Patent Grant
11851724
This disclosure relates to foundry coke products, and associated systems, devices, and methods.
Coke can be divided into various subcategories. Foundry coke has a large size relative to blast coke and is of exceptional quality, including relatively low impurities, and relatively high carbon content, strength, and stability. Foundry coke is used in foundry cupolas to melt iron and produce cast iron and ductile iron products. However, the production cost, including the manufacturing cost, transportation cost, and environmental cost, for foundry coke is high. Therefore, there is a need in the art to improve the production process thereby to obtain high quality foundry coke at a higher yield or a lower cost.
Coke is a solid carbon fuel and carbon source produced from coal that is used in the production of steel. The coal can be obtained from a combination of different coal sources and often possess vastly different qualities and compositions. These resources can be used as fuel or feedstock for a diverse array of applications, such as steel production, cement production, and electricity generation. Furthermore, the diverse array of regulatory environments or economic incentives can further create additional requirements for the types of coal that a specific foundry, factory, or plant is permitted to use.
Features, aspects, and advantages of the presently disclosed technology can be better understood with regard to the following drawings.
A person skilled in the relevant art will understand that the features shown in the drawings are for purposes of illustrations, and variations, including different or additional features and arrangements thereof, are possible.
Foundry coke is coke of a relatively large size, and of exceptional quality, such as very low content of impurities, and very high fixed carbon content, strength, and stability. Foundry coke is used in cupola furnaces to melt iron and recycled steel and as a carbon source to produce cast iron and ductile iron products. However, the production cost, including the manufacturing cost, transportation cost, and environmental cost, for foundry coke is high. Therefore, there is a need in the art to improve the production process thereby to obtain high quality foundry coke at a higher yield or a lower cost. Traditionally made coke typically has an ash fusion temperature (AFT) above 2650 degrees Fahrenheit (° F.). Due to this high temperature, the ash melts deeper in the cupola which reduces the available surface area for coke exposed to molten metal. As a result, less carbon is transferred to the iron.
The coke products disclosed herein for the present technology have an AFT lower than 2600° F. and therefore melt higher in the cupola, thereby increasing the amount of carbon surface exposed to the molten metal. Moreover, from a viscosity standpoint, a low AFT allows the melted ash to move through the carbon bed more quickly and results in a better phase separation in the well section of the cupola to allow more carbon and molten metal contact. As used herein, the term “molten metal” refers to molten iron, molten steel, or the final molten mixture of molten iron and molten steel.
An AFT can be obtained in various ways and can be separated into different types of AFTs. In some embodiments, an AFT can be measured from a sample of ash created by burning a coal, coal blend, or coke product to completion. The ash elemental analysis can be performed on each element, for example, individual silicon atoms create a signal in the analytical instrument. To obtain a mass percentage value used for model ash fusion calculation, some embodiments of the present technology can treat all elements as fully oxidized and determine a mass percentage is based oxidized forms. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can determine the SiO2 mass but not the Si mass. In some embodiments, the mass percentages of SiO2, Al2O3, FeO3, CaO, other compounds, etc., can be normalized to sum up to 100%.
Alternatively or additionally, an AFT can be measured by an AFT test, such as a standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D1857. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can determine an initial deformation temperature (IDT), softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT), and flow temperature (FT). These measured temperatures can have different values with respect to each other, and can be used to characterize a particular coal, coal blend, or coke product. Furthermore, as discussed elsewhere, the composition of the ash remaining from combustion of a coal or coal blend is considered to be the same as the ash remaining after combustion of a coke product produced from the coal or coal blend. Some embodiments can characterize a coal blend ash composition as the weighted average of the ash compositions of the coal components weighted by their respective mass fractions in the coal blend.
Further, traditional operation can also add CaCO3-containing rocks to the charge to use as a flux to remove ash. The CaCO3 penetrates into the ash to lower the AFT, or the ash itself dissolves into the CaCO3 containing rocks. Given the very low surface to volume ratio for the fluxing to occur, this is an inefficient way to introduce a fluxing agent. Based on the unexpected discovery of the impact of a low AFT on the desired carbon transfer disclosed herein, the coke can be “pre-fluxed” by selecting coals or coal blends having ashes that are proportionally higher in the low melting oxides, such as CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Na2O, and K2O, than in the high melting oxides of Al2O3 and SiO2.
In a foundry cupola, coke is used as a fuel and carbon source to produce cast iron. Coke provides four functions in the cupola: (1) providing heat from the combustion to melt the iron or steel; (2) supplying carbon to the iron; (3) providing structural support for the iron or steel burden; and (4) creating gas permeable layers that allow the gases to travel upward and spread to provide good contact with the iron or steel.
Some embodiments can perform operations described in this disclosure to produce coke products that permit a higher carbon transfer rate to the iron or steel during foundry operations, which can result in better cupola performance. Some embodiments can use one of various types of ovens to produce coke products, such as a heat recovery oven, a non-recovery oven, a Thompson oven, another type of horizontal oven, a vertical byproduct oven, etc. Some embodiments can produce coke products described in this disclosure using one or more operations described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/736,960, titled “FOUNDRY COKE PRODUCTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Some embodiments of the present technology can perform operations to increase the efficiency of coke product production operations in a manner that can reduce energy consumption and increase yield. These operations can include determining the composition of coal blends used to produce a coke product, where the composition of a coal blend can include coals from different coal sources. Some embodiments can select specific coals for their VM content, where VM content and distribution can determine affect coke product yield, coke product properties, etc. Some embodiments can further perform specific processes when producing a coke product with a coke oven, where such processes can include opening or closing valves of a coke oven to maintain certain temperature relationships within sections of the coke oven. These outputs can result in coking products that are unique in comparison to other coking products with respect to reactivity, size, or other properties.
In some embodiments, the coal parameters can consider measurements of reactive components or subtypes of reactive components, such as vitrinite, liptinite, and reactive semifusinite. The coal parameters can also include measurements or select an amount of inert material to include into a coal blend, such as breeze, inert semifusinite, fusinite, macrinite, and mineral matter. In some embodiments, the inert content of a coal blend can be greater than or equal to 32.0%, or can be restricted to a particular range, such as between 28.0%-40.0%, or between 33.0%-35.0%. Some embodiments can determine the type and quantity of coals, breeze, and other components of a coal blend to satisfy a set of target coal blend parameters or corresponding target coke blend parameter, such as a target coal blend parameter, indicating a strong uniform coke. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select the types of vitrinites that are present in a coal blend, where the types of vitrinite can include one or more of V9, V10, V11, V12, V13, V14, V15, V16, V17, V18, and V19. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can produce coal blends having parameters described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/736,960, titled “FOUNDRY COKE PRODUCTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”.
After obtaining coal parameters for the coals 110, some embodiments of the present technology can determine combinations of coal types of the coals 110. For example, a first combination of coal types can include 20% type A coal 112, 30% type B coal 113, 40% type C coal 114, and 10% type D coal 115. Some embodiments can represent each combination of coal types with a vector in an n-dimensional mixture space, where “n” can represent an integer equal to or less than the number of available coal types usable to generate a coal blend. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can represent the first combination with a vector [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1] to represent a mixture point, where the mixture point can indicate the proportional amount of each coal in the coal blend. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can add additives to a coal blend. Such additives can include calcium oxide, limestone, a calcium-containing material, trona, soda ash, caustic soda, slag (e.g., low ash fusion slag, a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, a cupola slag, etc.), iron, nickel, potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium sulfate, rockwool, biochar, or biomass (e.g., a low-AFT biomass). Alternatively or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can add mineral additives, such as dolomite, various other calcium-containing minerals, iron-containing minerals, magnesium-containing minerals, or sodium-containing minerals. Some embodiments can use metal oxides as additives to a coal blend, such as Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, or TiO, transition metal oxides, calcined minerals. Some embodiments can add metal halide additives, such as CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl. Some embodiments can add metal sulfates additives to a coal blend, such as CaSO4. Some embodiments can add aluminum or silicon mineral additives to a coal blend, such as Quartz, Muscovite, or Feldspar. Some embodiments can add additives from industrial waste or recycling streams, such as blast furnace slag, foundry cupola slag, metal fines, wallboard waste, flue gas desulfurization plant gas byproduct (e.g., fly ash), coal burning plant fly ash, heat recovery steam generator wash mud, or unwashed coal.
Once an additive is added, the coal blend can have a calcium mass fraction, a lime mass fraction, a trona mass fraction, a soda ash mass fraction, a caustic soda mass fraction, a low ash fusion slag mass fraction, a BOF slag mass fraction, a cupola slag mass fraction, an iron mass fraction, a nickel mass fraction, a potassium mass fraction, a magnesium mass fraction, a sodium mass fraction, a calcium sulfate mass fraction, a rockwool mass fraction, a biochar mass fraction, a biochar mass fraction, a biomass mass fraction, or another additive mass fraction that is greater than 0% but less than a predetermined threshold. The threshold can vary based on particular embodiments, and can be configured such that the additive mass fraction is less than 10.0%, less than 5.0%, less than 3.0%, less than 1.0%, etc. By using a small amount of the additives, some embodiments of the present technology can significantly lower an ash fusion value or another property that increases the efficiency of a coke product. Alternatively or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can include a greater amount of additives, where the coal blend can include more than 10.0% of an additive. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can use an additive having a calcium oxide mass fraction greater than 70.0%, where inclusion of the additive can raise a calcium oxide mass fraction of a coal blend to be greater than 10.0%. Unless otherwise indicated, an element mass fraction can refer to the element itself, compounds containing the element, or both. For example, a calcium mass fraction can refer to a mass fraction of only calcium in a material, a mass fraction of calcium oxide, or a mass fraction of another calcium-containing compound, or a combined mass fraction of any combinations thereof, etc.
In many cases, the VM of coal includes vitrinite, where vitrinite can be categorized based on its reflectance or other physical properties. Some systems can categorize vitrinite by vitrinite types V8 to V18, where different coals can include different distributions of vitrinite types. As used in this disclosure, a high volatility coal can be characterized by having a VM mass fraction that is greater than a VM mass fraction threshold, where different systems can define a high volatility coal using different threshold. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can characterize a high volatility coal as a coal having a VM mass fraction that is greater than or equal to 28.0%. Some embodiments can use other VM mass fraction thresholds to characterize a high volatility VM, such as 25.0%, 27.0%, 30.0%, 31.0%, or some other threshold greater than or equal to 25.0%.
As used in this disclosure, a low volatility coal can be characterized by having a VM mass fraction that is less than a VM mass fraction threshold, where different systems can define a low volatility coal using different thresholds. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can characterize a low volatility coal as a coal having a VM mass fraction that is less than or equal to 20.0%, though a different value other than 20% can be used, such as 14.0%, 15.0%, 17.0%, 21.0%, etc. Some embodiments of the present technology can use other VM mass fraction thresholds to characterize a high volatility VM as a VM greater than the mass fraction threshold. The mass fraction threshold can be equal to a value such as 14.0%, 15.0%, 21.0%, 22.0%, 23.0%, or some other threshold less than or equal to 25.0%.
