Patent Grant
7210249
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to footwear. More particularly, the present invention relates to a filter system that prevents water, other liquids, and particulates from obstructing the operation of components located within an article of footwear.
2. Description of Background Art
The principal objectives of modern athletic footwear design are to minimize weight while maximizing comfort, cushioning, stability, and durability. In order to meet this goal, footwear designers use a broad range of materials, shoe design techniques, and shoe making methods. The basic design of athletic footwear, however, remains largely uniform.
Typical athletic footwear includes two primary elements, an upper and a sole. Usually formed of leather, synthetic materials, or a combination thereof, the purpose of the upper is to comfortably secure the wearer's foot to the sole while providing necessary ventilation. Attached to the upper is the sole. The sole ordinarily has a multi-layer construction which includes an insole, midsole, and outsole. The insole commonly consists of a thin padded member placed within the upper to enhance shoe comfort. The midsole forms the middle layer of the sole and typically includes a resilient foam material that cushions the foot from the impact forces of running, walking, or other movement. The outsole is usually formed of a durable material, such as synthetic or natural rubber, to resist wear during use. In many cases, the outsole incorporates a textured surface to enhance traction.
An alternate midsole construction, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,183,156 (patented Jan. 15, 1980 to Marion F. Rudy), incorporated by reference, includes a midsole component in which cushioning is provided by a fluid-filled bladder formed of elastomeric materials. The bladder includes a plurality of tubular chambers which extend longitudinally through the length of an article of footwear. The various tubular chambers are in fluid communication and jointly extend across the width of the footwear. U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,945 (patented Sep. 2, 1980 to Marion F. Rudy), incorporated by reference, discloses a fluid-filled bladder encapsulated within a foam material. The combination of the bladder and the encapsulating foam material functions as a midsole. An upper may be cemented to the upper surface of the encapsulating foam material and an outsole may be affixed to the lower surface.
The fluid-filled bladders disclosed in the '156 and '945 patents utilize a gas with a large molecular size that cannot diffuse through the bladder walls. In contrast, other bladder devices, including the bladders disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,912,861 (patented Apr. 3, 1990 to Ing-Chung Huang); U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,382 (patented Aug. 9, 1994 to Yin-Jun Huang); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,937,462 (patented Aug. 17, 1999 to Ing-Chung Huang), which are incorporated by reference, use ambient air as the inflation gas. Unlike a gas with a large molecular size, air diffuses through bladder walls. Accordingly, those bladders that use air as an inflation gas frequently include pumps or other inflation devices to inflate the bladder with air. In addition, such bladders include valves that prevent the air from escaping through the inlet.
Over time, water and a variety of particulates, including dust, dirt, small rocks, plants, cleaning solutions, oils, cosmetics, and paint, may enter bladders, pumps, and valves in systems that include ambient air inlets. The bladders, pumps, and valves may, therefore, develop particulate deposits or mold growths that detrimentally affect performance of the bladder pumping system or the valves that prevent air from escaping. Accordingly, the art requires an improved ambient air-filled bladder that prevents substantial amounts of liquids and particulates from entering the bladder and detrimentally affecting bladder performance.
The present invention relates to an article of footwear for receiving a foot of a wearer. The article of footwear includes an upper for covering at least a portion of the wearer's foot, a sole structure attached to the upper, and an air-filled bladder in fluid communication with ambient air and attached to the article of footwear. In addition, the footwear includes a filter in fluid communication with the bladder and ambient air, the filter being structured to permit ambient air to enter the bladder and restrict liquids and particulates from entering the bladder.
In one embodiment, the filter is located on the outer surface of the footwear and a bladder is located in the sole structure. As the wearer walks or runs, air passes through the filter and the bladder is inflated. The purpose of the filter is to prevent liquids and particulates from entering the system, thereby adversely affecting the aesthetic properties of the footwear and the mechanical properties of the bladder and other components. For example, dust and water may collect in portions of the bladder that are visible, thereby detracting from the aesthetic properties of the footwear. Furthermore, deposits of liquids and particulates may prevent components of the invention from functioning properly.
