Patent Grant
11684614
This application is the U.S. National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2017/050121, filed on Sep. 5, 2017, designating the U.S. and published in English as WO 2018/048812 A1 on Mar. 15, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/384,087, filed on Sep. 6, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates generally to formulations for the treatment of metal poisoning.
Exposure to radionuclides accidentally or deliberately scattered by a radiological dispersion device or deposited from a nuclear power plant accident or nuclear device detonation could result in the contamination of a large population. As internalized radionuclides are highly toxic and may cause both acute and chronic radiation injury, such contamination event would have dramatic public health consequences. Decorporation by chelating agents is the only way to reduce exposure of certain incorporated isotope, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has been the standard therapy for actinide/lanthanide decorporation since its development and use by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in the 1950's.
Embodiments herein provide for a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a 1,2-HOPO chelating agent in an amount from about 300 to about 1500 mg; and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the 1,2-HOPO chelating agent is 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO. In some embodiments, sodium oleate is present at about 70 to about 130 mg. In some embodiments, sodium oleate is present at 8 to 12% of a total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, sodium oleate is about 11% of a total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 100 to 1500 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 400 to 1200 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 100 to 300 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount of 600 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 100 to 1500 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 400 to 1200 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from 100 to 300 mg. In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount of 600 mg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is packaged as a tablet. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is within a capsule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is within one or more granules. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is packaged as a tablet. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is within a capsule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is within one or more granules.
This is especially useful when administered to a subject that has been exposed to, has been in contact with, or contaminated by one or more known or unknown actinides and/or lanthanides, or a mixture thereof.
The foregoing aspects and others will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan from the following description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The potential consequences of a major radiological event are not only large-scale external radiation exposure of the population, but also uncontrolled dissemination of, and internal contamination with, radionuclides. When planning an emergency response to radiological and nuclear incidents, one must consider the need for treatment for contaminated individuals. In addition to meeting the desired criteria for post-exposure treatments such as safety, ease of administration, and broad-spectrum efficacy against multiple radionuclides and levels of challenge, ideal countermeasures can include rapid onset; induce minimal to no performance-decrementing side effects; be compatible with current military Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive countermeasures; and require minimal logistical burdens. Hydroxypyridinone-based actinide decorporation agents have shown the most promise as decorporation strategies for various radionuclides of concern, including the actinides plutonium and americium.
Provided herein are various formulations for decorporation agents.
The following disclosure provides a brief set of definitions, then provides further detail regarding the various formulations of the chelators provided herein, and then provides a set of Examples regarding various embodiments.
The term “emergency” encompasses: (a) The event of an accidental release of the radioisotopes in the environment due to any nuclear accident. (b) Any accidental release of the hazardous nuclides in the environment. (c) A nuclear fallout including that occurring in the normal course of an experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. (d) Any kind of accidental uptake and retention of the radionuclides by the human or animal subjects. (e) Any other kind of exposure to the volatile radionuclides. (f) Any kind of a radiological accident.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, and particularly when referring to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound, including 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), and refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound, and preferably refers to an acid addition salt of a compound.
The terms “pure,” “purified,” “substantially purified,” and “isolated” as used herein refer to the compound of the embodiment being free of other, dissimilar compounds with which the compound, if found in its natural state, would be associated in its natural state. In certain embodiments described as “pure,” “purified,” “substantially purified,” or “isolated” herein, the compound can comprise at least 0.5% to 1%, 1% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 10% to 20%, 20% to 50%, 50% to 70%, 70% to 90%, 90% to 95%, 95% to 99%, and 99% to 100%. In some embodiments, the amount of the compound will be at least 50% or 75% of the mass, by weight, of a given sample. A “functional purity” is a measurement of the amount of a particular compound in a sample or product in relation to other compounds in a sample that can adversely impact the function of the compound. Thus, other components in a sample that do not interfere with the compound's activity (e.g., water), will not be used in determining the purity of a sample or product.
The terms “derivative,” “variant,” or other similar term refers to a compound that is an analog of the other compound.
The term “and/or” designates both the option of “and” as well as the option of “or” in that particular circumstance. However, unless otherwise specified in the specification, the use of the term “or” or “and” encompasses a description of both option as well. Thus, the use of the term “or” should not be taken as excluding the option of “and”, unless additional context indicates that it should (this definition does not apply to the language in the claims). The use of the singular or plural forms of a term encompasses both options (singlular or plural) as well as both options combined (singular and plural), unless indicated otherwise.
The term “inhibition” as used herein, refers to any statistically significant decrease in the detrimental impact of the metal, including full blocking of the activity. For example, “inhibition” can refer to a decrease of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% in the detrimental impact of the metal.
The term “patient” includes human and other mammalian subjects that receive either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
The terms “treat” or “prevent” do not require complete treatment or complete prevention under all conditions. A slowing of the onset of a disorder or its symptoms or a decrease in the number of the symptoms can be adequate “prevention” in some embodiments. Similarly, a decrease in the severity of the symptoms of the disorder can also be an effective treatment for a disorder. “Prophylactic treatment” denotes that the compound is administered prior to exposure to the detrimental compound (e.g., metal such as plutonium or a MRI imaging agent). Treatment may also be in response to exposure, e.g., responsive therapy. Treat also encompasses remediation, decorporation, and/or decontamination.
“Therapeutically effective amount” means that amount of the chelating agents, such as 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO) and/or DTPA, that elicit the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which response includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated. The specific amount of chelating agents needed to elicit the biological or medicinal response will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to the disease or disorder being treated, the chelating agents being administered, the method of administration, and the condition of the patient.
“Mammal” when used herein refers to any animal that is considered a mammal. Preferably, the mammal is human.
The term “pharmaceutical agent or drug” as used herein refers to a chemical compound or composition capable of inducing a desired therapeutic effect when properly administered to a patient. Other chemistry terms herein are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (Parker, S., Ed., McGraw-Hill, San Francisco (1985)), (incorporated herein by reference).
The term “heavy metal” denotes one or more of a transition metal, a metalloid, a metallic element within groups 13, 14, and 15 of the Periodic Table, an actinide or a lanthanide. Heavy metals include, for example, gadolinium, lead, tin, cadmium, yttrium, scandium, and plutonium.
Pharmaceutical Formulations
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of formulation comprises a chelating agent and one or more additional ingredient. In some embodiments, the chelating agent is a 1,2-HOPO chelating agent. In some embodiments, the chelating agent is 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a 1,2-HOPO chelating agent in an amount from about 300 to about 1500 mg and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition the 1,2-HOPO chelating agent is 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO.
In some embodiments, any amount of sodium oleate can be used, as appropriate for the intended use. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium oleate present is between about 50 to about 150, for example about 70 to about 130 mg. In some embodiments, sodium oleate is present at about 5 to about 20% of a total weight of the composition, for example, about 8 to 12% of a total weight of the composition or about 11% of a total weight of the composition. Other amounts described herein are also applicable for various applications.
In some embodiments, the 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO chelating agent is present in an amount from about 50 to about 2000 mg, for example, about 100 to 1500 mg, about 400 to 1200 mg, about 100 to 300 mg, or at about an amount of 600 mg. Other amounts described herein are also applicable for various applications.
The amount of the chelating agents that may be combined with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject treated and the particular mode of administration. Suitable dosage levels of the chelating agents include from about 1 mg to about 500 mg per kg body weight per day. In some embodiments, the suitable dosage level is from about 20 mg to about 100 mg per kg body weight per day. In some embodiments, the suitable dosage level is from about 10 mol to about 100 μmol per kg body weight for 3,4,3-L1-1,2-HOPO. In some embodiments, the suitable dosage level is from about 30 μmol to about 200 μmol per kg body weight for 5-LIO-Me-3,2-HOPO. Dosage unit forms will generally contain from about 20 mg to about 100 mg of the chelating agents. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered on an intermittent basis, i.e., at daily, semi-weekly, or weekly intervals. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for a particular subject will depend on a variety of factors. These factors include the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time and route of administration and the rate of excretion of the chelating agents; the combination of chelating agents employed in the treatment; and, the severity of the particular disease or condition for which therapy is sought.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is packaged as a tablet, within a capsule, and/or within one or more granules.
Suitable modes of administration of the pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to, oral, topical, aerosol, inhalation by spray, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, interperitoneal, rectal, and vaginal administration. The term parenteral, as used herein, includes subcutaneous injections, and intravenous, intrathecal, intramuscular, and intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. A particular mode of administration is one that brings a compound of this invention to the actual or potential site(s) of radionuclide contamination in the subject. The pharmaceutical composition can be in a solid, semi-solid, and/or liquid form. In some embodiments, any of the above formulations can be used for any of the metals provided herein.
In some embodiments, the formulation can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers described herein, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, and diluents, are well known to those who are skilled in the art and are readily available. In some embodiments, the carrier is chemically inert to a compound of this invention and has no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is free of pyrogen. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which can be used include, but are not limited to, water, glucose, lactose, gum acacia, gelatin, mannitol, starch paste, magnesium trisilicate, talc, corn starch, keratin, colloidal silica, potato starch, and urea.
The pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration include, but are not limited to, (a) liquid formulations; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules; (c) powders; (d) suspensions; and (e) suitable emulsions. Liquid formulations may include diluents, such as water and alcohols, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers. Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and the like. The tablet can further comprise one or more colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, or flavoring agents.
The pharmaceutical composition, alone or in combination with other suitable components, can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation. These aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants (such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like) or non-pressured preparations (such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer). When the site(s) of infection of a subject is the lungs, a preferred mode of administration is inhalation of an aerosol formulation either orally or nasally. in particular, the aerosol formulation may comprises particles of a respirable size, including, but not limited to, mean particle sizes of 5 μm to 500 μm.