Some embodiments of the present technology can characterize or partially characterize a low volatility coal with respect to a high volatility coal by using a pre-determined difference, where the pre-determined difference can include a value greater than 1.0%, such as 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 8.0%, or some other value. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can set the difference between a first threshold used as the threshold for a high volatility coal and a second threshold used as the threshold for a low volatility coal as being equal to 4.0%, where a selection of 30% as the first threshold can cause a system to automatically select 26% as the second threshold. Alternatively, some embodiments of the present technology can determine or permit an alternative value to be the second threshold, such as 21%. By setting the thresholds used to define a high volatility coal and a low volatility coal or defining a difference between the two thresholds, some embodiments of the present technology can also automatically define a middle volatility coal as those coals that are not high volatility coals or low volatility coals.
This disclosure refers to the AFT of coal blends or coke products. An AFT of a coke product can be determined in various ways, such as via experimental observation (observed AFT) or determined using an empirical model (model AFT). Unless otherwise specified, the term “ash fusion” can refer to either an empirical model for ash fusion or an observed ash fusion. As will be discussed elsewhere, an AFT can be less than or equal to 2600° F., less than or equal to 2450° F., less than or equal to 2400° F., less than or equal to 2350° F., less than or equal to 2300° F., less than or equal to 2250° F., less than or equal to 2200° F., less than or equal to 2150° F., less than or equal to 2100° F., less than or equal to 2050° F., less than or equal to 2000° F., less than or equal to 1950° F., less than or equal to 1900° F., less than or equal to 1850° F., or less than or equal to 1800° F.
In some embodiments, an empirical model of AFT can be determined from remaining compounds of an ash generated from combustion of a coke product. When the value of the AFT is constrained to a range, these empirical models can serve to form a composition boundary in a multi-dimensional composition parameter space. The composition parameters of the parameter space can represent amounts of an element or compound in a material or group of materials, where the amounts can include compound mass fractions of their corresponding compounds, volumetric fractions, etc. By using different empirical models or different ranges for an AFT, some embodiments constrain the ash of a coke product to different regions in a composition parameter space, which can then constrain the composition of the coke product itself. For example, empirical models for the ash fusion can be defined in Equations 1-3 below, where “AFT” can be a model ash fusion temperature in degrees Celsius (° C.), “SiO2_mass_fraction” can be a SiO2 mass fraction of the ash of the coke product (“coke product ash”), “Al2O3_mass_fraction” is a Al2O3 mass fraction of the coke product ash, “Fe2O3_mass_fraction” is a Fe2O3 mass fraction of the coke product ash; “CaO_mass_fraction” is a CaO mass fraction of the coke product ash; “MgO_mass_fraction” is a MgO mass fraction of the coke product ash; and “K2O_mass_fraction” is a K2O mass fraction of the coke product ash:
AFT=19×(Al2O3_mass_fraction)+15×(SiO2_mass_fraction+TiO2_mass_fraction)+10×(CaO_mass_fraction+MgO_mass_fraction)+6×(Fe2O3_mass_fraction+Na2O_mass_fraction) Equation 1
AFT=19×(Al2O3_mass_fraction)+15×(SiO2_mass_fraction+TiO2_mass_fraction)+10×(CaO_mass_fraction+MgO_mass_fraction)+6×(Fe2O3_mass_fraction+Na2O_mass_fraction+K2O_mass_fraction) Equation 2
AFT=401.5+(26.3×SiO2_mass_fraction+40.7×Al2O3_mass_fraction)−11.0×Fe2O3_Mass_Fraction−7.9×CaO_mass_fraction−112×MgO_mass_fraction Equation 3
Some embodiments can apply different models based on different compositions. For example, based on a determination that an Al2O3 and SiO2 mass fraction in the ash composition of a coal blend is between 65% and 80%, some embodiments of the present technology can use Equation 3 to compute a model AFT, and use Equation 2 to compute the model AFT otherwise. Some embodiments can use different models for different optimization operations. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can use Equation 3 to optimize a coal blend selected for coke production to have a lower content of Al2O3 and SiO2 while having a greater content of Fe2O3 and CaO. Furthermore, while some embodiments of the present technology can use a known model AFT, some embodiments of the present technology can use novel model AFT equations. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can use Equation 1 to determine an AFT, where Equation 1 can be found in Chapter 8 of Cupola Handbook, 6th ed., ©1999, American Foundrymen's Society, Inc., which is incorporated by reference herein, some embodiments of the present technology can use other AFT models, such as those described by Equation 2 or Equation 3. Various other limitations on the mass fractions of components of a coal blend can be imposed. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coal blend having an alumina Al2O3 content of ash of a coal blend as being less than 10.0%, less than 7.0%, less than 6.0%, less than 5.0%, etc.
By constraining an AFT to a specific boundary, some embodiments of the present technology can restrict the composition of an ash. In some embodiments, the specific boundary can encompass a temperature region such as 982° C. (1800° F.) to 1204° C. (2200° F.), 1204° C. (2200° F.) to 1426° C. (2600° F.), or 982° C. to 1426° C. If the ash is an ash product generated by combusting a coke product, restrictions on the composition of the ash results in a constraint on the coke product of the coke product itself. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can generate a coke product having certain amounts of Al, Si, Ti, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, or K such that combustion of the coke product results in an ash having the composition that satisfies Equation 2. Various composition boundaries on a coke product ash can be used. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can generate a coke product such that a model AFT of the coke product as determined by Equation 3 is within an AFT boundary. For example, the AFT boundary can be a temperature range between 1260° C. (2300° F.) and 1427° C. (2600° F.), between 1260° C. and 1371° C. (2500° F.), between 1260° C. and 1316° C. (2400° F.), or between 1260° C. and 1427° C. In some embodiments, a lower bound on the temperature can be a different value, such as 982° C. (1800° F.) or a value less than 1288° C., such as 816° C. (1500° F.), 649° C. (1200° F.), or some other value less than 1288° C.
Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can constrain an AFT to be approximately a target value, wherein a parameter is approximately a target value if the parameter is within 10% of the absolute value of the target value. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can constrain an AFT to be approximately 982° C. (1800° F.), 1204° C. (2200° F.), 1260° C. (2300° F.), 1288° C. (2350° F.), 1316° C. (2400° F.), 1343° C. (2450° F.), 1371° C. (2500° F.), 1399° C. (2550° F.), or 1427° C. (2600° F.).
In some embodiments, a coal blend formulation can include specific properties, such as an ash fusion value less than or equal to 2400° F., which is equivalent to being less than 1316° C. Some embodiments can recommend or produce a coal blend that contains low-VM mass fraction coals and high-VM mass fraction coals without necessarily including middle-VM mass fraction coals. For example, a coal blend can have a bimodal profile of high-VM and low-VM coals within the coal blend. In such a bimodal profile, the coals of a coal blend can include only first and second sets of coals, where a first set of coals of the coal blend can include only high-VM coals having a VM mass fraction greater than 30.0%, and a second set of coals of the coal blend can include only low-VM coals having a VM mass fraction less than 22.0%.
Some embodiments can map the mixture point to a corresponding coal parameter point in a coal parameter space (“coal parameter point”), where each dimension in the coal parameter space can represent a coal parameter. In some embodiments, a dimension of a coal parameter point can be determined as a linear combination of the coals 110 weighted by the values of the corresponding mixture point. For example, a coal blend can include a two-coal-type mixture that includes 50% type A coal 112 and 50% type B coal 113. If the type A coal 112 has a VM mass percentage equal to 15% and the type B coal has a VM mass percentage equal to 25%, the VM mass percentage of the coal blend can be equal to the mean average of the two VM mass percentages, 20%.
Some embodiments can obtain a set of target coal parameters, where a target coal parameter can be provided as a default value, provided by manual data entry, obtained from a third-party data store, provided via an electronic message, etc. For example, the target coal parameter can include a coke reactivity index (CRI) or a coke strength after reaction (CSR) value. In some embodiments, the CRI or CSR can be manually entered by a user, obtained from a database, received via an API, etc. Some embodiments can use a model based on a set of coal parameters to determine a corresponding set of coke parameters. The model can include a statistical model, a semi-empirical analytical model, a neural network model, a physical simulation model, etc. As described elsewhere in this disclosure, some embodiments of the present technology can use a model that accounts for non-linear relationships between coal parameters and coke parameters. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can use a neural network, such as feed forward neural network, to predict a set of coke parameters.
In some embodiments, the neural network can be trained with past data. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can train a neural network based on past blends and outcomes of the blends where the outcomes can include coke properties such as a CSR, a percentage weight loss, a CRI, or another coke parameter that is non-linear with respect to a related coal parameter. Alternatively, or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can use an analytical physics-based model or semi-analytical model to predict a coke parameter. The use of a neural network, or other non-linear methods to predict coke parameters based on coal parameters can be advantageous due to non-linear effects associated between coal parameters and coke parameters. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can provide additional inputs to the neural network model, such as a breeze parameter, an amount of breeze used, etc.
Some embodiments can adapt to changes in the availability of different coal types. For example, a source mine for type A coal 112 can be shut down, a transportation line carrying type A coal 112 can be significantly delayed, a regulatory environment can make the use of certain coals infeasible for use, etc. In response to a determination that a coal type used in a coal blend is unavailable or expected to become unavailable, some embodiments of the present technology can generate an alternative coal blend formulation that maps to a position in a coal parameter space that is within a distance threshold of a first point in the coal parameter space. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can originally use a first coal blend that is 20% type A coal by weight, where the first coal blend maps to a first point in a coal parameter space that includes a VM mass ratio of 25%, a sulfur mass ratio of 0.4%, and ash mass ratio of 6%, etc. After receiving a message indicating that type A coal is restricted to 5% (e.g., as a result of an inventory drop), some embodiments of the present technology can perform a set of operations to determine one or more additional combinations that satisfy the coal type use restrictions and the coal parameter space. In cases where the first coal parameter point is not achievable while constrained by coal type availability, some embodiments of the present technology can determine an alternative coal blend formulation that maps to a coal parameter point that is within a coal parameter space distance threshold of the first coal parameter point.
Some embodiments can use the mixture point to determine mixture of coals to add and process for the coal blend 140. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can use operations described in this disclosure to determine a mixture point indicating a coal mixture that includes 20% type A coal 112, 30% type B coal 113, 40% type C coal 114, and 10% type D coal 115 and combine coal in these respective proportions into the coal blend 140. Some embodiments can then provide the mixed coal into a coke oven 150, where some embodiments of the present technology can add coke breeze 111 to the coke oven 150 to create a coke product having coke properties similar to or the same as a set of target coke properties.
