Patent Application
20160071431
The present disclosure relates to the field of data processing. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to food description processing.
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Historically, when gathering data from multiple sources either the various sources may need to be aware of any formatting requirements there may be for the data, or the entity performing the gathering may need to know how the data is formatted in the individual sources. If neither of the above is the case, the entity gathering the data may be limited as to how the data may be able to be utilized. Such a scenario may be exacerbated by the collection of data from users where any number of users may enter data and the users may not know, or really even care, what format the data is to be entered in. So long as the data serves the individual user's purpose, the user may be satisfied. Specifically, in scenarios where the data may concern descriptions of foods, including nutritional information, the data entered by various users may vary dramatically. As a result, an entity wishing to utilize the user entered data may have to manually modify individual user entries to conform to the desired data format or may have to live with the format of the data as the user entered it.
Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings.
Disclosed embodiments include apparatuses, methods and storage media associated with food description processing.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout, and in which is shown by way of illustration embodiments that may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of embodiments is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Aspects of the disclosure are disclosed in the accompanying description. Alternate embodiments of the present disclosure and their equivalents may be devised without parting from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. It should be noted that like elements disclosed below are indicated by like reference numbers in the drawings.
Various operations may be described as multiple discrete actions or operations in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the claimed subject matter. However, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations may not be performed in the order of presentation. Operations described may be performed in a different order than the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and/or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments.
For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A and/or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C).
The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” or “in embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous.
Referring now to
Once such a fitness plan is developed, the user may utilize client side agent 122, in conjunction with FMA 112, to monitor the user's intake of foods and/or beverages. This may be accomplished by the user entering individual food and/or beverage items that the user consumes along with quantities of these food and/or beverage items consumed. In some instances the food and/or beverage item may already have a food record in food and beverages database 114. In such instances, the user may merely select the food and/or beverage item from a list of food and/or beverage items and then enter quantity consumed. FMA agent 122, in conjunction with FMA 112, may then be configured to incorporate the consumption of the food and/or beverage item into the user's nutritional budget based upon a description of the food item in the food record of the food and beverages database 114. Such a food record may include nutritional information, such as that discussed below. In some instances the food and/or beverage item may not have an existing record, or the user may not be able to find the appropriate food record for the food and/or beverage item. In such instances, the user may enter the information that the user knows about the food including a food identifier, brand name, country of origin, a description including any nutritional information the user knows, and any additional description the user would like to enter for the food. Such information may then be incorporated into the user's nutritional budget as well as incorporated into food and beverages database 114.
In embodiments, server(s) 104, except for FMA 112 and databases 114-116, may be any one of a number of computer servers, real or virtual, known in the art, including, but not limited to, servers available from Dell Computing of Austin, Tex. or Hewlett Packard of Palo Alto, Calif. In embodiments, FMA 112 may include food data pre-processing engine 124, hereinafter referred to simply as “pre-processing engine 124.” Whereas food & beverages database 114 may include food and beverage items, including a description of the food and beverage items that may include nutrient information associated with the food and beverage items, as well as recipes and ingredient items. Examples of nutrient information may include, but are not limited to, amounts of protein; sugar; various fats, including trans-fat, saturated fat, etc.; sodium; carbohydrates, both complex and simple; calcium, various vitamins and/or calories per serving. In some embodiments, server(s) 104 may represent a cloud computing environment where each of FMA 112, pre-processing engine 124, food and beverages database 114, and user database 116 may reside, individually or in any combination, on servers, real or virtual, of the cloud computing environment.
