Patent Application
20110189101
The present invention relates to a fluorescent labeling agent and a fluorescent labeling method, in particular to a fluorescent labeling agent and a fluorescent labeling method where a material not toxic to biomaterials is used.
Known is a technique of labeling biomaterials with an organic fluorescent dye followed by irradiation with excitation light for fluorescence detection to thereby visualize specific target cells such as tumor cells alone. However, in general, an organic fluorescent dye degrades when activated through photoexcitation, and loses fluorescent characteristics. Accordingly, owing to the fading property thereof, an organic fluorescent dye is problematic in that it is unsuitable for long-term measurement and for investigation of repetitive reproducibility. On the other hand, an antifading agent may be used for reducing the fading property, but an antifading agent is generally toxic and may cause another problem in that it is unsuitable for use in vivo.
In addition, an organic fluorescent dye has other drawbacks in that its absorption transition is saturated when the intensity of the excitation light applied thereto is increased and the fluorescent intensity from the dye could not be over a predetermined level, that the dye must be excited at a specific wavelength, and that the wavelength of the excitation light is near to the wavelength of the fluorescent light and the excitation light and the fluorescent light are difficult to separate from each other.
Recently, a fluorescent labeling agent that comprises CdSe quantum dots has been studied as a substitute for an organic fluorescent dye. Quantum dots have various advantages in that they can fluorescently label target cells in a desired color by controlling the particle size thereof, that they are faded little by photoexcitation, that their energy state is quantumized and their light absorption is saturated little, and therefore they give intense fluorescent light having a sharp spectrum, and that they do not require any specific wavelength for excitation so far as the wavelength is shorter than the wavelength of the fluorescent light, and the excitation light and the fluorescent light are easy to separate from each other. In addition, quantum dots can readily label biomaterial cells, and are specifically noted as being hopeful for biological examinations and other diagnoses.
However, the prior-art techniques have the following problems.
At present, quantum dots under study for biological use are of CdSe, which, however, is problematic for in vivo application since the constitutive element, cadmium (Cd) is toxic.
Patent Reference 4 discloses a technique of using zinc oxide, which, however, is problematic in that it is for broad and low-brightness green emission based on defect emission and therefore the detection efficiency is poor and, as a result, it is far inferior to quantum dots as a labeling agent.
The present invention has been made in consideration of the above, and its object is to provide a fluorescent labeling agent and a fluorescent labeling method, in which a material not toxic to biomaterials is used, an intense fluorescent light having a sharp spectrum can be obtained, not faded by excitation light, and biomaterial cells are easy to label.
To attain the above-mentioned object, the invention of claim 1 is use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as an exciton emission source in fluorescent labeling in vivo or in vitro.
Specifically, the invention of claim 1 is use of nontoxic zinc oxide, which makes it possible to fluorescently label cells and others with the exciton light thereof (wavelength, about 380 nm). A zinc oxide nanoparticle may be referred to as a nanocrystal of zinc oxide. When poorly crystalline, zinc oxide produces weak exciton emission; and when poorly crystalline, it is unstable in water and the crystal of itself dissolved therein. Accordingly, the zinc oxide nanoparticle in the invention is highly crystalline. Crystals with any other minor element existing therein are also within the scope of the zinc oxide nanoparticle as referred to herein so far as they may produce light emission of essentially zinc oxide exciton. For example, crystals with minor Mg existing therein are within that scope.
The invention of claim 2 is a fluorescent labeling agent comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles for use in vivo or in vitro, wherein the exciton emission of the zinc oxide nanoparticles is utilized.
Specifically, the invention of claim 2 uses a zinc oxide nanoparticle stable in water and indecomposable, which makes it possible to fluorescently label cells and others with the exciton light thereof (wavelength, about 380 nm).
The invention of claim 3 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 2, wherein a substance capable of selectively binding to a target in vivo or in vitro is bound to the zinc oxide nanoparticle via at least one binder.
