Patent Grant
7901765
1. Field of the Invention
In one of aspects the present invention relates to a foam laminate product, more particularly such a product adapted for use in the interior of a vehicle. In another of its aspects, the present invention relates to process for the production of a foam laminate product. In a highly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a headliner, more particularly a vehicular headliner. In this preferred embodiment, an aspect of present invention relates to process for the production of a headliner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Energy absorbing devices (also known as energy management devices) and structural devices are known. Such devices can take one of a variety of shapes and forms. Currently, one of the major applications for energy absorbing devices and/or structural devices is in vehicles, particularly automobiles. Such devices, when used in vehicles, would be of great convenience if they could be included in or substituted for trim panel and, indeed, are commonly referred to as trim panels.
In recent years, one particularly useful application of such energy absorbing devices and/or structural devices which has developed is in vehicular headliners. Vehicular headliners are generally known in the art. More particularly, automotive headliners are generally known in the art. In many case an automotive headliner will serve as a structural device and a device which combines both structural and energy absorbing properties.
As is known such automotive headliners are used to line the roof of the automobile. Conventionally, an automotive headliner is a laminate structure comprising, for example, a foam or other padded element having a cover material secured thereto. The cover material comprises a finished outer surface that faces the interior of the automobile and this the cover material is disposed adjacent or is comprised in the so-called A-surface of the headliner. The surface of the headliner adjacent the A-surface is the so-called B-surface. The B-surface of the headliner may or may not comprise a cover material.
Conventionally, foamed automotive headliners have made produced from isocyanate-based foams such as polyurethane foams.
When producing automotive headliners from polyurethane foams, it is conventional to utilize the so-called free-rise or slab polyurethane foams.
In a typical slab polyurethane foam production plant, the resultant foam is usually produced by dispensing a foamable composition into a trough having an open top (also known as a tunnel) and a conveyor bottom to move the composition away from the mixhead as the foam rises. Low pressure mixing is typically used and involves metering the components for foam production into a mixhead equipped with a stirrer (or other suitable agitation means) at a pressure generally less than 500 psi (usually 200-350 psi). The components are mixed in the mixhead and the foamable composition is expanded to produce polyurethane foam. As is known in the art, low pressure mixing is conventionally used to produce slabstock foam. It is known to vary the properties of the resulting foam by varying the nature and/or amount of one or more of the metered components.
Commercial slabstock polyurethane foam plants produce foam “buns” having dimensions such as 4 feet (height)×6 feet (width)×100 feet (length). Each bun is then cut into a plurality shorter length (e.g., 5 feet) buns, depending on the specifications of the particular automotive headliner being produced. The shorter length bun is then sliced into sheets of appropriate thickness (e.g., ⅛ to ½ inches). Each sheet is then covered, trimmed and secured in the automobile. It is also known in the art to subject each sheet to further processing steps such as thermoforming so to confer to the planar sheet a slightly contoured appearance which more closely assumes the shape of the roof of the automobile.
Thus, slabstock polyurethane foam conventionally used in the production of automotive headliners is known as a foam (e.g., a resilient foam) having at least one uncontoured surface (i.e., the foam is a “free-rise” foam).
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,683,796 and 5,721,038 [both to Kornylo et al. (Kornylo)] teach a vehicular headliner made from molded polyurethane foam. The headliner taught by Kornylo purportedly comprises a substantially constant density while having central sections with a greater cross-sectional thickness than peripheral portions. The central sections must be relatively thick such that the headliner possesses acceptable sound absorbing properties while the peripheral portions must be relatively thin so as to facilitate securing of the headliner to the roof of the automobile.
International Publication Number WO 02/42119 [Zolfaghari] teaches an improvement to the headliner taught by Kornylo. Specifically, Zolfaghari teaches a vehicular headliner comprising energy management capabilities to improve vehicle occupant safety.
Regardless of the precise mode of production, it is conventional to reinforce the headliner using fibreglass, typically fibreglass mat or chopped fibreglass.
For example, if the headliner is produced from slabstock foam, it is conventional to initially form a blank comprising a foam core, an adhesive layer on both sides of the foam core and fibreglass mat layer or chopped fibreglass on each adhesive layer (the blank may also comprise other layers such as a trim cover and the like). The blank is then subjected to a forming operation which serves to shape the foam core and adhere the fibreglass mats to each surface of the shaped foam core. Conventional forming operations include thermoforming and thermocrushing (also known as “Cold Forming”). For more detail on the production of vehicular headliners, see, for example, “Polyurethane Foam as an Integral “Core” Component of Automotive Headliner”, Dolgopolsky et al., Polyurethanes Expo '99 (1999).