As discussed above, control of the draft in the oven 200 or other operations in the oven 200 can be implemented by control systems using operations described in U.S. application Ser. No. 17/736,960, titled “FOUNDRY COKE PRODUCTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS.” Such operations can include operations of a coking cycle, which can include charging a coal blend into the oven 200, controlling the uptake damper 236 to be configured at any one of a number of states between fully open and fully closed, etc. Upon completion of the coking cycle, some embodiments of the present technology can coke out a coal blend to produce a coke product useful for producing steel with a cupola furnace. In some embodiments, foundry coke products may be used in a cupola furnace using operations described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/052,739, titled “FOUNDRY COKE PRODUCTS AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND PROCESSING METHODS VIA CUPOLAS”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the coke product can be removed from the oven 200 through the coke side oven door 206 with a pusher ram or another mechanical extraction system. In some embodiments, the coke can be quenched (e.g., wet or dry quenched) and sized before delivery to a user.
illustrates a coke particle configured to be heated in a foundry cupola, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present technology. As shown in
The first diffusion layer 310 layer can be solid or liquid, and can effectively block the coke surface, or lower the mass transfer area across the coke surface into the surrounding liquid metal. Additionally or alternatively, the first diffusion layer 310 enables oxidation and/or combustion of the carbon of the coke particle to be time and/or temperature delayed, such that the coke does not produce carbon monoxide in the drying region and instead is oxidized and combusted in the reaction region of the cupola. The first diffusion layer 310 comprising ash is formed in part due to the ash fusion temperature of the coke product, which is directly correlated to the composition of the coke particle 300. As described elsewhere herein, the ash fusion temperature of the coke is lower than traditional coke products, and can no more than 2650° F., 2600° F., 2550° F., 2500° F., 2450° F., 2400° F., 2350° F., 2300° F., 2250° F., 2200° F., 2150° F., 2100° F., 2050° F., 2000° F., 1950° F., 1900° F., 1850° F., or within a range of 1800-2600° F., 1800-2500° F., 1900-1300° F., or 2000-2200° F. This relatively low ash fusion temperature can enable formation of the diffusion ash layer, e.g., in the drying region of the cupola, that prevents cooking of the coke, or more particularly the core 305, prior to the reaction region. Additionally or alternatively, this relatively low ash fusion temperature can optimize contact time between the coke 300 and the metal within the cupola once the metal melts and becomes molten at the reaction region of the cupola. As a result, more carbon can be transferred from the coke 300 to the metal. This is in contrast to conventional coke products, which can have a higher ash fusion temperature that results in ash being formed deeper (i.e., downstream) of the reaction region and thus limits the contact time between the coke and the molten metal, thereby resulting in relatively less carbon transfer.
The second diffusion layer 315 is formed as the coke particle 300 is heated within the cupola and the coke core 305 shrinks. The second diffusion layer can further limit cooking of the coke within the drying region and/or help ensure the vast majority of combustion and oxidation of the coke does not occur until the coke 300 reaches the reaction region. Additionally or alternatively, carbon and sulfur may compete with one another to pass through the second diffusion layer 315. That is, the presence of sulfur can undesirably decrease the transfer rate of carbon from and out of the coke 300. In some embodiments, the coke can be pre-fluxed and/or include (e.g., doped with) an additive (e.g., calcium, iron, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, sodium oxide, and potassium oxide, and/or other oxides having a relatively low melting point) that acts as a catalytic material. As an example, sodium can act as a pre-fluxing agent, and iron can act as a pre-fluxing and catalytic agent. The catalytic material can trap sulfur and therein be utilized to flux the sulfur out of the coke. In some embodiments, the pre-fluxed coke is a result of selecting coals to produce the coke that have ash materials proportionally higher in the oxides described above. This is in contrast to coke products that may add calcium oxide or calcium carbonate particles/rocks as a flux to remove ash, as such methods are inefficient due to the very low surface to volume ratio for the fluxing to actually occur. Additionally, the pre-fluxed coke and/or catalytic agents can promote the carbon deposition via the Boudouard reaction, thereby generating more heat and increasing the amount of carbon that is present within the reaction region (e.g., the combustion zone) of the cupola. Without being bound by theory, the pre-fluxing agents can alter the liquidus temperature of the slag (e.g., slag 116;
Improved coke chemistry aims at increasing carbon dissolution from the coke particle 300 into the metal (i.e., the iron or steel) within the cupola. In operation, as carbon dissolves into the bulk liquid iron within the cupola, the coke core 305 shrinks and the ash and impurities are built up at the surface. Additionally, carbon and sulfur both dissociate from the surface, which can be aided by catalytic activity of Fe, Ni and other metals. A lower ash melting temperature, represented by an ash fusion temperature (as described elsewhere herein), allows improved ash removal by faster conversion of ash into a liquid phase and reduces ash resistance. Carbon and sulfur diffuse through the thin iron diffusion layer. Additionally, carbon and sulfur are competitive and resistant to dissolving or transferring of each other. As such, a low sulfur content of the coke improves carbon transfer. In addition, coke products having a high coke reactivity index (CRI) or a low coke strength after reaction (CSR) (as described elsewhere herein) allows more reactive carbon forms to dissociate from the surface thereby increasing the carbon dissolution rate.
Various metals added to a foundry coke product produced from a coal blend via ash in the coal blend or otherwise introduced into the foundry coke product can provide catalytic functions that increases a carbon dissolution rate. In some embodiments, a multi-oxidation state element (e.g., a metal) may change oxidation states in a coke product to provide catalytic activity. For example, a coke product may include sodium, which may transition from an unoxidized state Na into a first ionic oxidation state Na+. Alternatively, or additionally, a coke product may include iron, which may transition from an unoxidized state Fe into the oxidized states Fe2+ or Fe3+. Furthermore, the coke product may include the multi-oxidation state elements in an oxidized form. For example, the coke product may include Na+ in the form of a salt or Fe3+ in the form of Fe2O3. The coke product may also include other types of metals, such as nickel, copper, etc. The catalytic material embedded in the coke product increases carbon dissolution during steel production because at least some of the catalytic material will remain in contact with the interface between the coke product and a liquid iron bath during steel production.
Due to variations in the specific shape of foundry coke products, a foundry coke product can be characterized by a range of hydraulic diameters. For example, the foundry coke product 400 can have a hydraulic diameter that is greater than or equal to 1.0 inches, greater than or equal to 2.0 inches, or greater than or equal to 3.0 inches, etc. In some embodiments, the hydraulic diameter of a foundry coke product can be greater than an actual diameter of the foundry coke product due to the cross-sectional geometry of the foundry coke product.
The table 450 includes a set of attributes of the foundry coke product 400. The attributes of foundry coke products shown in the table 450 can characterize coke products produced by the operations described in this disclosure. Such attributes can be advantageous for foundry operations, such as having lower AFT values in comparison to conventional coke products. Such lower AFT values can be represented in various forms, such as the IDT or ST values. For example, sample “S4” shown in the table 450 has an ash fusion IDT equal to 2150° F. (1177° C.). Some embodiments can perform operations to reduce a low ash fusion to a coke product based on an AFT threshold or target ash fusion range.
In some embodiments, a target AFT value or AFT range can vary based on the type of ash fusion value being used. In some embodiments, a produced coke product can have an IDT that is between 2100° F. and 2400° F. Some embodiments can include stricter limits on coke products. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can include a coke product having an IDT that is between 2100° F. (1149° C.) and 2250° F. (1232° C.). Some embodiments can change coal blends, soak times, or durations at different damper positions to satisfy a target IDT. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target IDT value of approximately 2100° F., approximately 2150° F., approximately 2200° F., approximately 2250° F., approximately 2300° F., approximately 2350° F., or approximately 2400° F. In some embodiments, a soak time can be established as starting after a peak crown temperature or other peak temperature is reached. Alternatively, a soak time can be established as starting after a sole flue temperature or crown temperature begins decreasing without any gas flow. Furthermore, the soak time can be reduced due to the increased coking time of a pyrolysis duration, where the soak time can be less than 10.0 hours, less than 5.0 hours, or even less than 1.0 hour. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can use various total cycle times, and can characterize an operation based on a ratio of a soak time to a pyrolysis duration, where the ration can be less than 33.0%, less than 15.0%, less than 5.0%, or less than some other threshold that is less than 50%.
Similarly, some embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products using operations described in this disclosure having an ST that is within a specified range, such as between 2150° F. and 2500° F. Some embodiments can implement operations that satisfy a stricter range for an ST, such as modifying operations to produce coke products having an ST between 2150° F. and 2300° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can change coal blends, soak times, or durations at different damper positions to satisfy a target ST. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target ST value of approximately 2100° F., approximately 2150° F., approximately 2200° F., approximately 2250° F., approximately 2300° F., approximately 2350° F., approximately 2400° F., approximately 2450° F., or approximately 2500° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can set a target IDT value as a function of a target ST value.
Similarly, some embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products using operations described in this disclosure having an HT that is within a specified range, such as between 2200° F. and 2350° F. Some embodiments can implement operations that satisfy a stricter range for an HT, such as modifying operations to produce coke products having an HT between 2150° F. and 2300° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can change coal blends, soak times, or durations at different damper positions to satisfy a target HT. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target HT value of approximately 2200° F., approximately 2250° F., approximately 2300° F., approximately 2350° F., approximately 2400° F., approximately 2450° F., or approximately 2500° F.
Similarly, some embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products using operations described in this disclosure having an FT that is within a specified range, such as an FT between 2250° F. and 2600° F. Some embodiments can implement operations that satisfy a stricter range for an FT, such as modifying operations to produce coke products having an FT between 2250° F. and 2400° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can change coal blends, soak times, or durations at different damper positions to satisfy a target FT. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target FT value of approximately 2250° F., approximately 2300° F., approximately 2350° F., approximately 2400° F., approximately 2450° F., approximately 2500° F., approximately 2550° F., or approximately 2600° F.
Some embodiments can produce coke products that satisfy multiple target ranges for different types of AFT values. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can include a coke product having an IDT between 2100° F. and 2250° F., an ST between 2150° F. and 2300° F., an HT between 2200° F. and 2350° F., or an FT between 2250° F. and 2400° F. Alternatively, or additionally, various other combination of target ranges for a coke product are possible. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can include a coke product having an IDT between 2100° F. and 2250° F., an ST between 2150° F. and 2300° F., an HT between 2200° F. and 2350° F., and an FT between 2250° F. and 2400° F.
Some embodiments can generate coke products having AFTs that are within various composition boundaries to satisfy an AFT value. For example, some embodiments produce coke products having an AFT that is greater than 2300° F. or less than 2600° F. Some embodiments can include stricter tolerances for the production or selection of coke products for downstream use, such as being between 1800° F. and 2600° F., between 2200° F. and 2500° F., between 2300° F. and 2400° F., between 2400° F. and 2600° F., or between 2500° F. and 2600° F.
Some embodiments can use operations described in this disclosure to produce a coke product characterized by specific types of AFT values. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an AFT ST between 982° C. (1800° F.) and 1427° C. (2600° F.), 1177° C. (2150° F.) and 1371° C. (2500° F.) or a coke product having an AFT HT between 1204° C. (2200° F.) and 1371° C. (2500° F.), or an AFT flow temperature (FT) between 1232° C. (2250° F.) and 1371° C. (2500° F.).
As shown in the table 450, the CRI value of the foundry coke products can be 36.5% or another value that is greater than 35%. Some embodiments can implement coke production operations that produce batches of foundry coke that satisfy one or more CRI thresholds. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can change durations between changes in damper configurations or select between different damper positions based on a CRI threshold. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry having a CRI that is at least 25.0%, at least 30.0%, at least 35.0%, at least 40.0%, at least 45.0%, or another value that is at least 30.0%. Some embodiments can perform operations to select coke products that have CRI greater than a minimum CRI threshold for downstream use. In some embodiments, a CRI for a coke product may indicate a mass loss from a reaction, where a greater CRI for a coke product may indicate a greater efficiency or usefulness of the coke product. In some embodiments, the CRI may be computed using a model based on known properties of a coke product or the coal blend used to generate the coke product. Alternatively, or additionally, a CRI may be experimentally obtained as a measured weight loss using an established testing protocol. For example, some embodiments may use a CRI-measuring method such as the ASTM method D5341 to determine a CRI value.