The pharmaceutical composition can be an injectable formulation. The requirements for effective carriers for injectable compositions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Banker and Chalmers, eds., pages 238-250 (1982), and ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel, 4th ed., pages 622-630 (1986)). In particular embodiments, injectable compositions are administered intravenously. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
The pharmaceutical composition can further comprise an excipient. Excipients that may be used include one or more carriers, surface active agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, solid binders, dispersion or suspension aids, solubilizers, colorants, flavoring agents, coatings, disintegrating agents, lubricants, sweeteners, preservatives, isotonic agents, and combinations thereof. The selection and use of suitable excipients is taught in Gennaro, ed., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise one or more of the following formulations in table 1 and/or table 2:
All of these oral dosage forms were found suitable for further development. Following extensive evaluation of dosage configuration, capsules containing 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) blended with excipient sodium oleate were deemed to be the optimal dosage form for both the clinic and a potential mass casualty situation for the following reasons: 1) This capsule dosage form allows more flexibility with regards to dose level adjustments than tablet dosage forms. 2) Taste issues resulting in unwanted reactions are minimized in comparison to chewable tablets, powder in bottle dissolved in water, or dispersible granules dissolved in water. 3) Capsules require less clean potable water and a greater accuracy in dose administration than the other dosage forms. 4) Capsules may be adapted to pediatric formulations, with regards to dose level adjustments and administration (by opening the capsules, and blending the powder with yoghurt or apple sauce-type mixtures.
In some embodiments, any of the ratios provided in any of the formulations can be maintained, while the amount of the active ingredient is increased or decreased.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more excipients. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, mannitol, lactose monohydrate, compressible sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose, povidone, pregelatinized starch, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, hydrogenated vegetable oil (type 1), and polysorbate 80.
In some embodiments, different forms of the formulation can be used, including i) powder, (ii) orally dispersible/dissolvable granules, (iii) chewable tablets, and/or (iv) conventional immediate release tablets. Based on the studies performed in the examples, nine formulation prototypes showed immediate drug release behavior and desired physical properties and were selected for API verification, gastric fluid dissolution, and related substance testing following defined liquid chromatography methods. Among these selected compositions, two are powder in bottle formulations, two are granule formulations, three are chewable tablet formulations, and two are conventional tablet formulations. The respective compositions of these formulations are summarized in the examples and in tables 1 and 2 above. A11 assays confirmed that these prototypes are suitable for further development.
In some embodiments, a powder formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, and optionally, a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and 0.092 g of sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.092 g of sodium oleate, and 1 g of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.092 g of sodium oleate, and between 0 g and 1 g of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. Weights are listed in grams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, the formulation can be an orally dispersible/dissolvable granule formulation. It can include (by weight of ingredients per unit of formulation) 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—1 g, Sodium oleate—0.092 g, Croscarmellose Sodium—0.075 g, and microcrystalline cellulose & guar gum—1.833 g. In some embodiments, the formulation can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—1 g, Sodium oleate—0.092 g, croscarmellose Sodium—0.075 g, lactose monohydrate—1.533 mg/ml, and hypromellose—0.3 g.
In some embodiments, an orally dispersible/dissolvable granule formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, croscarmellose sodium, a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, lactose monohydrate, and hypromellose. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.092 g of sodium oleate, 0.075 g of croscarmellose sodium, between 0 and 1.833 g of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, between 0 and 1.533 mg/ml of lactose monohydrate, and between 0 and 0.3 g of hypromellose. A11 weights are listed in grams per unit of formulation, unless otherwise noted.
In some embodiments, the formulation can be a chewable tablet formulation. In some embodiments, a chewable tablet formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, croscarmellose sodium, a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, magnesium stearate, a mixture of lactose monohydrate, povidone, and crospovidone, and mannitol. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, 0.075 g of croscarmellose sodium, 1.854 g of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, and 0.025 g of magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, 1.929 g of lactose monohydrate, povidone, and crospovidone, and 0.025 g of magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, 0.075 g of croscarmellose sodium, 0.927 g of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, 0.9227 g mannitol, and 0.025 g of magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, between 0 and 0.075 g of croscarmellose sodium, between 0 and 1.854 g of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, 0.025 g of magnesium stearate, between 0 and 1.929 g of lactose monohydrate, povidone, and crospovidone, and between 0 and 0.9227 g of mannitol. A11 weights are listed in grams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, an immediate release tablet formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, 0.084 g of croscarmellose sodium, 0.41 g of microcrystalline cellulose, 0.005 g of colloidal silicon dioxide, and 0.005 g of magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, 0.092 g of croscarmellose sodium, 0.501 g of microcrystalline cellulose, 0.006 g of colloidal silicon dioxide, and 0.006 g of magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.5 g of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 0.046 g of sodium oleate, between 0.084 and 0.092 g of croscarmellose sodium, between 0.41 g and 0.501 g of microcrystalline cellulose, between 0.005 g and 0.006 g of colloidal silicon dioxide, and between 0.005 g and 0.006 g of magnesium stearate. A11 weights are listed in grams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, the formulations can be stable under 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH storage conditions over six months or longer. Such stable formulations can be a powder formulation, a chewable tablet formulation, an immediate release tablet formulation, a 500 mg capsule formulation, and a 100 mg capsule formulation. The respective compositions of these prototype formulations are summarized below.
In some embodiments, a powder formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, and a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the composition can include 500 mg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 46 mg of sodium oleate, and 500 mg of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. A11 weights are listed in milligrams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, a chewable tablet formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, croscarmellose sodium, a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, mannitol, and magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 500 mg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 46 mg of sodium oleate, 75 mg of croscarmellose sodium, 927 mg of microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, 927 mg of mannitol, and 25 mg of magnesium stearate. A11 weights are listed in milligrams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, an immediate release tablet formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), sodium oleate, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 500 mg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), 46 mg of sodium oleate, 92 mg of croscarmellose sodium, 501 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 6 mg of colloidal silicon dioxide, and 6 mg of magnesium stearate. Weights are listed in milligrams per unit of formulation.
In some embodiments, a 500 mg capsule formulation can be provided that includes a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 500 mg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and 55.6 mg of sodium oleate.
In some embodiments, a 100 mg capsule formulation can be provided that comprises a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 100 mg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and 11.1 mg of sodium oleate.
The formulations can be configured for administration parenterally (ip) or orally (po) via consecutive injections or gavages at various doses, including, but not limited to: human doses of 2.5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μmol/kg, using the accepted conversion system of mouse doses into human equivalent doses—HED—based on body surface area). The parenteral formulation can be pure 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), while the oral formulation can include a 90:10 weight ratio of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate.
In some embodiments, an intraperitoneal injection formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 30 μmol/kg ip (equivalent approximate human dose: 2.5 μmol/kg).
In some embodiments, an oral formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include a 90:10 weight ratio of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 150 μmol/kg po. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 300 μmol/kg po. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 300 μmol/kg po. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration between 150 μmol/kg po and 600 μmol/kg po.
In some embodiments, an intraperitoneal injection, oral, or intravenous injection formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a dosage of 1 μmol/kg and 0% sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a dosage of 1 μmol/kg and 10% sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a dosage of 1800 μmol/kg and 0% sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a dosage of 1800 μmol/kg and 10% sodium oleate. In some embodiments, the composition can include [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a dosage between 1 μmol/kg and 1800 μmol/kg and between 0 and 10% sodium oleate.
In some embodiments, an orally administrated capsule formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). In some embodiments, the composition can include 50 μmol/kg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). In some embodiments, the composition can include 100 μmol/kg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). In some embodiments, the composition can include 200 μmol/kg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). In some embodiments, the composition can include between 50 μmol/kg and 200 μmol/kg of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO).
As outlined in the examples (Examples 10-11), the enhancement of the permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) using oral permeation enhancers was evaluated. Fifteen different permeation enhancers were evaluated for their ability at increasing the permeability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), using an in vitro PAMPA assay with artificial GIT lipid membranes. A significant increase was observed in permeability for one formulation containing 10 mg/mL of Polysorbate 80 and 1 mg/mL of API. All other tested formulations showed no or minor improvement in permeability.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more excipient. In some embodiments, the excipients may include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, caprolactam, polysorbate 80, sodium deoxycholate, isopropyl myristate, 1-phenylpiperazine, piperine, menthone, labrafac lipophile WL 1349, gelucire 44/14, labrafil M2130 CS, labrafil M2125 CS, maisine 35-1, peceol, labrasol, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, decyltrimethylammonium bromide, span-80 (Sorbitan monooleate), Triton X-100, sodium glycocholate hydrate, cholic acid, heptanoic acid, isopropyl palmitate, methyl laurate, sodium oleate, urea, 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-methylpiperazine, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, n-caproic acid, sodium salicylate, (±)-limonene, L-fenchone, cineole, pinene oxide, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, cumin seed oil, caproyl PGMC, caproyl 90 (propylene glycol dicaprylate), lauroglycol FCC, lauroglycol 90, labrafac PG, transcutol, gelucire 50/13, and labrafil M1944 CS.
In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and 2-octyl-1-dodecanol at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and sodium oleate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more excipients. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, caprolactam, polysorbate 80, sodium deoxycholate, isopropyl myristate, 1-phenylpiperazine, piperine, menthone, labrafac lipophile, gelucire 44/14, labrafil M2130 CS, labrafil M2125 CS, maisine 35-1, peceol, labrasol, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, decyltrimethylammonium bromide, span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), triton X-100, sodium glycocholate hydrate, cholic acid, heptanoic acid, isopropyl palmitate, methyl laurate, sodium oleate, urea, 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-methylpiperazine, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, n-caproic acid, sodium salicylate, (±)-limonene, L-fenchone, cineole, pinene oxide, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, cumin seed oil, caproyl PGMC, caproyl 90 (Propylene glycol dicaprylate), lauroglycol FCC, lauroglycol 90, labrafac PG, transcutol, gelucire 50/13, labrafil M1944 CS, mannitol, compressible sugar, coprocessed microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, coprocessed lactose monohydrate and povidone, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, povidone, HPMC, hypromellose, pregelatinized starch, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, hydrogenated vegetable oil, type 1, co-processed lactose monohydrate, povidone and crospovidone, co-processed microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, sodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more permeation enhancers. In some embodiments, the permeation enhancers include, but are not limited to, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, caprolactam, polysorbate 80, sodium deoxycholate, isopropyl myristate, 1-phenylpiperazine, piperine, menthone, labrafac lipophile, gelucire 44/14, labrafil M2130 CS, labrafil M2125 CS, maisine 35-1, peceol, labrasol, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium octyl sulfate, decyltrimethylammonium bromide, span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), triton X-100, sodium glycocholate hydrate, cholic acid, heptanoic acid, isopropyl palmitate, methyl laurate, sodium oleate, urea, 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-methylpiperazine, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, n-caproic acid, sodium salicylate, (±)-limonene, L-fenchone, cineole, pinene oxide, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, cumin seed oil, caproyl PGMC, caproyl 90 (Propylene glycol dicaprylate), lauroglycol FCC, lauroglycol 90, labrafac PG, transcutol, gelucire 50/13, and/or labrafil M1944 CS.
