-trichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein and 1′,2′,7′,8′-dibenzo-4,7-dichloro-5-carboxyfluorescein.

38. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein R2 of the compound of formula (I) is selected from —SO3H, —SO3R, —CH2NH2, —CH2NHR, and —NO2.

39. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein R6 and R7 of the compound of formula (I) are each independently selected from fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

40. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure:

41. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure:

42. The energy transfer dye of claim 33, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure: