Formicidae (ant) control using Bacillus thuringiensis toxin

Abstract

A composition and method for killing fire ants is disclosed that includes the purified and activated Cry toxin from a novel strain of Bacillus thuringiensis, wherein the water soluble, partially purified, activated toxin is provided along with an attractant to kill the imported fire ant using a biodegradable, environmentally sound glycoprotein without a need for toxic chemicals.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods and compositions for controlling populations of Hymenopteran insect pests in the Formicidae (ant) family using a novel Bacillus thuringiensis (“BT”) toxin and preparation. In particular, the invention relates to effective methods of controlling populations of various fire ants of the family Solenopsis using a BT toxin effective in killing fire ants, and a novel strain of BT producing such toxin.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with uses of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins as fire ant biocidal agents as an example. The imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta , is an introduced species that arrived in Mobile, Ala. from South America around the 1930s. The imported fire ant has spread rapidly across the southern United States and continues to expand into areas of North America with mild climates and adequate moisture and food.

The imported fire ant is an agriculturally and medically important pest harmful to domestic animals, wildlife and humans. Fire ants particularly threaten obligate ground dwelling species and young animals of all species. The imported fire ant is thought to be responsible for the decline of several native species. Proliferation of the imported fire ant has been largely unchecked due to the absence of predators, pathogens and parasites that control its numbers in its native environment. The fire ant typically causes painful stings in humans and more severe reactions may occur in allergic individuals. High densities of fire ants have been responsible for damage to roads, pastures, and electrical and mechanical equipment. The recent appearance of multiple queen colonies has made control of fire ant populations even more difficult. An effective compound and method for control of fire ant populations that is safe to users and consumers is urgently needed.

Past attempts at fire ant control have involved the highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons heptachlor, dieldrin, and Mirex. The EPA has outlawed the use of these highly toxic albeit relatively effective compounds for all but exceptional applications. The most commonly used modern control methods used include the chemicals hydramethylnon, avermectin, and the synthetic insect growth regulator fenoxycarb. These compounds must be regularly reapplied and have not been able to significantly impact severe fire ant infestations or to control further spread. The search for control methods is now being conducted in the areas of sterile insect release and the introduction of natural enemies, both of which are only potential solutions with uncertain outcomes.

Bacillus thuringiensis (“BT”) is the genus and species of a large number of strains of gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria which, under certain conditions, form a parasporal crystal comprised of insecticidal protein toxin (Bulla, et al., Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 8:147-204, (1980); Höfte and Whitely, Microbiol Rev (1989) 53:242, (1989). The toxin itself is a glycoprotein product of cry genes (“Cry” is used to denote the protein; “cry” is used to denote the gene) as described by Höfte (Id.) Because the effects of the various Cry proteins are mediated by binding to unique receptors, the species specificity of a given BT toxin is typically quite limited as exemplified by the original classification proposed by Höfte (Id.): CryI (Lepidopteran specific); CryII (Lepidopteran and Dipteran specific); CryIII (Coleoptera specific); and CryIV (Diptera specific). The BT toxins function in the brush border of insect midgut epithelial cells and, although highly insecticidal to certain insects, are non-toxic to other organisms lacking toxin binding receptors (Gill, S. S. et al. Ann. Rev. Entomol (1992) 37:615).

Keen interest in BT toxins over the last 30 years has resulted in the isolation of more than 100 different BT crystal protein genes and the development of bioinsecticides for the control of insect species in the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera and Mallophaga and against nematodes, mites and protozoa (Schnepf et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev . (1998) 62(3):775). BT toxin in various forms now accounts for 90% of the world sales of non-chemical insecticides.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,260,058, 5,268,297, 5,596,071 and 5,824,792, disclose processes and compositions for controlling pharoah ants ( Monomorium pharaonis ) using toxin containing bacterial cells of various BT strains. Although these toxins are alleged to be effective against all Hymenoptera and all ants, no testing beyond the pharoah ant was performed. Further, the protoxins of this invention were much larger (120-140 kD) than that described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Prior to this invention, no BT toxins have been reported that are known to be effective in controlling fire ants, nor are any BT toxins commercially available for this indication. What is needed is a biocidal composition that is effective in controlling populations of the fire ant, yet is not toxic to non-insect organisms. Such a biocide would have broad applicability including the agricultural, domestic, environmental and biomedical arenas. For this reason a BT toxin effective in killing fire ants would be particularly desirable.

Fire ants are omnivorous, although a large portion of their diet comprises invertebrates which the fire ants sting and kill. They also feed on dead animal and plant tissues, seeds, developing and ripe fruits, and are attracted to honeydew and sap flows. They are attracted to sugars, certain amino acids, ions in solution, and to some oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in these food sources.

Worker ants can only consume liquid foods, and nearly half of the resources that are returned to the nest are in the form of liquids. Liquids consumed and stored by the foraging workers are fed to other workers through trophallaxis. Once the worker arrives back at the colony, the oils are slowly transferred to nurses and from the nurses to larvae. Soluble sugars in addition to some soluble protein and amino acid mixtures are strongly attractive and encourage trophallaxis among workers. This both dilutes the solution and reduces the speed of movement of these nutrients to larvae.