As shown in the table 450, the CSR value of the foundry coke products can be 26%, 15.6%, or another value that is greater than a CSR threshold such as 7.0%. Some embodiments can implement coke production operations that produce batches of foundry coke that satisfy one or more CSR thresholds. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can change durations between changes in damper configurations or select between different damper positions based on satisfying a target CSR threshold, such as a CSR threshold requiring that foundry coke have a CSR that is less than or equal to 40.0%, less than or equal to 35.0%, less than or equal to 30.0%, less than or equal to 25.0%, less than or equal to 20.0%, less than or equal to 15.0%, less than or equal to 10.0%, or less than or equal to 7.0%.
As shown in the table 450, an SiO2 composition in coke product ash can include 49.4%, 48.9%, 48.8%, 49.1%, or 46.0%. Other embodiments can include other SiO2 mass fractions in ash, such as other values less than 70%, less than 50.0%, less than 45.0%, etc. In some embodiments, a mass fraction of approximately 50.0% SiO2 in coke product ash can correspond with a low amount of SiO2 in the coke product itself.
Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can generate coke products having a fixed carbon content (e.g., a fixed carbon mass fraction) that is greater than or equal to a fixed carbon threshold. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry coke products having a fixed carbon mass fraction that is greater than 80.0%, 85.0%, 90.0%, 90.5%, 91.0%, or some other value. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon content can be a targeted range. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can perform a set of operations to generate coke products having a fixed carbon content that is less than or equal to 94.5% but greater than or equal to 85.0% (though other ranges of values as possible, such as between 94.5% and 85.0%. Various other target ranges are possible, such as coke products having a range between 90.0% and 95.0%, 85% and 99%, etc.
Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can generate coke products having an ash mass fraction within a targeted bounded or unbounded range. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry coke products having an ash mass fraction that is greater than or equal to 1.0%, 5.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%, or a value greater than 10.0%. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can include an upper bound to an ash mass fraction. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry coke products having an ash mass fraction that is less than 1.0%, 5.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%, or a value greater than 10.0%. Some embodiments can combine these upper and lower limits of ash mass fractions such that a produced coke product has a range of 5.0% to 10.0%, 8.5% to 9.0%, 8.0% to 10.0%, 5.0% to 15.0%, etc.
In some embodiments, an ash content of a coke product produced using operations described in this disclosure can be less than an ash mass fraction threshold, where the ash mass fraction threshold can be 10.0%, 9.0%, 8.5%, 8.0%, 7.5%, or another value less than 50.0%. In some embodiments, the ash mass fraction can be unconventionally high, such as greater than 10.0%. Alternatively, or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an ash mass fraction threshold that satisfies an ash mass fraction threshold that is less than 10.0%, less than 9.0%, less than 8.5%, less than 8.0%, less than 7.5%, or less than 7.0%. Some embodiments can include ash within a range, such as between 5.5% and 7.0%, 6.0% and 6.5%, between 8.0% and 10.0%, or between some other values. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a set of coke products that satisfies a target mass fraction value. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an ash mass fraction that satisfies a target ash mass fraction, where the target ash mass fraction can be approximately 9.0%, approximately 8.5%, approximately 8.0%, approximately 7.5%, or approximately 7.0%.
In some embodiments, some embodiments of the present technology can implement operations that produce coke products which satisfies a minimum ash mass fraction threshold, such as coke products having an ash mass fraction that is at least 7.0%, at least 8.0%, at least 9.0%, or at least some other ash mass fraction. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can determine coal blend formulations or perform coke oven operations that have an ash mass fraction that is within a pre-defined range, such as between 7.0% and 10.0%.
In some embodiments, the sulfur content of the coke product can be less than a sulfur mass fraction threshold. For example, the sulfur content of a coke product can be less than 1.0%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1%. Some embodiments determine the formulation of a coal blend, determine a soak time, or determine a damper control schedule to reduce the amount of sulfur in a coke product. Furthermore, a coke product can be produced based on a target sulfur content value, such as a target sulfur mass fraction of 0.65%. As described elsewhere, by reducing the sulfur content of coke products, some embodiments of the present technology can enhance the efficiency of foundry operations.
Some embodiments can produce a coke product that minimizes the combination of Al2O3 and SiO2 or has a low amount of Al2O3 and SiO2. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can perform operations that produce coke products such that the ash of the coke products have a combined Al2O3 mass fraction and SiO2 mass fraction of that is less than or equal to 65%. By reducing the amount of Al and Si in a coke product, some embodiments of the present technology can increase the efficiency of foundry operations by reducing their interference with carbon dissolution during foundry operations.
Some embodiments can produce a coke product or a coal blend used to produce the coal blend that satisfy other thresholds for Al2O3 or SiO2. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product such that an Al2O3 mass fraction of the ash of the coke product, or an ash of a coal blend used to create the coke product, is less than or approximately 30%, less than or approximately 25%, or less than or approximately 20%. Alternatively, or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product such that an SiO2 mass fraction of the ash of the coke product or an ash of a coal blend used to create the coke product is less than or approximately 50%, less than or approximately 45%, less than or approximately 40%, or less than or approximately 35%.
Alternatively or additionally, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product such that a sum of a SiO2 mass fraction and Al2O3 mass fraction of an ash of the coke product or an ash of a coal blend used to create the coke product is less than or approximately 80%, less than or approximately 75%, less than or approximately 70%, less than or approximately 65%.
Some embodiments can produce a coke product using operations to increase the amount of CaO in a coke product. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can perform operations that produce coke products such that the ash of the coke products have a CaO mass fraction that is greater than or equal to 3.0%. Alternatively, or additionally, other maximum CaO thresholds can be used. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products such that the ash of the coke products have a CaO mass fraction that is greater than or equal to 10.0%, greater than or equal to 9.0%, greater than or equal to 8.0%, greater than or equal to 7.0%, greater than or equal to 6.0%, greater than or equal to 5.0%, greater than or equal to 4.0%, greater than or equal to 3.0%, greater than or equal to 2.0%, greater than or equal to 1.0%, etc. Some embodiments can create a coke product from a coal blend having a high content of CaO, where this content can be determined by an ash composition. Such a high content of CaO can increase a carbon dissolution rate of the coke product.
In some embodiments, as indicated by the range 1501, the ash content values of different samples can range between 2300° F. and 2560° F. Furthermore, as indicated by the range 1502, the ash content can range between approximately 7.8% to 8.8%. As shown in the chart 1500, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an ash mass fraction that is less than 10.0%, less than 9.0%, or less than another maximum ash mass fraction threshold. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can perform operations to maintain a minimum amount of ash product. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can implement coke oven operations to produce coke products having at least 1.0% ash, 5.0% ash, 7.0% ash, etc.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications can be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the technology. Further, certain aspects of the new technology described in the context of particular embodiments can be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Moreover, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments can also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. Thus, the disclosure is not limited except as by the appended claims.
It will be apparent to those having skill in the art that changes can be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the present disclosure. In some cases, well known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the present technology. Although steps of methods can be presented herein in a particular order, alternative embodiments can perform the steps in a different order. Similarly, certain aspects of the present technology disclosed in the context of particular embodiments can be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the present technology can have been disclosed in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments can also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages or other advantages disclosed herein to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein, and the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
Reference herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or similar formulations means that a particular feature, structure, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, various particular features, structures, operations, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing weight percentages, concentrations, compositions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “approximately.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present technology. As used in this disclosure, unless otherwise disclosed, a value can be considered to be approximately a target value if a difference between the value and the target value is less than or equal to 10% of the target value. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Additionally, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” includes any and all subranges between (and including) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10 (i.e., any and all subranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10, e.g., 5.5 to 10).
Although the present invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.
As used throughout this application, the word “can” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). The words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” “includes,” and the like mean including, but not limited to. As used throughout this application, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an element” or “an element” includes a combination of two or more elements, notwithstanding use of other terms and phrases for one or more elements, such as “one or more.”
Various other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent through the detailed description of this disclosure and the drawings attached hereto. It is also to be understood that the description of this disclosure are examples, and not restrictive of the scope of the invention. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular forms of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, as used in the specification, “a portion” refers to a part of, or the entirety (i.e., the entire portion), of a given item (e.g., data) unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Furthermore, a “set” can refer to a singular form or a plural form, such that a “set of items” can refer to one item or a plurality of items.
The term “or” is non-exclusive (i.e., encompassing both “and” and “or”), unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Terms describing conditional relationships (e.g., “in response to X, Y,” “upon X, Y,” “if X, Y,” “when X, Y,” and the like) encompass causal relationships in which the antecedent is a necessary causal condition, the antecedent is a sufficient causal condition, or the antecedent is a contributory causal condition of the consequent (e.g., “state X occurs upon condition Y obtaining” is generic to “X occurs solely upon Y” and “X occurs upon Y and Z”). Such conditional relationships are not limited to consequences that instantly follow the antecedent obtaining, as some consequences can be delayed, and in conditional statements, antecedents are connected to their consequents (e.g., the antecedent is relevant to the likelihood of the consequent occurring). Statements in which a plurality of attributes or functions are mapped to a plurality of objects (e.g., one or more processors performing steps/operations A, B, C, and D) encompass both all such attributes or functions being mapped to all such objects and subsets of the attributes or functions being mapped to subsets of the objects (e.g., both all processors each performing steps/operations A-D, and a case in which processor 1 performs step/operation A, processor 2 performs step/operation B and part of step/operation C, and processor 3 performs part of step/operation C and step/operation D), unless otherwise indicated. Further, unless otherwise indicated, statements that one value or action is “based on” another condition or value encompass both instances in which the condition or value is the sole factor and instances in which the condition or value is one factor among a plurality of factors.
Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, statements that “each” instance of some collection have some property should not be read to exclude cases where some otherwise identical or similar members of a larger collection do not have the property (i.e., each does not necessarily mean each and every). Limitations as to sequence of recited steps should not be read into the claims unless explicitly specified (e.g., with explicit language like “after performing X, performing Y”), in contrast to statements that might be improperly argued to imply sequence limitations (e.g., “performing X on items, performing Y on the X'ed items”) used for purposes of making claims more readable rather than specifying sequence. Statements referring to “at least Z of A, B, and C” and the like (e.g., “at least Z of A, B, or C”) refer to at least Z of the listed categories (A, B, and C) and do not require at least Z units in each category. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or the like refer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic processing/computing device.
