Fluorinated quinoline indoles as inhibitors of the biosynthesis of leukotrienes

CROSS REFERENCE
The compounds of Formula I' are described in U.S. Ser. No. 650,825 filed Feb. 5, 1991, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,344, and incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
European Patent Applications 166,591 and 275,667 disclose a series of indole-based compounds with activity as prostaglandin antagonists and inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis respectively. In EP 181,568 and EP 200,101 are disclosed a series of compounds, containing two aromatic nuclei, which are described as possessing activity as lipoxygenase inhibitors. In EP 279,263 is disclosed a series of indoles, benzofurans and benzothiophenes which are described as possessing activity as lipoxygenase inhibitors. U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,733 describes novel indolinones which are antithrombotic and inhibit both phosphodiesterase and tumor metastasis. The chemical preparation of quinolylindoles is referred to by Sheinkman, et al., Chem. Ab., Vol. 67, 54017 (1967), without mentioning any utility for such compounds. A number of N-acyl derivatives of indole-3-acetic acid are described as potential anti-inflammatory agents by Biniecki, et al., Chem. Ab., Vol. 98, 197936 (1983), by Pakula, et al., Chem. Ab., Vol. 105, 190835 (1986), and in British Pat. Spec. 1,228,848.
EP 419,049 (Mar. 27, 1991) teaches (quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indoles as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis. WO 92/03132 (Mar. 5, 1992) teaches indole derivatives as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to fluorinated quinoline indoles having activity as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors, to methods for their preparation, and to methods and pharmaceutical formulations for using these compounds in mammals (especially humans).
Because of their activity as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors, the compounds of the present invention are useful as anti-asthmatic, anti-allergic, and anti-inflammatory agents and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis and chronic bronchitis and for amelioration of skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic eczema. These compounds are also useful to inhibit the pathologic actions of leukotrienes on the cardiovascular and vascular systems for example, actions such as result in angina or endotoxin shock. The compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases of the eye, including allergic conjunctivitis. The compounds are also useful as cytoprotective agents and for the treatment of migraine headache.
Thus, the compounds of the present invention may also be used to treat or prevent mammalian (especially, human) disease states such as erosive gastritis; erosive esophagitis; inflammatory bowel disease; ethanol-induced hemorrhagic erosions; hepatic ischemia; noxious agent-induced damage or necrosis of hepatic, pancreatic, renal, or myocardial tissue; liver parenchymal damage caused by hepatoxic agents such as CCl.sub.4 and D-galactosamine; ischemic renal failure; disease-induced hepatic damage; bile salt induced pancreatic or gastric damage; trauma- or stress-induced cell damage; and glycerol-induced renal failure.
The compounds of this invention are inhibitors of the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid, such as 5-HPETE, 5-HETE and the leukotrienes. Leukotrienes B.sub.4, C.sub.4, D.sub.4 and E.sub.4 are known to contribute to various disease conditions such as asthma, psoriasis, pain, ulcers and systemic anaphylaxis. Thus inhibition of the synthesis of such compounds will alleviate these and other leukotriene-related disease states.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The compounds of this invention are within the scope of Formula I': ##STR2## wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.10 are independently hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, --CF.sub.3, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --C(OH)R.sup.11 R.sup.11, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.12, --SR.sup.14, --S(O)R.sup.14, --S(O).sub.2 R.sup.14, --S(O).sub.2 NR.sup.15 R.sup.15, --OR.sup.15, --NR.sup.15 R.sup.15, --C(O)R.sup.16 or --(CH.sub.2).sub.t R.sup.21 ;
R.sup.5 is hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, --C(O)H, X.sup.1 --R.sup.6 or X.sup.2 --R.sup.7 ;
R.sup.6 and R.sup.9 are independently alkyl, alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.u Ph(R.sup.10).sub.2 or --(CH.sub.2).sub.u Th(R.sup.10).sub.2 ;
R.sup.7 is --CF.sub.3 or R.sup.6 ;
R.sup.8 is hydrogen or X.sup.3 --R.sup.9 ;
each R.sup.11 is independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, or two R.sup.11 's on same carbon atom are joined to form a cycloalkyl ring of 3 to 6 carbon atoms;
R.sup.12 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or --CH.sub.2 R.sup.21 ;
R.sup.13 is lower alkyl or --(CH.sub.2).sub.r R.sup.21 ;
R.sup.14 is --CF.sub.3 or R.sup.13 ;
R.sup.15 is hydrogen, --C(O)R.sup.16, R.sup.13, or two R.sup.15 's on the same nitrogen may be joined to form a monocyclic heterocyclic ring of 4 to 6 atoms containing up to 2 heteroatoms chosen from O, S or N;
R.sup.16 is hydrogen, --CF.sub.3, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or --(CH.sub.2).sub.r R.sub.21 ;
R.sup.17 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s --C(R.sup.18 R.sup.18)--(CH.sub.2).sub.s --R.sup.19 or --CH.sub.2 C(O)NR.sup.15 R.sup.15 ;
R.sup.18 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R.sup.19 is a) a monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring containing from 3 to 9 nuclear carbon atoms and 1 or 2 nuclear hetero-atoms selected from N, S or O and with each ring in the heterocyclic radical being formed of 5 or 6 atoms, or b) the radical W--R.sup.20 ;
R.sup.20 is alkyl or --C(O)R.sup.23 ;
R.sup.21 is phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 R.sup.22 groups;
R.sup.22 is hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, --CF.sub.3, --CN, --NO.sub.2 or --N.sub.3 ;
R.sup.23 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, or monocyclic monoheterocyclic ring;
R.sup.24 is the residual structure of a standard amino acid, or R.sup.18 and R.sup.24 attached to the same N can cyclize to form a proline residue;
m is 0 to 1;
n is 0 to 3;
p is 1 to 3 when m is 1;
p is 0 to 3 when m is 0;
r is 0 to 2;
s is 0 to 3;
t is 0 to 2;
u is 0 to 3;
v is 0 or 1;
W is 0, S or NR.sup.15 ;
X.sup.1 is 0, or NR.sup.15 ;
X.sup.2 is C(O), CR.sup.11 R.sup.11, S, S(O) or S(O).sub.2 ;
X.sup.3 is C(O), CR.sup.11 R.sup.11, S(O).sub.2 or a bond;
X.sup.4 is CH.dbd.CH, CH.sub.2 --Y.sup.1 or Y.sup.1 --CH.sub.2 ;
Y is X.sup.1 or X.sup.2 ;
Y.sup.1 is O, S, S(O).sub.2 or CH.sub.2 ;
Q is --CO.sub.2 R.sup.12, --C(O)NHS(O).sub.2 R.sup.14, --NHS(O).sub.2 R.sup.14,
--S(O).sub.2 NHR.sup.15 --C(O)NR.sup.15 R.sup.15, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.17, --C(O)NR.sup.18 R.sup.24, --CH.sub.2 OH, or 1H-- or 2H-tetrazol-5-yl;
or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Specifically, the present invention provides compounds of the formula I: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 is H, F or MeO, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Definitions
The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings:
Me=methyl
Bz=benzyl
Ph=phenyl
t-Bu=tert-butyl
i-Pr=isopropyl
c-C.sub.6 H.sub.11 =cyclohexyl
c-Pr=cyclopropyl
c-=cyclo
Ac=acetyl
Tz=1H- or 2H-tetrazol-5-yl
Th=2- or 3-thienyl
c-C.sub.5 H.sub.9 =cyclopentyl
1-Ad=1-adamantyl.
Alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are intended to include linear, branched, and cyclic structures and combinations thereof.
As used herein, the term "alkyl" includes "lower alkyl" and extends to cover carbon fragments having up to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include octyl, nonyl, norbornyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, eicosyl, 3,7-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-propylnonyl, cyclododecyl, adamantyl, and the like.
As used herein, the term "lower alkyl" includes those alkyl groups of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and the like.
The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon ring having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
"Lower alkenyl" groups include those alkenyl groups of 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl and the like.
"Lower alkynyl" groups include those alkynyl groups of 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propargyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.
As used herein, the term "lower alkoxy" includes those alkoxy groups of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, or cyclic configuration. Examples of lower alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
As used herein the term "lower alkylthio" includes those alkylthio groups of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms of a straight, branched or cyclic configuration. Examples of lower alkylthio groups include methylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, cycloheptylthio, etc. By way of illustration, the propylthio group signifies --SCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3.
The term "monocyclic monoheterocyclic ring" which defines R.sup.23 includes those monocyclic groups of 5 to 7 members containing only 1 heteroatom selected from N, S or O in the ring. Examples include tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrolidine, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, and the like.
The term "monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring" which defines R.sup.19 may be 2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl, (3-pyridinylcarbonyl) amino, 1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl, 1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl, 2,4-imidazolinedion-1-yl, 2,6-piperidinedion-1-yl, 2-imidazolyl, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl, morpholin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl and the like.
The point of attachment of any heterocyclic ring may be at any free valence of the ring.
It is understood in the art that when the variable v is 1, the nitrogen of the quinolinyl N-oxide so formed is positively charged, and the oxygen is negatively charged.
The term standard amino acid is employed to include the following amino acids: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. (See F. H. C. Crick, Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology, 1958 (12) p. 140.)
It is understood that R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be located at any of positions 3,4,5,6,7 or 8 of the quinoline ring.
The terms Ph(R.sup.10).sub.2 and Th(R.sup.10).sub.2 indicate a phenyl or thienyl group substituted with two R.sup.10 substituents.
Halogen includes F, Cl, Br, and I.
It is intended that the definitions of any substituent (e.g., R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.15, Ph(R.sup.10).sub.2, etc.) in a particular molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in the molecule. Thus, --NR.sup.15 R.sup.15 represents --NHH, --NHCH.sub.3, --NHC.sub.6 H.sub.5, etc.
The monocyclic heterocyclic rings formed when two R.sup.15 groups join through N include pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiamorpholine, piperazine, and N-methylpiperazine.
The prodrug esters of Q (i.e., when Q=CO.sub.2 R.sup.17) are intended to include the esters such as are described by Saari et al., J. Med. Chem., 21, No. 8, 746-753 (1978), Sakamoto et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, No. 6, 2241-2248 (1984) and Bundgaard et al., J. Med. Chem., 30, No. 3, 451-454 (1987).
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, and may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N.sup.1 -dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric and tartaric acids.
It will be understood that in the discussion of methods of treatment which follows, references to the compounds of Formula I are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
The ability of the compounds of Formula I to inhibit biosynthesis of the leukotrienes makes them useful for inhibiting the symptoms induced by the leukotrienes in a human subject. This inhibition of the mammalian biosynthesis of leukotrienes indicates that the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are useful to treat, prevent or ameliorate in mammals and especially in humans: 1) pulmonary conditions including diseases such as asthma, 2) allergies and allergic reactions such as allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and the like, 3) inflammation such as arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, 4) pain, 5) skin conditions such as psoriasis and the like, 6) cardiovascular conditions such as angina, endotoxin shock, and the like and 7) renal insufficiency arising from ischaemia induced by immunological or chemical (cyclosporin) etiology, and that the compounds are cytoprotective agents.
The cytoprotective activity of a compound may be observed in both animals and man by noting the increased resistance of the gastrointestinal mucosa to the noxious effects of strong irritants, for example, the ulcerogenic effects of aspirin or indomethacin. In addition to lessening the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal tract, animal studies show that cytoprotective compounds will prevent gastric lesions induced by oral administration of strong acids, strong bases, ethanol, hypertonic saline solutions and the like.
Two assays can be used to measure cytoprotective ability. These assays are; (A) an ethanol-induced lesion assay and (B) an indomethacin-induced ulcer assay and are described in EP 140,684.
The magnitude of prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a compound of Formula I will, of course, vary with the nature of the severity of the condition to be treated and with the particular compound of Formula I and its route of administration. It will also vary according to the age, weight and response of the individual patient. In general, the daily dose range for anti-asthmatic, anti-allergic or anti-inflammatory use and generally, uses other than cytoprotection, lie within the range of from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg per kg body weight of a mammal, preferably 0.01 mg to about 10 mg per kg, and most preferably 0.1 to 1 mg per kg, in single or divided doses. On the other hand, it may be necessary to use dosages outside these limits in some cases.
For use where a composition for intravenous administration is employed, a suitable dosage range for anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory or anti-allergic use is from about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg (preferably from 0.01 mg to about 1 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day and for cytoprotective use from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg (preferably from about 1 mg to about 100 mg and more preferably from about 1 mg to about 10 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day.
In the case where an oral composition is employed, a suitable dosage range for anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory or anti-allergic use is, e.g. from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per kg and for cytoprotective use from 0.1 mg to about 100 mg (preferably from about 1 mg to about 100 mg and more preferably from about 10 mg to about 100 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day.