There is an emerging need to obviate or mitigate the use of fibreglass in vehicular foam parts such as headliners. The principal reason for this is to facilitate recycling of the foam parts. Unfortunately, elimination of fibreglass from such vehicular foam parts is difficult to achieve without a loss in energy management and/or structural properties of the foam part, resulting in possible compromising vehicle occupant safety.
Thus, there is a need for a vehicular foam part, such as a vehicular headliner, which can be made without fibreglass with no loss of energy management and/or structural properties. It would be highly desirable if such a foam part could be made using relatively inexpensive materials on existing equipment thereby minimizing or eliminating the need for extra capital expenditure.
It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one of the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.
Accordingly, in one of its aspects, the present invention provides a laminate product comprising a foam core having a pair of opposed major surfaces and a cover layer secured with respect to each major surface, the cover layer being essentially free of fibreglass and comprising a polymeric substrate having disposed therein a plurality of porous material layers.
In another of its embodiments, the present invention provides a vehicular headliner comprising an A-surface disposed to face an interior of a vehicle and a B-surface substantially opposed to the A-surface, the headliner comprising: a foam element having an compression force deflection at 10% deflection in the range of from about 5 pounds to about 200 psi when measured pursuant to ASTM 3574-D, a first cover layer secured with respect to the A-surface, and a second cover layer secured with respect to the B-surface;
In yet another of its aspects, the present invention provides a process for producing a laminate foam product having a pre-determined shape, the process comprising the steps of:
In yet another of its aspects, the presents invention provides a laminate product comprising a foam core having a pair of opposed major surfaces and a cover layer secured with respect to each major surface, the cover layer comprising a polymeric substrate having disposed therein one or more porous material layers, each porous material layer having a tensile modulus of less than about 0.5 GPa when measured pursuant to ASTM D 5034.
Thus, the present inventors have discovered a novel reinforcing technique for foam laminate products. Specifically, it has been found that the use of fibreglass as a reinforcing material (and other sheet materials having a tensile modulus of greater than or equal to about 0.5 GPa when measured pursuant to ASTM D 5034) in a foam laminate product can be avoided by using a porous material layer in place of the fibreglass. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the porous material layer has a tensile modulus less than that of fibreglass mat yet can be used to produce a foam laminate product having significantly higher strength properties. This is a highly surprising result and is counterintuitive to what would have been expected. More preferably, the porous material layer having a tensile modulus of less than about 0.5 GPa, more preferably less than about 0.4 GPa, even more preferably in the range of from about 0.01 GPa to about 0.4 GPa, even more preferably in the range of from about 0.02 GPa to about 0.3 GPa, most preferably in the range of from about 0.02 GPa to about 0.2 GPa, when measured pursuant to ASTM D 5034 (specimen dimension 2″×6″; speed 50 mm/min.; and distance between grips 75 mm). In this most preferred embodiment, the tensile modulus of the porous material layer is more than an order of magnitude less than fibreglass mat conventionally used for reinforcement purposes yet the present foam laminate product can have a strength more than double that of a laminate foam product conventionally reinforced with fibreglass mat.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to application in vehicular foam parts, such as vehicular headliners, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that scope of the invention is not restricted to such applications. Thus, it may be possible to use the invention in other applications such as floorboards, cargo vehicle mats, Tonneau covers, and other applications where it is desirable to have a relatively lightweight article which has energy absorbing and/or structural properties equivalent to articles made using fibreglass reinforcement but avoids the use of fibreglass.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like parts, and in which:
The preferred foam for use in the core portion of the present laminate product is a foamed isocyanate-based polymer. Preferably, the isocyanate-based polymer is selected from the group comprising polyurethane, polyurea, polyisocyanurate, urea-modified polyurethane, urethane-modified polyurea, urethane-modified polyisocyanurate and urea-modified polyisocyanurate. As is known in the art, the term “modified”, when used in conjunction with a polyurethane, polyurea or polyisocyanurate means that up to 50% of the polymer backbone forming linkages have been substituted.
Typically, the foamed isocyanate-based polymer is produced from a reaction mixture which comprises an isocyanate and an active hydrogen-containing compound.