A variety of materials may be used for the filter, including polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, high density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, and ceramic filter materials. In order to assist in preventing water and other liquids from entering the system, the filter may be both hydrophobic and oleophobic. A perforated layer of material may be placed over exterior portions of the filter to protect and support the filter.
Various advantages and features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and objects obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the invention.
Referring to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, an article of footwear in accordance with the present invention is disclosed. The figures illustrate only the article of footwear intended for use on the right foot of a wearer. One skilled in the art will recognize that a left article of footwear, such article being the mirror image of the right, is included within the scope of the present invention.
As depicted in
Sole structure 120, as depicted in
In addition to upper 110 and sole structure 120, footwear 100 includes a plurality of components that may be arranged in a plurality of configurations. In a first embodiment, described in detail below, the components combine to form a system having an ambient air-filled bladder that provides enhanced shock-absorbing properties to footwear 100. In a second embodiment, an alternate method of providing enhanced shock-absorbing properties is disclosed. In a third embodiment, also described below, the components combine to form a system that ventilates a foot received within upper 110.
With regard to the first embodiment, depicted in
The purpose of the various components of the first embodiment are to inflate bladder 190 with air, thereby providing midsole 122 with enhanced shock-absorbing properties. When worn by an individual, during running for example, footwear 100 repetitively contacts the playing surface and, following each contact, disengages from the playing surface. When in contact with the playing surface pump 160 is compressed by the weight of the wearer. As footwear 100 disengages from the playing surface, pump 160 returns to an uncompressed configuration, thereby decreasing the pressure within pump 160 below the atmospheric pressure. The pressure differential between pump 160 and the atmosphere draws air through filter structure 130 and into first conduit 140. The air then passes through first valve 150 and enters pump 160, thereby equalizing the pressure between pump 160 and the atmosphere. When outsole 123 again makes contact with the playing surface, the force of the wearer's body compresses pump 160 and increases the pressure of the air in pump 160. Due to the increased pressure, air is forced into second conduit 170, passes through second valve 180, and enters bladder 190. Note that first valve 150 permits air to pass from first conduit 140 into pump 160, but prevents air from exiting in the opposite direction. Similarly, second valve 180 permits the passage of air into bladder 190, but prevents the passage of air in the opposite direction. In this manner, bladder 190 is placed in fluid communication with ambient air through filter structure 130, which is also in fluid communication with ambient air.
As noted above, pump 160 returns to an uncompressed configuration when footwear 100 disengages from the playing surface. When incorporated into midsole 122, the expansion of midsole 122 following compression may provide a means that is sufficient to return pump 160 to an uncompressed configuration. Further means, however, may be necessary in situations where midsole 122 is not sufficient to return pump 160 to an uncompressed configuration or where pump 160 is not located in a midsole. The further means may include a spring or element of foam that is positioned within pump 160. In addition, the further means may rely upon the inherent tendency of pump 160 to return to the uncompressed state.
Other configurations, which use similar components may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, first valve 150 may be located adjacent to pump 160 or inside pump 160. In another alternate configuration, a third conduit 141 may be added such that air must pass through third conduit 141 before passing through filter structure 130, as depicted in
Filter structure 130 prevents water, other liquids, and a variety of particulates from hindering the operation of various system components, such as first valve 150, pump 160, and second valve 180, and bladder 190. If permitted to enter the system, particulates, for example, could collect around first valve 150 such that air is permitted to freely return from pump 160 to filter structure 130, thereby escaping to the atmosphere and decreasing the resulting pressure in bladder 190. In addition, water and particulates could collect in bladder 190 and become visible from the exterior of footwear 100, thereby decreasing the aesthetic properties of footwear 100. If water were permitted to enter bladder 190 or other portions of the system, the weight of footwear 100 may be increased significantly. Furthermore, particulates may act as an abrasive that wears away portion of the system, thereby decreasing durability. Accordingly, filter structure 130 acts to prevent the entry of liquids and particulates that may have a detrimental effect upon the system.