Undissolved solids greater than 0.88 microns are screened from the liquid in the pharynx of the worker fire ant and cannot be ingested by the worker ants. The solids accumulate in the buccal region as pellets and are later expelled to feed fourth-instar stage larvae, which are able to consume particles as large as 45 microns. Because solid food may be used by the mature larvae but not the workers, solids move from the field to these larvae more quickly and directly than liquid foods. After processing by the fourth instar larvae, previously solid foods can be utilized by the queen and young larvae through trophallaxis. As it is desirable that worker ants transport poisons back to the colony and distribute the poison throughout the colony, consideration to the favored foods of fire ants together with the physical size of the poison may influence the efficacy of treatment modalities.

The present invention provides a BT protein that is active against members of the Formicidae family, in particular the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta , and related species. Generally, the invention provides BT preparations that are effective in reducing populations of fire ants and related species. The invention further provides novel B. thuringiensis strains that produce toxins effective against fire ants and related species. Effectiveness is defined as the ability to reduce the numbers of ants within a local fire ant population, typically a mound-type community, by killing immature and/or mature individuals within the population who are exposed to the toxin. Exposure may take the form of ingestion of the subject toxin either directly in a bait formulation or as expressed in a food source or by trophallaxis.

This invention provides biologically pure cultures of an isolated BT bacterial cell having the identifying characteristics of strain UTD-001 (NRRL No. B-30356)

In an alternate embodiment, the invention further provides recombinant DNA derived from the BT strain having the identifying characteristics of UTD-001 and encoding BT Cry toxin proteins. These characteristics include an approximately 73 kD wild type Cry protoxin protein that is activated on proteolytic processing to an approximately 67 kD toxin, has toxic activity against fire ants, has activity between pH 5-7, an SDS-PAGE profile substantially as shown in FIG. 2 , and an arbitrary-primed PCR product profile substantially as shown in FIG. 3 .

The DNA encoding BT Cry toxins may be isolated and cloned as recombinant DNA by the methods known in the art such as for example in the standard cloning manual of Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2nd ed. 1989). The cry gene from UTD-001 has been cloned, and the sequences of the invention are identified as follows:

SEQ ID NO: Nucleic acid sequence for the cry
1          protoxin gene cloned from UTD-001.
SEQ ID NO: Amino acid sequence encoded by
2          SEQ ID NO: 1 including active protein
           from residues 56 or 58 to 644.
SEQ ID NO: Forward primer cry3A-F used to clone
3          SEQ ID NO:1; ATGAATCCGAACAATCGAAG
SEQ ID NO: Reverse primer cry3A-R used to clone
4          SEQ ID NO:1; TTAATTCACTGGAATAAATTC.

The invention further provides vectors for the cloning and expression of recombinant DNA encoding BT Cry protoxins or toxins that are toxic to fire ants. According to methods known in the art, the vectors may be adapted for expression of the Cry protoxin or toxin protein in various host organisms as desired. The invention contemplates the use of these expression vectors to produce novel host organisms which are engineered to express the encoded proteins either transiently, upon induction, or constitutively. Host organisms include those that are merely used as factories for the production of large quantities of toxin which is then purified and formulated into a bait. Alternatively, host organisms include organisms engineered to both express the protein and to serve as a food source for fire ants. Host organisms may include prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and organisms such as for example, yeast, fungi, plants or animals.

The invention further provides purified Cry protoxins and toxins and compositions of these proteins that are active against Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and especially Solenopsis. In one embodiment, the Cry protoxin disclosed herein is characterized by a molecular weight of about 73 kD by SDS-PAGE, and 72.9 kD by calculation from the conceptually translated protein. The protoxin is putatively cleaved at residue 55 (between EA) by papain, and at residue 57 (between LD) by trypsin to produce an active protein. Thus, the protoxin is reduced to a toxin of about 67 kD by proteolytic digestion. However, it is expected that this cleavage site is somewhat flexible resulting in small variations in size of the active toxin. The novel Cry toxin of the present invention may also be described as a Cry3A-like toxin based on its close homology to the Cry3A toxin of Btt.

In one such embodiment, the Cry toxin is toxic to Formicidae, including Solenopsis invicta, S. richteri, S. xyloni, S. geminatam, S. geminata (aka Atta geminata Fabricius or S. geminata Mayr, S. japonica (aka S. fugax var. japonica ), S. saevissima, S. orbuloides, S. punctaticeps , a variety of Solenopsis species identified by number, and related fire ant species. The invention provides methods for reducing ant populations by compositions containing Cry toxin or protoxin produced by BT strains having the identifying characteristics of UTD-001.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a biocide is produced by (a) propagating B. thuringiensis microorganisms having the identifying characteristics of strains UTD-001 under conditions wherein Cry protoxin is produced; (b) purifying the Cry protoxin; and (c) formulating the purified Cry protoxin into a biocide effective against ants. The Cry protoxin may be pre-activated by proteolytic digestion prior to formulating it into a bait, or may be produced directly in toxin form by the host organism.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides methods for isolating and cloning the BT toxin receptor of the imported fire ant and for using such receptor to engineer toxins with greater potency against the fire ant and for avoiding any resistance which may develop subsequent to the application of the present invention to fire ant populations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the method and apparatus of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gel of the cytoplasmic proteins isolated from UTD-001 and a control species, B. thuringiensis , subs. tenebrionis (Btt). The left panel is proteins from vegetative cells, whereas the right panel is from sporulating cells. The patterns clearly demonstrate that the UTD-001 strain has a Cry toxin of approximately the same size (about 67 kD) as the Cry3A protein of Btt. Molecular weight size markers (kD) are also indicated;