For the treatment of diseases of the eye, ophthalmic preparations for ocular administration comprising 0.001-1% by weight solutions or suspensions of the compounds of Formula I in an acceptable ophthalmic formulation may be used.
The exact amount of a compound of the Formula I to be used as a cytoprotective agent will depend on, inter alia, whether it is being administered to heal damaged cells or to avoid future damage, on the nature of the damaged cells (e.g., gastrointestinal ulcerations vs. nephrotic necrosis), and on the nature of the causative agent. An example of the use of a compound of the Formula I in avoiding future damage would be co-administration of a compound of the Formula I with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that might otherwise cause such damage (for example, indomethacin). For such use, the compound of Formula I is administered from 30 minutes prior up to 30 minutes after administration of the NSAID. Preferably it is administered prior to or simultaneously with the NSAID, (for example, in a combination dosage form).
Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human with an effective dosage of a compound of the present invention. For example, oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed. Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (nasal or buccal inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds of the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulisers. The compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device. The preferred delivery system for inhalation is a metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of Compound I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons.
Suitable topical formulations of Compound I include transdermal devices, aerosols, creams, ointments, lotions, dusting powders, and the like.
In practical use, the compounds of Formula I can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous). In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of Formula I may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 3,630,200 and 4,008,719.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as a powder or granules or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. Such compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy but all methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation. For example, a tablet may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Desirably, each tablet contains from about 2.5 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule contains from about 2.5 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.
The following are examples of representative pharmaceutical dosage forms for the compounds of Formula I:
______________________________________Injectable Suspension (I.M.) mg/ml______________________________________Compound of Formula I 10Methylcellulose 5.0Tween 80 0.5Benzyl alcohol 9.0Benzalonium chloride 1.0Water for injectionto a total volume of 1 ml______________________________________Tablet mg/tablet______________________________________Compound of Formula I 25Microcrystalline Cellulose 415Providone 14.0Pregelatinized Starch 43.5Magnesium Stearate 2.5 500______________________________________Capsule mg/capsule______________________________________Compound of Formula I 25Lactose Powder 573.5Magnesium Stearate 1.5 600______________________________________Aerosol Per canister______________________________________Compound of Formula I 24 mgLecithin, NF Liquid Concentrate 1.2 mgTrichlorofluoromethane, NF 4.025 gmDichlorodifluoromethane, NF 12.15 gm______________________________________
In addition to the compounds of Formula I, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can also contain other active ingredients, such as cyclooxygenase inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), peripheral analgesic agents such as zomepirac diflunisal and the like. The weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the Formula I is combined with an NSAID the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the NSAID will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the Formula I and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
NSAIDs can be characterized into five groups:
(1) the propionic acid derivatives;
(2) the acetic acid derivatives;
(3) the fenamic acid derivatives;
(4) the biphenylcarboxylic acid derivatives; and
(5) the oxicams
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The propionic acid derivatives which may be used comprise: alminoprofen, benoxaprofen, bucloxic acid, carprofen, fenbufen, fenoprofen, fluprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, miroprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin, pirprofen, prano-profen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid, and tioxaprofen. Structurally related propionic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be included in this group.
Thus, "propionic acid derivatives" as defined herein are non-narcotic analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs having a free --CH(CH.sub.3)COOH or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH group (which optionally can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group, e.g., --CH(CH.sub.3)COO.sup.- Na.sup.+ or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COO.sup.- Na.sup.+), typically attached directly or via a carbonyl function to a ring system, preferably to an aromatic ring system.
The acetic acid derivatives which may be used comprise: indomethacin, which is a preferred NSAID, acemetacin, alclofenac, clidanac, diclofenac, fenclofenac, fenclozic acid, fentiazac, furofenac, ibufenac, isoxepac, oxpinac, sulindac, tiopinac, tolmetin, zidometacin and zomepirac. Structually related acetic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
Thus, "acetic acid derivatives" as defined herein are non-narcotic analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs having a free --CH.sub.2 COOH group (which optionally can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group, e.g. --CH.sub.2 COO.sup.- Na.sup.+), typically attached directly to a ring system, preferably to an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system.
The fenamic acid derivatives which may be used comprise: flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid and tolfenamic acid. Structurally related fenamic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
Thus, "fenamic acid derivatives" as defined herein are non-narcotic analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which contain the basic structure: ##STR4## which can bear a variety of substituents and in which the free --COOH group can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group, e.g., --COO.sup.- Na.sup.+.
The biphenylcarboxylic acid derivatives which can be used comprise: diflunisal and flufenisal. Structurally related biphenylcarboxylic acid derivatives having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
Thus, "biphenylcarboxylic acid derivatives" as defined herein are non-narcotic analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which contain the basic structure: ##STR5## which can bear a variety of substituents and in which the free --COOH group can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt group, e.g., --COO.sup.- Na.sup.+.
The oxicams which can be used in the present invention comprise: isoxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam and tenoxican. Structurally related oxicams having similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are also intended to be encompassed by this group.
Thus, "oxicams" as defined herein are non-narcotic analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which have the general formula: ##STR6## wherein R is an aryl or heteroaryl ring system.
The following NSAIDs may also be used: amfenac sodium, aminoprofen, anitrazafen, antrafenine, auranofin, bendazac lysinate, benzydanine, beprozin, broperamole, bufezolac, cinmetacin, ciproquazone, cloximate, dazidamine, deboxamet, delmetacin, detomidine, dexindoprofen, diacerein, di-fisalamine, difenpyramide, emorfazone, enfenamic acid, enolicam, epirizole, etersalate, etodolac, etofenamate, fanetizole mesylate, fenclorac, fendosal, fenflumizole, feprazone, floctafenine, flunixin, flunoxaprofen, fluproquazone, fopirtoline, fosfosal, furcloprofen, glucametacin, guaimesal, ibuproxam, isofezolac, isonixim, isoprofen, isoxicam, lefetamine HCl, leflunomide, lofemizole, lonazolac calcium, lotifazole, loxoprofen, lysin clonixinate, meclofenamate sodium, meseclazone, nabumetone, nictindole, nimesulide, orpanoxin, oxametacin, oxapadol, perisoxal citrate, pimeprofen, pimetacin, piproxen, pirazolac, pirfenidone, proglumetacin maleate, proquazone, pyridoxiprofen, sudoxicam, talmetacin, talniflumate, tenoxicam, thiazolinobutazone, thielavin B, tiaramide HCl, tiflamizole, timegadine, tolpadol, tryptamid and ufenamate.