With reference to
In order to provide protection to filter 134 and permit filter 134 to have a sufficient surface area, first sheet 131 and intermediate sheet 133 may be bonded to the perimeter of filter 134. This configuration permits air to pass through perforations 135a in first sheet 131, pass between first sheet 131 and filter 134, and then pass through filter 134 and perforations 135b , thereby increasing the effective area of filter 134 beyond that which is directly exposed by perforations 135a . Filter 134 may also have a corrugated configuration so as to facilitate air flow to all portions of filter 134 and effectively increase the surface area of filter 134.
Perforations 135 may be a plurality of small holes or a lesser number of large holes in first sheet 131 and intermediate sheet 133. To ensure that air passes freely through at least a portion of filter 134, perforations 135a may be aligned with perforations 135b . In addition to providing a means for air to contact-filter 134, perforations 135a may also act as a coarse filter to prevent larger objects and particulates from contacting, and thereby damaging, filter 134. A screen, which may be formed of a porous material, a fabric, or a foam, may be attached to the exterior of filter structure 130 if filter 134 requires additional protection.
The materials from which filter 134 may be formed should conform to general concepts that relate to air flow rate, water entry pressure, particulate size, and operating temperature. With regard to air flow rate, filter 134 should permit air to flow at a rate that sufficiently inflates pump 160 between successive strides of the wearer. That is, filter 134 should exhibit a minimum air flow rate that permits pump 160 to expand from a state of complete compression by drawing air through filter 134 during each discrete time interval in which pump 160 is not compressed. For example, the time interval may be when the wearer's foot is not in contact with a playing surface during a single stride of the wearer. As such, the variables upon which the minimum air flow rate depend are the time between successive strides of the wearer and the volume of pump 160. Any filter material that permits the passage of air may be configured to exhibit the minimum air flow rate given a sufficiently large filter area. For example, a substantial portion of the exterior of upper 110 could be comprised of a filter material that is in fluid communication with bladder 190. An exemplary, practical filter area, however, would be within the range of 0.1 and 1 square inches. As one skilled in the art will recognize, particulate deposits or the presence of liquids on the exterior of filter 134 may inhibit air flow. Accordingly, the considerations discussed above should be adjusted to account for decreased air flow due to the presence of foreign materials.
In addition to a minimum air flow rate, filter 134 should be selected to have a minimum water entry pressure that prevents the passage of water at a pressure differential equal to the vacuum pressure created by the expansion of pump 160. As pump 160 expands, a vacuum is created within pump 160, first conduit 140, and recess 136. The pressure differential on opposite sides of filter 134 acts to draw air into recess 136. In addition, the pressure differential may induce the passage of liquids that are present on the exterior of filter 134. As such, a filter material should be selected with a water entry pressure that prevents water from passing through filter 134 at a pressure differential equal to the vacuum pressure created by the expansion of pump 160. A greater water entry pressure, however, may be more desirable. For example, the wearer of footwear 100 may step into a puddle or immerse footwear 100 in a lake or pool. In these situations, the static pressure of the water on the exterior of filter 134 in combination with the vacuum pressure may create a pressure differential that is significantly greater than the pressure differential created by vacuum pressure alone. Accordingly, a filter that prevents the entry of water at pressures greater than the vacuum pressure of pump 160 may be necessary to prevent the passage of water in many circumstances. Note that air flow rate and water entry pressure are generally inversely related. As such, a filter material having a high water entry pressure typically has a low air flow rate. One skilled in the art may reconcile these competing concerns.
The material selected for filter 134 should also block particulates that may decrease the aesthetics of footwear 100 or be detrimental to the performance of first valve 150, second valve 170, or pump 160, including dust, dirt, small rocks, plants, cosmetics, food, and paint. In general, the smallest visible particle has a size of approximately 50 microns; bacteria ranges in size from 0.4 microns to 11 microns; and certain endotoxins average 0.01 microns. As with water entry pressure, an inverse relationship also exists between the particulate size that may freely pass through a filter material and the air flow rate. As with water entry pressure, however, a filter material that blocks relatively small particles typically has a low air flow rate. Again, one skilled in the art may reconcile these competing concerns. With respect to the present invention, an adequate particulate blockage size may range from 1 to 3 microns.