The present technology is illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described below as numbered embodiments (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples and do not limit the present technology. It is noted that any of the dependent embodiments can be combined in any combination, and placed into a respective independent embodiment.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/275,896, filed Nov. 4, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 425797 | Hunt | Apr 1890 | A |
| 469868 | Osbourn | Mar 1892 | A |
| 705926 | Hemingway | Jul 1902 | A |
| 760372 | Beam | May 1904 | A |
| 845719 | Schniewind | Feb 1907 | A |
| 875989 | Garner | Jan 1908 | A |
| 976580 | Krause | Jul 1909 | A |
| 1140798 | Carpenter | May 1915 | A |
| 1424777 | Schondeling | Aug 1922 | A |
| 1430027 | Plantinga | Sep 1922 | A |
| 1486401 | Van Ackeren | Mar 1924 | A |
| 1530995 | Geiger | Mar 1925 | A |
| 1572391 | Klaiber | Feb 1926 | A |
| 1677973 | Marquard | Jul 1928 | A |
| 1705039 | Thornhill | Mar 1929 | A |
| 1721813 | Geipert | Jul 1929 | A |
| 1757682 | Palm | May 1930 | A |
| 1818370 | Wine | Aug 1931 | A |
| 1818994 | Kreisinger | Aug 1931 | A |
| 1830951 | Lovett | Nov 1931 | A |
| 1848818 | Becker | Mar 1932 | A |
| 1895202 | Montgomery | Jan 1933 | A |
| 1947499 | Schrader et al. | Feb 1934 | A |
| 1955962 | Jones | Apr 1934 | A |
| 1979507 | Underwood | Nov 1934 | A |
| 2075337 | Burnaugh | Mar 1937 | A |
| 2141035 | Daniels | Dec 1938 | A |
| 2195466 | Otto | Apr 1940 | A |
| 2235970 | Wilputte | Mar 1941 | A |
| 2340283 | Vladu | Jan 1944 | A |
| 2340981 | Otto | Feb 1944 | A |
| 2394173 | Harris et al. | Feb 1946 | A |
| 2424012 | Bangham et al. | Jul 1947 | A |
| 2486199 | Nier | Oct 1949 | A |
| 2609948 | Laveley | Sep 1952 | A |
| 2641575 | Otto | Jun 1953 | A |
| 2649978 | Smith | Aug 1953 | A |
| 2667185 | Beavers | Jan 1954 | A |
| 2723725 | Keiffer | Nov 1955 | A |
| 2756842 | Chamberlin et al. | Jul 1956 | A |
| 2813708 | Frey | Nov 1957 | A |
| 2827424 | Homan | Mar 1958 | A |
| 2873816 | Emil et al. | Feb 1959 | A |
| 2902991 | Whitman | Sep 1959 | A |
| 2907698 | Schulz | Oct 1959 | A |
| 2968083 | Lentz et al. | Jan 1961 | A |
| 3015893 | McCreary | Jan 1962 | A |
| 3026715 | Briggs | Mar 1962 | A |
| 3033764 | Hannes | May 1962 | A |
| 3175961 | Samson | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3199135 | Trucker | Aug 1965 | A |
| 3224805 | Clyatt | Dec 1965 | A |
| 3259551 | Thompson, Jr. | Jul 1966 | A |
| 3265044 | Juchtern | Aug 1966 | A |
| 3267913 | Jakob | Aug 1966 | A |
| 3327521 | Briggs | Jun 1967 | A |
| 3342990 | Barrington et al. | Sep 1967 | A |
| 3444046 | Harlow | May 1969 | A |
| 3444047 | Wilde | May 1969 | A |
| 3448012 | Allred | Jun 1969 | A |
| 3453839 | Sabin | Jul 1969 | A |
| 3462345 | Kernan | Aug 1969 | A |
| 3511030 | Brown et al. | May 1970 | A |
| 3542650 | Kulakov | Nov 1970 | A |
| 3545470 | Paton | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3587198 | Hensel | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3591827 | Hall | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3592742 | Thompson | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3616408 | Hickam | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3623511 | Levin | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3630852 | Nashan et al. | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3652403 | Knappstein et al. | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3676305 | Cremer | Jul 1972 | A |
| 3709794 | Kinzler et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3710551 | Sved | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3746626 | Morrison, Jr. | Jul 1973 | A |
| 3748235 | Pries | Jul 1973 | A |
| 3784034 | Thompson | Jan 1974 | A |
| 3806032 | Pries | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3811572 | Tatterson | May 1974 | A |
| 3836161 | Pries | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3839156 | Jakobi et al. | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3844900 | Schulte | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3857758 | Mole | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3875016 | Schmidt-Balve | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3876143 | Rossow et al. | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3876506 | Dix et al. | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3878053 | Hyde | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3894302 | Lasater | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3897312 | Armour et al. | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3906992 | Leach | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3912091 | Thompson | Oct 1975 | A |
| 3912597 | MacDonald | Oct 1975 | A |
| 3917458 | Polak | Nov 1975 | A |
| 3928144 | Jakimowicz | Dec 1975 | A |
| 3930961 | Sustarsic et al. | Jan 1976 | A |
| 3933443 | Lohrmann | Jan 1976 | A |
| 3957591 | Riecker | May 1976 | A |
| 3959084 | Price | May 1976 | A |
| 3963582 | Helm et al. | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3969191 | Bollenbach | Jul 1976 | A |
| 3975148 | Fukuda et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3979870 | Moore | Sep 1976 | A |
| 3984289 | Sustarsic et al. | Oct 1976 | A |
| 3990948 | Lindgren | Nov 1976 | A |
| 4004702 | Szendroi | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4004983 | Pries | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4025395 | Ekholm et al. | May 1977 | A |
| 4040910 | Knappstein et al. | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4045056 | Kandakov et al. | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4045299 | McDonald | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4059885 | Oldengott | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4065059 | Jablin | Dec 1977 | A |
| 4067462 | Thompson | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4077848 | Grainer et al. | Mar 1978 | A |
| 4083753 | Rogers et al. | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4086231 | Ikio | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4093245 | Connor | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4100033 | Holter | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4100491 | Newman, Jr. et al. | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4100889 | Chayes | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4111757 | Carimboli | Sep 1978 | A |
| 4124450 | MacDonald | Nov 1978 | A |
| 4133720 | Franzer et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4135948 | Mertens et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4141796 | Clark et al. | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4143104 | van Konijnenburg et al. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4145195 | Knappstein et al. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4147230 | Ormond et al. | Apr 1979 | A |
| 4162546 | Shortell et al. | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4176013 | Garthus et al. | Nov 1979 | A |
| 4181459 | Price | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4189272 | Gregor et al. | Feb 1980 | A |
| 4194951 | Pries | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4196053 | Grohmann | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4211608 | Kwasnoski et al. | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4211611 | Bocsanczy | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4213489 | Cain | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4213828 | Calderon | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4222748 | Argo et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4222824 | Flockenhaus et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4224109 | Flockenhaus et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4225393 | Gregor et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4226113 | Pelletier et al. | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4230498 | Ruecki | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4235830 | Bennett et al. | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4239602 | La Bate | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4248671 | Belding | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4249997 | Schmitz | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4263099 | Porter | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4268360 | Tsuzuki et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4271814 | Lister | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4284478 | Brommel | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4285772 | Kress | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4287024 | Thompson | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4289479 | Johnson | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4289584 | Chuss et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4289585 | Wagener et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4296938 | Offermann et al. | Oct 1981 | A |
| 4298497 | Colombo | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4299666 | Ostmann | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4302935 | Cousimano | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4303615 | Jarmell et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4307673 | Caughey | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4314787 | Kwasnik et al. | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4316435 | Nagamatsu et al. | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4324568 | Wilcox et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4330372 | Cairns et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4334963 | Stog | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4336107 | Irwin | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4336843 | Petty | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4340445 | Kucher et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4342195 | Lo | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4344820 | Thompson | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4344822 | Schwartz et al. | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4353189 | Thiersch et al. | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4366029 | Bixby et al. | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4373244 | Mertens et al. | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4375388 | Hara et al. | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4385962 | Stewen et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4391674 | Velmin et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4392824 | Struck et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4394217 | Holz et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4395269 | Schuler | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4396394 | Li et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4396461 | Neubaum et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4406619 | Oldengott | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4407237 | Merritt | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4421070 | Sullivan | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4431484 | Weber et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4439277 | Dix | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4440098 | Adams | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4445977 | Husher | May 1984 | A |
| 4446018 | Cerwick | May 1984 | A |
| 4448541 | Lucas | May 1984 | A |
| 4452749 | Kolvek et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4459103 | Gieskieng | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4469446 | Goodboy | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4474344 | Bennett | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4487137 | Horvat et al. | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4498786 | Ruscheweyh | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4506025 | Kleeb et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4508539 | Nakai | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4518461 | Gelfand | May 1985 | A |
| 4527488 | Lindgren | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4564420 | Spindeler et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4568426 | Orlando | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4570670 | Johnson | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4614567 | Stahlherm et al. | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4643327 | Campbell | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4645513 | Kubota et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4655193 | Blacket | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4655804 | Kercheval et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4666675 | Parker et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4680167 | Orlando | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4690689 | Malcosky et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4704195 | Janicka et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4720262 | Durr et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4724976 | Lee | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4726465 | Kwasnik et al. | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4732652 | Durselen et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4749446 | van Laar et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4793981 | Doyle et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4821473 | Cowell | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4824614 | Jones et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4889698 | Moller et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4898021 | Weaver et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4918975 | Voss | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919170 | Kallinich et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4929179 | Breidenbach et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4941824 | Holter et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 5052922 | Stokman et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5062925 | Durselen et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5078822 | Hodges et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5087328 | Wegerer et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5114542 | Childress et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5213138 | Presz | May 1993 | A |
| 5227106 | Kolvek | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5228955 | Westbrook, III | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5234601 | Janke et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5318671 | Pruitt | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5370218 | Johnson et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5398543 | Fukushima et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5423152 | Kolvek | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5447606 | Pruitt | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5480594 | Wilkerson et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5542650 | Abel et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5597452 | Hippe et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5603810 | Michler | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5622280 | Mays et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5659110 | Herden et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5670025 | Baird | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5687768 | Albrecht et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5705037 | Reinke et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5715962 | McDonnell | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5720855 | Baird | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5752548 | Matsumoto et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5787821 | Bhat et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5810032 | Hong et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5816210 | Yamaguchi | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5857308 | Dismore et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5881551 | Dang | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5913448 | Mann et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5928476 | Daniels | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5966886 | Di Loreto | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5968320 | Sprague | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6002993 | Naito et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6003706 | Rosen | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6017214 | Sturgulewski | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6059932 | Sturgulewski | May 2000 | A |