The following NSAIDs, designated by company code number (see e.g., Pharmaprojects), may also be used:
480156S, AA861, AD1590, AFP802, AFP860, AI77B, AP504, AU8001, BPPC, BW540C, CHINOIN 127, CN100, EB382, EL508, F1044, GV3658, ITF182, KCNTEI6090, KME4, LA2851, MR714, MR897, MY309, ONO3144, PR823, PV102, PV108, R830, RS2131, SCR152, SH440, SIR133, SPAS510, SQ27239, ST281, SY6001, TA60, TAI-901 (4-benzoyl-1-indancarboxylic acid), TVX2706, U60257, UR2301, and WY41770.
Finally, NSAIDs which may also be used include the salicylates, specifically acetyl salicylic acidand the phenylbutazones, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In addition to indomethacin, other preferred NSAIDS are acetyl salicyclic acid, diclofenac, fenbufen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac and tolmetin.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the Formula I compounds may also contain inhibitors of the biosynthesis of the leukotrienes such as are disclosed in EP 138,481 (Apr. 24, 1985), EP 115,394 (Aug. 8, 1984), EP 136,893 (Apr. 10, 1985), and EP 140,709 (May 8, 1985), which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The compounds of the Formula I may also be used in combination with leukotriene antagonists such as those disclosed in EP 106,565 (Apr. 25, 1984) and EP 104,885 (Apr. 4, 1984) which are hereby incorporated herein by reference and others known in the art such as those disclosed in EP Application Nos. 56,172 Jul. 21, 1982) and 61,800 Jun. 10, 1982); and in U.K. Patent Specification No. 2,058,785 Apr. 15, 1981), which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the Formula I compounds may also contain as the second active ingredient, prostaglandin antagonists such as those disclosed in EP 11,067 (May 28, 1980) or thromboxane antagonists such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,160. They may also contain histidine decarboxylase inhibitors such as .alpha.-fluoromethyl-histidine, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,961. The compounds of the Formula I may also be advantageously combined with an H.sub.1 or H.sub.2 -receptor antagonist, such as for instance acetamazole, aminothiadiazoles disclosed in EP 40,696 (Dec. 2, 1981), benadryl, cimetidine, famotidine, framamine, histadyl, phenergan, ranitidine, terfenadine and like compounds, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,283,408; 4,362,736; and 4,394,508. The pharmaceutical compositions may also contain a K.sup.+ /H.sup.+ ATPase inhibitor such as omeprazole, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431, and the like. Compounds of Formula I may also be usefully combined with most cell stabilizing agents, such as 1,3-bis(2-carboxy-chromon-5-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropane and related compounds described in British Patent Specifications 1,144,905 and 1,144,906. Another useful pharmaceutical composition comprises the Formula I compounds in combination with serotonin antagonists such as methysergide, the serotonin antagonists described in Nature, Vol. 316, pages 126-131, 1985, and the like. Each of the references referred to in this paragraph is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Other advantageous pharmaceutical compositions comprise the Formula I compounds in combination with anti-cholinergics such as ipratropium bromide, bronchodilators such as the beta agonist salbutamol, metaproterenol, terbutaline, fenoterol and the like, and the anti-asthmatic drugs theophylline, choline theophyllinate and enprofylline, the calcium antagonists nifedipine, diltiazem, nitrendipine, verapamil, nimodipine, felodipine, etc. and the corticosteroids, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone, and the like.
Compounds of Formula I' can be prepared according to the following methods. Temperatures are in degree Celsius.
The starting methoxy phenylhydrazines II are either commercially available or are described in the chemical literature as are the acetamidophenols XXVI. The benzyl phenylhydrazine starting materials III are prepared as described in EP 166,591 (17102 IA) and the ketones IV and XXXI are prepared as described in EP 166,591 and EP 275,667 (17496 IA). The 2-(halomethyl)quinolines VII are available from literature methods described in "Quinolines" Parts I and II, G. Jones (ED.), John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1977 and 1982. The preparation of VII by halogenation of the corresponding 2-methylquinolines is also described in the Jones' volumes. The benzyl halides, (R.sup.10)2 PhCH.sub.2 -Hal, are readily prepared and many such compounds are described in the prior art, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,608 (17323 IB). Hal in VII and (R.sup.10).sub.2 PhCH.sub.2 -Hal represents Cl, Br or I.
Many syntheses of indoles are well-known in the chemical literature: see for example, "Heterocyclic compounds" Volume 25, Parts I, II, III, W. J. Houlihan (Ed.), Interscience, J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1979, and "The Chemistry of Indoles" by R. J. Sundberg, Academic Press, N.Y., 1970. One of the most common syntheses is known as the Fischer Indole Synthesis, and is abbreviated in the following methods as "Fischer".
The --CO.sub.2 H and --CO.sub.2 R.sup.12 groups in the intermediates and final products in the various methods can be transformed to other representatives of Q such as --CONHS(O).sub.2 R.sup.14, --NHS(O).sub.2 R.sup.14, --CONR.sup.15 R.sup.15, --CH.sub.2 OH or tetrazol-5-yl by the methodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,608. The preparation of the pro-drug forms (Q is --CO.sub.2 R.sup.17) from the acids may be effected by the methodology of EP 104,885.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the various functional groups (R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Y, Q, etc.) must be chosen so as to be compatible with the chemistry being carried out. Such compatibility can often be achieved by protecting groups, or by specific variations in the sequence of the reactions.
When R.sup.5 is S--R.sup.7, the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones can be prepared by oxidation of the sulfides with one or two equivalents of an oxidizing agent such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid or monoperoxyphthalic acid or oxone (Trost, J. Org. Chem., 1988, pg. 532).
Many of the following methods involve a basic hydrolysis of an ester function to obtain the corresponding carboxylic acid. In all cases, the free acid is obtained by acidification of the reaction mixture with a suitable acid such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, trifluoroacetic acid, etc. ##STR7##
Method 1
Intermediate V is prepared by a Fischer reaction between benzylphenylhydrazine III and ketone IV, followed by hydrolysis with an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide or other suitable hydroxide in mixture with a suitable water miscible organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or methanol (MeOH). The methoxy acid V is demethylated by heating with an alkali salt of an aliphatic thiol in a suitable solvent such as hexamethylphosphorictriamide (HMPA) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The reaction mixture is acidified and the crude acid so obtained is converted to the methyl ester VI by treatment with diazomethane. The phenol VI is coupled to the 2-halomethylquinoline VII, by stirring with a base (preferably an alkali hydride or carbonate) in a suitable solvent such as dimethyl formamide (DMF), NMP, acetone or the like. The resulting ester is hydrolysed by base to yield VIII, a compound of Formula I'.
