Patent Grant
7187264
The present invention relates to foil-type switching elements and more specifically to foil-type pressure sensors.
The present invention relates to a foil-type pressure sensor of the type having an electrical resistance, which varies with the amount of pressure applied. Pressure sensors of this type usually comprise a first carrier foil and a second carrier foil arranged at a certain distance from each other by means of a spacer. The spacer comprises at least one recess, which defines an active area of the switching element. At least two electrodes and a layer of pressure sensitive material are arranged within the active area of the switching element between said first and second carrier foils in such a way that, in response to a pressure acting on the active area of the switching element, the first and second carrier foils are pressed together against the reaction force of the elastic carrier foils and an electrical contact is established between the at least two electrodes via the pressure sensitive material.
Such pressure sensors can be manufactured cost-effectively and have proven to be extremely robust and reliable in practice.
The electrical response of such a switching element depends on the type and shape of the electrodes and the layer of pressure sensitive material, their arrangement within the active area of the switching element and finally on the physical contact, which is established between the electrodes in response to a force acting on the active area. The physical contact between the electrodes is determined by the mechanical response of the switching element in case of a force acting on the active area. This mechanical response can be described by a membrane model. The deflection of the membrane is proportional to the pressure acting vertically on the membrane and depends on the elastic properties of the membrane, its thickness and the radius of the restraining device.
It follows that the electrical response of the switching element starts above a certain minimum pressure, at which a physical contact between the electrodes and the layer of semi-conducting material is initially established. Above this so-called turn-on-point, the electrical response is mainly determined by the area of the contact surface between the electrodes and the semi-conducting layer.
In know pressure sensors, the active area has a generally circular shape, i.e. the recess in the spacer has a circular shape. In this case, the radial expansion of the mechanical contact surface area is essentially a specific function of the force exerted on the switching element and an essentially quadratic dependence of this radius is obtained for the area of the contact surface. The resistance behavior of the sensor as a function of the force consequently exhibits a characteristic determined by this quadratic dependence, which renders the sensors unsuitable for particular applications.
Furthermore, certain applications of pressure sensors require the turn-on point of the sensor to be rather high in order to avoid a preload on the sensor. This is e.g. the case for sensors, which are arranged underneath a cover material, especially if the cover material is rather rigid and/or strongly taut above the switching element. In this case, the turn-on point has to be adjusted by reducing the size of the membrane restraining device, i.e. of the spacer recess, which defines the active area. Unfortunately, the use of a small diameter spacer recess adversely affects the dynamic of the sensor cell and may even lead to the complete disappearance of the mechanical cell dynamic.
The object of the present invention is to provide a switching element with improved electrical response.
This object is solved by a foil-type switching element according to the present invention.
A foil-type switching element typically comprises a first carrier foil and a second carrier foil arranged at a certain distance from each other by means of a spacer, said spacer comprising at least one recess defining an active area of the switching element. At least two electrodes and a layer of pressure sensitive material are arranged within the active area of the switching element between said first and second carrier foils in such a way that, in response to a pressure acting on the active area of the switching element, the first and second carrier foils are pressed together against the reaction force of the elastic carrier foils and an electrical contact is established between the at least two electrodes via the pressure sensitive material. According to the invention said active area comprises an inner region and a number of outer regions, said inner region having a generally convex shape and said outer regions extending outwardly from said inner region.
In contrast to the known pressure sensors, the radial expansion of the mechanical contact surface area of the pressure sensor of the present invention is no longer a simple function of the force exerted on the switching element. In fact, due to the design of the active area with two regions, the radial expansion of the contact surface shows a different behavior for higher forces than for small forces acting on the pressure sensor. Only at the beginning of an activation of the sensor, i.e. for small forces acting on the sensor, the mechanical response of the sensor is comparable to the behavior of the known sensors. During this initial activation, the inner region of the active area determines the mechanical response. Once the turn-on point of the sensor is reached, the first and second carrier foils come into physical contact such that an electrical contact may be established between electrodes and a layer of pressure sensitive material, which are typically arranged in the active area of the switching element between said first and second carrier foils.
If the force acting on the sensor further increases, the area of physical contact between the first and second carrier foil reaches the outer periphery of the inner region of the active area. Beyond this point, the mechanical response of the sensor cell is mainly determined by the shape of the outer regions of the active area, which extend outwardly from the inner region of the active area. In these outer regions, the mechanical configuration of the above described membrane model is in fact considerably different compared to the configuration of the inner region. It follows that the area of the contact surface is no longer determined y the typical quadratic dependence of the radius of the contact surface as in known sensors.
Accordingly, the pressure sensor of the present invention shows a hybrid mechanical response, which is determined by the convex shape of the inner region for small forces while the shape of the outer regions determines the mechanical response for higher forces. Such hybrid response can however be used in order to optimize the dynamic of the sensor cell. In fact, the shape and dimension of the inner region of the active area is mainly responsible for the setting of the turn-on point of the sensor cell, while the shape and size of the outer regions mainly determines the dynamic of the sensor above the turn-on point. Thus by individually adjusting the shape and dimension of the inner and outer regions of the active area, the turn-on point and the dynamic of the sensor cell can be individually adjusted. If e.g. a sensor with high turn-on point should be provided, the dimension of the inner region of the active area can be reduced. At the same time, the shape and dimension of the outer regions may be adjusted in order to provide a suitable dynamic of the sensor for the specific application of the sensor.