FIG. 2 is an ethidium bromide stained agarose gel of arbitrarily-primed PCR products of UTD-001 and the control species Btt. The arbitrary primer was ACGCGCCCT. The arrows indicate bands present in the Btt strain, that are absent in the UTD-001 strain. Size markers M (100 bp ladder) are indicated on the right;

FIG. 3 shows a fire ant toxin assay where purified papain treated toxin is compared against purified toxin, crude spores & crystal toxin, and controls;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are the SDS-PAGE profiles of the activated toxin ( 4 A) and crude spore and crystal toxin ( 4 B). The 73 kD protoxin and 67 kD toxin are both seen in 4 B. The molecular weight markers (kD) are also indicated;

FIG. 5 illustrates the cloning of the Cry toxin gene from a 1.8 kb PCR product of UTD-001 into the TA cloning vector pCR2.1 (INVITROGEN™) to produce the pCCRY3 plasmid. Primers used were Forward: ATGAATCCGAACAATCGAAG and Reverse: TTAATTCACTGGAATAAATTC;

FIG. 6 is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the Cry protoxin of UTD-001; and

FIG. 7 is the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the Cry protoxin of UTD-001. The active toxin portion is in bold face. The arrow indicates putative cleavage sites for the protoxin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

Abbreviations and Definitions

The following abbreviations and definitions are used throughout this application: BT— Bacillus thuringiensis ( B. thuringiensis ); Btt— Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis ; Cry toxin—toxin derived from parasporal crystalline protein; cry—the gene encoding Cry toxin; EDTA—disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, dehydrate; kD—kilodaltons; LB—Luria broth; LC 50 —lethal concentration resulting in a 50% mortality; PMSF—phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride; and SDS-PAGE—sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryamide gel electrophoresis.

The term “x% homology” refers to the extent to which two nucleic acid or protein sequences are identical as determined by BLAST homology alignment as described by T.A. Tatusova & T.L. Madden (1999), “Blast 2 sequences—a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences,”FEMS M ICROBIOL L ETT . 174:247-250 and using the following parameters: Program (blastn) or (blastp) as appropriate; matrix (OBLOSUM62), reward for match ( 1 ); penalty for mismatch (−2); open gap (5) and extension gap (2) penalties; gap x-drop off (50); Expect (10); word size (11); filter (off). High stringency is defined as including a final wash of 0.2×SSC at a temperature of 60° C.

The present invention concerns a novel BT isolate and genes therefrom that encode a novel Hymenoptera-active protein. In particular, the toxins are active against the Formicidae and especially the Solenopsis. The novel BT isolate, known herein as Bacillus thuringiensis UTD-001 as well as protoxins and toxins from this isolate, may be used to control pests such as fire ants, carpenter ants, Argentine ants, and pharaoh ants.

The BT toxin gene from isolate UTD-001 has been cloned and sequenced and is presented in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID Nos.: 1 and 2). The coding region is from nucleotides 1 to end (1936). The protein in FIG. 7 is 644 amino acids, and includes an pro-region from amino acids 1 to 55 or 57 and an active region from amino acids 56 or 58 to the end. The pI of the protoxin is 5.67. The cry gene is 98% homologous to the cry3A gene of Btt, which appears to be its closest relative at this time.

The novel toxin disclosed herein is active against ants, especially fire ants. The present invention provides those of skill in the art with a Solenopsis-active toxin, methods for using the toxin, and gene that encodes the toxin. The gene or gene fragment that encodes the Solenopsis-active toxin may be cloned and the gene fragment encoding the toxin gene may be transferred to suitable hosts via a recombinant DNA vector.

Because the Cry toxins generally have a very broad range of species specificity, it is anticipated that the Cry toxins of the invention will have activity against other Hymenoptera. Species specificity studies will be performed to confirm this prediction.

Recombinant hosts for use as ant food sources comprising the Cry toxins of the invention may include a wide variety of microbial or plant hosts. Expression of the toxin gene results, directly or indirectly, in the production of the pesticide toxin. An important feature of this embodiment of the invention is that the toxin produced should not form a crystal within the host, as is the norm in BT, because fire ants filter out large particles, such as the crystal, while eating. Therefore, the host must not produce a crystal that is larger that the particle size that fire ants exclude during the eating process (e.g. 0.88 microns). Of course, the cry gene may be engineered to produce the active, soluble 67 kD form of the toxin which circumvents the size exclusion problem.

With suitable microbial hosts, e.g., Pseudomonas, the microbes may be applied to the situs of the pest, where they will proliferate and be ingested. The result is effective control of the fire ant. Factors that may be considered in selecting a host cell for Bacillus thuringiensis toxin production according to the present invention include: gene-host compatibility, ease of host transformation; availability of expression systems; efficiency of expression; stability of the toxin in the host; the presence of auxiliary genetic capabilities and whether the host is to function as a direct food source for the target insect, or merely function as a source of toxin. Other factors that may be considered include: pathogenicity of the host to animals and humans; ease of formulation and handling, economics, storage stability, and the like. Microorganism food source hosts are selected that are known to occupy the “phytosphere” (phylloplane, phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and/or rhizoplane) of one or more crops of interest. Generally, the organism should provide stable maintenance and expression of the gene and provide for improved protection of the toxin from environmental degradation and inactivation.