When intermediate V contains a sulfide group attached to position 3, treatment with a Lewis acid, such as AlCl.sub.3, and an aliphatic thiol, simultaneously effects demethylation and removes the sulfide group. Suitable solvents for this reaction are methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, etc. The resulting acid is then converted to the methyl ester IX with diazomethane. A Friedel-Crafts reaction between IX and an acid chloride, R.sup.7 COCl, simultaneously introduces the acyl substituent into the 3-position of the indole ring and onto the phenolic hydroxyl group. The acyl group is removed from the phenol by treatment with sodium methoxide in MeOH to yield acylphenol X. Phenol X is coupled with VII as described for the coupling of VI and VII above. In these coupling reactions, it is at times advantageous to add a catalyst such as potassium iodide or tetrabutylammonium bromide, especially when Hal is chlorine. A final hydrolysis yields compound XI. ##STR8##
Method 2
Intermediate XII is prepared by a Fischer reaction between methoxyphenyl hydrazine II and ketone IV. Alkylation of the indole nitrogen, after deprotonation using potassium hexamethyldisilazane in an ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), with an alkyl or aralkyl halide affords XIII.
The methoxy group in XIII is removed using the conditions of Method 1. The corresponding phenol XIV is now coupled with the 2-halomethylquinoline VII by stirring with a base (preferably an alkali hydride or carbonate) in a suitable solvent such as DMF, NMP or the like. The resulting ester is hydrolysed using base to yield XV a compound of Formula I'.
When intermediate XIII contains a sulfide at position 3, treatment with a Lewis acid such as AlCl.sub.3 and an aliphatic thiol simultaneously effects demethylation and removes the sulfide group. Suitable solvents for this reaction are dichloromethane or dichloroethane. In a variation of Method 1, the phenolic hydroxyl in XVI is first acylated with the reagent R.sup.7 COCl (XVII) in the presence of a weak base such as triethylamine. A Friedel-Crafts reaction is then carried out on the O-acylated intermediate, with an additional mole of XVII and AlCl.sub.3, to yield the intermediate XVIII. Acyl ester XVIII may then be reduced to a 3-alkyl indole XIV using sodium cyanoborohydride in dichloroethane using zinc iodide as catalyst.
Acyl ester XVIII is cleaved to the indole phenol by hydrolysis with sodium methoxide in methanol and is coupled to 2-halomethyl quinoline VII using a base such as an alkali hydride or carbonate in a solvent such as DMF or NMP. Hydrolysis of the resulting compound using base yields the compound XIX. ##STR9##
Method 3
A suitably substituted aminophenol XX is protected on oxygen by the use of pivaloyl chloride dissolved in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 using triethyl amine as base. The pivaloate ester XXI is then diazotized using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite in an aqueous solvent and the transient diazonium species reduced in situ to the hydrazine XXII using sodium hydrosulfite in water. Benzylation of the hydrazine is effected as described in Method 1.
The O-pivaloyl-N-benzylhydrazine XXIII is subjected to a Fischer indolization using the appropriate ketone IV to produce the indole XXIV. Cleavage of the O-pivaloyl group using sodium methoxide in methanol transforms the product into the phenolic indole VI which is converted to the products of Formula I' as described in Method 1. ##STR10##
Method 4
The pivaloyloxyphenylhydrazine XXII is used directly in the Fischer indolization using ketone IV. N-Alkylation of the indole XXV, as described in Method 2, followed by removal of the pivaloyl group as described, yields the phenolic indole XIV which is converted as described in Method 2 to the products of Formula I' ##STR11##
Method 5
A suitable N-acetylated aminophenol XXVI is reacted with VII using an alkali hydride or carbonate, such as potassium carbonate as a base in a polar solvent like DMF or NMP. The quinolinylmethoxy acetanilide XXVII is then de-acetylated using standard basic conditions, preferably using alcoholic potassium hydroxide under reflux to produce the quinolinylmethoxy aniline derivative XXVIII. Conversion of the quinolinylmethoxy aniline derivative to the hydrazine analogue XXIX is effected through reduction of the intermediate diazonium salt using sodium hydrosulfite in an aqueous medium.
The hydrazine XXIX is then N-benzylated using a benzyl halide in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride containing an amine base such as diisopropylethylamine and preferably tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as catalyst.
The hydrazine XXX is then processed using a Fischer indolization with ketone IV according to Methods 1, 2, 3 and 4 to produce compounds of Formula I'. ##STR12##
Method 6
Hydrazine XXIX may also be transformed directly to unsubstituted indoles by a Fischer reaction with various ketones like XXXI. N-Alkylation of the indoles is effected using the conditions described in Method 2 to produce quinolinylmethoxyindole alkanoate esters XXXII. Such esters are transformed to ketones or carbinols via Grignard conditions using alkyl magnesium halides in ether solvents like diethyl ether or through the use of lithium aluminum hydride in ether solvents like THF. The carbinols XXXIV so produced may be further transformed into ester compounds of the present invention by reacting with .alpha.-halo esters XXXV using sodium hydride as base in a suitable solvent like THF. Subsequent hydrolysis of the esters using Method 1 leads to acid compounds of Formula I'. ##STR13##
Method 7
Phenol XXXVII is obtained by treatment of XII (R.sup.5 =S--R.sup.7) with a Lewis acid and a thiol, as in Method 1 for the conversion of V to IX. Compound XXXVIII is then obtained by reaction of XXXVII with VII in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent, as described for the conversion of VI to VIII in Method 1. The introduction of R.sup.5 in XXXIX is conveniently effected by an electrophilic reaction between XXXVIII and R.sup.5 --Cl (R.sup.5 not=X.sup.1 --R.sup.6). Such reactions are frequently catalysed by Lewis acids or proton acids such as AlCl.sub.3, SnCl.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, BBr.sub.3, HCl, HBr and the like. They may be carried out in a variety of solvents, with a preference for non-protonic solvents such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, nitromethane, chlorobenzene and the like. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art, that the chlorine in R.sup.5 --Cl, in this and the other Methods, may often be replaced by another halogen or by a hydroxy group, or R.sup.5 -- Cl may be replaced by an acid anhydride (R.sup.7 CO).sub.2 O. An alternative synthesis of XXXIX is to effect a Fischer reaction between compounds IV and XXIX. Introduction of R.sup.8 into XXXIX, is accomplished by alkylation with R.sup.8 --Hal and a base as described previously for Methods 2, 4 and 6. Finally, hydrolysis of the ester will yield XV. Alternatively, the ester group in XXXIX can be hydrolysed, and the corresponding free acid (R.sup.12 =H) alkylated on the indole nitrogen with R.sup.8 --Hal and an aqueous base, such as NaOH, and a phase-transfer catalyst, such as methyltrioctylammonium chloride. Alkylation of the acid corresponding to XXXIX (R.sup.12 =H) can also be effected using a strong base such as sodium hydride in a solvent such as DMF. This latter procedure usually gives the ester of XV in which the carboxyl group has also been alkylated. The free acid XV can be obtained by standard hydrolysis procedures. If R.sup.8 in XV or the ester precursor of XV is alkenyl, it can be reduced to alkyl using hydrogen gas, and a Pt or Pd catalyst in a suitable solvent, at atmospheric pressure. ##STR14##