It will be appreciated, that the proposed design of the spacer recess results in a decoupling of the mechanical and dimensional requirements for adjusting the turn-on point from those for adjusting the dynamic of the cell. Hence, each of the two cell characteristics can be independently adjusted over a wide range without negatively affecting the respective other characteristic. It should be noted that this decoupling positively affects the possible sensor configurations. In fact, as the turn-on point of the present sensor cell may be adjusted without negatively affecting the dynamic of the cell, it is now e.g. possible to use spacers having a reduced thickness.
In known pressure sensors, the spacer recess is required to have a sufficient thickness (90 μm or higher) in order to guarantee a suitably high turn-on point despite of the required large diameter of the spacer recess. Now, with the pressure sensor of the present invention, the thickness of the spacer is no longer the limiting parameter for adjusting the turn-on point of the sensor cell. Hence, spacers having reduced thickness of less than 90 μm may be used without inevitably impair the sensor cells characteristics. This advantage enables the use of screen-printed spacers, i.e. printable glue that is applied in a screen-printing process on one of the carrier foils. The thickness of such a screen-printed spacer can under normal conditions not be as high than that of a double-sided adhesive tape, which is usually used as spacer material.
It follows that the form of the active area of the switching element of the present invention is specifically designed in order to improve the electrical response of the sensor. It will be noted that the recess in the spacer defines the form of the active area. Accordingly, the recess has to be properly shaped in order to provide the required mechanical configuration of the sensor cell. It will be appreciated that the recess can be easily provided in a screen printing process for a printed spacer or in case of a double-sided adhesive tape spacer material e.g. in a punching process.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, said inner region comprises a generally circular shape. Such a circular design confers an isotropic behavior to the sensor, which has proven to be very suitable for controlling the initial contact between the first and second carrier foil. Furthermore, a circular recess in the spacer is very easy to manufacture.
The deflection of a membrane under the action of a force propagates radially from the point of action of the force towards the outer restraining device of the membrane. It follows that the outer regions extend preferably radially from said inner region so that deflection of the membrane is not restricted at the boundary between inner and outer region of the active area.
In order to provide a generally isotropic mechanical response of the sensor cell, said outer regions are preferably equally distributed over a periphery of said inner region. In other words, the outer regions are preferably arranged so that the design of the active area shows a rotational symmetry about an axis passing by the center of the active cell. In order to increase the dynamic of the sensor cell, the degree of rotational symmetry is advantageously odd which implies that the number of said outer regions is odd, e.g. three.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the outer regions comprise a generally elongated shape. The outer regions may e.g. comprise a generally triangular shape or a generally trapezoidal shape, said outer regions converging from said inner region towards an outer periphery of said active area. Alternatively, the outer regions may comprise a generally rectangular shape.
It should be noted that the width of the outer regions of the active area is preferably chosen so as to ensure a smooth transition in the mechanical behavior between the inner and outer regions of the active area.
In one embodiment of such pressure sensors (shown in
In another embodiment of pressure sensors (shown in
It should be noted that depending on the application of the sensor cell, the electrodes may have a planar shape covering e.g. the respective carrier foil on essentially the entire active area or the electrodes may comprise a plurality of suitably shaped interconnected conductors, e.g. in a comb-like pattern or having opened circular conductors, whereby the conductors of the first and second electrodes may be arranged in an interleaving arrangement. It will further be appreciated that the layer of pressure sensitive material may have a specific design, which is adapted to the application of the sensor. In other words, the layer of pressure sensitive material may cover the respective carrier foil or electrode over essentially the entire active area or this layer may only be applied to selected regions of the active area.
During the manufacturing process, the electrodes are usually printed onto their respective carrier foil. During this printing process, the carrier foil is subject to surface tensions on the boundary to the conductive material of printed electrode. These surface tensions may lead to a deformation of the carrier foil and thus to an alteration of the cell's response. It will be appreciated that the present non-circular spacer recess design considerably reduces the effect of the deformation on the cells response.
The present invention will be more apparent from the following description of several not limiting embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, wherein
a–3b show the influence of the adjustment of the turn-on point on the dynamic of the sensor cell for a state of the art sensor (
a–4c show different embodiments for the shape of the active area of a foil-type switching element according to the present invention.
a–5b are cross sectional views of different embodiments of foil-type switching elements.
The present invention relates to a foil-type pressure sensor of the type having an electrical resistance, which varies with the amount of pressure applied. Pressure sensors of this type usually comprise a first carrier foil and a second carrier foil arranged at a certain distance from each other by means of a spacer. The spacer comprises at least one recess, which defines an active area of the switching element. At least two electrodes and a layer of pressure sensitive material are arranged within the active area of the switching element between said first and second carrier foils in such a way that, in response to a pressure acting on the active area of the switching element, the first and second carrier foils are pressed together against the reaction force of the elastic carrier foils and an electrical contact is established between the at least two electrodes via the pressure sensitive material.
Further to the inner convex region, the recess 12 of the shown spacer comprises three outer regions 18, which extend radially outwardly from the inner region 14. The outer regions 18 have a generally elongated rectangular shape and extend from the inner region 14 towards an outer periphery of the active area, which is presented by the circumscribed circle 20. The shape of the outer regions 18 and the dimension of the circumscribed circle 20 determine the dynamic of the pressure sensor.
In the shown embodiment, the outer regions are equally distributed over the periphery of the inner region 14 of the active area. It follows that the recess 12 of the spacer shows a triangular rotational symmetry.
A further advantage of the present switching element is illustrated in
a–4c shows different embodiments for the shape of the active area of a foil-type switching element according to the present invention. The outer regions 18 of the active area preferably comprise a generally elongated shape. The outer regions may e.g. comprise a generally triangular shape (
It should be noted that the width of the outer regions 18 of the active area is preferably chosen so as to ensure a smooth transition in the mechanical behavior between the inner and outer regions of the active area.
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