Specifically, the invention of claim 3 makes it possible to fluorescently label a specific target of a biomaterial with the exciton light. At least one binder may be a substance directly binding to both the zinc oxide nanoparticle and the substance capable of selectively binding to a target, meaning that the two may be bound together via plural types of binders. Binding via plural types of binders includes an embodiment where a binder A binds to a zinc oxide nanoparticle at one end thereof and binds, at the other end thereof, to another binder B binding to a substance capable of selectively binding to a target at one end thereof, in which the binder A binds to the binder B at the other end thereof. In addition, still another binder C binding the binder A and the binder B may exist therebetween. The target in vivo or in vitro includes not only normal cells but also tumor cells and others not normal cells, and are meant to indicate the cells and other biological substances that are targeted by the person who carries out fluorescent labeling thereon. Those prepared by pretreating such cells, biological substances and others so that a fluorescent labeling agent may selectively bind to them are also within the scope of the target in the invention.
The invention of claim 4 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 2, wherein a surface of the zinc oxide nanoparticle is coated with a coating film selected from ZnS, MgxZn1-xO (where 0<x≦1) and SiO2, and a substance capable of selectively binding to a target in vivo or in vitro is bound to the zinc oxide nanoparticle via at least one binder.
Specifically, in the invention of claim 4, the surface of zinc oxide is coated with a material having a larger band gap than that of zinc oxide, whereby the electron and the hole necessary for light emission are sealed up inside the zinc oxide nanoparticles and, as a result, a specific target in a biomaterial can be effectively or efficiently fluorescently labeled. The nanoparticle may be coated with a plurality of ZnS, MgxZn1-xO and SiO2, as combined.
At least one binder may be a substance directly binding to both the coating film and the substance capable of selectively binding to a target, meaning that the two may be bound together via plural types of binders. Binding via plural types of binders includes an embodiment where a binder A binds to the coating film at one end thereof and binds, at the other end thereof, to another binder B binding to a substance capable of selectively binding to a target at one end thereof, in which the binder A binds to the binder B at the other end thereof. In addition, still another binder C binding the binder A and the binder B may exist therebetween.
Binder A and binder B, if any, in claim 3 or claim 4 preferably bind to each other via an amide bond through dehydrating condensation from the viewpoint of the stability thereof.
The invention of claim 5 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the binder is a substance that modifies an amino group or a carboxyl group as a functional group on the particle side.
Specifically, the invention of claim 5 makes it possible to provide a water-soluble fluorescent labeling agent which does not aggregate but has good dispersibility. As the binder, there may be mentioned a carboxylic acid (including polycarboxylic acid).
The invention of claim 6 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the binder is AEDP (3-[(2-aminoethyl)dithio]propionic acid), ASBA (4-(p-azidosalicylamido)butylamine), EDC (1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride), or sulfo-NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide)-added EDC, which binds to the substance capable of selectively binding to a target.
Specifically, the invention of claim 6 favorably binds to the substance capable of selectively binding to a target, and enhances the bindability to the particle. Sulfo-NHS is added as a stabilizer. The binder in claim 5 and the binder in claim 6 are preferably in a combination to form an amide bond as mentioned in the above.
The invention of claim 7 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the substance capable of selectively binding to a target is an antibody, an enzyme, a lectin or a nucleic acid.
Specifically, the invention of claim 7 makes it possible to easily recognize the targeted disease or the like in biological tests, etc. Naturally, nucleic acid includes DNA and RNA. Apart from the above, the substance capable of selectively binding to a target may further include biologically-active substances (e.g., hormone, cytokine, growth factor), receptors, glucides (carbohydrates), lipids, etc.
The invention of claim 8 is a fluorescent labeling agent subsidiary to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the target is a tumor cell, a leukemia cell, a virus-infected cell, or a normal cell, a protein, an enzyme or a nucleic acid.
Specifically, the invention of claim 8 makes it possible to recognize tumor and others in a simplified manner. The tumor cell shall include both benign and malignant cells. The invention of claim 8 further makes it possible to recognize various biological substances not only on the surfaces of cells but also inside cytoplasms in a simplified manner.
The invention of claim 9 is a fluorescent labeling method, wherein the exciton emission of zinc oxide nanoparticles is utilized in vivo or in vitro.