In some embodiments, the composition can include between 1% and 10% sodium oleate by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include between 5 mg and 100 mg of sodium oleate.
In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium lauryl sulfate at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include caprolactam at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include polysorbate 80 at a concentration between 2 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium deoxycholate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium deoxycholate at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium deoxycholate at a concentration between 2.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include isopropyl myristate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include isopropyl myristate at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include isopropyl myristate at a concentration between 2.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include 1-phenylpiperazine at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include piperine at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include menthone at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include labrafac lipophile WL 1349 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include gelucire 44/14 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include gelucire 44/14 at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include gelucire 44/14 at a concentration between 1 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include labrafil M2130 CS at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include labrafil M2125 CS at a concentration of 5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include maisine 35-1 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include maisine 35-1 at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include maisine 35-1 at a concentration between 1 mg/m and 40 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include peceol 35-1 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include peceol 35-1 at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include peceol 35-1 at a concentration between 1 mg/m and 40 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include labrasol at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium decyl sulfate at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium octyl sulfate at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include decyltrimethylammonium bromide at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include span-80 (sorbitan monooleate) at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include triton X-100 at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium glycocholate hydrate at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include cholic acid at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include heptanoic acid at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include isopropyl palmitate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include methyl laurate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium oleate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include urea at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1-methylpiperazine at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include n-caproic acid at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium salicylate at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include (±)-limonene at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include L-fenchone at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include cineole at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include pinene oxide at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include 2-octyl-1-dodecanol at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include cumin seed oil at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include caproyl PGMC at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include caproyl 90 (propylene glycol dicaprylate) at a concentration of 5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, the composition can include lauroglycol FCC at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include lauroglycol 90 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include labrafac PG at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include transcutol at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include gelucire 50/13 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include labrafil M1944 CS at a concentration of 5 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more diluents. In some embodiments, the diluents include, but are not limited to, mannitol, compressible sugar, coprocessed microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, coprocessed lactose monohydrate and povidone, microcrystalline cellulose, and lactose monohydrate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 10% diluent by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include 70% diluent by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include between 10% and 70% diluent by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include mannitol at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include compressible sugar at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more binders. In some embodiments, the binders include, but are not limited to, povidone, HPMC, hypromellose, and pregelatinized starch. In some embodiments, the composition can include 10% binder by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include 70% binder by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include between 10% and 70% binder by weight.
In some embodiments, the composition can include povidone at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include hypromellose at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include pregelatinized starch at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more disintegrants. In some embodiments, the disintegrants include, but are not limited to, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone. In some embodiments, the composition can include 2% disintegrant by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include 8% disintegrant by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include between 2% and 8% disintegrant by weight.
In some embodiments, the composition can include croscarmellose sodium at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium starch glycolate at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include crospovidone at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more lubricants and glidants. In some embodiments, the lubricants and glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, the composition can include 0.2% lubricant and glidant by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include 20% lubricant and glidant by weight. In some embodiments, the composition can include between 0.2% and 20% lubricant and glidant by weight.
In some embodiments, the composition can include colloidal silicon dioxide at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include magnesium stearate at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.
In some embodiments, a formulation can comprise a pharmaceutically suitable composition of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and one or more other excipients. In some embodiments, the other excipients include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, hydrogenated vegetable oil, type 1, co-processed lactose monohydrate, povidone and crospovidone, co-processed microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, sodium citrate, and sodium chloride.
In some embodiments, the composition can include hydrogenated vegetable oil type 1 at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium citrate at a concentration of 0.008 M. In some embodiments, the composition can include sodium chloride at a concentration of 0.14 M.
The 1,2-HOPO and 3,2-HOPO chelating agents suitable for use in the present invention are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,431 (“Hydroxypyridonate Chelating Agents”), U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,901 (“3-Hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridonate Chelating Agents”), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,029 (“3-Hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridonate Chelating Agents”), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Suitable 1,2-HOPO chelating agent include, but are not limited to, molecules defined by the structure:
wherein R is a hydroxy group or where R1 and R2 are selected from the group consisting of H, —CH3, —CH2CH3 and —CH2φ, and X is either hydrogen, an alkali metal ion, or a quaternary ammonium ion.
Suitable 1,2-HOPO chelating agent include, but are not limited to, molecules incorporating a plurality of HOPO-type structures, including:
wherein 1, m and n are integers between one and twenty. In a particular embodiment of the invention, m is three. In a particular embodiment of the invention, m is three and n is four. In a particular embodiment of the invention, 1 and n are three, and m is four.
Suitable 1,2-HOPO and 3,2-HOPO chelating agents include, but are not limited to, a chelating agent comprised of a plurality of chelating functional units joined by one or more linking members, said chelating functional units independently selected from the group consisting of
in which at least one of said plurality of chelating functional units on said chelating agent is
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, and C1-4 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups substituted by a single halide, hydroxy, carboxy, acrylamido group or an aryl group, and R′ is a member selected from the group consisting of a bond to a linking member, a hydrogen atom, C1-8 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, aryl groups, and C1-8 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups substituted by amino, carboxy, or hydroxy groups.
Suitable 3,2-HOPO chelating agents include, but are not limited to, a chelating agent having the structure:
wherein R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, and C1-4 aliphatic hydrocarbon groups substituted by a single halide, hydroxy, carboxy, or aryl group; Z is a member selected from the group consisting of O, NH, N-alkyl, and N-aryl; a is 2-4; and b is 2-4.
A suitable 1,2-HOPO and a suitable 3,2-HOPO are shown in
The methods for synthesizing the 1,2-HOPO and 3,2-HOPO chelating agents are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,698,431; 5,634,901; and 5,892,029, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The chelating agents are capable of binding or chelating, or capable of forming stable complexes with actinides and/or lanthanides, such as the cations of Eu, Pu, Np, Th, Am, and/or Cf, such as of 152Eu(III), 241Am(III), 238Pu(IV), 237Np(IV), 237Np(V), and 233U(VI).
Embodiments provided herein include prodrugs of the chealtors. Such prodrugs are in general functional derivatives of the compounds that are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to a subject in need thereof. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Wermuth, “Designing Prodrugs and Bioprecursors,” in Wermuth, ed., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd Ed., pp. 561-586 (Academic Press 2003). Prodrugs include esters that hydrolyze in vivo (for example in the human body) to produce a compound of this invention or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, without limitation, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety preferably has no more than six carbon atoms. Illustrative esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates, citrates, succinates, and ethylsuccinates.
Methods of Use
In some embodiments, a method for treating a subject for a heavy metal exposure is provided. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a 1,2-HOPO chelating agent to a subject that has an excess amount of one or more of heavy metals, actinides and/or lanthanides, or a mixture thereof. Additional options for therapies are also provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20120214843, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Methods of treatment can include treating a subject in need by administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a chelating agent (as provided herein) to a subject in need of such treatment. In some embodiments the subject has been exposed to, have been in contact with, or contaminated by one or more known or unknown actinides and/or lanthanides, or a mixture thereof.
It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. A11 publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “and”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a chelating agent” includes a plurality of such chelating agents, and so forth.
The invention having been described, the following examples are offered to illustrate the subject invention by way of illustration, not by way of limitation.
The objective of the analytical study described in this report was to evaluate the interactions between 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and selected pharmaceutical excipients under 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH conditions over eight weeks. Physical appearance and potency of the different samples were assessed at T=0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks through visual observations and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
The HPLC system suitability and linearity were verified at each time point and were within the protocol requirements. Among the 14 compounds tested, 4 excipients (pregelatinized starch, compressible sugar, providone, and hydrogenated vegetable oil) resulted in a decrease in 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) purity or in an increase of specific impurity content. These results will be taken into consideration for further investigation on the bioavailability enhancement of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO).
1. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to support research efforts. It was not conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies” (GLP) regulations, as described in 21 CFR Part 58. However, the study was planned, performed, recorded, and reported in accordance with standard practices to ensure data quality and integrity.
2. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and selected pharmaceutical excipients under 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH conditions over eight weeks, including:
a. Mannitol
b. Lactose Monohydrate
c. Compressible sugar
d. Microcrystalline Cellulose
e. Hypromellose
f. Povidone
g. Pregelatinized Starch
h. Croscarmellose Sodium
i. Sodium Starch Glycolate
j. Crospovidone
k. Colloidal silicon dioxide
l. Magnesium stearate
m. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, Type 1
n. Polysorbate 80 (PS), NF (Spectrum Chemicals, Cat #PO138)
3. Experimental Design
The stability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was tested according to the conditions listed below in TABLE 1.1. A11 test samples were stored throughout the study in 40 mL clear USP Type 1 glass vials (28 mm OD×95 mm height; 24 mm screw cap), wrapped in aluminum foil.
TABLE 1.2 shows the list of excipients, and various drug-excipient ratios that were used in the study.
4. Materials And Methods
a. Test and Control Articles
Test Article: 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)
Manufacturer: Ash Stevens, Inc. (Detroit, Mich.)
Lot Number: ML-11-276
Physical Description: Pale yellow solid
Storage Conditions: Refrigerated 2-8° C. protected from light.
Materials:
b. Sample Characterization
c. Chromatographic Assay and Purity Assessment
Column Temperature: 25° C.