Method 8
Compound XL may be prepared either by the coupling of VI to VII (Method 1) or by a Fischer reaction between IV and XXX (Method 5). Compound XL may be desulfurized by treatment with a Lewis acid such as AlCl.sub.3, or by reduction with Raney nickel, to give compound XLI. A Friedel-Crafts reaction on XLI with the reagent R.sup.7 COCl and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl.sub.3 yields the 3-acyl derivative XLII, hydrolysis of which yields XI. In the Friedel-Crafts reaction, carbon monoxide may be lost and compound XLIII is formed; hydrolysis under standard conditions then yields XLIV. The formation of XLIII occurs when the cation R.sup.7+ is especially stable and when the reagents R.sup.7 COCl and the Lewis acid are mixed before adding XLI. If the Lewis acid is added last, the main product is usually the acylated compound XLII. If a milder Lewis acid such as TiCl.sub.4 is used, the main product is also XLII.
It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the reagent R.sup.7 COCl can often be replaced by R.sup.7 CO-Hal (Hal=F, Br, or I) or (R.sup.7 CO).sub.2 O. ##STR15##
Method 9
Indole phenol VI which may be prepared according to Methods 1 or 2 is transformed to a phenol triflate XLV by treatment with trifluoromethyl sulfonic anhydride (Tf.sub.2 O) in a solvent like pyridine in dichloromethane. The phenol triflate may be carboxymethylated to a compound like XLVI under palladium acetate catalysis in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide, a phosphine ligand like 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphinoferrocene) enhances this reaction. Reduction of the carboxymethylated indole may be effected with a variety of hydride reducing agents. Conveniently diisobutylaluminumhydride is used in THF on the hydrolysed ester. The reduced carbinol product XLVII is conveniently oxidized to a formylated derivative XLVIII with manganese dioxide in methylene chloride as a typical solvent. Aldehyde XLVIII can then be homologated under carbanion conditions, typically using Wittig reagent XLIX (see U.S. Pat. 4,851,409) as shown in the method, under anhydrous conditions in an ethereal solvent like THF. The temperature of this reaction is typically from -70.degree. C. to room temperature. Indole styryl quinoline analogues (trans) L are thus formed. Further transformation of the styryl system may be effected by catalytic reduction using H.sub.2 and Pd/C in an organic solvent like ethyl acetate to yield the saturated compound LI. ##STR16##
Method 10
Indole thio analogues of I' such as LIX are conveniently prepared by the sequence shown in Method 10. The treatment of compound V with BBr.sub.3 in a chlorinated solvent such as CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 cleaves both the methyl ether and the indole N-benzyl group and cyclizes the product to an indole lactam LII. Derivatization of this compound as an N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl indole LIII followed by thermal rearrangement at >200.degree. C. gives rise to an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylthiondole derivative LTV. Depending on the duration of heating, dethiolation (R.sup.5 =--S--t--Bu.fwdarw.R.sup.5 =H) may also take place. The hydrolysis of LIV may be effected using strong base, typically sodium methoxide in methanol is used. Spontaneous formation of disulfide LV may occur in this reaction. The reduction of LV can be achieved using triphenylphosphine in aqueous dioxane to produce LVI. Coupling of LVI to an appropriately substituted quinoline derivative VII takes place under organic base catalysis; typically triethylamine, in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, is used. Transformation of indole LVII to an N-benzylated derivative LIX is achieved under standard conditions described in Method 2 or by benzylation with an appropriate benzyl halide using a base such as sodium hydride in a non-protic solvent such as dimethylformamide. ##STR17##
Method 11
The preparation of the various definitions of Q is outline in Method 11, starting from the readily available carboxylic acid derivative --CO.sub.2 R.sup.12. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that many of the reactions indicated are reversible. Thus, by way of illustration, the --CN group can serve as the starting material to prepare the amide and carboxylic acid functional groups. The reactions depicted in Method 11 as well as methods for synthesis of the sulfonamide group (--S(O).sub.2 NHR.sup.15) are well-known in the art. See, for instance the following text books:
1. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., J. Wiley and Sons, Toronto, 1985.
2. S. R. Sandler and W. Karo, Organic Functional Group Preparations, I & II, Academic Press, Toronto, 1983 and 1986. ##STR18##
Method 12
3-Unsubstituted indole analog XLI, described in Method 8, may be more conveniently prepared by the process illustrated in Method 12 and described in greater detail in copending application Ser. No. 642,778, filed Jan. 16, 1991 and in D. Zhao, et al., J. Org. Chem., 56, 3001, (1991). Thus, the suitably substituted hydrazine XXX is reacted with the suitably substituted methyl ketone LX to provide the hydrazone LXI. The hydrazone LXI is treated with a combination of phosphorous pentoxide and methane sulfonic acid, optionally in the presence of a suitable co-solvent, such as sulfolane, dichloromethane and the like, to provide the 3-unsubstituted indole XLI.
Representative Compounds
Table I illustrates the compounds of the present invention.
TABLE I______________________________________ ##STR19## Ex. No. R.sup.1______________________________________ 1 H 2A F 2B OMe______________________________________
Assays for Determining Biological Activity
Compounds of Formula I can be tested using the following assays to determine their mammalian leukotriene biosynthesis inhibiting activity.