Specifically, the invention of claim 9 uses nontoxic zinc oxide and makes it possible to fluorescently label cells and others with the exciton light thereof (wavelength, about 380 nm).
The invention of claim 10 is a fluorescent labeling method, wherein a substance capable of selectively binding to a target in vivo or in vitro is bound to a zinc oxide nanoparticle via at least one binder, and this is bound to a target, and then irradiated with UV rays as excitation light to thereby make the target part shine by the exciton emission of zinc oxide.
Specifically, the invention of claim 10 makes it possible to fluorescently label a specific target of a biomaterial with the exciton light. The excitation light may have any wavelength shorter than the wavelength of the exciton light (about 380 nm) and falling within a range not having any specific influence on biomaterials. For it, for example, there may be mentioned a pulse laser with consecutive oscillations such as helium-cadmium laser (325 nm) and nitrogen laser (wavelength, 337 nm), and UV lamp light sources such as mercury lamp, etc.
The invention of claim 11 is a fluorescent labeling method, wherein the surface of a zinc oxide nanoparticle is coated with a coating film selected from ZnS, MgxZn1-xO (where 0<x≦1) and SiO2, the nanoparticle is bound to a substance capable of selectively binding to a target in vivo or in vitro, via at least one binder, and this is bound to a target, and then irradiated with UV rays as excitation light to thereby make the target part shine by the exciton emission of zinc oxide.
Specifically, in the invention of claim 11, the surface of zinc oxide is coated with a material having a larger band gap than that of zinc oxide, whereby the electron and the hole necessary for light emission are sealed up inside the zinc oxide nanoparticles and, as a result, a specific target in a biomaterial can be effectively or efficiently fluorescently labeled. The nanoparticle may be coated with a plurality of ZnS, MgxZn1-xO and SiO2, as combined.
Needless-to-say, the techniques for claim 5 to claim 8 are applicable also to the fluorescent labeling method of claim 9 to claim 11.
In the invention, used is zinc, an indispensable element in living bodies, and as the compound thereof, used is nontoxic zinc oxide. Accordingly, the invention makes it possible to provide a fluorescent labeling agent and a fluorescent labeling method that are highly safe and are utilizable in vivo or in vitro. Further in the invention, the exciton light of zinc oxide is utilized, and therefore intense emission with little fading can be obtained like that from quantum dots. Accordingly, the invention has another advantage in that it simplifies fluorescent assay. Moreover, the surface of the zinc oxide nanoparticle is coated with a substance having a large band gap, ad the exciton emission is thereby stabilized. In addition, the fluorescent labeling agent of the invention is such that the zinc oxide nanoparticle therein is bound to a target via a binder, and therefore, it facilitates fluorescent labeling of various biomaterials.
It is known that, in a bulk “crystal” of zinc oxide of high crystallinity, the exciton where the electron and the hole are in a mutually restricted state can exist as such, not dissociating even at room temperature. When zinc oxide in that state is irradiated with light having a wavelength not longer than 380 nm, then it absorbs the light to form an exciton, and gives exciton-derived high-efficiency light emission having a peak wavelength of about 380 nm. The energy level of the exciton concentrates to a specific energy like that of a hydrogen atom composed of a proton and an electron, and therefore, the exciton emission gives an intense light having a sharp spectrum like that from a quantum dot.
On the other hand, for a long time, “fine particles” of zinc oxide are produced through vaporization of zinc in an oxygen atmosphere, and they are a nontoxic material used for baby powder, medicines, cosmetics and others in the field relating to human bodies. However, the fine particles of zinc oxide produced according to the above method generally have poor crystallinity. Therefore, they have some drawbacks in that (1) the green-defective emission is strong and the exciton emission is weak; (2) the agglomeration is strong to form white powdery blocks, which are difficult to disperse in water; and (3) they are unstable in water and the crystals themselves dissolve therein.
Specifically, zinc oxide is known in some degree as a fluorescent substance that gives broad green defect emission; however, the exciton emission thereof is a study subject exclusively limited to the field of condensed matter physics. Naturally, therefore, there should not be an idea of using zinc oxide as a light source material for exciton emission in the field of health occupation that differs from the above in point of the directionality, and besides, no one could hit on an idea of using zinc oxide as a fluorescent labeling agent in vivo or in vitro.