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Injection Volume: 10 μL
Detection: 250 nm
Run Time: 50 min
Diluent: 9:1 H2O:ACN
Analysis Sequence:
a. System Suitability
System suitability and linearity results are summarized in TABLE 1.5 to TABLE 1.8 and
b. Stability Determination
Results of the compatibility study are summarized in TABLE 1.9 to TABLE 1.23. The test article 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was stable over 8 weeks under the described conditions (25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH) in the control samples. Most excipient-API mixtures displayed similar stability, to the exception of the mixtures including pregelatinized starch (TABLE 1.15) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (TABLE 1.21) that resulted in apparent decrease of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) HPLC purity. In addition an increase in specific purities was observed for the excipient-API mixtures containing pregelatinized starch (TABLE 1.15), compressible sugar (TABLE 1.11), providone (TABLE 1.14), and hydrogenated vegetable oil (TABLE 1.21).
6. Conclusion
A series of commonly used pharmaceutical excipients were tested for interactions and compatibility with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Among those 14 compounds tested, 4 excipients (pregelatinized starch, compressible sugar, providone, and hydrogenated vegetable oil) resulted in a decrease in 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) purity or in an increase of specific impurity content. Those 4 excipients should be avoided in future formulations of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO).
The feasibility of developing oral formulations for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was evaluated. Four oral dosage forms were investigated: (i) powder in bottle, (ii) dispersible/dissolvable granules, (iii) chewable tablets, and (iv) conventional immediate release tablets. Based on the studies performed, nine formulation prototypes that showed immediate drug release behavior and required physical properties were identified and selected for API verification, gastric fluid dissolution, and related substance testing following defined liquid chromatography methods. Among these selected compositions, two are powder in bottle formulations, two are granule formulations, three are chewable tablet formulations, and two are conventional tablet formulations. The respective compositions of these prototype formulations are summarized and tabulated in TABLE 2.1. A11 assays confirmed that these prototypes are suitable for further development. The stability of these formulations will be evaluated prior to a first-in-human trial for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). These stability studies will also include capsules containing the powder in bottle composition A2, which may be the optimal dosage form for adjusting does levels in clinical settings.
1. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to support research efforts. It was not conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies” (GLP) regulations, as described in 21 CFR Part 58. However, the study was planned, performed, recorded, and reported in accordance with standard practices to ensure data quality and integrity.
2. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to develop prototype oral formulations of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). The clinical dose of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is expected to be in the range of 1-2 grams per unit. In order to retain the flexibility of dosing lower and higher dose strengths in clinical evaluation, several oral formulations were included in the development work, including:
Suitable excipients were selected based on the results of drug-excipient compatibility studies (3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—Excipient Compatibility Study; EXAMPLE 1), and evaluated for feasibility of developing the selected formulations. A11 test formulations contained sodium oleate as a permeation enhancer, based on pharmacokinetic results established in parallel. In addition to 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), diluents, and the permeation enhancer, other formulation components were also probed for each prototype formulation. A typical formulation matrix is shown in TABLE 2.2.
Suitable formulation methodologies such as direct compression, dry compaction, and/or wet granulation processes were evaluated. Selected prototype compositions were tested for various physicochemical properties as shown in TABLE 2.3.
4. Materials And Methods
a. Test and Control Articles
Test Article: 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)
Manufacturer: Ash Stevens, Inc. (Detroit, Mich.)
Lot Number: ML-11-276
Physical Description: Pale yellow solid
Storage Conditions: Refrigerated 2-8° C. protected from light.
Analytical Materials:
Formulation Components:
Analytical Method I for Related Substance Assay (TABLE 2.5):
This method was previously established and validated (see 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—Excipient Compatibility Study; EXAMPLE 1). Suitability was therefore not re-evaluated as part of this study.
Instrument: Waters Alliance 2695 liquid chromatography system
Detector: 2487 Waters Dual Wavelength Detector
Column: Agilent, Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5
Mobile Phase A: 0.05% formic acid in 95% H2O: 5% ACN
Mobile Phase B: 0.05% formic acid in acetonitrile (ACN)
Column Temperature: 25° C.
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Injection Volume: 20 μL
Detection: 250 nm
Run Time: 50 min
Diluent: 9:1 H2O:ACN
Analytical Method I for Related Substance Assay (TABLE 2.6):
This method was previously established and validated (see 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—Excipient Compatibility Study; EXAMPLE 1). Suitability was therefore not re-evaluated as part of this study.
Instrument: Waters Alliance 2695 liquid chromatography system
Detector: 2487 Waters Dual Wavelength Detector
Column: Agilent, Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5 μm.
Mobile Phase A: 0.05% formic acid in 95% H2O: 5% ACN
Mobile Phase B: 0.05% formic acid in acetonitrile (ACN)
Column Temperature: 25° C.
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Injection Volume: 20 μL
Detection: 250 nm
Run Time: 50 min
Diluent: 9:1 H2O:ACN
Analytical Method II for API Content and Dissolution Assays (TABLE 2.7 and TABLE 2.8):
5. Results
a. Powder in Bottle (PIB) Dosage Forms
Powder in bottle (PIB) is one of the most convenient dosage form used in early stage clinical development because of its ease of use. In comparison with capsules, PIB can carry large dose and fill weights. TABLE 2.13 shows the compositions of PIB evaluated. The reason for evaluating each composition is also described. The target was to identify a suitable composition that can form uniform dispersion when diluted with water, and also exhibit immediate drug release characteristics. TABLE 2.14 describes the corresponding properties of the evaluated formulations.
The API 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) and all other compositions except A9 to A11 formed a sticky mass when reconstituted in water. This behavior was considerably reduced after incorporation of Avicel RC-591 (a co-processed excipient of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose). Composition A11 prepared using a 1:1 drug:excipient ratio formed a uniform dispersion and was therefore evaluated using the API content verification assay and the dissolution in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes assay. Both assays were also performed with composition A2 (API+permeation enhancer sodium oleate blend) for comparison, as described further in this report.
b. Orally Dispersible/Dissolvable Granules
Orally Dispersible/Dissolvable Granules are similar to commercially available “Sprinkles” where the granules of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) can be directly transferred into the mouth from individually packed pouches/sachets and swallowed with or without water. TABLE 2.15 shows various compositions of orally dispersible/dissolvable granules evaluated. The reason for evaluating each composition is also described.
The target was to identify a suitable composition that can impart smooth feel in the mouth, and also exhibit immediate drug release characteristics. TABLE 2.16 describes the corresponding properties of the evaluated formulations.
Among various compositions evaluated, G11, which was formulated using co-processed microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel CE-15) showed smooth feel when wetted with water. Composition G12, which was formulated using Lactose monohydrate (Pharmatose 300 M), was also showed smooth feel after few minutes of wetting. Based on these observations, compositions G11 and G12 were further tested for the API verification assay and the dissolution in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes assay. The results are described further in this report.
c. Chewable Tablets
Chewable tablets are formulated for use in the mouth. They are usually uncoated, and are formulated to provide a release and absorption of the active ingredient(s) in the mouth/buccal cavity or from stomach. TABLE 2.17 shows the various chewable tablet compositions evaluated. The target was to identify a suitable composition that can be formulated by direct compression process, and shows immediate drug release characteristics. TABLE 2.18 describes the corresponding properties of the evaluated formulations.
Compositions C13 and C21 showed satisfactory physical properties (absence of segregation, friability, and disintegration). These compositions were, together with Composition C11, further tested for the API verification assay and the dissolution in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes assay. The results are described further in this report.
XSmaller tablets with 50 mg API load.
d. Conventional Tablets
Various compositions and processes (Direct compression & Wet granulation) were evaluated to formulate conventional tablets with 1000, 750 and/or 500 mg drug load. The target was to identify a suitable composition that shows immediate drug release characteristics. Tables 2.19-2.22 show various tablet compositions and processes evaluated. The tablets were evaluated for various physical properties, and the results are summarized in TABLE 2.19-TABLE 2.22.
Tablet compositions T44, T45, T50, and T51 showed ideal tablets properties (compressibility, friability, hardness, and disintegration). Compositions T44 and T45 were prepared by wet granulation process, and Compositions 50 and 51 were prepared by direct compression. As direct compression is generally a preferred process based drug stability, manufacturing time, and cost aspects, Compositions T50 and T51 were considered ideal, and their verification assay and dissolution in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes were tested. The results are shown further in this report.
e. Selected Prototypes: Appearance and API Verification Assay
Based on the development studies performed, nine formulation prototypes that showed immediate drug release behavior and required physical properties were identified and selected for further testing: Powder in bottle compositions A2 and A11, granule compositions G11 and G12, chewable tablet compositions C11, C13, and C21, and immediate release tablet compositions T50 and T51. The appearance and packaging of selected powder in bottle formulation prototypes A2 and A11 are shown in
These selected prototype formulations were assayed for their content of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) as per the methods outlined for the content verification assay. In general, all the tested formulations were found to contain 90-110% of the label claim of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). TABLE 2.23 lists the verification assay values obtained for each of them.
In the sample preparation from chewable tablets, the tablets were ground in a mortar and pestle due to the fact that the tablet matrix material gels up upon exposure to the diluent thereby, hindering complete extraction into the assay medium upon either shaking (by a wrist action shaker) or sonication. The grinding of the tablet matrix aids in complete extraction of the analyte. Extraction from the intact dosage form in the other prototype formulations is complete as observed from the values in TABLE 2.23.
f. Selected Prototypes: Dissolution Assay
Gastric fluid dissolution testing of the prototype formulations was carried out detailed in the methods section. In general, more than 80% of the API was released within 45 minutes of dissolution testing in all the formulations tested. The results of the studies are listed in TABLE 2.24-TABLE 2.27.
g. Selected Prototypes: Related Substance Assay
The related substances, estimated as area (%) from the chromatograms, and the chromatographic purity of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) in selected prototype formulations are listed in TABLE 2.28. For all tested compositions, the amount of related substances found in the prototype formulations is comparable to that present in the drug substance used as control.