As discussed above, in some embodiments, a user may enter information regarding a food and/or beverage item to be incorporated into the user's nutritional budget. This user entered information may also be incorporated into food and beverages database 114 and may enable food and beverages database 114 to grow through user entered information. Such user entered information may be referred to as crowd-sourced information. A problem with this user entered information is that it may not be formatted in a manner consistent with other food records contained within food and beverages database 114. In some embodiments, such inconsistently entered information may result in a number of duplicate food records for the same food and/or beverage item. In addition, the inconsistency of the information may make it difficult for a user to find a specific food and/or beverage item that is contained within the database, and, as a result, the user may enter duplicate, or nearly duplicate, information and lose any efficiency that would be gained by utilizing the previously entered information. To combat such inconsistently entered food and/or beverage information, pre-processing engine 124 may be configured to process the user entered food and/or beverage information to standardize and/or normalize the information before entry of the information as a food record in food and beverages database 114
In embodiments, client device 102 may be any one of a number of stationary or portable electronic devices known in the art, including, but not limited to, desktop computers (e.g. those available from Dell Computing of Austin, Tex.), smartphones, computing tablets, laptop computers, electronic readers, personal digital assistants, and so forth, such as Galaxy S4 from Samsung Electronics of Seoul, Korea, or iPad from Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif. In embodiments, one or more portable computing devices 102 may be a wearable computing device, e.g., a smart watch, smart eyeglasses (e.g., Google Glass from Google of Mountain View, Calif.), and so forth. In embodiments, FMA agent 122 may be a web-based application configured to operate in a generic browser, such as Internet Explorer, available from Microsoft Corp., of Redmond, Wash., or Safari from Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif. In other embodiments, FMA agent 122 may be a stand-alone client side application, e.g., a mobile app configured to run on a smartphone such as, for example, a mobile app available through the App Store from Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif.
In embodiments, client device 102 and server(s) 104 may be communicatively coupled with one another via communication link 106 over one or more wired and/or wireless, private and/or public networks, including the Internet. Client device 102 and server(s) 104 may be configured with the appropriate networking communication interfaces. An example of a wired communication interface may include, but is not limited to, Ethernet, while examples of wireless communication interfaces may include, but are not limited to, near field communication (NFC), Bluetooth, WiFi, 4G or 5G LTE. In between the communication interfaces of client devices 102 and server(s) 104 may be any number of gateways, routers, switches, based stations, and so forth.
Hereinafter, for ease of description, including the claims, the term “food” will be used to mean “food and/or beverage,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
In some embodiments, at block 204 the pre-processing engine may analyze the description to determine whether the description contains a brand name. This may be accomplished by the pre-processing engine tokenizing the description, including any brand name the description may contain. As used herein, tokenizing may refer to the process of dividing the text of the description into smaller components, or tokens, to be processed. The tokens may be individual characters, words, groups of words (e.g., every three words), or groups of characters (e.g., every five characters).
Once the description has been tokenized it may be processed by the pre-processing engine to standardize the description. This may be accomplished, for example, by the pre-processing engine removing special characters, spaces, etc. from the description. A list of normalized brand names, which may be stored, for example, as a table in the food and beverages database, may then be retrieved by the pre-processing engine which may then tokenize and standardize the list of normalized brand names in the same manner as the description. Standardizing the list of normalized brand names in the same manner as the description may enable a more accurate search of the description for the normalized brand names. In some embodiments, each brand name in the list of normalized brand names may also have commonly used non-normalized brand names associated therewith. For example, if the normalized brand name is McDonald's, then the non-normalized brand names associated therewith may be Mcdonalds, McDonalds, McDonald, etc. In such embodiments, the non-normalized brand names may also be standardized in the same manner as the normalized brand names.
