Patent Grant
11957711
It is known that many diseases occur in the respiratory tract, both in the upper and lower. This is caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
The following are examples of diseases in the respiratory tracts:
Upper respiratory infections (nose, nasal, paranasal sinuses cavity, pharynx)
Lower respiratory tract infections (larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli)
It is of top priory that the United States develops a safe and effective way to disinfect the respiratory tract. Any problem must have a solution that meets the following conditions:
Disinfection using a chemical compound.
For an effective disinfection of the respiratory system, 1) chlorine derivative must be used that has the greatest disinfection to kill germs at a low dose, 2) cause minimal damage to the entire respiratory system, which means selective action on pathogenic microorganisms be transported in the gas phase to the lungs with minimal decomposition of the chemical, 3) a rapid mass transfer of the disinfectant from the gas phase to the liquid phase, 4) minimum time to kill germs, 5) It is very important that the disinfectant is compatible with the natural process already occurring in body. The disinfection process will be sustainable from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli.
Fundamental concept of the disinfection process.
Hypochlorous acid (HCLO), is the chemical compound that produces the best disinfection. It is produced by the human immune system through cells called neutrophils (white blood cells) that kill invasive organism. It disinfects 200 to 300 times better than bleach and is 100% safe.
Hypochlorous acid—disinfection mode
Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid formula (HCLO) and is a strong disinfection agent. It also reacts with a wide variety of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, fatty acids groups, cholesterol, and proteins. The effects of this reagent are powerful on germs, inhibitions of glucose oxidation, depletion of adenine, nucleotides, inhibition of DNA replication, protein unfolding and aggregation.
Hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase—mediated peroxidation of chlorine ions.
During a respiratory burst, neutrophils produces H2O2 which converts to HCLO by the activity of granule enzyme myeloperoxidase in the following reaction.
% O2+H2O→H2O2 (NaDPh oxidase enzyme)
H2O2+CL−+H+→HCLO+H2O (M PO enzyme)
HC10→Kill pathogen
HCLO properties and uses
The next question is—how to transport hypochlorous acid into the respiratory system effectively?
The transport of the reagent must be done in the gaseous phase of breathed air.
Currently, it is impossible to transport hypochlorous acid in the gas phase; but there is another way to do this.
What is the other way to do it?
A chemical able to be transformed into hypochlorous acid and can be transported into the gas phase as:
Dichlorine monoxide, formula=CL2O
When combined with liquid water it produces hypochlorous acid quickly and spontaneously according to the following reaction:
CL2O+H2O→2HCLO
In the inhalation stage, air is taken into the lungs. When exhalation occurs, liquid water molecules remain in the respiratory tract. When dichlorine monoxide is introduced into the inhalation stage liquid water and CL2O reacts. The water in the form of an aerosol provides a very large reaction surface for the chemical reaction to occur efficiently. The conversion of CLO2 to HCLO will be practically 100% in a short period of time.
The other question is: how to reach the lethal concentrations of hypochlorous acid on the walls of the respiratory tract with the mass of the gas CL2O being low? In this disinfection process, the respiratory tract works like a chemical reactor, reacting in the gas phase, but HCLO is transferred to the liquid phase in a microlayer. The minimum amount of hypochlorous acid formed dissolves into a very thin layer of water. Mathematically speaking, the concentration is very high because the volume of the water is very low.
In summary: a microlayer of the hypochlorous acid solution is formed on the walls of the respiratory tract. It is microscopic and very specific to destroy germs very selectively without destroying the body's cells.
Characteristics and properties of CLO2
Name—Di-chlorine Monoxide
Other names—Oxygen dichlorine
Properties:
Liquid di-chlorine has been reported to be shock sensitive.
Chemical reaction with water:
CL2O+H2O→2HCLO
The equilibrium of the reaction is shifted to the formation of the hypochlorous acid.