Rat Peritoneal Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leukocyte Assay
Rats under ether anesthesia are injected (i.p.) with 8 mL of a suspension of sodium caseinate (6 grams in ca. 50 mL water). After 15-24 hr. the rats are sacrificed (CO.sub.2) and the cells from the peritoneal cavity are recovered by lavage with 20 mL of buffer (Eagles MEM containing 30 mM HEPES adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH). The cells are pelleted (350.times. g, 5 min.), resuspended in buffer with vigorous shaking, filtered through lens paper, recentrifuged and finally suspended in buffer at a concentration of 10 cells/mL. A 500 mL aliquot of PMN suspension and test compound are preincubated for 2 minutes at 37.degree. C., followed by the addition of 10 mM A-23187. The suspension is stirred for an additional 4 minutes then bioassayed for LTB.sub.4 content by adding an aliquot to a second 500 mL portion of the PMN at 37.degree. C. The LTB.sub.4 produced in the first incubation causes aggregation of the second PMN, which is measured as a change in light transmission. The size of the assay aliquot is chosen to give a submaximal transmission change (usually -70%) for the untreated control. The percentage inhibition of LTB.sub.4 formation is calcuated form the ratio of transmission change in the sample to the transmission change in the compound-free control.
Human Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leukocyte LTB.sub.4 Assay
A. Preparation of Human PMN. Human blood was obtained by antecubital venepuncture from consenting volunteers who had not taken medication within the previous 7 days. The blood was immediately added to 10% (v/v) trisodium citrate (0.13M) or 5% (v/v) sodium heparin (1000 IU/mL). PMNs were isolated from anticoagulated blood by dextran sedimentation of erythrocytes followed by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque (specific gravity 1.077), as described by Boyum (Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 21 (Supp. 97), 77(1968)). Contaminating erythrocytes were removed by lysis following exposure to ammonium chloride (0.16M) in Tris buffer (pH 7.65), and the PMNs resuspended at 5.times.10.sup.5 cells/mL in HEPES (15 mM)-buffered Hanks balanced salt solution containing Ca.sup.2+ (1.4 mM) and Mg.sup.2+ (0.7 mM), pH 7.4. Viability was assessed by Trypan blue exclusion and was typically greater than 98%.
B. Generation and Radioimmunoassay of LTB.sub.4. PMNs (0.5 mL; 2.5.times.10.sup.5 cells) were placed in plastic tubes and incubated (37.degree. C., 2 min) with test compounds at the desired concentration or vehicle (DMSO, final concentration 0.2%) as control. The synthesis of LTB.sub.4 was initiated by the addition of calcium ionophore A23187 (final concentration 10 mM) or vehicle in control samples and allowed to proceed for 5 minutes at 37.degree. C. The reactions were then terminated by the addition of cold methanol (0.25 mL) and samples of the entire PMN reaction mixture were removed for radioimmunoassay of LTB.sub.4.
Samples (50 mL) of authentic LTB.sub.4 of known concentration in radioimmunoassay buffer (RIA) buffer (potassium phosphate 1 mM; disodium EDTA 0.1 mM; Thimerosal 0.025 mM; gelatin 0.1%, pH 7.3) or PMN reaction mixture diluted 1:1 with RIA buffer were added to reaction tubes. Thereafter [.sup.3 H]-LTB.sub.4 (10 nCi in 100 mL RIA buffer) and LTB.sub.4 -antiserum (100 mL of a 1:3000 dilution in RIA buffer) were added and the tubes vortexed. Reactants were allowed to equilibrate by incubation overnight at 4.degree. C. To separate antibody-bound from free LTB.sub.4, aliquots (50 mL) of activated charcoal (3% activated charcoal in RIA buffer containing 0.25% Dextran T-70) were added, the tubes vortexed, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes prior to centrifugation (1500.times.g; 10 min; 4.degree. C.). The supernatants containing antibody-bound LTB.sub.4 were decanted into vials and Aquasol 2 (4 mL) was added. Radioactivity was quantified by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Preliminary studies established that the amount of methanol carried into the radioimmunoassay did not influence the results. The specificity of the antiserum and the sensitivity of the procedure have been described by Rokach et al. (Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine 1984, 13, 21.) The amount of LTB.sub.4 produced in test and control (approx. 20 ng/10.sup.6 cells) samples were calculated. Inhibitory dose-response curves were constructed using a four-parameter algorithm and from these the IC.sub.50 values were determined.
Asthmatic Rat Assay
Rats are obtained from an inbred line of asthmatic rats. Both female (190-250 g) and male (260-400 g) rats are used.
Egg albumin (EA), grade V, crystallized and lyophilized, is obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis. Aluminum hydroxide is obtained from the Regis Chemical Company, Chicago. Methysergide bimaleate was supplied by Sandoz Ltd., Basel.
The challenge and subsequent respiratory recordings are carried out in a clear plastic box with internal dimensions 10.times.6.times.4 inches. The top of the box is removable; in use, it is held firmly in place by four clamps and an airtight seal is maintained by a soft rubber gasket. Through the center of each end of the chamber a Devilbiss nebulizer (No. 40) is inserted via an airtight seal and each end of the box also has an outlet. A Fleisch No. 0000 pneumotachograph is inserted into one end of the box and coupled to a Grass volumetric pressure transducer (PT5-A) which is then connected to a Beckman Type R Dynograph through appropriate couplers. While aerosolizing the antigen, the outlets are open and the pneumotachograph is isolated from the chamber. The outlets are closed and the pneumotachograph and the chamber are connected during the recording of the respiratory patterns. For challenge, 2 mL of a 3% solution of antigen in saline is placed into each nebulizer and the aerosol is generated with air from a small Potter diaphragm pump operating at 10 psi and a flow of 8 liters/minute.
Rats are sensitized by injecting (subcutaneously) 1 mL of a suspension containing 1 mg EA and 200 mg aluminum hydroxide in saline. They are used between days 12 and 24 postsensitization. In order to eliminate the serotonin component of the response, rats are pretreated intravenously 5 minutes prior to aerosol challenge with 3.0 mgm/kg of methysergide. Rats are then exposed to an aerosol of 3% EA in saline for exactly 1 minute, then their respiratory profiles are recorded for a further 30 minutes. The duration of continuous dyspnea is measured from the respiratory recordings.
Compounds are generally administered either orally 1-4 hours prior to challenge or intravenously 2 minutes prior to challenge. They are either dissolved in saline or 1% methocel or suspended in 1% methocel. The volume injected is 1 mL/kg (intravenously) or 10 mL/kg (orally). Prior to oral treatment rats are starved overnight. Their activity is determined in terms of their ability to decrease the duration of symptoms of dyspnea in comparison with a group of vehicle-treated controls. Usually, a compound is evaluated at a series of doses and an ED.sub.50 is determined. This is defined as the dose (mg/kg) which would inhibit the duration of symptoms by 50%.