A large number of microorganisms are known to inhabit the phylloplane (the surface of the plant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots) of a wide variety of important crops and are a known food source for the fire ant. These microorganisms include bacteria, algae, and fungi. Of particular interest are microorganisms, such as bacteria, e.g., genera Pseudomenas, Erwinia, Serratia, Klebsiella, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylophilius, Agrobacterium, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Leuconostoc, and Alcaligenes; fungi, particularly yeast, e.g., genera Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula, and Aureobasidium.

Other organisms that may be used as a food source by fire ants include phytosphere bacterial species, such as: Pseudomonas syringae, P. fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, Xanthomonas campestris, Rhizobium melioti, Alcaligenes entrophus , and Azotobacter vinlandii ; and phytosphere yeast species such as Rhodotorula rubra, R. glutinis, R. marina, R. aurantiaca, Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C. laurentii, Saccharomyces rosei, S. pretoriensis, S. cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces roseus, S. odorus, Kluyveromyces veronae , and Aureobasidium pollulans . Of particular interest are the pigmented microorganisms.

The BT strains of the present invention may be cultured using standard art media and fermentation techniques, however, certain specific conditions are disclosed herein that fall within the standard art. Upon completion of a fermentation cycle, the bacteria may be harvested by first separating the BT spores and parasporal crystals from the fermentation broth by means well known in the art. The recovered BT spores and crystals may be formulated into a wettable powder, liquid concentrate, granules, or other formulations by the addition of surfactants, dispersants, inert carriers and other components to facilitate handling and application for particular target pests.

Not generally known in the art, and specifically recognized herein, is the fact that fire ants specifically filter large objects such as bacterial spores and crystals away from the oral cavity and prevent entry of these large items into the digestive system. Therefore, it is important for fire ant solid bait preparations that particle size be limited to 0.88 microns or less, to allow the fire ant to effectively ingest the poison, but particle size is less relevant for other Hymenopteran insects. Alternatively, the BT spores and protoxin crystals can be at least partially purified and partially dissolved in a liquid, or the crystal size reduced by grinding or genetic modification, or the toxin expressed as soluble, active proteins to circumvent the size exclusion mechanism of fire ant defense.

Upon complete or partial purification, the pesticide toxin of the present invention may be provided in a concentration for the amount of liquid or dissolving liquid needed. The concentration of toxin will vary widely depending upon the nature of the particular formulation. The pesticide may be made available to fire ants at a concentration of about 1 % weight to volume, however, it may be at 100% by weight if provided in a dry form with an attractant. The attractant may even be the toxin itself or a blotting agent or powder on which the toxin is provided. Dry formulations, for example, will have from about 1-95% by weight of the pesticide whereas the liquid formulations will generally be from about 1-60% by weight of the solids in the liquid phase. The formulations may be applied to the environment of the Hymenopteran pest(s), e.g., plants, soil or water, by spraying, dusting, sprinkling, baits or the like.

EXAMPLE 1

Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains

A 1 gram sample of soil was mixed with 10 ml of LB buffered with 0.25 M sodium acetate, pH 6.8 and incubated with strong agitation (˜200 rpm) overnight at 30° C. A 1.5 ml aliquot of the sample was removed and heat shocked at 80° C. with agitation in a 50 ml conical tube for 3 minutes. Aliquots of 10, 20 and 100 μl were then removed and plated on LB medium overnight at 30° C. The following day colonies were picked and plated onto GYS plates and incubated at 30° C. overnight. The GYS medium is prepared as follows:

MODIFIED “GYS” MEDIUM
Per Liter
Glucose                          2.0 g
(NH                                                                        4                                                                    )                                                                        2                                                                     SO                                                                        4 2.0 g
CaCl                                                                        2                                                                     (Anhydrous) 0.08 g
MgSO                                                                        4                                                                     (Anhydrous) 0.20 g
MnSO                                                                        4                                                                     (Monohydrate) 0.05 g
Citric Acid                      1.5 g
Yeast Extract                    2.0 g
pH may be adjusted with KOH to 7.5 and autoclaved after the desired pH is attained.

Isolates were examined microscopically to determine if crystalline inclusions were produced. Inclusions were visualized by staining with malachite green/Gram Safranin as follows: cells were dried onto a slide and stained for 15 minutes with a 5% aqueous solution of malachite green over boiling H 2 O. The slide was rinsed and stained for 5-6 minutes with Gram Safranin Solution (stock solution is 2.5% solution of Safranin 0 (SIGMA™) in 100 ml ETOH; the working solution is a 1:10 dilution of stock solution in H 2 O). The slide is rinsed and dried. Spores stain green/blue while crystals and vegetative cells stain red.

Isolates which appeared to produce crystals were noted, grown in LB overnight at 30° C. and restreaked on GYS plates to obtain axenic cultures. Cultures were inspected again by staining with Gram Safranin to identify isolates producing crystals and spores. Such cultures were grown 5 days in 7 ml of liquid GYS, stained again for crystal/spore production and centrifuged and washed 3 times w/50 ml TrisCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM KCl, and 10 mM EDTA. The pellets were lyophilized and weighed for later use.

EXAMPLE 2

Cry Toxin Preparation

To prepare toxin, one ml of culture is centrifuged in a bench-top microfuge for one minute, resuspended in 200 μl of protein solubilization buffer and boiled for 10 minutes. The prepared sample is loaded on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel and electrophoresed. The total protein profile for each sample is determined by staining of the gel with Coomassie blue. Both vegetative and sporulating cells are analyzed in this way, and an example is shown in FIG. 1 . It is noted that because no protease inhibitors were used to prepare the total protein extracts, the protoxin has been entirely cleaved to the 67 kD form. In preparations where cleavage is incomplete, doublets may be seen, and in preparations where protease activity is completely prevented, a single 73 kD band is seen.