It is incompatible with:
Carbon, di-cyanogen, diphenylmercury, nitrogen oxide, oxidizable materials, potassium, alcohols, ammonia, antimony sulfide, arsenic, barium sulfide, calcium phosphide, charcoal, corks, ethers, hydrogen sulfide, mercury sulfide, paper, phosphine, phosphorus, rubber, sulfur, any oxidizable materials as methane, propane, ethylene
Uses—Dichlorine monoxide has been used as an intermediate in the manufacture of calcium hypochlorine and in the manufacturing of calcium hypochlorite and the sterilization for outer-space applications. Its uses are for the preparation of chlorinated solvents and chloroisocyanurates has been described. Dichlorine monoxide has been effective in bleaching pulp and textiles. It also can be used as etchant in semiconductor manufacturing. It is also a good chlorinating agent.
Materials to handle CL2O
PVC, CPVC, Viton, Teflon—best use Teflon
Do not use with Polypropylene, carbon steel, stainless steel, neoprene.
Safety measures for handling dichlorine monoxide gas
Must be procedures standardized by state and federal legislation.
We can cite general measures such as storage, handling, dosage, gas concentration to supply, temperature and pressure to keep the operation safe.
Storage—light opaque Teflon must be used.
Handling—avoid any contact with oxidizable products that are on the list of materials for handling; the time between the synthesis of the product (CL2O) and its use must be the minimum; Teflon material in the connections where the gas flows.
Gas concentration/composition—control of gas (CL2O) composition in storage as well as supply is vital, relatively low concentration of the gas in 23.5% could generate self-explosion, a maximum 5% must be maintained to be in a safe work area; the gas must be mixed with filtered dry air with a moisture content of 7-12 C dew point. The composition of the gas-air mixture that will be supplied to be breathed will be calculated. In reference to chlorine gas. As a fundamental concept is the dosage of the mixed gas is to maintain the value of the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) that is a toxicological concept when a harmful product is in haled, this value is internationally recognized for chlorine gas=0.5 ppm (parts per million); valve for dichlorine monoxide:
CL2O→CL2+½O2
CL2O Molar Mass=87 g/mol (CL2O)
CL2 Molar Mass=71 87/71=1.23.2021
1.23×0.5=0.61 ppm of CL2O—this is the maximum value that must be maintained to dose the product; this means that an average per sum can be inhaling this gas mixture for 8 hours without adverse effects, in 24 hours the value would be:
(0.61×8)/24=0.20 ppm
As a fundamental principle ultralow doses will be preserved. Values in mg/liters for gaseous mixtures for 8 hours:
Mg/liters=(ppm×molas mass)/24200=(0.61×86.9054)/24200=0.0028 ppm
Gas concentration sensors will be recording and signaling. Visual and audible alarms will be available. The detection system must be checked before any operation to guarantee a safe process.
Temperature—the primary gas obtained must be kept between 15 to 25 degrees centigrade. Never heat the mixture! Temperature control through the process is essential.
Pressure—atmospheric pressure is what will govern the process. Avoid overpressure. Regularly observe the pressure gauges.
What is the technology behind the process?
Technologies for synthesizing dichlorine monoxide are widely known across the spectrum of process engineering, but a form of production that is relatively easy to apply must be sought. Avoid contamination with heavy metals, anything toxic or any pollutants.
Ways to synthesis dichlorine monoxide gas:
1) Treat mercury oxide II with chlorine gas, however this method is expensive as well as highly dangerous due to the high risk of mercury poisoning.
2CL2+HgO→HgCL2+CL2O
2) Chemical reactions between chlorine and sodium carbonate
2CL2+Na2HCO3+H2O→CL2O+2NaHCO3+2NaCL
2CL2+2NaHCO3→CL2O+2NaCL+2CO2+H2O
In the absence of water. This requires heating to 150-250 C as dichlorine monoxide is unstable at the temperatures. It must therefore be continuously removed to prevent thermal decomposition.
2CL2+Na2CO3→CL2O+CO2+2NaCL.
3) There is another way to obtain the correct concentrations of dichlorine monoxide gas. This method is the easiest and less complicated. This method allows us to reach values lower than 0.0022 mg/Liter.