6. Conclusion
The feasibility of developing oral formulations for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was evaluated. Four oral dosage forms were investigated: (i) powder in bottle, (ii) dispersible/dissolvable granules, (iii) chewable tablets, and (iv) conventional immediate release tablets. Based on the studies performed, nine formulation prototypes that showed immediate drug release behavior and required physical properties were identified and selected for API verification, gastric fluid dissolution, and related substance testing following defined liquid chromatography methods. Among these selected compositions, two are powder in bottle formulations, two are granule formulations, three are chewable tablet formulations, and two are conventional tablet formulations. A11 assays confirmed that these prototypes are suitable for further development. The stability of these formulations will be evaluated prior to a first-in-human trial for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). These stability studies will also include capsules containing the powder in bottle composition A2, which may be the optimal dosage form for adjusting does levels in clinical settings.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of prototype oral formulations of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) under 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH storage conditions over six months. The clinical dose of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is expected to be in the range of 1-2 grams per unit. In order to retain the flexibility of dosing lower and higher dose strengths in clinical evaluation, several oral formulations were included in this work:
The following is a summary of observations and trends observed in the stability study of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) prototype formulations.
The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to support research efforts. It was not conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies” (GLP) regulations, as described in 21 CFR Part 58. However, the study was planned, performed, recorded, and reported in accordance with standard practices to ensure data quality and integrity.
2. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of prototype oral formulations of the active pharmaceutical ingredient)3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO under 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH storage conditions over six months. The clinical dose of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is expected to be in the range of 1-2 grams per unit. In order to retain the flexibility of dosing lower and higher dose strengths in clinical evaluation, several oral formulations were included in this work:
Prototype formulations were selected based on the results of a previous formulation development study (3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)—Formulation Development; EXAMPLE 2), and are presented below in TABLE 3.1 and TABLE 3.2.
A11 prototype formulations and placebo capsules were staged in this stability study under 25±2° C./60±5% RH or 40±2° C./75±5% RH storage conditions for 6 months, with sampling at 1, 3, 6 months and at TO (initial). TABLE 3.3 shows the packaging configuration for all the prototype formulations.
A variety of tests were applied to each sample at each sampling time point, as detailed in TABLE 3.4.
4. Materials and Methods
a. Test Formulation Articles and Materials
Test Article: 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)
Manufacturer: Ash Stevens, Inc. (Detroit, Mich.)
Lot Number: ML-11-276
Physical Description: Pale yellow solid
Storage Conditions: Refrigerated 2-8° C. protected from light.
Permeability Enhancer: Sodium Oleate
Manufacturer: Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Mo.)
Lot Number: SLBH3379V
Physical Description: White powder
Storage Conditions: Refrigerated 2-8° C. protected from light.
Formulation Articles:
b. Direct Physical Test Methods
c. Moisture Content (by KF) Test Method
d. Solution Assay and Content Uniformity
e. Dissolution Testing
f. Chromatographic Purity Assessment
Results of all tests performed on the prototype formulations are summarized in TABLE 3.8-TABLE 3.12, with each TABLE showing the results for a particular assay.
6. Conclusion
The following is a summary of observations and trends observed in the stability study of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) prototype formulations.
The objective of this study was to characterize the efficacy of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at enhancing elimination from an internal plutonium burden in female and male Swiss-Webster mice administered a soluble citrate complex of 238Pu and treated multiple times, starting at 24 hours after the exposure. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the tissue contents, urinary and fecal excretions of 238Pu in treated animals versus untreated animals.
The medical countermeasure 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was administered parenterally (ip) or orally (po) via consecutive injections or gavages (six daily or twelve twice daily) starting at 24 hours post contamination at the following four selected doses: 30 μmol/kg ip, 150 μmol/kg po, 300 μmol/kg po, and 600 μmol/kg po (equivalent to respective approximate human doses range of 2.5, 12.5, 25, and 50 mol/kg, using the accepted conversion system of mouse doses into human equivalent doses—HED—based on body surface area). Oral doses also included the permeability enhancer selected during formulation development work.
Repeated parenteral and oral treatments with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) resulted in enhanced elimination rates and reductions in total body burden and distinct tissue content even when the first treatment dose was delayed until 24 hours post-contamination. In the first cohorts euthanized at seven days, the 238Pu elimination resulting from the twice-daily dosing schemes was not as good as the corresponding once daily dosing scheme with an equivalent total daily amount of API (i.e, once-daily doses of 300 and 600 mol/kg were better than twice-daily doses of 150 and 300 mol/kg)), when compared with saline controls. Extending the dosing regimen from a single dose to six once-daily doses allowed for more sustained elimination rates for groups treated with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), in comparison to saline-administered controls. At 11 days post-contamination, maximum decorporation efficacy was observed after the six once-daily parenteral doses of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). The 238Pu elimination enhancement after multiple oral treatments was still dose-dependent, as reductions in body and tissue content were slightly greater after 6 daily doses at 600 mol/kg than after the corresponding dosing regimen at 300 μmol/kg. Nevertheless, oral treatment with 300 μmol/kg resulted in significant 238Pu full body and tissue content reduction in comparison with saline-treated controls, with a decorporation efficacy equivalent to that of parenteral treatment with DTPA. Finally, differences were noted in excretion paths: 238Pu elimination occurred predominantly through feces for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)-treated mice and through urine for DTPA-treated mice, with a lower feces to urine 238Pu ratio in females, as compared with males.
The results of this study confirmed the efficacious dose level for oral treatment administration: When formulated with sodium oleate and orally administered daily for six consecutive days, 300-600 μmol/kg dose levels of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) produced significant decorporation efficacy of soluble 238Pu in mice.
Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to characterize the efficacy of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at enhancing elimination from an internal plutonium burden in female and male Swiss-Webster mice administered a soluble citrate complex of 238Pu and treated multiple times, starting at 24 hours after the exposure. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the tissue contents, urinary and fecal excretions of 238Pu in treated animals versus untreated animals.
In this regimen-optimization study, the medical countermeasure 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was administered parenterally (ip) or orally (po) via consecutive injections or gavages (six daily or twelve twice daily) starting at 24 hours post contamination at the following four selected doses: 30 mol/kg ip, 150 μmol/kg po, 300 μmol/kg po, and 600 μmol/kg po (equivalent to respective approximate human doses range of 2.5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μmol/kg, using the accepted conversion system of mouse doses into human equivalent doses—HED—based on body surface area). Currently, the “clinical oral dose” for this product from preliminary work ranges from 10 to 150 μmol/kg when administered once orally at 24 hours after internalization of the isotope. The selected doses correspond to the lowest doses resulting in almost maximum decorporation efficacy when administered once at 24 hours post-exposure. These doses had not resulted in any obvious toxicity in prior experiments.
Experimental Design
aContamination event defined as Day 0 (D-0) and treatment dosing started on Day 1 (D-1), 24 hrs post-contamination. Contamination achieved by intravenous injection in a warmed lateral tail vein of 0.2 mL of the challenge isotope (238Pu) in 0.008M sodium citrate and 0.14M sodium chloride, pH 4. Treatments and control vehicle administered by intraperitoneal injection (ip) or oral gavage (po).
bWhole animal and tissue challenge isotope content determined at two unique timepoints (D-7, D-11) post treatment administration. Excreta collected daily post contamination until necropsy.
cDay 0 culling of one animal from each 5-day recovery group included to determine the mean challenge isotope burden and baseline tissue and carcass values as % of injected dose (% ID) at 1 hour post isotope administration.
dBased on a molecular weight of 750.71 g/mol for 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) (0.7507 mg/μmol) and 497.4 g/mol for Ca-DTPA (04974 mg/μmol), and corresponding to a 0.25 mL dose volume for a 35 g mouse.
eTwo dosing regimen investigated: size daily doses starting at 24 h post-exposure and twelve twice-daily doses starting at 24 h post-exposure. Doses explored in the second arm corresponded to half of the doses explored in the first arm, to mimic a fractionated dosing regimen.
fSterile solutions of Ca-DTPA and Zn-DTPA in water assembled from commercial pentetic acid, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, and sodium hydroxide, with pH adjusted at ~7.4 Ca-DTPA is given for the first dose; Zn-DTPA is administered for the subsequent 5 doses to follow FDA recommendations.
gAll 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) oral formulations included the permeability enhancer sodium oleate (1:10, w:w), as defined by previous formulation development work.
5. Materials And Methods
a. Challenge Agent
b. Test and Control Articles
c. Dose Formulations
d. Test System
Animals:
e. Experimental Procedures (In-Life Evaluations and Euthanasia)
f. Control of Bias
While evaluating the responses of the animals and conducting the analyses, the technical staff was aware of the treatment history of each animal and sample. Based on the relatively objective endpoints to be examined, however, bias is not expected to have influenced the results of the study.
6. Results
The in-life portion of the study was accomplished without incident. The average radiochemical recovery in the female arms was 90.6% and 88.5% for the 7-day and 11-day necropsy cohorts, respectively. The average radiochemical recovery in the male arms was 85.7% and 86.5% for the 7-day and 11-day necropsy cohorts, respectively.
No adverse effect was noted for the groups of animals treated with parenteral or oral 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) at all dose level. A11 female and male animals in all dose groups appeared healthy and survived until their respective scheduled necropsy, except for one female mouse that was found dead in its cage at 4 hours after its first treatment (in the once-daily 30 μmol/kg parenteral 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) treatment group with necropsy scheduled on day 11). A large blood clot on the left abdominal cavity wall was found during necropsy, and internal bleeding due to failed dose administration was the probable cause of death. This mouse was not included for average dose calculations in the corresponding group. A few anomalies were noted during sample collection and processing, with no significant impact on the outcome of the study: urine samples were spilled for two female mice on a single day collection (on day 8 for one female mouse in the 300 μmol/kg oral treatment group with necropsy scheduled on day 11, and on day 7 for one female mouse in the 600 μmol/kg treatment group with necropsy scheduled on day 11).
a. Female Excretion Data Analysis
Statistical analysis was not conducted on the daily collections, but was conducted on the cumulative fecal, urinary, and combined excretion data at the two scheduled necropsy times. Oral treatment with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) twice-daily at 150 and 300 μmol/kg or once-daily at 300 and 600 μmol/kg resulted in significant 238Pu elimination enhancement at 7-days postcontamination, and the groups treated with the higher twice-daily 300 μmol/kg and once-daily 300 and 600 mol/kg 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) dose levels also displayed significantly enhanced fecal excretion at the 7-day time point. At the 11-day necropsy time point, all treatment regimens showed significant combined excretion enhancement. However, only the 30 μmol/kg parenteral and 600 μmol/kg oral treatments resulted in significant elimination enhancement through both urine and feces. Daily treatment seemed to enhance urinary excretion compared to single treatment (see previous reports) for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO).