Isolates containing Cry toxin protein profiles of interest as determined by SDS-PAGE are selected for bioassay. Isolates are grown in 1-liter batch cultures containing GYS broth. After complete sporulation of the culture, determined by malachite green staining, the cultures are centrifuged and the parasporal crystals are washed using several rounds of sonification and buffer changes. The washed crystals are purified further by centrifugation on a sucrose gradient of 30-80%. The purified crystals are solubilized in a sodium carbonate buffer and the protoxin converted to activated toxin using papain or trypsin. The activated toxin is purified by HPLC or FPLC.

The purified active toxin is used in insect bioassay by adding varying concentrations to the insect diet as described above. In this way, a strain of fire ant effective BT called UTD-001 was identified. Strain UTD-001 was characterized according to its total protein banding patterns, as described above. The protein banding pattern was similar, but not identical, to the protein banding pattern of a control species—Btt as shown in FIG. 1 .

Btt is known to be effective against certain beetles, and contains a Cry3A toxin. The Cry3A toxin is expressed as an approximately 73-kD protoxin, which is activated by proteolytic cleavage to a 67 kD toxin. It should be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art that the Btt toxin exhibits toxicity properties, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , for example, Cry3A-like toxins. Further characterization of the UTD strain was performed by arbitrary primer PCR (FIG. 2 ), a powerful method to identify BT serivars and strains, Brousseau, C., et al., (1993) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 114-119. Again, the profiles are similar but not identical to the control strain Btt. In particular, three bands (indicated by arrows) are present in the Btt strain, that are not present in the UTD-001 strain.

EXAMPLE 3

Purification and Activation of Cry Protoxin Crytals

A one-liter culture of a fire ant effective Btt strain is grown in modified GYS medium for 4-6 days until most of the cells have lysed. The medium containing the lysed cells is centrifuged for 20 minutes at 7500 rpm. The supernatant is discarded and the cell pellet transferred to 40 ml centrifuge tubes. The cell pellet is resuspended in 1M NaCl (30 ml/tube) and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 15,000 rpm. Two subsequent washes are done with distilled water. The cells (2-4 grams) are resuspended in two tubes in 68% RENOGRAFIN®-76 (20.4 ml Renografin®-76 plus a solution of 3 ml 100 mM EDTA and 6.6 ml 2% Triton X-100 in dH 2 O) (RENOGRAFIN®-76 is diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium manufactured by SQUIBB DIAGNOSTICS™, New Brunswick, N.J.).

The cells' debris is pelleted, for example, by centrifugation in a JA-20 or Sorvall SS-34 rotor for 2 hours at 15,000 rpm. The supernatant containing the crystals is pipetted off and placed in a separate centrifuge tube. The supernatant is filtered using 1.2-pm filter paper and, after addition of EDTA to 3-5 mM and PMSF 0.1 mg/ml, is dialyzed against distilled water for 36 hours using a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 12,000 to 14,000. The dialyzed material is then centrifuged for 15 min at 7,500 rpm and the supernatant containing the crystals is stored wet at 4° C.

The protoxin crystals are solubilized in 3.3 M NaBr, pH 7.0, and 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 1 mM PMSF. Insoluble papain beads (SIGMA™) are activated according to the manufacturer's instructions and added to the solubilized crystal toxin to effect cleavage. Cleavage is arrested by addition of Na-p-tosly-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) to 1.25 mg/ml and 0.2 volume of pH 10.0 Na 2 CO 3 . Cleaved toxin is purified by passage over Sephadex G-75 (AMERSHAM PHARMACIA BIOTECH, INC.™, Piscataway, N.J.) equilibrated with 50 mM Na 2 CO 3 , pH 10.0, containing 1 mM EDTA.

EXAMPLE 4

Alternative Method of Purification and Activation of BT Toxin

Bacillus thuringiensis toxin can be isolated from recombinant cells expressing Cry toxin. For example, E. coli containing the cry gene is prepared. A 500 ml culture is then grown to an O.D. 600 of ˜ O. 8. Where the recombinant gene is cloned under the influence of the lac promoter, expression is induced by treatment with 0.1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) overnight at 37° C.

Cells are pelleted by centrifugation, for example at 5,000 rpm in a JA-14 rotor for 10 minutes. The cell pellet is resuspended in 25 ml of TES buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 50 mM EDTA; 15% sucrose). Cells are lysed by treatment with lysozyme (0.5 mg/ml final concentration) and PMSF (0.1 mM final concentration) for 30 minutes at room temperature followed by sonication, 3×1 minute on ice. The supernatant and surface debris are discarded and the cells are suspended in 20 ml TTN buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 2% Triton X-100; 0.5 M NaCl). The pellets are first suspended with a spatula, then with a glass Dounce, and then pelleted at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes. This washing procedure is repeated for 4 cycles. The pellet is then washed 2× with 20 ml PBS: Acetone (5:1) as above followed by a wash in PBS (per liter: 8 gm NaCl; 0.2 gm KCl; 1.44 gm Na 2 HPO 4 ; 0.24 grm KH 2 PO 4 ) alone. Finally, the pellet is resuspended in 20 ml of Na 2 CO 3 buffer (50 mM Na 2 CO 3 , pH 10.0; 5 mM DTT) and can be stored at 4° C. or is shaken at 37° C. for 4 hours to solubilize the protoxin. The resulting milky solution is pelleted to remove insoluble material, and additional sodium carbonate may be added if desired.