On the other hand, the present inventors have succeeded in producing zinc oxide nanoparticles of excellent crystallinity that are essentially for exciton emission, according to a gas evaporation method of vaporizing zinc in an oxygen-containing gas through arc discharging therein (see Patent Reference 3). In fact, when the zinc oxide nanoparticles produced according to the method were excited with a He—Cd laser having a wavelength of 325 nm at room temperature and analyzed with a spectrometer, then an exciton light having a peak at about 380 nm given by them was observed in a simplified manner, as shown in
The fluorescent spectrum of the exciton light of the obtained zinc oxide nanoparticles was compared with the fluorescent spectrum of Evident's ZnS-coated CdSe quantum dots, as shown in
In general, the intensity of the exciton light is characterized by increasing in accordance with the intensity of the incident light, and differs from that in the emission by fluorescent dye of which the intensity is saturated; and the availability of the present zinc oxide nanoparticles is great. Further, quantum dots require regulation or control of their particle size to a nanosize level; however, the exciton light of the zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by the present inventors could have a sharp spectrum of high brightness comparable to that of quantum dots even though their particle size is neither regulated nor controlled, and therefore it may be said that their production efficiency is excellent.
In addition to the above-mentioned findings, the present inventors have further confirmed that the obtained zinc oxide nanoparticles of good crystallinity are stable in water (room temperature) and the crystals themselves can disperse therein still as nanoparticles.
Based on these findings, the present inventors have completed the invention.
The method for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles is not specifically defined; however, according to the method of Patent Reference 3, particles of good crystallinity can be produced inexpensively, of which the particle size falls within a range of approximately from 50 nm to 200 nm and the mean particle size is approximately 100 nm or so.
Crystals having a smaller size can be produced, for example, by mixing melted zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide in ethanol followed by stirring at room temperature for 90 minutes.
When the surfaces of zinc oxide nanoparticles are coated with ZnS, MgxZn1-xO (where 0<x≦1) or SiO2, then the carriers excited by irradiation with light can be efficiently prevented from scattering away, and therefore the nanoparticles may secure stable fluorescent emission with no trouble of extinction by the neighboring substances. The zinc oxide nanoparticle coated with the above compound is hereinafter suitably referred to as a shell-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle.
A zinc oxide nanoparticle or a shell-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle may be bound to an antibody, an enzyme, a lectin or a nucleic acid (hereinafter this may be suitably referred to as an antibody or the like) via a binder (see
For the surface treatment, first, the nanoparticle is reacted with a carboxylic acid, for example, in the presence of a halogenohydrocarbon (e.g., chloroform, methylene chloride), an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol), an ester (e.g., acetate, phthalate), or any other organic solvent (e.g., acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide), at room temperature for 12 hours or so. Next, the solvent is evaporated away, and the unreacted reagents are removed through ultrafiltration. Accordingly, a water-soluble zinc oxide nanoparticle can be obtained. Preferred examples of the carboxylic acid include mercaptosuccinic acid, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, DL-cysteine, etc. In addition, the nanoparticle may be modified with an amino group.
On the other hand, the antibody or the like is bound to a condensing agent. The antibody or the like is bound to the side of the particle through dehydrating condensation with the condensing agent. Examples of the condensing agent include AEDP, ASBA, or EDC. In particular, EDC is preferred as having practical results. In case where EDC is used, Sulfo-NHS is preferably added thereto as an auxiliary agent.
As the binder, preferred is a combination of EDC and mercaptosuccinic acid, EDC and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, or EDC and DL-cysteine. Sulfo-NHS may be optionally used as an auxiliary agent.
Specifically, in one embodiment, a fluorescent labeling agent can be obtained by reacting a zinc oxide nanoparticle or a shell-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle with a carboxylic acid in an alcohol, an ester, an ether or any other solvent, then evaporating away the solvent, and finally reacting the carboxyl group on the particle side and the amino group on the side of the antibody or the like through dehydrating condensation with a condensing agent for use in peptide synthesis. In this, the antibody or the like is previously bound to the condensing agent.