238PU EXCRETION IN FEMALE MICE: AVERAGE
238PU EXCRETION IN FEMALE MICE: PERCENT
b. Female Tissue Data Analysis
The full body, skeleton, and liver contents of 238Pu at the 7-day (
TABLE 4.3B shows the percentage tissue content reduction compared to the corresponding untreated control group (for significant reductions). A11 treated group displayed significant reductions, with up to 45% decrease in body burden compared to the control groups at 11 days postcontamination after once-daily oral treatment with 600 μmol/kg 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Data related to percent recovered dose from the female arm are shown in TABLE 4.6.
238PU RETENTION IN FEMALE MICE: AVERAGE PERCENT
238PU RETENTION IN FEMALE MICE: PERCENT TISSUE
c. Male Excretion Data Analysis
238PU EXCRETION IN MALE MICE: AVERAGE
d. Male Tissue Data Analysis
The full body, skeleton, and liver contents of 238Pu at the 7-day (
TABLE 4.5B shows the percentage tissue content reduction compared to the corresponding untreated control group (for significant reductions). A11 treated group displayed significant reductions, with up to 48% decrease in body burden compared to the control groups at 11 days postcontamination after once-daily oral treatment with 600 μmol/kg 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Data related to percent recovered dose from the male arm are shown in TABLE 4.7.
In general the decrease in tissue burdens follows similar patterns for male and female animals.
238PU RETENTION IN MALE MICE: AVERAGE
238PU RETENTION IN MALE MICE: PERCENT
7. Conclusions
Repeated parenteral and oral treatments with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) resulted in enhanced elimination rates and reductions in total body burden and distinct tissue content even when the first treatment dose was delayed until 24 hours post-contamination. In the first cohorts euthanized at seven days, the 238Pu elimination resulting from the twice-daily dosing schemes was not as good as the corresponding once daily dosing scheme with an equivalent total daily amount of API (i.e, once-daily doses of 300 and 600 mol/kg were better than twice-daily doses of 150 and 300 μmol/kg), when compared with saline controls. Extending the dosing regimen from a single dose to six once-daily doses allowed for more sustained elimination rates for groups treated with 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), in comparison to saline-administered controls. At 11 days post-contamination, maximum decorporation efficacy was observed after the six once-daily parenteral doses of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). The 238Pu elimination enhancement after multiple oral treatments was still dose-dependent, as reductions in body and tissue content were slightly greater after 6 daily doses at 600 μmol/kg than after the corresponding dosing regimen at 300 mol/kg. Nevertheless, oral treatment with 300 μmol/kg resulted in significant 238Pu full body and tissue content reduction in comparison with saline-treated controls, with a decorporation efficacy equivalent to that of parenteral treatment with DTPA. Finally, differences were noted in excretion paths: 238Pu elimination occurred predominantly through feces for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO)-treated mice and through urine for DTPA-treated mice, with a lower feces to urine 238Pu ratio in females, as compared with males.
The results of this study confirmed the efficacious dose level for oral treatment administration: When formulated with sodium oleate and orally administered daily for six consecutive days, 300-600 μmol/kg dose levels of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) produced significant decorporation efficacy of soluble 238Pu in mice.
a. Percent Recovered Dose for Female Arm
b. Percent Recovered Dose for Male Arm
In EXAMPLE 5-EXAMPLE 9 the treatment dose levels for each in vivo study are presented in μmol/kg and/or mg/kg. Based on the molecular weight of 750.71 g/mol for the API 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), the mg/kg dose level is divided by 0.7507 to obtain the dose level in μmol/kg, while the μmol/kg dose level is multiplied by 0.7507 to obtain the dose level in mg/kg. Dose levels commonly used in the nonclinical studies are displayed as both μmol/kg and mg/kg in TABLE 0.1 for reference purposes.
Formulated material was used in the single dose in vivo ADME characterization studies in Sprague Dawley rats and Swiss-Webster mice with 14C-labeled 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO).
Pharmacokinetic parameters and disposition/biodistribution of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) were characterized in vivo (with the aid of two 14C labels on the spermine backbone of the parent product) in two non-GLP studies using Swiss-Webster mice and Sprague Dawley rats. The study designs for these two studies are shown in TABLE 5.1 and TABLE 5.2, respectively. Groups of six mice (3 male, 3 female) were given a single dose of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) via iv, ip, or po routes, respectively. An additional group of six mice (3 male, 3 female) were administered the 14C-labeled API with permeability enhancer (10% sodium oleate) by oral gavage (po). Similarly, groups of six rats (3 male, 3 female) were administered a single iv dose of the 14C-labeled API or a single po dose of the 14C-labeled API with 10% sodium oleate. In each of these studies, samples were collected at scheduled time points up to 24 hr post-dose and analyzed for 14C content using liquid scintillation counting. Blood, liver, kidney, feces and urine were collected and analyzed from the mice. Blood, brain, liver, kidney, lungs, spleen, skeletal muscle tissues, gastrointestinal (GI) tract samples, carcasses, feces, and urine were collected and analyzed from the rats.
14C Dose
14C Dose
The pharmacokinetic parameters determined from these studies are presented in TABLE 5.3. Blood was collected at 6-8 time points from 5 min to 24 post-dose. Plasma concentration-time profiles showed similar log-linear decays after iv administration in mice and rats, and the radiolabeled compound was rapidly distributed throughout the extracellular fluid space with higher peak concentrations and total plasma exposure in rats (C0=463 and 422 Pg-eq/ml, AUC=354 and 211 hr Pg-eq/ml for male and female, respectively) than in mice (C0=342 and 76 Pg-eq/mL, AUC=66.2 and 41.7 hr Pg-eq/ml for female and male, respectively). Radioactivity was cleared from plasma with t½ values of approximately 1.6 and 8 hr for mice and rats, respectively, after iv administration. Intraperitoneal administration of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) in mice resulted in a lower level of radioactivity in plasma than through the iv route, but significantly higher than by the po route. The oral bioavailability (F) of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was limited, as indicated by its low plasma exposure. Bioavailability of the radioactive compound was slightly higher in females compared with males (1.2% vs. 2.6% in male and female mice, respectively; 0.4% vs. 1.1% in male and female rats, respectively), as shown in TABLE 5.3. Formulation of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) with sodium oleate resulted in a moderate improvement in systemic exposure: The Cmax improved by approximately 3-fold from 0.32 to 0.93 Pg-eq/ml in male and 0.55 to 1.4 Pg-eq/ml in female mice. In addition, the AUC, when calculated over 2 hr posttreatment, increased from 8.3±6.2 to 17.4±6.7 min Pg-eq/ml in males and 23.0±15.4 to 35.1±18.9 min Pg-eq/ml in females, which translates into an oral bioavailability improvement of about 2-fold in mice.
NAd
NCe
aC0 is the plasma concentration extrapolated to time zero.
bAUC presented is calculated to the last data point at 24 h.
cThe bioavailability F is calculated using the formula: [(Doseiv × AUCpo)/(Dosep0 × AUCiv)] × 100%
dNA = not applicable.
eNC = not calculated; insufficient data for parameter estimation.
Analysis of radioactivity levels in tissues showed that radioactivity from [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was distributed rapidly into the liver and kidneys following an iv injection. In general, the highest level of radioactivity in kidneys and liver was detected early at 1 hr in mice and 2 hr in rats post-dose (
The principal excretion routes of radioactivity from [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) were both the feces and urine after an iv dose based on high levels of radioactivity in both feces and urine as well as significant radioactivity in the excretory tissues, kidney, liver and GI tract. Fecal elimination by 24 hr post-dose accounted for approximately 62% and 16% of the iv administered dose in mice and rats, respectively. Urinary excretion accounted for approximately 12-23% of the iv administered dose in these rodents with renal excretion of 14C beginning as early as 5 min after iv injection in mice. In contrast, following oral administration, excretion was primarily by the fecal route accounting for approximately 89% and 41% of the orally administered dose in mice and rats, respectively, by 24 h post-dose. Urinary excretion accounted for <1% of the orally administered dose and low radioactivity levels were detected in systemic circulation and in tissues except for the GI tract. In mice, the highest accumulation of 14C was seen in the feces after all three administration routes (i.e., iv, ip and po) confirming that the biliary pathway is the main mode of elimination at least for the iv and ip administration routes. Based on the colonic transit time in rats of 15.5 hr, 11 the radioactivity found in the feces in the first 24 hr after po administration is most likely unabsorbed compound. Although hepatic metabolism followed by excretion in the bile is possible for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) that is orally bioavailable, the very low level of radioactivity in the blood and tissues in the po group animals suggests that the predominant route of elimination of an oral dose of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is through the feces and is comprised of unabsorbed parent compound and metabolite(s) resulting from the first pass effect of the liver or biotransformations in the gut. Metabolite profiling of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was performed using an HPLC method on selected urine, feces, kidney, liver, and lung samples from the Sprague Dawley rat. Only samples containing the highest total radioactive levels were selected for analysis. A total of 11 peaks were detected, of which 6 were from uncharacterized interactions between the test article and matrix components because they were also seen in spiked blank matrix controls. These 6 peaks are not metabolites and are considered alternate forms of the parent compound (e.g. complexes of the test article with metallic ions). The 5 other radioactive species (peaks P1-P4 and P10) are considered potential metabolites. Feces-specific metabolite peaks P2, P3, and P10 represented a combined 10.5-11.4% and 0.5-4.2% of the administered dose after po or iv administration, respectively, in rats. Peak P10 was the most abundant peak in all samples analyzed. It represented up to 10% of the administered dose in feces after po administration while the other two feces-specific peaks represented <1% of the administered dose after po administration. Peak P10 was also the predominant, and sometimes the only, peak in feces samples after iv administration. P10 could be of biliary origin, or, more likely, it could be the product of a transformation within the intestinal tract, either through a spontaneous degradation process or mediated by the intestinal flora, since it was not detected in liver samples. P1 was the only metabolite peak identified in urine, representing ≤0.4% of the iv administered dose, and was absent in the single urine sample analyzed after po administration. In conclusion, evaluation of the metabolite profiles demonstrated that a putative major metabolite of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is formed (P10) that accounts for ˜10% of an administered oral dose. Thus it is likely that the observed low bioavailability of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is due both to biotransformation processes, likely in the gut, as well as relatively low absorption after oral administration.