| 6126910 | Wilhelm et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6139692 | Tamura et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6152668 | Knoch | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6156688 | Ando et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6173679 | Bruckner et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6187148 | Sturgulewski | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6189819 | Racine | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6290494 | Barkdoll | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6412221 | Emsbo | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6495268 | Harth, III et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6539602 | Ozawa et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6596128 | Westbrook | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6626984 | Taylor | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6699035 | Brooker | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6712576 | Skarzenski et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6758875 | Reid et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6786941 | Reeves et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6830660 | Yamauchi et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6907895 | Johnson et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6946011 | Snyder | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6964236 | Schucker | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 7056390 | Fratello | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7077892 | Lee | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7314060 | Chen et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7331298 | Barkdoll et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7433743 | Pistikopoulos et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7497930 | Barkdoll et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7547377 | Inamasu et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7611609 | Valia et al. | Nov 2009 | B1 |
| 7644711 | Creel | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7722843 | Srinivasachar | May 2010 | B1 |
| 7727307 | Winkler | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7785447 | Eatough et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7803627 | Hodges et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7823401 | Takeuchi et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7827689 | Crane | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7998316 | Barkdoll | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8071060 | Ukai et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8079751 | Kapila et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8080088 | Srinivasachar | Dec 2011 | B1 |
| 8146376 | Williams et al. | Apr 2012 | B1 |
| 8152970 | Barkdoll et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8172930 | Barkdoll | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8236142 | Westbrook | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8266853 | Bloom et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8383055 | Palmer | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8398935 | Howell et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8409405 | Kim et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8500881 | Orita et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8515508 | Kawamura et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8568568 | Schuecker et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8640635 | Bloom et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8647476 | Kim et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8800795 | Hwang | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8956995 | Masatsugu et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8980063 | Kim et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9039869 | Kim et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
| 9057023 | Reichelt et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9103234 | Gu et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9169439 | Sarpen et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9193913 | Quanci et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9193915 | West et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9200225 | Barkdoll et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9238778 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9243186 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2016 | B2 |
| 9249357 | Quanci et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9273249 | Quanci et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9273250 | Choi et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9321965 | Barkdoll | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9359554 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9404043 | Kim | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9463980 | Fukada et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9476547 | Quanci et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9498786 | Pearson | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9580656 | Quanci et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9672499 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9683740 | Rodgers et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9708542 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9862888 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2018 | B2 |
| 9976089 | Quanci et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 10016714 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10041002 | Quanci et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10047295 | Chun et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10047296 | Chun et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10053627 | Sarpen et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10233392 | Quanci et al. | Mar 2019 | B2 |
| 10308876 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10323192 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10392563 | Kim et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
| 10435042 | Weymouth | Oct 2019 | B1 |
| 10526541 | West et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10526542 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10578521 | Dinakaran et al. | Mar 2020 | B1 |
| 10611965 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2020 | B2 |
| 10619101 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2020 | B2 |
| 10732621 | Cella et al. | Aug 2020 | B2 |
| 10760002 | Ball et al. | Sep 2020 | B2 |
| 10851306 | Crum et al. | Dec 2020 | B2 |
| 10877007 | Steele et al. | Dec 2020 | B2 |
| 10883051 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2021 | B2 |
| 10920148 | Quanci et al. | Feb 2021 | B2 |
| 10927303 | Choi et al. | Feb 2021 | B2 |
| 10947455 | Quanci et al. | Mar 2021 | B2 |
| 10968393 | West et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 10968395 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 10975309 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 10975310 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 10975311 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 1378782 | Floyd | May 2021 | A1 |
| 11008517 | Chun et al. | May 2021 | B2 |
| 11008518 | Quanci et al. | May 2021 | B2 |
| 11021655 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2021 | B2 |
| 11053444 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11060032 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11071935 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11098252 | Quanci et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11117087 | Quanci | Sep 2021 | B2 |
| 11142699 | West et al. | Oct 2021 | B2 |
| 11186778 | Crum et al. | Nov 2021 | B2 |
| 11193069 | Quanci et al. | Dec 2021 | B2 |
| 11214739 | Quanci et al. | Jan 2022 | B2 |
| 11261381 | Quanci et al. | Mar 2022 | B2 |
| 11359145 | Ball et al. | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11359146 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11365355 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11395989 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2022 | B2 |
| 1429346 | Horn | Sep 2022 | A1 |
| 11441077 | Quanci et al. | Sep 2022 | B2 |
| 11441078 | Quanci et al. | Sep 2022 | B2 |
| 20020170605 | Shiraishi et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030014954 | Ronning et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030015809 | Carson | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030057083 | Eatough et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20040016377 | Johnson | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040220840 | Bonissone et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050087767 | Fitzgerald et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096759 | Benjamine et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20060029532 | Breen et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060102420 | Huber et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149407 | Markham et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20070087946 | Quest et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070102278 | Inamasu et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116619 | Taylor et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070251198 | Witter | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080028935 | Andersson | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080179165 | Chen et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080250863 | Moore | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080257236 | Green | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080271985 | Yamasaki | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080289305 | Girondi | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090007785 | Kimura et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090032385 | Engle | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090105852 | Wintrich et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090152092 | Kim et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090162269 | Barger et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090217576 | Kim et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090257932 | Canari et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090283395 | Hippe | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100015564 | Chun et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100095521 | Kartal et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100106310 | Grohman | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100113266 | Abe et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100115912 | Worley | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100119425 | Palmer | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181297 | Whysail | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100196597 | Di Loreto | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100276269 | Schuecker et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100287871 | Bloom et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100300867 | Kim et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100314234 | Knoch et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110000284 | Kumar et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110014406 | Coleman et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110048917 | Kim et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110083314 | Baird | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110088600 | McRae | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110120852 | Kim | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144406 | Masatsugu et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110168482 | Merchant et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110174301 | Haydock et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110192395 | Kim | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110198206 | Kim et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110223088 | Chang et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110253521 | Kim | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110291827 | Baldocchi et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110313218 | Dana | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110315538 | Kim et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120031076 | Frank et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120125709 | Merchant et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120152720 | Reichelt et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120177541 | Mutsuda et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120179421 | Dasgupta | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120180133 | Ai-Harbi et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120228115 | Westbrook | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120247939 | Kim et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120305380 | Wang et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120312019 | Rechtman | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130020781 | Kishikawa | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130045149 | Miller | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130213114 | Wetzig et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130216717 | Rago et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130220373 | Kim | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130306462 | Kim et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20140039833 | Sharpe, Jr. et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140156584 | Motukuri et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140208997 | Alferyev et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140224123 | Walters | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20150041304 | Kiim et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150122629 | Freimuth et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150143908 | Cetinkaya | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150175433 | Micka et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150219530 | Li et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150226499 | Mikkelsen | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20160026193 | Rhodes et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160048139 | Samples et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160149944 | Obermeirer et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160154171 | Kato et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160370082 | Olivo | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20170173519 | Naito | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170182447 | Sappok et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170226425 | Kim et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170261417 | Zhang | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170313943 | Valdevies | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170352243 | Quanci et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20190317167 | LaBorde et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20200071190 | Wiederin et al. | Mar 2020 | A1 |
| 20200139273 | Badiei | May 2020 | A1 |
| 20200173679 | O'Reilly et al. | Jun 2020 | A1 |
| 20200208059 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200208063 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200208833 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20210130697 | Quanci et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210163821 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210163823 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210198579 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210261877 | Despen et al. | Aug 2021 | A1 |
| 20210340454 | Quanci | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| 20210363426 | West et al. | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| 20210363427 | Quanci et al. | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| 20210371752 | Quanci et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20210388270 | Choi et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20220056342 | Quanci et al. | Feb 2022 | A1 |