In another embodiment, a binder previously processed for dehydrating condensation is prepared, and a zinc oxide nanoparticle and an antibody or the like may be bound thereto in order to produce a fluorescent labeling agent. For example, EDC is first reacted with mercaptosuccinic acid, using Sulfo-NHS as an auxiliary agent, and thereafter reacted with zinc oxide, and finally reacted with an antibody or the like to obtain the intended fluorescent labeling agent. It has been confirmed that this method is effective especially when shell-free zinc oxide is used.
Concrete production methods are introduced hereunder. First, according to the method of Patent Reference 3 (JP-A 2005-60145) disclosed by the present inventors, zinc oxide nanoparticles were produced. These were dispersed in a chloroform solution and the concentration was controlled to be 20 mg/ml. To 10 ml of the dispersion, added was 2 ml of mercaptosuccinic acid/methanol solution (25 mg/ml, by Sigma), and reacted at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction liquid was centrifuged (12,000×g) at 4° C. for 30 minutes, and the remaining chloroform and methanol were removed through suction with an evaporator thereby giving a dry powder of water-soluble zinc oxide nanoparticles. 5 ml of PBS (−) solution (pH 7.3) was added thereto to dissolve the dry powder. The resulting solution was centrifuged (12,000×g) at 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the precipitate (insoluble matter). The obtained, zinc oxide nanoparticles-containing supernatant was ultrafiltered through Microcon (molecular weight cut-off: 3000 MW, by Millipore) to remove the molecules having a molecular weight of at most 3000 including the unreacted reagents. As a result, herein obtained were zinc oxide nanoparticles of good dispersibility that had been surface-treated with a carboxylic acid.
To this solution, added was an EDC solution controlled to have a concentration of 5 mg/ml with distilled water, and reacted at room temperature for 2 hours. The unreacted zinc oxide nanoparticles and reagents and the reaction side-products were removed through ultrafiltration with Microcon (molecular weight cut-off: 3000 MW, by Millipore). Next, the obtained fluorescent labeling agent (1.5 ml) and 200 of an antibody solution (2 mg) controlled with a PBS solution were mixed to give the intended, water-soluble fluorescent agent. The antibody is an anti-Cd11b antibody capable of recognizing macrophage cancer cells (Raw264.7).
The fluorescent labeling agent obtained according to the above-mentioned production method was actually subjected to antibody reaction, and irradiated with a laser ray (wavelength, 325 nm). As a result, light emission from the surface of the mouse macrophage cancer cell (Raw264.7), or that is, from the antibody reaction part was confirmed. Further, it was confirmed that the fluorescent labeling agent obtained according to the production method was stable, not forming a precipitate even after stored at 4° C. for 1 week.
The following are modifications of the above-mentioned production example. In place of 2 ml of mercaptosuccinic acid solution (25 mg/ml, by Sigma), usable are 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid solution (25 mg/ml, by Sigma) or DL-cysteine solution (25 mg/ml, by Sigma). The reaction time was 12 hours at room temperature in the above; however, it was confirmed that the fluorescent labeling agent could be produced even when the reaction time was 1 hour. It was further confirmed that the condition in the first centrifugation could be 1000×g, 5 minutes and 4° C.
It was also confirmed that sulfo-NHS-added EDC could be used as the condensing agent, and its concentration could be controlled with distilled water and MES buffer.
A production example of another fluorescent labeling agent is described. In this example, streptoavidin is used. First, zinc oxide nanoparticles (2 mg) surface-treated with a carboxylic acid (mercaptosuccinic acid or DL-cysteine) is dissolved in 0.1 M MES buffer (1 ml). To the solution, added are EDC (0.5 mg) and sulfo-NHS (1 mg), and reacted at room temperature for 15 minutes. Next, EDC is inactivated with 1.7 μl of 2-mercaptoethanol, and then the unreacted EDC is separated through a PBS-equilibrated de-salting column (Zeta Desalting Column, by Pierce). Finally, 1 mg of streptoavidin was added to 1 ml of the zinc oxide nanoparticles-containing solution and reacted for crosslinking at room temperature for 2 hours, thereby giving the intended water-soluble fluorescent labeling agent.