Pharmacokinetic parameters in beagle dogs after a single oral administration of formulated capsules was determined in a GLP study. A validated bioanalytical method was used to determine the plasma concentration in 3 dogs/sex after capsule administration of 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg (50, 100, and 200 μmol/kg) of clinically formulated 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Plasma concentrations at all three dose levels peaked at 0.6-1.1 hr post-dose (Tmax), and trended higher in females (
The pharmacokinetic parameters in two non-GLP 7-day repeat dose studies in beagle dogs (SRI No. B677-13 with formulated capsules and SRI No. M835-11 with oral gavage delivered API) were in general agreement with the single dose GLP study and showed that 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) did not accumulate in the plasma after 7 days of dosing. These two pilot studies included an iv administration group so that oral bioavailability could be calculated. The oral bioavailability was low at <3% and essentially the same in both studies regardless of whether the dogs received formulated capsules or 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) dissolved in PBS without sodium oleate. One male and two female dogs were administered 37.6 mg/kg (50 μmol/kg) by the iv route which resulted in an observed peak plasma level of 115±11 μg/ml, mean AUCinf of 64 hr·μg/ml and a t½ value of 0.4 hr. Volume of distribution was 0.3 L/kg, consistent with drug that is distributed primarily to the extracellular space. The clearance (Cl) was 594 ml/hr/kg with an indication that plasma clearance may become saturated at higher plasma concentrations.
The pharmacokinetics of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) were generally similar across species. Oral bioavailability of formulated and unformulated 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was low at <3% in the dog and the bioavailability of total radioactivity from [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) in mice and rats was also <3%. Formulation of API with sodium oleate enhanced exposure parameters by approximately 2- to 3-fold in mice. When administered orally, 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was eliminated almost entirely through the fecal route either as unabsorbed parent compound or as metabolite(s) formed either by the liver or in the small intestine. Evaluation of the metabolite profiles in rats demonstrated that a putative major metabolite of [14C]-3,4,3-11(1,2-HOPO) is feces-specific and that it accounts for ˜10% of an administered oral dose. This metabolite could be of biliary origin, or, more likely, it is the product of metabolism within the intestinal tract, either through a spontaneous degradation process or mediated by the intestinal flora. Thus it is likely that the observed low bioavailability of [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is due both to biotransformation processes as well as relatively low absorption of an oral dose.
When administered to rodents by the iv route, 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was distributed rapidly into the liver and kidneys and eliminated by both the renal and biliary routes. The compound appears to be metabolized in the GI tract, degraded slightly in gastric fluid, and stable in plasma.
Plasma concentrations after an oral dose peaked (Tmax) at similar times post-dose in rodents and with the clinical formulation in dogs (˜0.7 hr and 0.6-1.1 hr post-dose in rodents and dogs, respectively). Mean t½ after oral administration was consistently short across dose groups and species at ˜1 hr in rats and 0.5 to 0.9 hr in dogs. Cmax, AUC, and oral bioavailability trended ˜2-fold higher in females than males in all three species (mice, rats, and dogs) and increased relatively proportional to dose. When co-formulated with sodium oleate as a permeability enhancer, the labeled [14C]-3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) displayed an increased exposure that translates into an oral bioavailability improvement of about 2- to 3-fold in mice. In beagle dogs administered the clinical formulation of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), exposure based on Cmax and AUCinf values increased relatively proportional to dose (all doses in males, low to mid doses in females) and trended higher in females compared with males at the low and mid doses (1.7- to 2.4-fold higher). The mean t½ was consistently short across dose groups and ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 hr.
Plasma protein binding differed across species; it was greatest in dog (95%), intermediate in human (29%), and lowest in rat (5%) when tested at 10 μg/ml. In vitro human liver microsome experiments showed that the compound was relatively stable, and these results are consistent with the relatively low extent of metabolism observed in vivo in the rat. 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) did not inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 and thus is unlikely to be a source of drug interactions for other agents metabolized by these enzymes.
The clinical formulation was tested in a single dose GLP toxicology and cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in beagle dogs. The study design is presented in TABLE 8.1. This study demonstrated a NOAEL of 37.5 mg/kg (50 μmol/kg) 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) in dogs following oral capsule administration of formulated material at 37.5, 75, or 150 mg/kg (50, 100, and 200 μmol/kg).
Based on this study, the MTD in dogs after a single oral administration is considered to be greater than 150 mg/kg. A11 dogs (6/sex/group; total 48) survived to their scheduled sacrifice on Day 2 or 15, and administration of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) produced no meaningful changes in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, cardiovascular assessments, clinical pathology, urinalysis, gross necropsy observations, or organ weights.
Clinical observations that were associated with test article administration included post-dose diarrhea and emesis. Specifically, dogs in the mid- and high-dose groups experienced slight or extreme diarrhea on Day 1 between 1 and 6 hr post-dose. Diarrhea was absent from the lowdose group. Slight diarrhea was seen in 17% of males and 33% of females in the high-dose group and in 67% of females in the mid-dose group. Extreme diarrhea was seen in 33% of highdose males. By Day 2, 8 of the 9 affected dogs were normal, with the exception of one highdose group female that had continued slight diarrhea. Slight to moderate emesis occurred <2 hr post-dose (and oftentimes <1 hr post-dose) in 1-3 dogs from each of the 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) treatment groups and in none of the vehicle control-treated dogs. Post-dose emesis appeared to be dose-dependent since it occurred in 0, 1, 2, and 3 dogs out of 12 dogs per group in control, low, mid, and high dose groups, respectively. Post-dose emesis is a common response to oral dose administration in dogs, and a single occurrence of it in the low dose group could be treatment-related rather than test article-related and is not considered a dose-limiting event. Slight post-dose emesis in this one male dog was the only finding present in the 37.5 mg/kg lowdose treatment group. Similar dose dependent, transient emesis and diarrhea were observed ˜1 hr post-dose in the non-GLP repeat dose beagle dog study (SRI No. B677-13) where 2 dogs/sex were administered formulated capsules once daily for 7 days at doses of 75.1, 150, or 300 mg/kg (100, 200, and 400 μmol/kg). However, soft stools or diarrhea were not observed in Sprague Dawley rats after oral gavage administration of 400-1300 mg/kg (532-1732 μmol/kg) for 7 days (SRI No. M801-10) or 7.7-76.9 mg/kg (10-102 μmol/kg) for 28 days (SRI No. M512-07).
Renal findings of diffuse, moderate, proximal tubular casts and dilation; moderate interstitial hemorrhage; and mild interstitial hemosiderin pigmentation were observed at the Day 15 recovery sacrifice in 1 of 3 female dogs in the high-dose group (150 mg/kg). No similar renal histopathology findings were found in any of the other on-study dogs. The observation of hemosiderin without fibrosis in the kidney sections from this one dog is consistent with the renal findings having developed within one to three days prior to the Day 15 necropsy. This dog also had corresponding small increases (1.8- and 1.3-fold, respectively) in the renal function markers BUN and CR on Day 15 relative to pre-test. The timing of the renal findings in this recovery group dog is surprising given the fact that 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was administered only on Day 1. Therefore, it is unclear if these renal findings are related specifically to high-dose administration of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). There were no toxicologically meaningful histopathology findings in any of the dogs on Day 2 or in any of the other dogs on Day 15. Similar renal findings were also absent from the non-GLP 7-day repeat dose dog study (SRI No. B677-13) where 2 dogs/sex received formulated material at higher doses for 4 days followed by equivalent doses for 3 days and then were sacrificed on Day 8. There were also no renal findings in the Sprague Dawley rat studies after 7 and 28 days of oral gavage dose administration (SRI Nos. M801-10 and M512-07, respectively).
An evaluation of the serum levels of iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity, magnesium, and ferritin were included in the clinical pathology analysis during the dog safety studies because 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) is a potent metal chelator. In the GLP study with 3 dogs/sex, none of these parameters were meaningfully altered with statistical significance on Days 2 or 15 in treated groups when compared with controls although the standard deviations were large and the number of dogs per group was small. In the non-GLP pilot repeat dose study with even smaller numbers (2 dogs/sex) and no control group, there were indications that serum total iron levels increased ˜2-fold after treatment when compared with pretest levels while the unsaturated iron binding capacity decreased 16-62% suggesting that the increased iron was bound to transferrin, not 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Thus, the results from the nonclinical dog studies suggest that serum iron and magnesium levels are not meaningfully altered after 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) administration although these parameters are being evaluated in the clinical trial.
Cardiovascular parameters in beagle dogs after a single oral administration of formulated capsules was determined in a GLP study
Electrocardiograms and blood pressure were evaluated from 3 male and 3 female beagle dogs per dose group (0, 37.5, 75, or 150 mg/kg) at pretest, 1 and 4 hours post-dose, and 7 days after a single oral dose of formulated material (TABLE 8.1). There were no electrocardiographic, heart rate, or blood pressure findings that were attributed to administration of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Instances of increased or decreased blood pressure (hypertension or hypotension) in various dogs were considered sporadic or due to stress, excitement, or struggling during the time of recording and not test article related. In summary, electrocardiogram and blood pressure assessments in beagle dogs raised no cardiovascular safety concerns.