The isocyanate suitable for use in the reaction mixture is not particularly restricted and the choice thereof is within the purview of a person skilled in the art. Generally, the isocyanate compound suitable for use may be represented by the general formula:
Q(NCO)i
In another embodiment, Q may also represent a polyurethane radical having a valence of i. In this case Q(NCO)i is a compound which is commonly referred to in the art as a prepolymer. Generally, a prepolymer may be prepared by reacting a stoichiometric excess of an isocyanate compound (as defined hereinabove) with an active hydrogen-containing compound (as defined hereinafter), preferably the polyhydroxyl-containing materials or polyols described below. In this embodiment, the polyisocyanate may be, for example, used in proportions of from about 30 percent to about 200 percent stoichiometric excess with respect to the proportion of hydroxyl in the polyol. Since the process of the present invention may relate to the production of polyurea foams, it will be appreciated that in this embodiment, the prepolymer could be used to prepare a polyurethane modified polyurea.
In another embodiment, the isocyanate compound suitable for use in the process of the present invention may be selected from dimers and trimers of isocyanates and diisocyanates, and from polymeric diisocyanates having the general formula:
Q′(NCO)i]j
See also for example, British patent number 1,453,258, for a discussion of suitable isocyanates.
Non-limiting examples of suitable isocyanates include: 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-butylene diisocyanate, furfurylidene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylpropane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenyl-3,3′-dimethyl methane diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 1-methyl-2,4-diisocyanate-5-chlorobenzene, 2,4-diisocyanato-s-triazine, 1-methyl-2,4-diisocyanato cyclohexane, p-phenylene diisocyanate, m-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,4-naphthalene diisocyanate, dianisidine diisocyanate, bitolylene diisocyanate, 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,3-xylylene diisocyanate, bis-(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, bis-(3-methyl-4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanates and mixtures thereof. A more preferred isocyanate is selected from the group comprising 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate and mixtures thereof, for example, a mixture comprising from about 75 to about 85 percent by weight 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and from about 15 to about 25 percent by weight 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Another more preferred isocyanate is selected from the group comprising 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and mixtures thereof. The most preferred isocyanate is a mixture comprising from about 15 to about 25 percent by weight 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and from about 75 to about 85 percent by weight 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
If the process is utilized to produce a polyurethane foam, the active hydrogen-containing compound is typically a polyol. The choice of polyol is not particularly restricted and is within the purview of a person skilled in the art. For example, the polyol may be a hydroxyl-terminated backbone of a member selected from the group comprising polyether, polyester, polycarbonate, polydiene and polycaprolactone. Preferably, the polyol is selected from the group comprising hydroxyl-terminated polyhydrocarbons, hydroxyl-terminated polyformals, fatty acid triglycerides, hydroxyl-terminated polyesters, hydroxymethyl-terminated polyesters, hydroxymethyl-terminated perfluoromethylenes, polyalkyleneether glycols, polyalkylenearyleneether glycols and polyalkyleneether triols. More preferred polyols are selected from the group comprising adipic acid-ethylene glycol polyester, poly(butylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene—see, for example, British patent number 1,482,213, for a discussion of suitable polyols. Preferably, such a polyether polyol has a molecular weight in the range of from about 100 to about 10,000, more preferably from about 100 to about 4,000, most preferably from about 100 to about 3,500.
If the core portion is to comprise a polyurea foam, the active hydrogen-containing compound comprises compounds wherein hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen. Preferably such compounds are selected from the group comprising polyamines, polyamides, polyimines and polyolamines, more preferably polyamines. Non-limiting examples of such compounds include primary and secondary amine terminated polyethers. Preferably such polyethers have a molecular weight of greater than about 100 and a functionality of from 1 to 25. Such amine terminated polyethers are typically made from an appropriate initiator to which a lower alkylene oxide is added with the resulting hydroxyl terminated polyol being subsequently aminated. If two or more alkylene oxides are used, they may be present either as random mixtures or as blocks of one or the other polyether. For ease of amination, it is especially preferred that the hydroxyl groups of the polyol be essentially all secondary hydroxyl groups. Typically, the amination step replaces the majority but not all of the hydroxyl groups of the polyol.
The reaction mixture used to produce the foamed isocyanate-based polymer core portion typically will further comprise a blowing agent. As is known in the art, water can be used as an indirect or reactive blowing agent in the production of foamed isocyanate-based polymers. Specifically, water reacts with the isocyanate forming carbon dioxide which acts as the effective blowing agent in the final foamed polymer product. Alternatively, the carbon dioxide may be produced by other means such as unstable compounds which yield carbon dioxide (e.g., carbamates and the like). Optionally, direct organic blowing agents may be used in conjunction with water although the use of such blowing agents is generally being curtailed for environmental considerations. The preferred blowing agent for use in the production of the present foamed isocyanate-based polymer comprises water.