The protoxin preparation can be analyzed on a mini-gel and should show a predominantly 73-kD protoxin plus some smaller (bacterial) proteins. Protein can be quantified using the BCA protein reagent (PIERCE™) as per the manufacturer's recommendations prior to papain treatment. Protoxin is stored at 4° C. Freezing results in deterioration of the protoxin.

Activation of the protoxin can alternatively be performed using trypsin. TPCK (SIGMA™) trypsin is added for a trypsin:protoxin ratio of 1:20 and the mixture is shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture is placed on ice and an aliquot is checked for complete digestion on a mini-gel. If digestion is complete, PMSF is added to 100 μM on ice.

The cleaved mixture is dialyzed overnight against 20 mM Tris with 100 mM NaCl, pH 9.5. Prior to final dialysis, concentration of activated toxin should be no more than 2 mg/ml to avoid precipitation. The dialyzed preparation is filtered through a 0.2 μm filter and subjected to further purification by FPLC. The 18% B fraction on FPLC is collected using a 100-1000 mM NaCl gradient as described below.

EXAMPLE 5

Purification of Cry Toxin by FPLC

FPLC procedures are conducted according to standard procedures including the following particulars.

Typical FPLC Profile (With HR5 Column at Port 3, With 1 ML Sample Loop):

0.0	CONC % B	0.0	(initial buffer is 100% A)
0.0	ML/MIN	1.0	(buffer flow rate)
0.0	CM/MIN	0.5	(chart speed as controlled by computer)
0.0	PORT.SET	6.0	(sampler “off”)
0.0	VALVE.POS	1.1	(valve #1 bypass loop)
0.0	VALVE.POS	2.3	(valve #2 leading to column at port 3)
0.0	VALVE.POS	3.3	(valve #3 leading from column at port 3)
0.0	MIN/MARK	110	N/A
0.5	VALVE.POS	1.2	(valve #1 open, loads loop onto column)
2.0	VALVE.POS	1.1	(valve #1 closes after entire column has
			loaded on column, plus extra)
7.0	CONC % B	0.0	(provides 5 minutes of Buffer A for flow-
			through)
37.	CONC % B	30.	(standard gradient of 1%/min)
40.	CONC % B	100	(at 30% B gradient then jumps to 100% in
			3 minutes)
45.	CONC % B	100	(5 minute hold at 100% B)
45.	CONC % B	0.0	(jump to 100% A)
50.	CONC % B	0.0	(end of method after 5 minute hold at
			100% A)
FPLC Buffer ‘A’ (low salt):	50 mM Tris pH 10.0
	100 mM NaCl
	5% glycerol; filter through 0.2 μm filter.
FPLC Buffer ‘B’ (high salt):	50 mM Tris pH 10.0
	1-M NaCl
	5% glycerol; filter through 0.2 μm filter.

EXAMPLE 6

Fire Ant Mortality

The invention described herein was targeted toward the identification of BT effective in killing populations of the imported fire ant. Consideration was given to BT toxin characteristics together with the characteristics of the gut environment in which the toxin must exert its toxic effect. Some BT strains produce toxins that work at neutral pH and lower (pH range of 5-7). The gut environments of different insects may be characterized by different pH's. In particular, the gut of fire ants is slightly acidic. A BT toxin that is effective against fire ants must survive in the fire ant gut environment.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the mortality of the populations of the imported fire ant that were treated with various BT toxin concentrations. Briefly, the procedure is as follows. A separate colony of worker ants is used for testing each concentration. The various concentrations are combined in a 10% solution of sucrose in distilled water for all of the tests. Prior to the test, the worker ant colonies are held without food for 5 days. Then the 20 workers for each repetition are placed in 30-ml cups for 14 days. The toxin preparations are placed in cups for only the initial 24 hours after that, they are removed and replaced with a 10% sucrose in distilled water solution. Percent mortality is recorded at day 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14. The control is 10% sucrose in distilled water solution only. LC 50 has not yet been conclusively determined, but preliminary results from 6 month old toxin of doubtful quality indicates that the LC 50 could be as low as 70 ng/ml. Studies are also planned to determine the species specificity of the new Cry toxin. In particular, bees and wasps will be assayed for toxin efficacy.

EXAMPLE 7

Cloning of the Cry Gene from UTD-001

The cry gene of strain UTD-001 are contained on plasmids of similar size and restriction pattern as that shown by the control strain Btt (not shown). Hence, it is anticipated that the gene might be very similar to the Btt gene. Thus, primers cry3A-F and cry3A-R (derived from the Btt cry gene) were used to amplify a 1.8-kb fragment of UTD-001 that has a TAQ created A overhang. The fragment is excised from a low-melt agarose gel and ligated into linearized pCR2.1 with a T overhang to produce the pCRRY3 plasmid (see FIG. 5 —TA cloning method by INVITROGEN™).

The gene was sequenced and is shown in FIG. 6 along with the conceptually translated protoxin amino acid sequence in FIG. 7 . The coding region extends from nucleotides 56 or 58 to the end. The putative proteolytic cleavage site is indicated by the arrow and the toxin sequence is indicated in bold. The calculated molecular weight of the protoxin is 72.9 kD, and the toxin is about 67 kD, which agrees well with the sizes as determined by SDS-PAGE.