Once the description, normalized brand names, and, in some embodiments, the non-normalized brand names associated with the normalized brand names, have been tokenized and standardized, the individual tokens of the normalized and non-normalized brand names may be searched to determine whether the description contains a brand name (e.g., through a hashing process). If an exact match to one of the normalized or non-normalized brand names is not found, then, in some embodiments, the process may proceed to determine if a brand name within a threshold of similarity is contained within the description. This procedure may also result in the correction of brand names that may be misspelled by the user. For example, misspelled brand “P. F. Chnag's” will fall within the threshold of similarity of the brand “P. F. Chang's”, and may be corrected in the process. The threshold of similarity may, in some embodiments, be based on a Damerau-Levenshtein distance analysis which may provide a count of the number of operations it would take to transform one or more tokens of the description into one of the normalized or non-normalized brand names. Such a count may commonly be referred to as a distance, or modified edit distance, between the one or more tokens and the normalized or non-normalized brand name. If the distance between the normalized or non-normalized brand names and the one or more tokens of the description are within a predefined distance from one another, then the one or more tokens may be determined to be within a threshold of similarity to the normalized or the non-normalized brand name. In such an instance, the determination in block 204 may be in the affirmative and the process may proceed to block 206. In other embodiments, such an analysis may be accomplished using a Jaccard index, or Jaccard coefficient analysis, which may take the one or more tokens and determine a measure of the overlap. An example of such an analysis is discussed further below in reference to
At block 206, the one or more tokens may be extracted from the description. In some embodiments, this extraction may include the extraction of one or more additional tokens either before or after the one or more tokens of the brand name. For example, if the description states “sandwich from McDonalds” the “from” contained in the description may be extracted in addition to the brand name. In some embodiments, such additional tokens may be automatically extracted by designating that a token leading into a brand name and/or a token following a brand name are to be extracted along with the brand name. In other embodiments, the tokens before and after the brand name may be analyzed to determine if the word is a common leading or trailing word (e.g., a preposition) to be extracted. Such common leading or trailing words may be contained in a list of leading and/or trailing words stored, for example, in a table of the food and beverages database. In some embodiments, the normalized brand name that is within a threshold of similarity may be associated with the description to be recorded as the brand name for the description being processed (e.g., brand name of food record 1 of
At block 208, in some embodiments, the brand name extracted from the description may be replaced with a descriptive name. For example, if the normalized brand name is “French's” the extracted brand name may be replaced with a descriptive name, such as mustard. Such a descriptive name may be associated with the normalized brand name via the table of normalized brand names, for example, discussed above. It will be appreciated, that block 208 may be optional and, as a result, may be omitted in some embodiments. At block 210, the normalized brand name may be stored, for example as part of a food record in food and beverages database 114 of
At block 212, pre-processing engine may process the description to generate a standardized and/or normalized description for the food item. This may be accomplished by first standardizing the description of the food item for processing. Such standardization may begin by cleaning the description. Such a cleaning may include the removal of stop words designated, for example, by a list of stop words contained within a table of the food and beverages database. The cleaning may also include the removal of punctuation or special characters from the description. In addition, the cleaning process may include the removal of any unnecessary delimiters, such as, for example, removal of consecutive spaces. In some embodiments, the cleaning may also include removal of “bad” keywords that may be defined, for example, in a table of bad keywords stored in the food and beverages database. Such bad keywords may be for example, profanities, vulgarities, etc.
Once the description has undergone the above cleaning process, the description may be further standardized and/or normalized by removing any usernames from the description. As used herein, standardized may refer to standardization of a single instance of a description independent of any other description instances, while normalized may refer to normalization of a single instance with respect to other description instances contained with a set of description instances (e.g., with respect to the clusters discussed below or with respect to other records within the food and beverages database). This may be accomplished by utilizing a user database (e.g., user database 116 of
Process 300 may begin at block 302 where pre-processing engine may determine whether an existing food record contains an exact duplicate description for the same food item. This may be accomplished by taking the standardized and/or normalized description and constructing n-grams (or k-shingles) from the standardized or normalized description. As used herein, n-grams may be a contiguous sequence of n items from the description. The items may be phonemes, syllables, letters, words, etc. K-shingles on the other hand, may refer to k contiguous subsequences of the n-grams. For example, consider a food item ‘A’ where the standardized description of food item A is “Chicken sandwich with white onions and peppers.” A three shingle set for food item A may be {[Chicken, sandwich, with], [sandwich, with, white], [with, white, onions], [onions, and, peppers]}. If a food record already exists that contains an exact duplicate description, (e.g., has the exact same shingle set as food item A) then the process may proceed to block 312 where process 300 may end and the description being stored may be discarded. If an existing food record does not contain an exact duplicate description, then the process may proceed to block 304.