The invention is further defined by reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius. ##STR20##

EXAMPLE 1
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6-fluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt
Step A: 2-Bromomethyl-6-fluoroquinoline
To a solution of 6-fluoro-2-methylquinoline (see C. M. Leir, J. Org. Chem., vol 42, pp 911-913, 1977) (21.67 g) in carbon tetrachloride (700 mL) were added N-bromosuccinimide (26.32 g) and benzoyl peroxide (1.62 g). The mixture was brought to reflux with two spot lights of 150 Watts. The mixture was irradiated for 24 hours at reflux. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, evaporated to dryness and chromatographed on flash silica gel using pure toluene as eluant to give, as the slower running compound, a beige solid (11.9 g); m.p. 90.degree.-92.degree. C.
Step B: Methyl 3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6-fluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoate
To a solution of Methyl 3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-hydroxyindol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (See EP419,049, Example 1, Step C) (322 mg) in acetonitrile (7 mL) were added solid cesium carbonate (456 mg) and 2-bromomethyl-6-fluoroquinoline (190 mg) from Step A. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hr. The mixture was poured into 25% aqueous NH.sub.4 OAc (50 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness. The residue was chromatographed on flash silica gel using ethyl acetate:toluene (5:95) as eluant to give the title compound as a white solid; m.p. 165.degree.-167.degree. C.
Step C:
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6-fluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt
The compound (302 mg) from Step B was hydrolyzed by dissolving it in THF (4 mL), MeOH (2 mL) and 2N LiOH (1 mL). The solution was heated at 70.degree. C. for 6 hr. The solution was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H.sub.2 O (50 mL), acidified with glacial AcOH to pH5 and then diluted with 25% NH.sub.4 OAc (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL) and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The solution was evaporated to dryness, coevaporated with toluene (50 mL) to provide the title acid as a white solid, m.p. 213.degree.-215.degree. C. The title compound was prepared as follows: the acid was suspended in ethanol (3 mL) and treated with 1.0N NaOH (1 equiv.) diluted with H.sub.2 O (5 mL) and lyophilized to give the title product.
Anal. Calc'd for C.sub.34 H.sub.33 N.sub.2 O.sub.3 SClFNa.H.sub.2 O; Calcd: C, 63.29: H, 5.47; N, 4.34; Found: C, 63.42; H, 5.38; N, 4.07.
EXAMPLE 2A
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6,7-difluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt
EXAMPLE 2B
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl-3(t-butylthio)-5-(6-fluoro-7-methoxyquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt
Step A: 6,7-Difluoro-2-methylquinoline
Crotonaldehyde (226.34 g, 3.23 mol) in 100 mL of 2-butanol was added dropwise to a refluxing solution of 3,4-difluoroaniline (417.27 g, 3.23 mol), p-chloranil (794.65 g, 3.23 mol) and HCl conc. (808 mL) in 5.4 L of 2-butanol. After 2 hours of heating 2.7 L of solvent was removed under vacuum at ca. 60.degree. C. Then 2 L of toluene was added to the reaction mixture followed by removal of 2.5-3 L of solvent or until a very pasty solid formed. THF (2 L) was added and the mixture heated 30 min. after which it was cooled to 0.degree. C. The solid was collected and washed with THF until pure by tlc. The solid was then dissolved in aq. K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 /EtOAc and the organic phase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2.times.) and the organic phases combined, dried over MgSO.sub.4 and the solvent removed. The product was crystallized in the minimum amount of EtOAc to give 328.08 g (57%) of the title compound.
.sup.1 H NMR (CD.sub.3 COCD.sub.3): .delta. 8.19 (1H, d), 7.75 (2H, m), 7.4 (1H, d), 2.64 (3H, s).
Step B: 2-bromomethyl-6,7-difluoroquinoline
Following the procedure of Example 1, Step A, but starting with 6,7-difluoro-2-methylquinoline from Step A, the title compound was obtained as a white solid; m.p. 113.degree.-115.degree. C.
Step C: Methyl 3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6,7-difluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoate
Following the procedure of Example 1, Step B but using 2-bromomethyl-6,7-difluoroquinoline from Step B, the title compound was obtained as a white solid; m.p. 171.degree.-173.degree. C.
Step D:
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-(t-butylthio)-5-(6,7-difluoroquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt and
3-[N-(p-chlorobenzyl-3(t-butylthio)-5-(6-fluoro-7-methoxyquinolin-2-ylmethoxy)indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, sodium salt
The compound (423 mg) from Step C was hydrolyzed by dissolving it in THF (6 mL), MeOH (6 ml) and 2N LiOH (1.3 mL). The solution was heated at 70.degree. C. for 6 hr. The solution was diluted with H.sub.2 O (50 mL), acidified with glacial AcOH to pH5, diluted with 25% NH.sub.4 OAc (50 mL) extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times. 50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL), and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The solution was evaporated to dryness, co-evaporated with toluene (50 mL) to give a mixture of both title acids. The mixture was dissolved in a (1:1) mixture of CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 : THF and chromatographed on flash silica gel using a mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane:acetic acid (30:70:2.5) as eluant to afford the 6,7-difluoro acid in the fast fraction (white solid; m.p. 218.degree.-220.degree. C.), and the 6-fluoro-7-methoxy acid in the slow fraction (white solid; m.p. 230.degree. C. (d) in a (3:1) ratio.
Both sodium salts were prepared as described in Example 1, Step C to give the title products.
6,7-difluoro derivative: (Example 2A)
Anal. Calcd. for C.sub.34 H.sub.32 N.sub.2 O.sub.3 SClF.sub.2 Na. 3H.sub.2 O; Calcd: C, 58.40; H, 5.48; N, 4.01; Found: C, 58.12; H, 5.21; N, 4.14.
6-fluoro-7-methoxy derivative: (Example 2B)
Anal. Calcd. for C.sub.35 H.sub.35 N.sub.2 O.sub.4 SClFNa.2H.sub.2 O; Calcd: C, 60.64; H, 5.67; N, 4.04; Found: C, 60.93; H, 5.22; N, 4.12.

Number	Date	Country
0419049	Mar 1992	EPX
WO9203132	Mar 1992	WOX

Fluorinated quinoline indoles as inhibitors of the biosynthesis of leukotrienes

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