The objective of the analytical study described in Part C of this report was to assess the feasibility of enhancing the permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) using oral permeation enhancers. Evaluation was performed using an in vitro pK assay based on the Double-Sink™ PAMPA technology developed by pION, Inc.
Fifteen different permeation enhancers were evaluated for their ability at increasing the permeability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), using an in vitro PAMPA assay with artificial GIT lipid membranes. A significant increase was observed in permeability for one formulation containing 10 mg/mL of Polysorbate 80 and 1 mg/mL of API. A11 other tested formulations showed no or minor improvement in permeability. Formulations containing Polysorbate 80 will be evaluated further in in vivo studies.
1. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to support research efforts. It was not conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies” (GLP) regulations, as described in 21 CFR Part 58. However, the study was planned, performed, recorded, and reported in accordance with standard practices to ensure data quality and integrity.
2. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of enhancing the permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) using oral permeation enhancers. Evaluation was performed using an in vitro pK assay based on the Double-Sink™ PAMPA technology developed by pION, Inc.
3. Experimental Design
The permeability enhancement study was performed in two stages. In the first stage (TABLE 10.1), 15 formulations were prepared and screened. The second stage (TABLE 10.2) was performed to refine the concentrations of the permeability enhancers that seemed to display permeability enhancement in the first screening. The screening conditions for both stages are listed below. The sample solutions were stored throughout the study in 20 mL clear scintillation glass vials with polypropylene cap and pulp foil liner, wrapped in aluminum foil.
4. Materials And Methods
a. Test and Control Articles
b. Sample Characterization
Visual Observation: For each sample solution, visual observation consisted in recording color and clarity.
pH Record: The pH of each sample solution prepared for permeability analysis was measured and recorded.
c. Permeability Assay
In vitro PK assay based on Double-Sink™ PAMPA assay layout:
The PAMPA Evolution96™ instrument was used for the liquid handling, UV data collection and results processing. The system consisted of a 96-well Double-Sink PAMPA Sandwich with pre-loaded stirrers. A PAMPA sandwich was formed such that each composite well was divided into two chambers, separated by a 125 μm microfilter disc (0.45 μm pores), coated with Pion GIT-0 phospholipids mixture. Formulations were suspended in Prisma™ buffer. GIT-0 lipid painted on a filter support created an artificial membrane separating two chamber of the permeation system while the free of drug Acceptor Sink Buffer (ASB, pH 7.4) was placed in the receiving compartment.
After introducing the formulations in the donor compartments, the PAMPA sandwich was incubated for 15-30 min or up to 24 hours and only the UV spectra of the receiver were collected. Calibrated for in vivo conditions, individual-well stirring was provided by the Gut-Box™ (Pion Inc.).
The appearance rate of a compound in the receiving compartment of the PAMPA Sandwich containing formulation in the donor compartment was compared to the corresponding rate in a formulation-free system. The ratio between these two rates was reported as a Flux Ratio.
5. Results
a. PAMPA Assay Results
Observations (formulation appearance and pH) and PAMPA permeation results are summarized in TABLE 10.5 below for both screening stages. Based on the data obtained from the permeation assay, the GIT lipid-covered membranes were stable in the presence of all tested formulations and formulation vehicles, and no leakage was detected. The API 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) indicated very low permeability, comparable or even lower than the permeability level of the references compound Ranitidine.
For Formulations 1, 2, 4A, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 15, the UV-Visible signal in the acceptor compartment was below the detection limit and the flux ratio could not be determined. Formulations 6 and 7 showed very high penetration rates for their corresponding vehicles that completely saturated the UV-Visible signal in the acceptor compartment, precluding the signal detection of the API under the strong vehicle background. Formulations 3, 3A, 4, 5, 5A, 10, 10A, 13, 13A, 13B, 14, 14A, and 14B showed no or minor improvement in flux in comparison to the control API, while formulation 3B showed significant improvement of permeability.
b. Flux Ratio Comparison
Flux ratios obtained for the different formulations of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) are summarized in TABLE 10.6 and charted in
6. Part C Conclusion
Fifteen different permeation enhancers were evaluated for their ability at increasing the permeability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), using an in vitro PAMPA assay with artificial GIT lipid membranes. A significant increase was observed in permeability for one formulation containing 10 mg/mL of Polysorbate 80 and 1 mg/mL of API. A11 other tested formulations showed no or minor improvement in permeability. Formulations containing Polysorbate 80 will be evaluated further in in vivo studies.
Analysis of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) Lot ML-11-276 was performed and a certificate of analysis was prepared regarding appearance, identification by IR and 1H-NMR, related compounds by HPLC, HPLC purity, heavy metal content, residual solvent content, water content by Karl Fischer, residue on ignition, and purity.
The objective of the analytical study described in this report was to evaluate additional oral permeation enhancers for their ability at enhancing the permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Evaluation was performed using an in vitro pK assay based on the Double-Sink™ PAMPA technology developed by pION, Inc.
Thirty one different permeation enhancers were evaluated, in addition to the original fifteen described in study 12-003-C, for their ability at increasing the permeability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), using an in vitro PAMPA assay with artificial GIT lipid membranes. Significant increases were observed in permeability for two formulations containing 2-Octyl-1-dodecanol and sodium oleate, respectively. A11 other tested formulations showed no or minor improvement in permeability. Formulations containing Polysorbate 80 were re-evaluated and previous enhancement results (as described in 12-003-C) could not be reproduced.
1. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to support research efforts. It was not conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies” (GLP) regulations, as described in 21 CFR Part 58. However, the study was planned, performed, recorded, and reported in accordance with standard practices to ensure data quality and integrity.
2. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to evaluate additional oral permeation enhancers for their ability at enhancing the permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO). Evaluation was performed using an in vitro pK assay based on the Double-Sink™ PAMPA technology developed by pION, Inc. This a follow-up study to LBNL No. 12-003-C, in which fifteen oral permeation enhancers were initially tested.
3. Experimental Design
The permeability enhancement study was performed in two additional stages (stages 3 and 4, following the stages 1 and 2 described in EXAMPLE 10). In stage 3, 32 formulations were prepared and screened (including 31 new formulations and 1 repeat of the most successful formulation from EXAMPLE 10). Stage 4 was performed to refine the concentrations of the permeability enhancers that seemed to display permeability enhancement in the first three screenings and verify reproducibility. The screening conditions for both stages 3 and 4 are listed below in TABLE 11.1 and TABLE 11.2, respectively. The sample solutions were stored throughout the study in 20 mL clear scintillation glass vials with polypropylene cap and pulp foil liner, wrapped in aluminum foil.
4. Materials And Methods
a. Test and Control Articles
b. Sample Characterization
c. Permeability Assay
a. PAMPA Assay Results
Observations (formulation appearance and pH) and PAMPA permeation results are summarized in TABLE 11.3 for screening stages 1 and 2 and in TABLE 11.4 for screening stages 3 and 4. Based on the data obtained from the permeation assay, the GIT lipid-covered membranes were stable in the presence of all tested formulations and formulation vehicles, and no leakage was detected. The API 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) indicated very low permeability, comparable or even lower than the permeability level of the references compound Ranitidine.
For Formulations 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 3B, the UV/Visible signal in the acceptor compartment was below the detection limit and the flux ratio could not be determined. Formulations 32 and 38 showed very high penetration rates for their corresponding vehicles that completely saturated the UV-Visible signal in the acceptor compartment, precluding the signal detection of the API under the strong vehicle background. The significant improvement of permeability seen previously for formulation 3B was not reproducible in the subsequent repeats. Significant and reproducible improvement was noted for formulation 26, and significant improvement was also observed for formulation 37. Formulations 16, 19, 21, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, and 36 showed no or minor improvement in flux in comparison to the control API.
b. Flux Ratio Comparison
Flux ratios obtained for the different newly tested formulations of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) are summarized in TABLE 11.5. The repeats for formulation 3B did not reproduce the initial 75-fold permeability increase. However, Formulation 26 did result in reproducible enhancement, obtained with 2.50 mg/mL sodium oleate and 1 mg/mL API, with a recorded pH of 8.81.
6. Conclusion
Thirty one additional permeation enhancers were evaluated for their ability at increasing the permeability of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO), using an in vitro PAMPA assay with artificial GIT lipid membranes. The significant increase in permeability originally observed for one formulation containing 10 mg/mL of Polysorbate 80 and 1 mg/mL of API was not reproducible. While most other tested formulations showed no or minor improvement in permeability, improvement was noted for formulations containing 2.50 mg/mL sodium oleate or 2-octyl-1-dodecanol. Formulations containing sodium oleate or 2-octyl-1-dodecanol will be evaluated further in vivo.
Analysis of 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) Lot ML-11-276 was performed and a certificate of analysis was prepared regarding appearance, identification by IR and 1H-NMR, related compounds by HPLC, HPLC purity, heavy metal content, residual solvent content, water content by Karl Fischer, residue on ignition, and purity.
The feasibility of developing oral formulations for 3,4,3-L1(1,2-HOPO) was evaluated.
Four oral dosage forms were investigated: (i) powder in bottle, (ii) dispersible/dissolvable granules, (iii) chewable tablets, and (iv) conventional immediate release tablets. Based on the studies performed, nine formulation prototypes that showed immediate drug release behavior and required physical properties were identified and selected for API verification, gastric fluid dissolution, and related substance testing following defined liquid chromatography methods. Among these selected compositions, two are powder in bottle formulations, two are granule formulations, three are chewable tablet formulations, and two are conventional tablet formulations. The respective compositions of these prototype formulations are summarized and tabulated below. All assays confirmed that these prototypes are suitable for further development.
It is to be understood that, while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The invention was made with government support under National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract #HHSN272201000046C and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority Contract #IPIAA12OS99609, through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract #DE-AC02-05CH11231. The government has certain rights in the invention.
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| PCT/US2017/050121 | 9/5/2017 | WO |
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| WO2018/048812 | 3/15/2018 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210283115 A1 | Sep 2021 | US |