It is known in the art that the amount of water used as an indirect blowing agent in the preparation of a foamed isocyanate-based polymer is conventionally in the range of from about 0.5 to as high as about 40 or more parts by weight, preferably from about 1.0 to about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total active hydrogen-containing compound content in the reaction mixture. As is known in the art, the amount of water used in the production of a foamed isocyanate-based polymer typically is limited by the fixed properties expected in the foamed polymer and by the tolerance of the expanding foam towards self structure formation.
To produce the core portion made from a foamed isocyanate-based polymer, a catalyst is usually incorporated in the reaction mixture. The catalyst used in the reaction mixture is a compound capable of catalyzing the polymerization reaction. Such catalysts are known, and the choice and concentration thereof in the reaction mixture is within the purview of a person skilled in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,296,213 and 4,518,778 for a discussion of suitable catalyst compounds. Non-limiting examples of suitable catalysts include tertiary amines and/or organometallic compounds. Additionally, as is known in the art, when the objective is to produce an isocyanurate, a Lewis acid must be used as the catalyst, either alone or in conjunction with other catalysts. Of course it will be understood by those skilled in the art that a combination of two or more catalysts may be suitably used.
Preferably, the foam core portion of the present laminate product comprises an compression force deflection at 10% deflection in the range of from about 2 psi to about 200 psi when measured pursuant to ASTM 3574-D, more preferably in the range of from about 5 psi to about 100 psi when measured pursuant to ASTM 3574-D most preferably, in the range of from about 10 psi to about 80 psi when measured pursuant to ASTM 3574-D. Throughout this specification, when reference is made to ASTM 3574-D, the test sample has the following dimensions: 2 ft.×2 ft.×1 in. (last dimension is the thickness).
Non-limiting and preferred examples of suitable polyurethane foams for use in producing the present headliner are available from Woodbridge Foam Corporation under the tradename Stratas.
Generally, the polyurethane foam suitable for use in the present headliners and having desirable energy management and/or structural characteristics may be produced from the following general non-limiting formulation:
Suitable crosslinkers, catalysts and silicone surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,107,106 and 4,190,712.
The preferred polyurethane foam suitable for use in the present headliner may be produced from the following formulation:
The foam core in the present laminate product may have a substantially uniform density—this is typically a characteristic of a molded foam (i.e., a foam produced by constraining the expanding mass on all surfaces as it is converted to the foam product). Alternatively, and preferably, the foam core has a variable density—this is typically a characteristic of a slab foam (i.e., a foam produced by a process in which at least one surface of the expanding mass is unconstrained so that the mass may “free rise” as it is converted to the foam product) after conventional forming operations such as thermoforming and thermocrushing (also known as “Cold Forming”). For more detail on the production of vehicular headliners, see, for example, “Polyurethane Foam as an Integral “Core” Component of Automotive Headliner”, Dolgopolsky et al., Polyurethanes Expo '99 (1999).
Preferably, the foam core in the present laminate product has a density in the range of from about 0.5 to about 30 pounds per cubic foot, more preferably in the range of from about 1 to about 20 pounds per cubic foot, even more preferably in the range of from about 2 to about 15 pounds per cubic foot, most preferably in the range of from about 2 to about 8 pounds per cubic foot.
The present laminate product further comprises a cover layer disposed on opposed surfaces of the foam core portion. Each cover layer comprises a polymer substrate and a plurality of porous material layers.
Preferably, the polymeric substrate comprises an organic polymer.
In one preferred embodiment, the polymeric substrate comprises thermoplastic polymer. In another preferred embodiment, the polymeric substrate comprises an elastomeric material. In yet another preferred embodiment, the polymeric substrate comprises a thermosetting material (e.g., epoxy, polyurethane, polyurea, phenolics, acrylates, arylates, silicones, polysulfides, polyesters or mixtures of two or more of these).
Non-limiting examples of useful polymer substrates may be selected from the group comprising polyolefins, polyesters, nylons, poly(vinyl choride), polyurethanes, polyacrylates, latex, styrene-butadiene polymers, nitrile-butadiene polymers, silicone polymers, mixtures thereof, copolymers thereof and interpenetrating networks thereof.