With respect to water and other liquids, it is desirable that filter 134 be both hydrophobic and oleophobic. In other words, filter 134 should repel water and oil that may build up on the outer surface. Liquids that adhere to the outer surface may block pores that would otherwise permit air to pass. In addition, such liquids are likely to be drawn into the system when the minimum water entry pressure is exceeded. A filter material that repels water and oil will, therefore, be less likely to draw water or oil into the system.
Finally, filter 134 should operate under a variety of environmental conditions. In general, the criteria relating to water entry pressure should be sufficient to prevent water from entering the bladder system during rain or snow conditions. In addition, filter 134 should be able to function properly following exposure to temperature extremes, perhaps ranging from negative 10 degrees Fahrenheit to positive 175 degrees Fahrenheit.
One suitable material for filter 134 is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which is disposed on a substrate material. PTFE exhibits the required characteristics and is suitably durable when attached to a substrate such as non-woven polyester. A variation upon the standard formulation of PTFE is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) which is manufactured by, for example, W.L. Gore & Associates. In addition to PTFE, other suitable materials for filter 134 include high density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, and certain ceramic filter materials. Knit materials, woven materials, nonwoven materials, laminate structures consisting of one or more differing filter materials, and paper may also be suitable. In addition, filter structure 130 may be formed of a solid, porous material.
First conduit 140 provides a means for air to pass from recess 136 to pump 160. As depicted in
As noted, first valve 150 may be a one-way or two-way valve. The primary function of first valve 150 is to prevent the flow of air from pump 160 to filter 134. Under some circumstances, it may be desirable to limit the pressure within pump 160. Accordingly, a two-way valve that permits air to flow from pump 160 to filter 134 only after a predetermined pressure is achieved within pump 160 may be used.
The length of first conduit 140 must be sufficient to connect filter structure 130 with pump 160. As depicted in
Pump 160 includes a first sheet 161, a second sheet 162, an inlet 163, and an outlet 164. One purpose of pump 160 is to provide a volume of less than ambient pressure air that draws air through filter structure 130 and, thereafter, through inlet 163. The volume of less than ambient pressure air is created when first sheet 161 and second sheet 162 are separated as midsole 122 expands. As midsole 122 disengages from the playing surface, the compressive force decreases, and midsole 122 expands. The expansion of midsole 122 forces first sheet 161 and second sheet 162 to separate, thereby creating the volume of less than ambient pressure air. A second purpose of pump 160 is to provide an increase in pressure that forces air to exit pump 160 through outlet 164 and, thereafter, enter bladder 190. As midsole 122 contacts the playing surface and is compressed, the volume between first sheet 161 and second sheet 162 is decreased, thereby creating a volume of compressed air that exits pump 160 through outlet 164 and passes into bladder 190. Note that air will only pass into bladder 190 when the pressure of the air in pump 160 exceeds the pressure of the air in bladder 190. As noted above, other methods may be used to expand pump 160.
The air flow rate required of filter 134 may be dependent upon the volume of pump 160. In addition, the portion of first conduit 140 that is between first valve 150 and inlet 163 may also be added into the volume of pump 160. When midsole 122 is compressed, the air in this portion of first conduit 140 is also compressed, thereby adding to the pumping action of pump 160. Similarly, the portion of second conduit 170 that is between outlet 164 and second valve 180 may also be added into the volume of pump 160.
Pump 160 and bladder 190 may be manufactured, for example, using a two-film, blow molding, or vacuum forming technique. If manufactured through a two-film technique, bladder 190 may include a first sheet 191, a second sheet 192, and an inlet 193 that connects with second conduit 170. In the two-film technique, two separate layers of elastomeric film are placed one on top of the other and welded together along the periphery and at predetermined interior areas. Examples of such bladders and the conventional welding technique may be found in the '156 and '945 Rudy patents.
One advantage of the two-film technique is that it may be used to integrally form many components of the system being discussed, including portions of filter structure 130, first conduit 140, pump 160, second conduit 170, and bladder 190. In accordance with the two-film technique, elements such as intermediate sheet 133, filter 134, and valves 150 and 180 are placed between two layers of elastomeric material which are then welded using, for example, one or more radio frequency welding operations. Following the welding operation, excess portions of the layers may be trimmed and the integrally formed components may be incorporated into footwear 100. Note that the two-film technique produces a system wherein first sheet 131, first sheet 161, and first sheet 191 may be formed from the first layer of the two-film technique. Alternatively, intermediate sheet 133, first sheet 161, and first sheet 191 may be formed from the first layer of the two-film technique. Similarly, second sheet 132, second sheet 162, and second sheet 192 may be formed from the second layer of the two-film technique. This continuity decreases the number of joints and connections between various components, thereby increasing the durability of the system.