Dichlorine monoxide gas is generated by using HTH (High Test Hypochlorite)
This method was used in the early 1945 by researchers William J Elford and Mr. Joan Van Den Ende at the “National Institute for Medical Research, London, N.W. 3”. The results of their research were successful, and they obtained concentrations of monoxide dichlorine gas around 1.25 ppm (parts per million in gas) which is the maximum allowable concentration. They used HTH and carbon dioxide. The experiments compared the disinfection effect in a room between an aerosol of sodium hypochlorite solution and the gas dichlorine monoxide.
Concept of the chemical reaction of the process.
The following chemical reaction occurs in a heterogeneous phase between HTH (solid) and carbon dioxide (gas).
Ca(CLO)2 (solid)+CO2 (gas)→CaCO3 (Solid)+CL2O (gas)
HTH in pellet form reacts with carbon dioxide gas in a stoichiometric way where carbon dioxide is the limiting substance in the chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide is injected together with previously filtered and dehumidified air at atmospheric pressure and temperature between 15-25 C. The gas mixture must remain in this temperature range. The process flow must be designed to obtain concentrations of the dichlorine monoxide gas around 0.0022 mg/Liter maximum with an inhalation time of 8 hours maximum. Collaterally, chlorine gas could be generated which would be undesirable. This is solved with the following measures:
General Notes on the procedure:
Process flow sheet: See Flow Sheet Process Page
There are three ways to supply gas. See Verses Time Graph on separate page.
I. Pulse input
II. Step input
III. Mixed input
Estimation of the residence time of the gas supplied to the respiratory tract. In the respiratory cycle of the adults (average) at resting conditions. The respiratory minute volume we can calculate the amount of air moved each minute multiplying the respiratory rate=12 breaths/minute. Tidal volume=500 ml/breath
Volume of air moved each minute=12×500=6000 ml/minute
Total lung capacity is 6000 ml in males. 4200 ml in females
Residence time for males—(6000×2)/6000=2 minutes
Residence time for females—(4200×2)/6000=1.4 minutes
This means that the contact time of the reagent will be about 2 minutes in males and 1.4 minutes in females (70% less than males). These times are propitious to reach better results in the disinfection reaction because the hypochlorous acid kills the germs in a few seconds.
The forgoing and other features of the present invention will become more fully understood. This represents a schematic view of the overall system for generating dichlorine monoxide gas.
This procedure is designed as a method of corrective treatment in the respiratory tract infections using a chlorinated derivative compound—dichlorine monoxide (CL2O) in the gas phase at ultra low doses withing the range that does not harm the body.
The chlorinated gas reacts chemically with the aerosol water particles found in the respiratory tract, producing hypochlorous acid molecules that condense on the wall of the respiratory tract into a film that is friendly to cells of the respiratory tract. The hypochlorous acid that is formed is a highly powerful, fast acting disinfectant and does not destroy the cells of the respiratory tract so having low concentrations of the compound is an achievable disinfectant action that is also efficient. This method is a complementary action to the work of the neutrophilic cells of the body defense system which also produces hypochlorous acid to eliminate invading dangerous germs. CL2O gas doses that do not exceed the concentration of 0.0022 mg/Liter must be carefully administered as a breathing treatment within a maximum time of 8 hours.
Constant monitoring of flow, composition, temperature, and the pressure of the gaseous stream will be in strict compliance with instruments of the highest quality and low error range. CL2O gas can be obtained on site or supplied in small bottles with all safety measures. It is recommended to generate the gas using HTH. Also, do not use any toxic products such as mercury.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8784900 | Northey | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 20200281969 | Burd | Sep 2020 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Dolina et al.( Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya, (1997) vol. 0, No. 3, pp. 52-56). Dolina et al. teach, Seventy-five patients with severe pneumonia were treated with sodium hypochlorite solution (intravenous drip in concentration 600 mg/liter) (Year: 1997). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220273704 A1 | Sep 2022 | US |