Preferably, the polymeric substrate comprises a polyolefin. More preferably, the polymeric substrate comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, butyl rubber and mixtures thereof. Most preferably, the polymeric substrate comprises polyethylene, polypropylene and mixtures thereof.
The porous material layer used in each cover layer may be the same or different. Preferably, the porous material layer used in each cover layer is the same.
It will be appreciated that the porous material layer may be woven or non-woven. Further information on such materials may be found on the following websites: http://www.nonwovens-group.com, http://www.johnrstarr.com and http://www.inda.org.
Preferably, each cover layer comprises a plurality of porous material layers, more preferably from 2 to 15 porous material layers, even more preferably from 2 to 12 porous material layers, even more preferably from 2 to 10 porous material layers, most preferably from 4 to 8 porous material layers.
The preferred method for producing the present laminate product will now be discussed. Prior to this discussion, there will be a brief discussion of the prior art approach to producing a vehicular headliner.
Thus, with reference to
With reference to
Thus, the major surfaces of foam core 20 are covered by a cover layer. In the illustrated embodiment, each cover layer consists of four polymer layers 10 between which is interposed a porous material layer 15. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that, for a given cover layer, it is preferred to have pairs of polymer layer 10 and porous material layer 15 with an extra polymer layer 10 to create a stack or blank having N porous material layers and N+1 polymer layers. Foam core 20, polymer layers 10 and porous material layers 15 may be selected from the materials described hereinabove.
When it is desired to produce the present laminate product, a stack or blank similar to the one shown in
The stack or blank is then subjected to a temperature of at least about 100° C. in the shaping device at a pressure and for period of time sufficient to cause polymeric layers 10 to form a polymeric substrate in which porous layers 15 are disposed. Concurrently, foam core 20 assumes the pre-determined shape (contoured or planar) of the laminate product. Thus, during the process, each of polymer layers 10 permeates into adjacent porous material layers 15 with the result that porous layers 15 are substantially completely encapsulated by the polymer material in polymer layers 10.
During the process, polymer layers 10 melt or otherwise become flowable to wet out, fully permeate and/or encapsulate porous material layers 15. By using multiple such porous material layers 15 and relying on the permeation effect described above, the resulting foam laminate product has energy management and/or energy management properties which are desirable and these are achieved without the use of conventional fibre glass mat reinforcement techniques.
Preferably, the heating step in the present process is conducted at a temperature of at least about 120° C., more preferably in the range of from about 100° C. to about 250° C., even more preferably from about 120° C. to about 250° C., most preferably from about 150° C. to about 220° C.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following Examples which are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be used to limit or construe the invention.
In the Examples, the following materials were used
Core foam (thickness=8 mm)—Polyurethane foam have a density of 2.5 pounds per cubic foot (Example 1) and 3.5 pounds per cubic foot (Example 2) commercially available from Woodbridge Foam Corporation under the tradenames Stratas 225™ and Stratas 135™, respectively;
Polymer layer—Polyethylene film commercially available from the Dow Chemical Company under the tradename Dow XUS 66167™;
Porous material layer—Commercially available form Freudenberg Nonwovens Group under the tradename Lutradur™ Type 402 30 gsm; and
Chopped fibreglass rovings—Commerially available from Vetrotex Saint-Gobain under the tradename Vetrotex 221 113 SMC.
Sheets of polymer layer and porous material layer were cut and alternately stocked on the both sides of the core foam as shown in
For comparative purposes to additional samples were prepared. Comparative Example 1 was prepared from a blank similar to Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 was prepared from a blank similar to Example 2 except, in case, the alternating sheets of polymer layer and porous material layer were replaced with a single layer of chopped fiberglass (˜130 g) interposed between a pair of polymer layers—i.e., the stack or blank used in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 was similar schematically to that illustrated in
Each blank or stack was manually passed through a Meyer Laminator, consisting of an adjacent heating zone and cooling zone. The process parameters for lamination were as follows:
The resulting samples were conditioned for 24 hours.
Thereafter, the strength of each sample was determined in accordance with ASTM D 5034 (utilizing a three-point loading system). The conditions used during the testing were:
The results are illustrated in
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments and examples, the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Thus, various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. For example, if it is desired to produce the present laminate product from a molded foam core, this can be achieved by forming and shaping the cover layers from the stacks referred to in
All publications, patents, patent applications and subject matter on Internet website referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/483,913, filed Jul. 25, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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