The gene shows greatest homology (98%) to the Cry3A gene of the Btt strain used as a control. In particular, the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) was Searched by BLASTP under the search parameters described under definitions above and homologies to a number of Coleoptera specific, 73-74 Kd Cry protoxins were found. The closest homology was to the Cry3A (A) toxin (Acc. No. P07130) from B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis with homologies ranging from 632/644 (98%) to 572/584 (97%) amino acid identities from varying Btt isolates. The next closest homologies were to the Cry3C(A) toxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Acc. No. Q45744) at 479/652 (73%) amino acid identities, and the Cry3B(B) toxin (Acc. No. Q06117) with 439/650 (67%) identities. Similarly, the nucleotide sequence showed 1902/1936 (98%) nucleotide homology to the Cry3A(A) sequence of Btt.

Because the novel cry toxin was surprisingly closely related to Btt toxin, a toxin known to only be effective against Coleoptera, the Btt toxin was also tested for efficacy against fire ants. Preliminary results indicate that the Btt toxin is effective against the fire ant, although with less efficacy than the strain described herein. Thus, a new use for the prior Btt toxin has been unexpectedly discovered. This fire ant activity may have been previously obscured because of the unusual dietary requirements of the fire ant, which cannot consume large solids.

All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. Although this invention has been described in reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.