At block 304, pre-processing engine may determine whether an existing food record contains a description for a food item that is within a threshold of similarity of the description of the food item being processed. The threshold of similarity may, as described above in reference to the brand name analysis, be based on a Damerau-Levenshtein distance analysis which may provide a count of the number of operations it would take to transform the description being processed into a description of an existing food record. Such a count may commonly be referred to as a distance between the description being processed and the description of the existing food record. If the distance between the description being processed and the description of the existing food record are within a predefined distance from one another, then the description being processed and the description of the existing food record may be determined to be within a threshold of similarity to one another. In such an instance, the determination in block 304 may be in the affirmative and the process may proceed to block 308. In other embodiments, this may be accomplished utilizing a Jaccard index, or Jaccard coefficient analysis, which may be depicted by the equation
where A may be the shingle set of A and B may be the shingle set of B. In such an embodiment, returning to the above example, consider a food item ‘B’ where the standardized description of food item B is “Chicken sandwich with onions and peppers.” A three shingle set for food item B may be {[Chicken, sandwich, with], [sandwich, with, onion], [with, onions, and], [onions, and, peppers]}. Utilizing the Jaccard coefficient analysis yields
In addition, the Damerau-Levenshtein distance between food item A and food item B would be 5, because the two descriptions are identical other than the word “white” which would attribute 5 characters to the Damerau-Levenshtein distance. If the threshold of similarity is, for example, 0.4, for the Jaccard coefficient example, or, for example 8, for the Damerau-Levenshtein example, then the determination of block 304 may be in the affirmative and the processing may proceed to block 308. If, however, the determination of block 304 is in the negative, then the process may proceed to block 306 where the description, along with brand, country, etc. may be stored into a new food record of the food and beverages database. After the description of the food item being processed is stored at block 306, the process may proceed to block 312 where the process may end.
At block 308 pre-processing engine may make a determination as to whether the description for the food item being processed contains additional information not contained within the description of the existing record. For example, a user may have previously entered a description omitting the amount of sodium contained within a serving of the food item and the description being processed may contain this information. If the description for the food item being processed does not contain additional information, then the process may proceed to block 312 where the process may end. If, however, the description for the food item being processed does contain additional information, then the process may proceed to block 310 where the pre-processing engine may either merge the additional information into the description contained within the existing record or replace the existing record with the description of the food item being processed. The description being processed and the description of the existing record may be merged, for instance, by incorporating the additional information contained within the description being processed into the description of the existing record. Returning to the example above, such a merge may be accomplished by adding the amount of sodium contained within the description being processed to the description of the existing record. Once procedure 310 is complete, the process may proceed to block 312 where the process may end.
Process 400 may begin at block 402 where pre-processing engine may determine whether an existing food record contains an exact duplicate description for the same food item. This may be accomplished in a similar manner to that described above in reference to process 302 of
At block 404, pre-processing engine may determine whether an existing food record contains a description for a food item that is within a threshold of similarity of the description of the food item being processed. As discussed above in reference to
At block 408, a score for the description being processed may be determined. Such a score may be based on any factor that may be utilized to prioritize the description being processed. For example, the score may be based on additional information contained within the description being processed; the number of times the description being processed has been logged by a user; a measure of reliability of the source of the description (e.g., if the description were acquired from the FDA); the number of times the description being processed has appeared in the top results of recent searches, etc. Once a score for the description has been determined the process may proceed to block 410.
At block 410, a determination may be made as to whether the score calculated at block 408 is greater than the score of the current candidate record for the cluster associated with the existing record having a description within a threshold of similarity with the description being processed. If the score of the description being processed is less than, or equal to, the score of the current candidate record, then the process may proceed to block 412 where the description being processed, along with country, brand name, etc. may be added as a new record to the cluster. If, however the score of the description being processed is greater than the score of the current candidate record, then the process may proceed to block 414 where the description being processed, along with country, brand name, etc. may be added as a new record to the cluster and the new record may be set as the new candidate record for the cluster. Once the processing at block 414 has concluded, the process may proceed to block 416 where the process may end.
Referring now to
Each of these elements may perform its conventional functions known in the art. In particular, when used as server(s) 104, system memory 704 and mass storage devices 706 may be employed to store a working copy and a permanent copy of the programming instructions implementing the operations associated with fitness management application 112 and pre-processing engine 124 of
The permanent copy of the programming instructions may be placed into permanent storage devices 706 in the factory, or in the field, through, for example, a distribution medium (not shown), such as a compact disc (CD), or through communication interface 710 (from a distribution server (not shown)). That is, one or more distribution media having an implementation of the agent program may be employed to distribute the agent and program various computing devices.
The number, capability and/or capacity of these elements 710-712 may vary, depending on whether computer 700 is used as server(s) 104 or client device 102. When used as client device 102, computing device 700 may be a smartphone, computing tablet, e-reader, ultrabook, or laptop. Otherwise, the constitutions of elements 710-712 are known, and accordingly will not be further described.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the disclosed embodiments of the disclosed device and associated methods without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure covers the modifications and variations of the embodiments disclosed above provided that the modifications and variations come within the scope of any claims and their equivalents.