| 20220106527 | Quanci et al. | Apr 2022 | A1 |
| 20220195303 | Quanci et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220204858 | West et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220204859 | Crum et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220226766 | Quanci et al. | Jul 2022 | A1 |
| 20220251452 | Quanci et al. | Aug 2022 | A1 |
| 20220298423 | Quanci et al. | Sep 2022 | A1 |
| 20220325183 | Quanci et al. | Oct 2022 | A1 |
| 20220356410 | Quanci et al. | Nov 2022 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1172895 | Aug 1984 | CA |
| 2775992 | May 2011 | CA |
| 2822841 | Jul 2012 | CA |
| 2822857 | Jul 2012 | CA |
| 2905110 | Sep 2014 | CA |
| 87212113 | Jun 1988 | CN |
| 87107195 | Jul 1988 | CN |
| 2064363 | Oct 1990 | CN |
| 2139121 | Jul 1993 | CN |
| 1092457 | Sep 1994 | CN |
| 1255528 | Jun 2000 | CN |
| 1270983 | Oct 2000 | CN |
| 2528771 | Feb 2002 | CN |
| 1358822 | Jul 2002 | CN |
| 2521473 | Nov 2002 | CN |
| 1468364 | Jan 2004 | CN |
| 1527872 | Sep 2004 | CN |
| 2668641 | Jan 2005 | CN |
| 1957204 | May 2007 | CN |
| 101037603 | Sep 2007 | CN |
| 101058731 | Oct 2007 | CN |
| 101157874 | Apr 2008 | CN |
| 101211495 | Jul 2008 | CN |
| 201121178 | Sep 2008 | CN |
| 101395248 | Mar 2009 | CN |
| 100510004 | Jul 2009 | CN |
| 101486017 | Jul 2009 | CN |
| 201264981 | Jul 2009 | CN |
| 101497835 | Aug 2009 | CN |
| 101509427 | Aug 2009 | CN |
| 101886466 | Nov 2010 | CN |
| 101910530 | Dec 2010 | CN |
| 102072829 | May 2011 | CN |
| 102155300 | Aug 2011 | CN |
| 2509188 | Nov 2011 | CN |
| 202226816 | May 2012 | CN |
| 202265541 | Jun 2012 | CN |
| 102584294 | Jul 2012 | CN |
| 202415446 | Sep 2012 | CN |
| 202470353 | Oct 2012 | CN |
| 103399536 | Nov 2013 | CN |
| 103468289 | Dec 2013 | CN |
| 103913193 | Jul 2014 | CN |
| 203981700 | Dec 2014 | CN |
| 104498059 | Apr 2015 | CN |
| 105001914 | Oct 2015 | CN |
| 105137947 | Dec 2015 | CN |
| 105189704 | Dec 2015 | CN |
| 105264448 | Jan 2016 | CN |
| 105467949 | Apr 2016 | CN |
| 106661456 | May 2017 | CN |
| 106687564 | May 2017 | CN |
| 107445633 | Dec 2017 | CN |
| 100500619 | Jun 2020 | CN |
| 201729 | Sep 1908 | DE |
| 212176 | Jul 1909 | DE |
| 1212037 | Mar 1966 | DE |
| 2212544 | Jan 1973 | DE |
| 2720688 | Nov 1978 | DE |
| 3231697 | Jan 1984 | DE |
| 3328702 | Feb 1984 | DE |
| 3315738 | Mar 1984 | DE |
| 3329367 | Nov 1984 | DE |
| 3407487 | Jun 1985 | DE |
| 19545736 | Jun 1997 | DE |
| 19803455 | Aug 1999 | DE |
| 10122531 | Nov 2002 | DE |
| 10154785 | May 2003 | DE |
| 102005015301 | Oct 2006 | DE |
| 102006004669 | Aug 2007 | DE |
| 102006026521 | Dec 2007 | DE |
| 102009031436 | Jan 2011 | DE |
| 102011052785 | Dec 2012 | DE |
| 010510 | Oct 2008 | EA |
| 0126399 | Nov 1984 | EP |
| 0208490 | Jan 1987 | EP |
| 0903393 | Mar 1999 | EP |
| 1538503 | Jun 2005 | EP |
| 1860034 | Nov 2007 | EP |
| 2295129 | Mar 2011 | EP |
| 2468837 | Jun 2012 | EP |
| 2339664 | Aug 1977 | FR |
| 2517802 | Jun 1983 | FR |
| 2764978 | Dec 1998 | FR |
| 364236 | Jan 1932 | GB |
| 368649 | Mar 1932 | GB |
| 441784 | Jan 1936 | GB |
| 606340 | Aug 1948 | GB |
| 611524 | Nov 1948 | GB |
| 725865 | Mar 1955 | GB |
| 871094 | Jun 1961 | GB |
| 923205 | May 1963 | GB |
| S50148405 | Nov 1975 | JP |
| S5319301 | Feb 1978 | JP |
| 54054101 | Apr 1979 | JP |
| S5453103 | Apr 1979 | JP |
| 57051786 | Mar 1982 | JP |
| 57051787 | Mar 1982 | JP |
| 57083585 | May 1982 | JP |
| 57090092 | Jun 1982 | JP |
| S57172978 | Oct 1982 | JP |
| 58091788 | May 1983 | JP |
| 59051978 | Mar 1984 | JP |
| 59053589 | Mar 1984 | JP |
| 59071388 | Apr 1984 | JP |
| 59108083 | Jun 1984 | JP |
| 59145281 | Aug 1984 | JP |
| 60004588 | Jan 1985 | JP |
| 61106690 | May 1986 | JP |
| 62011794 | Jan 1987 | JP |
| 62285980 | Dec 1987 | JP |
| 01103694 | Apr 1989 | JP |
| 01249886 | Oct 1989 | JP |
| H0319127 | Mar 1991 | JP |
| 03197588 | Aug 1991 | JP |
| 04159392 | Jun 1992 | JP |
| H04178494 | Jun 1992 | JP |
| H05230466 | Sep 1993 | JP |
| H0649450 | Feb 1994 | JP |
| H0654753 | Jul 1994 | JP |
| H06264062 | Sep 1994 | JP |
| H06299156 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| 07188668 | Jul 1995 | JP |
| 07216357 | Aug 1995 | JP |
| H07204432 | Aug 1995 | JP |
| H08104875 | Apr 1996 | JP |
| 08127778 | May 1996 | JP |
| H10273672 | Oct 1998 | JP |
| H11131074 | May 1999 | JP |
| H11256166 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| 2000204373 | Jul 2000 | JP |
| 2000219883 | Aug 2000 | JP |
| 2001055576 | Feb 2001 | JP |
| 2001200258 | Jul 2001 | JP |
| 2002097472 | Apr 2002 | JP |
| 2002106941 | Apr 2002 | JP |
| 2003041258 | Feb 2003 | JP |
| 2003051082 | Feb 2003 | JP |
| 2003071313 | Mar 2003 | JP |
| 2003292968 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| 2003342581 | Dec 2003 | JP |
| 2004169016 | Jun 2004 | JP |
| 2005503448 | Feb 2005 | JP |
| 2005135422 | May 2005 | JP |
| 2005154597 | Jun 2005 | JP |
| 2005263983 | Sep 2005 | JP |
| 2005344085 | Dec 2005 | JP |
| 2006188608 | Jul 2006 | JP |
| 2007063420 | Mar 2007 | JP |
| 2007231326 | Sep 2007 | JP |
| 4101226 | Jun 2008 | JP |
| 2008231278 | Oct 2008 | JP |
| 2009019106 | Jan 2009 | JP |
| 2009073864 | Apr 2009 | JP |
| 2009073865 | Apr 2009 | JP |
| 2009135276 | Jun 2009 | JP |
| 2009144121 | Jul 2009 | JP |
| 2010229239 | Oct 2010 | JP |
| 2010248389 | Nov 2010 | JP |
| 2011504947 | Feb 2011 | JP |
| 2011068733 | Apr 2011 | JP |
| 2011102351 | May 2011 | JP |
| 2012102302 | May 2012 | JP |
| 2012102325 | May 2012 | JP |
| 2013006957 | Jan 2013 | JP |
| 2013510910 | Mar 2013 | JP |
| 2013189322 | Sep 2013 | JP |
| 2014040502 | Mar 2014 | JP |
| 2015094091 | May 2015 | JP |
| 2016169897 | Sep 2016 | JP |
| 1019960008754 | Oct 1996 | KR |
| 19990017156 | May 1999 | KR |
| 1019990054426 | Jul 1999 | KR |
| 20000042375 | Jul 2000 | KR |
| 100296700 | Oct 2001 | KR |
| 20030012458 | Feb 2003 | KR |
| 1020040020883 | Mar 2004 | KR |
| 20040107204 | Dec 2004 | KR |
| 20050053861 | Jun 2005 | KR |
| 20060132336 | Dec 2006 | KR |
| 100737393 | Jul 2007 | KR |
| 100797852 | Jan 2008 | KR |
| 20080069170 | Jul 2008 | KR |
| 20110010452 | Feb 2011 | KR |
| 101314288 | Apr 2011 | KR |
| 20120033091 | Apr 2012 | KR |
| 20130050807 | May 2013 | KR |
| 101318388 | Oct 2013 | KR |
| 20140042526 | Apr 2014 | KR |
| 20150011084 | Jan 2015 | KR |
| 20170038102 | Apr 2017 | KR |
| 20170058808 | May 2017 | KR |
| 20170103857 | Sep 2017 | KR |
| 101862491 | May 2018 | KR |
| 2083532 | Jul 1997 | RU |
| 2441898 | Feb 2012 | RU |
| 2493233 | Sep 2013 | RU |
| 1535880 | Jan 1990 | SU |
| 201241166 | Oct 2012 | TW |
| 201245431 | Nov 2012 | TW |
| 50580 | Oct 2002 | UA |
| WO9012074 | Oct 1990 | WO |
| WO9945083 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO02062922 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO2005023649 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| WO2005031297 | Apr 2005 | WO |
| WO2005115583 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| WO2007103649 | Sep 2007 | WO |
| WO2008034424 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| WO2008105269 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| WO2011000447 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| WO2011126043 | Oct 2011 | WO |
| WO2012029979 | Mar 2012 | WO |
| WO2012031726 | Mar 2012 | WO |
| WO2013023872 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| WO2010107513 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| WO2014021909 | Feb 2014 | WO |
| WO2014043667 | Mar 2014 | WO |
| WO2014105064 | Jul 2014 | WO |
| WO2014153050 | Sep 2014 | WO |
| WO2016004106 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| WO2016033511 | Mar 2016 | WO |
| WO2016086322 | Jun 2016 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/168,142, filed Feb. 13, 2023, Quanci et al. |
| Lin, Rongying et al., “Study on the synergistic effect of calcium and aluminum on improving ash fusion temperature of semi-coke,” International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, May 31, 2019 (published online), vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 556-564. |
| Tiwari, et al., “A novel technique for assessing the coking potential of coals/cole blends for non-recovery coke making process,” Fuel, vol. 107, May 2013, pp. 615-622. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US2022/079299; dated Mar. 17, 2023; 10 pages. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 07/587,742, filed Sep. 25, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,542, titled Nonrecovery Coke Oven Battery and Method of Operation. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 07/878,904, filed May 6, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,671, titled Method of Operation on Nonrecovery Coke Oven Battery. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 09/783,195, filed Feb. 14, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,128, titled Coke Oven Flue Gas Sharing. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 07/886,804, filed May 22, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,955, titled High Strength Coke Oven Wall Having Gas Flues Therein. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 08/059,673, filed May 12, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,606, titled Method of and Apparatus for Capturing Coke Oven Charging Emissions. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 08/914,140, filed Aug. 19, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,476, titled Nonrecovery Coke Oven Door. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 09/680,187, filed Oct. 5, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,494, titled Method and Apparatus for Coal Coking. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 10/933,866, filed Sep. 3, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,331,298, titled Coke Oven Rotary Wedge Door Latch. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/424,566, filed Jun. 16, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,497,930, titled Method and Apparatus for Compacting Coal for a Coal Coking Process. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 12/405,269, filed Mar. 17, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,316, titled Flat Push Coke Wet Quenching Apparatus and Process. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/205,960, filed Aug. 9, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,321,965, titled Flat Push Coke Wet Quenching Apparatus and Process. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/367,236, filed Mar. 3, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,970, titled Method and Apparatus for Producing Coke. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 12/403,391, filed Mar. 13, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,172,930, titled Cleanable In Situ Spark Arrestor. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 12/849,192, filed Aug. 3, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,225, titled Method and Apparatus for Compacting Coal for a Coking Process. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/631,215, filed Sep. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,683,740, titled Methods for Handling Coal Processing Emissions and Associated Systems and Devices. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/730,692, filed Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,193,913, titled Reduced Output Rate Coke Oven Operation With Gas Sharing Providing Extended Process Cycle. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/655,204, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,016,714, filed Jun. 24, 2015, titled Systems and Methods for Removing Mercury From Emissions. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/000,516, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,117,087, filed Jun. 5, 2018, titled Systems and Methods for Removing Mercury From Emissions. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/459,380, filed Jun. 5, 2018, titled Systems and Methods for Removing Mercury From Emissions. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/830,971, filed Mar. 14, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,047,296, titled Non-Perpendicular Connections Between Coke Oven Uptakes and a Hot Common Tunnel, and Associated Systems and Methods, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,047,295. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/026,363, filed Jul. 3, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,008,517, titled Non-Perpendicular Connections Between Coke Oven Uptakes and a Hot Common Tunnel, and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/730,796, filed Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,883,051, titled Methods and Systems for Improved Coke Quenching. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/140,564, filed Jan. 4, 2021, titled Methods and Systems for Improved Coke Quenching. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/730,598, filed Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,238,778, titled Systems and Methods for Improving Quenched Coke Recovery. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/952,267, filed Nov. 25, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,862,888, titled Systems and Methods for Improving Quenched Coke Recovery. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/830,320, filed Dec. 4, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,323,192, titled Systems and Methods for Improving Quenched Coke Recovery. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/730,735, filed Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,273,249, titled Systems and Methods for Controlling Air Distribution in a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/655,013, filed Jun. 23, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,142,699, titled Vent Stack Lids and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/471,491, filed Sep. 10, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,142,699, titled Vent Stack Lids and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/843,166, filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,273,250, titled Methods and Systems for Improved Quench Tower Design. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/014,547, filed Feb. 3, 2016, now, U.S. Pat. No. 10,927,303, titled Methods for Improved Quench Tower Design. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/155,818, filed Jan. 22, 2021, titled Methods and Systems for Improved Quench Tower Design. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/655,003, filed Jun. 23, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,760,002, titled Systems and Methods for Maintaining a Hot Car in a Coke Plant. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/897,957, filed Jun. 10, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,359,145, titled Systems and Methods for Maintaining a Hot Car in a Coke Plant. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/829,588, filed Mar. 14, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,193,915, titled Horizontal Heat Recovery Coke Ovens Having Monolith Crowns. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/322,176, filed Dec. 27, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,526,541, titled Horizontal Heat Recovery Coke Ovens Having Monolith Crowns. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/511,036, filed Mar. 14, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,968,383, titled Coke Ovens Having Monolith Component Construction. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/190,720, filed Mar. 3, 2021, titled Coke Ovens Having Monolith Component Construction. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/589,009, filed Aug. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,359,554, titled Automatic Draft Control System for Coke Plants. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/139,568, filed Apr. 27, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,947,455, titled Automatic Draft Control System for Coke Plants. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/176,391, filed Feb. 16, 2021, titled Automatic Draft Control System for Coke Plants. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/588,996, filed Aug. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,243,186, titled Coke Plant Including Exhaust Gas Sharing. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/959,450, filed Dec. 4, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,041,002, titled Coke Plant Including Exhaust Gas Sharing. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/047,198, filed Jul. 27, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,611,965, titled Coke Plant Including Exhaust Gas Sharing. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/828,448, filed Mar. 24, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,441,077, titled Coke Plant Including Exhaust Gas Sharing. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/589,004, filed Aug. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,249,357, titled Method and Apparatus for Volatile Matter Sharing in Stamp-Charged Coke Ovens. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/730,673, filed Dec. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,476,547, titled Exhaust Flow Modifier, Duct Intersection Incorporating the Same, and Methods Therefor. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/281,891, filed Sep. 30, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,975,309, titled Exhaust Flow Modifier, Duck Intersection Incorporating the Same, and Methods Therefor. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/191,119, filed Mar. 3, 2021, titled Exhaust Flow Modifier, Duck Intersection Incorporating the Same, and Methods Therefor. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 13/598,394, filed Aug. 29, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,169,439, titled Method and Apparatus for Testing Coal Coking Properties. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/865,581, filed Sep. 25, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,053,627, titled Method and Apparatus for Testing Coal Coking Properties, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,053,627. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/839,384, filed Aug. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,580,656, titled Coke Oven Charging System. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/443,246, filed Feb. 27, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,976,089, titled Coke Oven Charging System. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/587,670, filed Dec. 31, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,619,101, titled Methods for Decarbonizing Coking Ovens, and Associated Systems and Devices. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/845,530, filed Apr. 10, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,359,146, titled Methods for Decarbonizing Coking Ovens, and Associated Systems and Devices. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/984,489, filed Dec. 30, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,975,310, titled Multi-Modal Beds of Coking Material. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/983,837, filed Dec. 30, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,968,395, titled Multi-Modal Beds of Coking Material. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/986,281, filed Dec. 31, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,975,311, titled Multi-Modal Beds of Coking Material. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/222,886, filed Apr. 12, 2021, titled Multi-Modal Beds of Coking Material. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/987,625, filed Jan. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,060,032, titled Integrated Coke Plant Automation and Optimization Using Advanced Control and Optimization Techniques. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/172,476, filed Feb. 10, 2021, titled Integrated Coke Plant Automation and Optimization Using Advanced Control and Optimization Techniques. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/839,493, filed Aug. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,233,392, titled Method and System for Optimizing Coke Plant Operation and Output. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/251,352, filed Jan. 18, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,053,444, titled Method and System for Optimizing Coke Plant Operation and Output. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 14/839,551, filed Aug. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,308,876, titled Burn Profiles for Coke Operations. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/428,014, filed May 31, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,920,148, titled Improved Burn Profiles for Coke Operations. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/155,719, filed Jan. 22, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,441,078, titled Improved Burn Profiles for Coke Operations. |
| U.S. Pat. No. 14/839,588, filed Aug. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,708,542, titled Method and System for Optimizing Coke Plant Operation and Output. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/392,942, filed Dec. 28, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,526,542, titled Method and System for Dynamically Charging a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/735,103, filed Jan. 6, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,214,739, titled Method and System for Dynamically Charging a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/614,525, filed Jun. 5, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,508,230, titled Methods and Systems for Automatically Generating a Remedial Action in an Industrial Facility. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/047,916, filed Oct. 19, 2022, titled Methods and Systems for Automatically Generating a Remedial Action in an Industrial Facility. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 15/987,860, filed May 23, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,851,306, titled System and Method for Repairing a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/076,563, filed Oct. 21, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,186,778, titled System and Method for Repairing a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/521,061, filed Nov. 8, 2021, titled Systems and Method for Repairing a Coke Oven. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/135,483, filed Dec. 28, 2020, titled Oven Health Optimization Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,053, filed Dec. 27, 2019, titled Oven Uptakes. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,036, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,365,355, titled Systems and Methods for Treating A Surface of a Coke Plant. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/747,708, filed May 18, 2022, titled Systems and Methods for Treating a Surface of a Coke Plant. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,201, filed Dec. 27, 2019, titled Gaseous Tracer Leak Detection. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,122, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,395,989, titled Methods and Systems for Providing Corrosion Resistant Surfaces in Contaminant Treatment Systems. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/843,164, filed Jun. 17, 2022, titled Methods and Systems for Providing Corrosion Resistant Surfaces in Contaminant Treatment Systems. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,068, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,486,872, titled Systems and Methods for Utilizing Flue Gas. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/947,520, filed Sep. 19, 2022, titled Systems and Methods for Utilizing Flue Gas. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,129, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,008,518, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Flexible Joints. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/320,343, filed May 14, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,597,881, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Flexible Joints. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/168,142, filed Feb. 13, 2023, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Flexible Joints. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,170, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,193,069, filed Dec. 27, 2019, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Anchor Distribution. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/532,058, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,505,747, filed Nov. 22, 2021, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Anchor Distribution. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/967,615, filed Oct. 17, 2022, titled Coke Plant Tunnel Repair and Anchor Distribution. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,157, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,071,935, titled Particulate Detection for Industrial Facilities, and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,057, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,021,655, titled Decarbonization of Coke Ovens and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/321,857, filed May 17, 2021, titled Decarbonization of Coke Ovens and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,212, filed Dec. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,261,381, titled Heat Recovery Oven Foundation. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/584,672, filed Jan. 26, 2022, titled Heat Recovery Oven Foundation. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 16/729,219, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,098,252, filed Dec. 27, 2019, titled Spring-Loaded Heat Recovery Oven System and Method. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/388,874, filed Jul. 29, 2021, titled Spring-Loaded Heat Recovery Oven System and Method. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/736,960, filed May 20, 2022, titled Foundry Coke Products, and Associated Systems and Methods. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/306,895, filed May 3, 2021, titled High-Quality Coke Products. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/052,739, filed Nov. 4, 2022, titled Foundry Coke Products and Associated Processing Methods Via Cupolas. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/843,164, filed Jun. 17, 2022, Quanci et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/947,520, filed Sep. 19, 2022, Quanci et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/967,615, filed Oct. 17, 2022, Quanci et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/047,916, filed Oct. 19, 2022, Quanci et al. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 18/052,739, filed Nov. 4, 2022, Quanci et al. |
| ASTM D5341-99(2010)e1, Standard Test Method for Measuring Coke Reactivity Index (CRI) and Coke Strength After Reaction (CSR), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010. |
| Astrom, et al., “Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers,” Sep. 16, 2006, available on line at http://people/duke.edu/-hpgavin/SystemID/References/Astrom-Feedback-2006.pdf ; 404 pages. |
| Basset et al., “Calculation of steady flow pressure loss coefficients for pipe junctions,” Proc Instn Mech Engrs., vol. 215, Part C, p. 861-881 IMechIE 2001. |
| Beckman et al., “Possibilities and limits of cutting back coking plant output,” Stahl Und Eisen, Verlag Stahleisen, Dusseldorf, DE, vol. 130, No. 8, Aug. 16, 2010, pp. 57-67. |
| Bloom, et al., “Modular cast block—The future of coke oven repairs,” Iron & Steel Technol, AIST, Warrendale, PA, vol. 4, No. 3, Mar. 1, 2007, pp. 61-64. |
| Boyes, Walt. (2003), Instrumentation Reference Book (3rd Edition)—34.7.4.6 Infrared and Thermal Cameras, Elsevier. Online version available at: https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt004QMGV6/instrumentation-reference-2/ditigal-video. |
| Clean coke process: process development studies by USS Engineers and Consultants, Inc., Wisconsin Tech Search, request date Oct. 5, 2011, 17 pages. |
| “Conveyor Chain Designer Guild”, Mar. 27, 2014 (date obtained from wayback machine), Renold.com, Section 4, available online at: http://www.renold/com/upload/renoldswitzerland/conveyor_chain_-_designer_guide.pdf. |
| Costa, et al., “Edge Effects on the Flow Characteristics in a 90 deg Tee Junction,” Transactions of the ASME, Nov. 2006, vol. 128, pp. 1204-1217. |
| Crelling, et al., “Effects of Weathered Coal on Coking Properties and Coke Quality”, Fuel, 1979, vol. 58, Issue 7, pp. 542-546. |
| Database WPI, Week 199115, Thomson Scientific, Lond, GB; AN 1991-107552. |
| Diez, et al., “Coal for Metallurgical Coke Production: Predictions of Coke Quality and Future Requirements for Cokemaking”, International Journal of Coal Geology, 2002, vol. 50, Issue 1-4, pp. 389-412. |
| “High Alumina Cement-Manufacture, Characteristics and Uses,” TheConstructor.org, https://theconstructor.org/concrete/high-alumina-cement/23686/; 12 pages. |
| Industrial Furnace Design Handbook, Editor-in-Chief: First Design Institute of First Ministry of Machinery Industry, Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, pp. 180-183, Oct. 1981. |
| Joseph, B., “A tutorial on inferential control and its applications,” Proceedings of the 1999 American Control Conference (Cat. No. 99CH36251), San Diego, CA, 1999, pp. 3106-3118 vol. 5. |
| Kerlin, Thomas (1999), Practical Thermocouple Thermometry—1.1 The Thermocouple. ISA. Online version available at https:app.knovel.com/pdf/id:kt007XPTM3/practical-thermocouple/the-thermocouple. |
| Kochanski et al., “Overview of Uhde Heat Recovery Cokemaking Technology,” AISTech Iron and Steel Technology Conference Proceedings, Association for Iron and Steel Technology, U.S., vol. 1, Jan. 1, 2005, pp. 25-32. |
| Knoerzer et al. “Jewell-Thompson Non-Recovery Cokemaking”, Steel Times, Fuel & Metallurgical Journals Ltd. London, GB, vol. 221, No. 4, Apr. 1, 1993, pp. 172-173,184. |
| Madias, et al., “A review on stamped charging of coals” (2013). Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263887759_A_review_on_stamped_charging_of_coals. |
| Metallurgical Coke MSDS, ArcelorMittal, May 30, 2011, available online at http://dofasco.arcelormittal.com/-/media/Files/A/Arcelormittal-Canada/material-safety/metallurgical-coke.pdf. |
| “Middletown Coke Company HRSG Maintenance BACT Analysis Option 1—Individual Spray Quenches Sun Heat Recovery Coke Facility Process Flow Diagram Middletown Coke Company 100 Oven Case #1-24.5 VM”, (Sep. 1, 2009), URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20090901042738/http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/27/transfer/ptiApplication/mcc/new/262504.pdf, (Feb. 12, 2016), XP055249803 [X] 1-13 * p. 7 * * pp. 8-11 *. |
| Practical Technical Manual of Refractories, Baoyu Hu, etc., Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, Chapter 6; 2004, 6-30. |
| Refractories for Ironmaking and Steelmaking: A History of Battles over High Temperatures; Kyoshi Sugita (Japan, Shaolin Zhang), 1995, p. 160, 2004, 2-29. |
| “Refractory Castables,” Victas.com, Dec. 28, 2011 (date obtained from WayBack Machine), https://www/vitcas.com/refactory-castables; 5 pages. |
| Rose, Harold J., “The Selection of Coals for the Manufacture of Coke,” American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Feb. 1926, 8 pages. |
| Waddell, et al., “Heat-Recovery Cokemaking Presentation,” Jan. 1999, pp. 1-25. |
| Walker D N et al, “Sun Coke Company's heat recovery cokemaking technology high coke quality and low environmental impact”, Revue De Metallurgie—Cahiers D'Informations Techniques, Revue De Metallurgie. Paris, FR, (Mar. 1, 2003), vol. 100, No. 3, ISSN 0035-1563, p. 23. |
| Westbrook, “Heat-Recovery Cokemaking at Sun Coke,” AISE Steel Technology, Pittsburg, PA, vol. 76, No. 1, Jan. 1999, pp. 25-28. |
| “What is dead-band control,” forum post by user “wireaddict” on AllAboutCircuits.com message board, Feb. 8, 2007, accessed Oct. 24, 2018 at https:/forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/what-is-dead-band-control.4728/; 8 pages. |
| Yu et al., “Coke Oven Production Technology,” Lianoning Science and Technology Press, first edition, Apr. 2014, pp. 356-358. |
| “Resources and Utilization of Coking Coal in China,” Mingxin Shen ed., Chemical Industry Press, first edition, Jan. 2007, pp. 242-243, 247. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230147916 A1 | May 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63275896 | Nov 2021 | US |