Bladder 190 may also be manufactured through a blow-molding technique wherein a liquefied elastomeric material is placed in a mold having the desired overall shape and configuration of bladder 190. The mold has an opening at one location through which pressurized air is introduced. The pressurized air forces the liquefied elastomeric material against the inner surfaces of the mold and causes the material to harden. Examples of blow-molding techniques are disclosed in the '861, '382, and '462 patents to Huang, U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,459 to Potter et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,719 to Potter, which are incorporated by reference. The '719 patent discloses a technique for forming footwear bladders from separate sheets. U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,001 to Potter, which is also incorporated by reference, discloses a footwear bladder and bladder manufacturing technique wherein outer film layers are sealed together around their perimeters and are internally connected to one another by one or more internal sheets which act as tensile members. Other manufacturing techniques may also be used.
The material forming bladder 190 preferably prevents substantial quantities of air from diffusing through first sheet 191 and second sheet 192, thereby ensuring that bladder 190 remains inflated. Limited diffusion, however, may occur as the system of the first embodiment will replace escaped quantities of air. In addition, the material of bladder 190 should remain pliable and durable at both high and low operating temperatures. Suitable materials include those disclosed in the '156 and '945 patents to Rudy. One preferred material is thermoplastic polyurethane.
The location of bladder 190, as depicted in
In an exemplar system of the type discussed with reference to the first embodiment, filter 134 was formed of an expanded PTFE filter material having an area of 0.88 square inches. This area of filter 134 was sufficient to provide an air flow rate that inflated a pump 160 having a volume of 17 cubic centimeters. In turn, the volume of pump 160 was sufficient to fully inflate a bladder 190 having a volume of 63 cubic centimeters. Duckbill check valves manufactured by Vernay were used in both the first and second conduits 140 and 170.
The purpose of this embodiment is to disclose an alternate means of inflating a bladder, in this case bladder 190a, to a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. When footwear 100a is not in contact with the playing surface, midsole 122a and pump 160a are fully expanded. In this state, pump 160a becomes filled with air which is at approximately atmospheric pressure. When footwear 100a contacts the playing surface, the foot of the wearer covers filter 134a such that air may neither enter nor exit pump 160a. As impact forces compress midsole 122a, thereby compressing pump 160a, the pressure of the air within pump 160a increases and air passes through conduit 170a and valve 180a, thereby entering bladder 190a. When footwear 100a is lifted from the playing surface, the wearer's foot uncovers filter 134a, air enters pump 160a, and the process may repeat. Note that valve 180a prevents air from exiting bladder 190a.
The third embodiment, depicted in
Numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been described in detail in the foregoing description with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the disclosure is illustrative only and the present invention is not limited to the precise illustrated embodiment. Various changes and modifications may be effected therein by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention.
This non-provisional U.S. patent application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/887,523, now abandoned which was filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Jun. 21, 2001 and entitled Footwear With Bladder Filter, such prior U.S. patent Application being entirely incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4183156 | Rudy | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4219945 | Rudy | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4670995 | Huang | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4722131 | Huang | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4724627 | Sisco | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4776110 | Shiang | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4835883 | Tetrault et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4888887 | Solow | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4912861 | Huang | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4995173 | Spier | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5193246 | Huang | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5335382 | Huang | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5355552 | Huang | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5477626 | Kwon | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5505010 | Fukuoka | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5558395 | Huang | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5669161 | Huang | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5826349 | Goss | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5830553 | Huang | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5937462 | Huang | Aug 1999 | A |
| 6161240 | Huang | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6247248 | Clark | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1074193 | Feb 2001 | EP |
| 2614510 | Apr 1987 | FR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050132606 A1 | Jun 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09887523 | Jun 2001 | US |
| Child | 11053697 | US |