4 1 1936 DNA Bacillus thuringiensis 1atgaatccga acaatcgaag tgaacatgat acaataaaaa ctactgaaaa taatgaggtg 60ccaactaacc atgttcaata tcctttagcg gaaactccaa atccaacact agaagattta 120aattataaag agtttttaag aatgactgca gataataata cggaagcact agatagctct 180acaacaaaag atgtcattca aaaaggcatt tccgtagtag gtgatctcct aggcgtagta 240ggtttcccgt ttggtggagc gcttgtttcg ttttatacaa actttttaaa tactatttgg 300ccaagtgaag acccgtggaa ggcttttatg gaacaagtag aagcattgat ggatcagaaa 360atagctgatt atgcaaaaaa taaagctctt gcagagttac agggccttca aaataatgtc 420gaagattatg tgagtgcatt gagttcatgg caaaaaaatc ctgtgagttc acgaaatcca 480catagccagg ggcggataag agagctgttt tctcaagcag aaagtcattt tcgtaattca 540atgccttcgt ttgcaatttc tggatacgag gttctatttc taacaacata tgcacaagct 600gccaacacac atttattttt actaaaagac gctcaaattt atggagaaga atggggatac 660aaaaaagaag atattgctga atttttaaaa agacaactaa aacttaccca ggaatatact 720gaccattttg ttcaatggta ttatgttgga ttagataaaa ttagaggttc attctatgaa 780tcttgggtaa actttaaccg ttatcgcaga gagatgacat taacagtatt agatttaatt 840gcactatttc cattgtatga tgttcggcta tacccaaaag aagttaaaac cgaattaaca 900agagacgttt taacagatcc aattgtcgga gtcaacaacc ttaggggcta tggaacaacc 960ttctctaata tagaaaatta tattcgaaaa ccacatctat ttgactatct gcatagaatt 1020caatttcaca cgcggttcca accaggatat tatggaaatg actctttcaa ttattggtcc 1080ggtaattatg tttcaactag accaagcata ggatcaaatg atataatcac atctccattc 1140tatggaaata aatccagtga acctgtacaa aatttaggat ttaatggaga aaaagtctat 1200agagccgtag caaatacaaa tcttgcggtc tggccgtccg ctgtaaattc aggtgtaaca 1260aaagtgaaat ttagccaata taatgatcaa acagatgaag caagtacaca aacgtcggac 1320tcaaaaagaa atgttggcgc ggtcagctgg gattctatcg atcaattgcc tccagaagca 1380acagatgaac ctctagaaaa gggatatagc catcaactca attatgtaat gtgcttttta 1440atgcagggta gtagaggaac aatcccagtg ttaacttgga cacataaaag tgtagacttt 1500tttaacatga ttgattcgaa aaaaattaca caacttccgt tagtaaaggc atataagtta 1560caatctggtg cttccgttgt cgcaggtcct aggtttacag gaggagatat cattcaatgc 1620acagaaaatg gaagtgcggc aactatttac gttacaccgg atgtgtcgta ctctcaaaaa 1680tatcgagcta gaattcatta tgcttctaca tctcagataa catttacact cagtttagac 1740ggggcaccat ttaatcaata ctatttcgat aaaacgataa ataaaggaga cacattaacg 1800tataattcat ttaatttagc aagtttcagc acaccattcg aattatcagg gaataactta 1860caaataggcg tcacaggatt aagtgctgga gataaagttt atatagacaa aattgaattt 1920attccagtga attaaa 1936 2 644 PRT Bacillus thuringiensis 2Met Asn Pro Asn Asn Arg Ser Glu His Asp Thr Ile Lys Thr Thr Glu 1 5 10 15Asn Asn Glu Val Pro Thr Asn His Val Gln Tyr Pro Leu Ala Glu Thr 20 25 30Pro Asn Pro Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Asn Tyr Lys Glu Phe Leu Arg Met 35 40 45Thr Ala Asp Asn Asn Thr Glu Ala Leu Asp Ser Ser Thr Thr Lys Asp 50 55 60Val Ile Gln Lys Gly Ile Ser Val Val Gly Asp Leu Leu Gly Val Val 65 70 75 80Gly Phe Pro Phe Gly Gly Ala Leu Val Ser Phe Tyr Thr Asn Phe Leu 85 90 95Asn Thr Ile Trp Pro Ser Glu Asp Pro Trp Lys Ala Phe Met Glu Gln 100 105 110Val Glu Ala Leu Met Asp Gln Lys Ile Ala Asp Tyr Ala Lys Asn Lys 115 120 125Ala Leu Ala Glu Leu Gln Gly Leu Gln Asn Asn Val Glu Asp Tyr Val 130 135 140Ser Ala Leu Ser Ser Trp Gln Lys Asn Pro Val Ser Ser Arg Asn Pro145 150 155 160His Ser Gln Gly Arg Ile Arg Glu Leu Phe Ser Gln Ala Glu Ser His 165 170 175Phe Arg Asn Ser Met Pro Ser Phe Ala Ile Ser Gly Tyr Glu Val Leu 180 185 190Phe Leu Thr Thr Tyr Ala Gln Ala Ala Asn Thr His Leu Phe Leu Leu 195 200 205Lys Asp Ala Gln Ile Tyr Gly Glu Glu Trp Gly Tyr Lys Lys Glu Asp 210 215 220Ile Ala Glu Phe Leu Lys Arg Gln Leu Lys Leu Thr Gln Glu Tyr Thr225 230 235 240Asp His Phe Val Gln Trp Tyr Tyr Val Gly Leu Asp Lys Ile Arg Gly 245 250 255Ser Phe Tyr Glu Ser Trp Val Asn Phe Asn Arg Tyr Arg Arg Glu Met 260 265 270Thr Leu Thr Val Leu Asp Leu Ile Ala Leu Phe Pro Leu Tyr Asp Val 275 280 285Arg Leu Tyr Pro Lys Glu Val Lys Thr Glu Leu Thr Arg Asp Val Leu 290 295 300Thr Asp Pro Ile Val Gly Val Asn Asn Leu Arg Gly Tyr Gly Thr Thr305 310 315 320Phe Ser Asn Ile Glu Asn Tyr Ile Arg Lys Pro His Leu Phe Asp Tyr 325 330 335Leu His Arg Ile Gln Phe His Thr Arg Phe Gln Pro Gly Tyr Tyr Gly 340 345 350Asn Asp Ser Phe Asn Tyr Trp Ser Gly Asn Tyr Val Ser Thr Arg Pro 355 360 365Ser Ile Gly Ser Asn Asp Ile Ile Thr Ser Pro Phe Tyr Gly Asn Lys 370 375 380Ser Ser Glu Pro Val Gln Asn Leu Gly Phe Asn Gly Glu Lys Val Tyr385 390 395 400Arg Ala Val Ala Asn Thr Asn Leu Ala Val Trp Pro Ser Ala Val Asn 405 410 415Ser Gly Val Thr Lys Val Lys Phe Ser Gln Tyr Asn Asp Gln Thr Asp 420 425 430Glu Ala Ser Thr Gln Thr Ser Asp Ser Lys Arg Asn Val Gly Ala Val 435 440 445Ser Trp Asp Ser Ile Asp Gln Leu Pro Pro Glu Ala Thr Asp Glu Pro 450 455 460Leu Glu Lys Gly Tyr Ser His Gln Leu Asn Tyr Val Met Cys Phe Leu465 470 475 480Met Gln Gly Ser Arg Gly Thr Ile Pro Val Leu Thr Trp Thr His Lys 485 490 495Ser Val Asp Phe Phe Asn Met Ile Asp Ser Lys Lys Ile Thr Gln Leu 500 505 510Pro Leu Val Lys Ala Tyr Lys Leu Gln Ser Gly Ala Ser Val Val Ala 515 520 525Gly Pro Arg Phe Thr Gly Gly Asp Ile Ile Gln Cys Thr Glu Asn Gly 530 535 540Ser Ala Ala Thr Ile Tyr Val Thr Pro Asp Val Ser Tyr Ser Gln Lys545 550 555 560Tyr Arg Ala Arg Ile His Tyr Ala Ser Thr Ser Gln Ile Thr Phe Thr 565 570 575Leu Ser Leu Asp Gly Ala Pro Phe Asn Gln Tyr Tyr Phe Asp Lys Thr 580 585 590Ile Asn Lys Gly Asp Thr Leu Thr Tyr Asn Ser Phe Asn Leu Ala Ser 595 600 605Phe Ser Thr Pro Phe Glu Leu Ser Gly Asn Asn Leu Gln Ile Gly Val 610 615 620Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala Gly Asp Lys Val Tyr Ile Asp Lys Ile Glu Phe625 630 635 640Ile Pro Val Asn 3 20 DNA Artificial sequence Primer 3atgaatccga acaatcgaag 20 4 21 DNA Artificial sequence Primer 4ttaattcact ggaataaatt c 21

Claims

1. A method of reducing a fire ant (genus Solenopsis) population which method comprises administering to said population a composition comprising a water soluble B. thuringiensis toxin that comprises an amino acid sequence at least 99% identity to the sequence of residues 58-644 of SEQ ID. NO: 2.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said toxin comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 58-644 of SEQ. ID. NO:2.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises a fire ant food source.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said composition is a dry powder of particle size <0.88μ.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said composition is in liquid form.

6. A water soluble B. thuringiensis protein having toxicity with respect to fire ants, which protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 99% identity to the sequence of residues 58-644 of SEQ ID. NO: 2.

7. The protein of claim 6 which comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 58-644 of SEQ. ID. NO: 2.