In labeling and investigation, first, a commercially-available, biotin-labeled anti-Cd11b antibody (by Biolegend) is previously reacted with mouse macrophage Raw264.7. To this, added is the fluorescent labeling agent-containing solution (50 μg/ml) obtained according to the above-mentioned method, and reacted at room temperature for 2 hours. This is washed three times or so with PBS to remove the unreacted fluorescent labeling agent. After washed, this is irradiated with light, whereupon the fluorescent light by exciton emission can be detected with an epi-illumination fluorescent microscope.
The above-mentioned fluorescent labeling agents are examples of using zinc oxide nanoparticles. Fluorescent labeling agents can be produced similarly, using shell-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles. In place of the antibody, a lectin, an enzyme or a nucleic acid may be bound to the zinc oxide nanoparticles to produce fluorescent labeling agents. In the final step of producing the fluorescent labeling agents, protein A may be used in case where an antibody is bound to the nanoparticles, or a saccharide-fixed chromatographic resin (e.g., melibiose agarose) may be used in case where a lectin is bound thereto, whereby the fluorescent labeling agents can be purified to have a high purity.
Next, concrete labeling results are shown below.
The present fluorescent labeling agent containing an anti-Cd11b antibody was reacted with target cells mouse macrophage Raw264.7 at room temperature for 2 hours, then washed three times with PBS to remove the unreacted antibody, and then checked for fluorescent emission with an epi-illumination fluorescent microscope. In the observation, used were filters of exciter 340, beam splitter 365 and emitter 380.
In preparing the fluorescent labeling agent used herein, mercaptosuccinic acid was used as one material of the binder and reacted at room temperature for 12 hours. The condition of the first centrifugation to remove the precipitate was 12000×g, 30 minutes and 4° C. As another material of the binder, sulfo-NHS-added EDC was used.
In the same manner as that for the labeling result 1 and using filters of exciter 335, beam splitter 365 and emitter 380, the fluorescent emission was detected.
In preparing the fluorescent labeling agent used herein, mercaptosuccinic acid was used as one material of the binder and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour. The condition of the first centrifugation to remove the precipitate was 1000×g, 5 minutes and 4° C.; and the condition of the second centrifugation to remove the supernatant is 12000×g, 20 minutes and 4° C. As another material of the binder, sulfo-NHS-added EDC was used.
A lyzate (cell extract) of mouse macrophage Raw264.7 was dot-blotted on a methyl alcohol-processed nitrocellulose membrane, and reacted with the present fluorescent labeling agent containing an anti-Cd11b antibody, at room temperature for 2 hours. This was washed three times with PBS to remove the unreacted antibody, and checked for fluorescent emission with an epi-illumination fluorescent microscope.
As shown in the above, use of the present fluorescent labeling agent enables fluorescent labeling detection of target cells. Further, since the present fluorescent labeling agent is not toxic, it can be used not only in vitro but also in vivo.
As in the above, the zinc oxide nanoparticles to constitute the fluorescent labeling agent of the invention are a non-toxic material and are characterized in that they give strong fluorescent emission like quantum dots, that they fade little, and that they can fluorescently label a target with ease, and therefore, the nanomaterial can be used for various applications. One application example of the invention is biological tests. For example, a tissue is partly collected from a patient during surgical operation, the fluorescent labeling agent is added thereto and irradiated with laser light to check for the presence of absence of light emission at around 380 nm, whereby it is possible to immediately determine as to whether the tissue is positive or negative. In addition, since the fluorescent labeling agent of the invention is a nontoxic material, it enables clinical tests for skin cancer and other tumors with an endoscope.
As combined with quantum dots, the invention enables multiple labeling. As shown in
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing (s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-326347 | Dec 2006 | JP | national |
The present application is based on International Application Number PCT/JP2007/073114 dated Nov. 29, 2007, and claims priority from Japanese Application Number 2006-326347 filed Dec. 1, 2006, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2007/073114 | 11/29/2007 | WO | 00 | 5/29/2009 |
