The present invention relates generally to RF communication antennas, and more specifically to aircraft Ku-band communication antenna systems required to simultaneously transmit and receive from a single aperture.
Aircraft mounted Ku-band communication antenna systems presently operate in receive only mode. There is a need for an aircraft mounted, Ku-band communication antenna system which can simultaneously transmit and receive from a single aperture. For this system, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulatory levels apply such that transmit Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) antenna pattern levels cannot exceed ITU regulatory levels for Ku-band satellite interference.
A drawback of the currently used receive-only antennas is that their wide beam widths and high sidelobes cannot meet the beam width and sidelobe requirements for transmit operation under the ITU Ku-band satellite regulations. Use of conventional rectangular slotted waveguide and microstrip-patch array technology cannot be employed because of the high transmit to receive isolation, high efficiency and high cross polarization performance required over the combined transmit and receive operating frequency bandwidth, i.e., about 14.0 GHz to about 14.5 GHz and about 11.2 GHz to about 12.7 GHz respectively.
A large, circular reflector antenna, i.e., approximately 0.9 meters (m) (36 inches) diameter, could be used for the application. Several drawbacks exist, however, for an antenna of this size. The communication antenna(s) is required to be mounted on the external surface of the aircraft fuselage. The vertical height of a 0.9 m diameter antenna creates an aerodynamic vertical drag problem for the aircraft. A further drawback is that aircraft antennas are normally enclosed within a radome in order to protect the antennas and to control aerodynamic drag induced by the antenna(s). As the diameter of an antenna increases, the necessary height and length of the radome increases. The necessary sized radome for a 0.9 m (36 inch) diameter surface mounted reflector antenna produces unacceptable levels of aerodynamic drag.
In addition to the above drawbacks, the effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) for a single, large antenna and single transmitter is less efficient than an array of smaller antennas and smaller transmitters. Exemplary vertical and horizontal solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) for a single large antenna producing 20 watts have an efficiency of about 15 percent. The vertical and horizontal SSPAs of four smaller antennas producing an exemplary 5 watts each (for the same total of 20 watts output) have an efficiency of about 25 percent. It is therefore an efficiency drawback to use a single larger antenna if an appropriate number of smaller, more efficient antennas can be employed. Reducing the antenna diameter, however, necessarily reduces the antenna aperture area. To maintain the total aperture area of a 0.9 m diameter reflector antenna by using a greater number of smaller diameter antennas requires balancing several factors. As noted above, using a plurality of smaller diameter reflector antennas decreases drag while increasing efficiency, but also increases system complexity (wiring, receiver differentiation, etc.). The use of a plurality of smaller reflector antennas requires a common support structure, increasing complexity with each antenna to account for the structure and mechanisms required to jointly mount and rotate the assembly. The antennas must be grouped to permit mechanical scanning with the least number of mechanical components, i.e., motors, wiring or gears, to control complexity and weight. A need therefore exists for a wide-band, low drag, mechanically scanned Ku-band communications antenna system which can simultaneously transmit and receive from a single aperture.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a multiple reflector antenna array. The antenna array includes a plurality of independent reflector antennas with each of the reflector antennas being fixed to a common antenna support structure. The collective group of antennas on the support structure is trainable to simultaneously receive and transmit RF signals. Cassegrain reflector antennas are preferably employed by the present invention. The support structure of the multiple cassegrain reflector antenna assembly is mechanically attached on an exterior surface of a fuselage of an aircraft. The assembly is enclosed within a radome to reduce aerodynamic drag on the aircraft. Multiple reflector antennas reduce the height of the required radome compared to the height of a radome enclosing a single large diameter reflector antenna. Each antenna is required to both simultaneously transmit and receive communication signals within the Ku frequency band. An exemplary transmit frequency is about 14.0 to about 14.5 gigahertz (GHz) and an exemplary receive frequency range is about 11.2 to about 12.7 GHz.
Since multiple reflector antennas are employed by the present invention, a corporate power combiner/divider is employed to process the transmit and receive signals from each of the reflector antennas. Individual service lines to provide both horizontal and vertical signal support to each of the smaller reflector antennas is provided. Through use of the corporate power combiner/divider, the antenna overall pattern performance can be controlled by adjusting each antenna's signal amplitude and phase within a corporate feed network provided. This adjustment is in addition to the amplitude and phase adjustment of the normal feedhorn/reflector system of these antennas.
A radome surrounds the multiple antenna arrangement and its aerodynamic vertical drag component is a function of its height. Radome height is determined by selecting antenna diameter. Radome length is a function of its height. Typically, the radome length is 10 times the radome height to minimize aerodynamic disturbances. Therefore, reducing radome height also reduces radome length and its length component of aerodynamic drag.
The present invention provides a wideband, low drag, mechanically scanned, Ku-band communications antenna system which can simultaneously transmit and receive from a single aperture. An antenna array system of the present invention meets the ITU regulatory levels for Ku-band GEO satellite interference.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, a multiple element antenna array for both transmitting and receiving communication signals is provided. A plurality of reflector antennas forms an antenna array. The antenna array is arranged on a common horizontal axis. A support structure mounts the antenna array on the common horizontal axis. A drive mechanism permits multi-plane movement of the support structure. At least one motor is provided to rotate the drive mechanism.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, an antenna array is provided to both transmit and receive Ku-band communication signals for a moving platform. The antenna array comprises an array of three to four cassegrain reflector antennas. A support structure is provided for mounting each reflector antenna of the antenna array. A drive mechanism permits movement of the support structure to mechanically scan the array. A first motor controls vertical motion of the drive mechanism. A second motor controls horizontal motion of the drive mechanism. A radome encloses the antenna array. The radome has an internal volume sufficient to permit mechanical scanning of the array within the radome by the first and second motors.
In still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, an aircraft communication system is provided which comprises four cassegrain reflector antennas. A support structure mounts each of the four reflector antennas. A drive mechanism permits mechanical scanning of the support structure. A corporate power combiner/divider is electrically connected with each of the four cassegrain reflector antennas. The combiner/divider processes both a transmit and a receive signal for each of the four cassegrain reflector antennas. A radome encloses all four cassegrain reflector antennas. The radome reduces aerodynamic drag of the four cassegrain reflector antennas.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Referring to
Referring to
One embodiment of the present invention provides four reflector antennas: a first reflector antenna 18, a second reflector antenna 20, a third reflector antenna 22 and a fourth reflector antenna 24 combined to form an antenna array 26. Second reflector antenna 20 and third reflector antenna 22 each comprise a first diameter F. First reflector antenna 18 and fourth reflector antenna 24 each comprise a diameter G smaller than diameter F. An exemplary dimension for diameter F for the array centrally located reflector antennas, comprising second reflector antenna 20 and third reflector antenna 22, is about 0.25 meters (10.0 inches). An exemplary dimension for diameter G for the antenna array 26 adjacently mounted reflector antennas, comprising first reflector antenna 18 and fourth reflector antenna 24, is about 0.20 meters (8.0 inches).
Reducing antenna height by employing four smaller diameter antennas in antenna array 26 rather than the single reflector antenna 16 reduces the height A of radome 12 (shown in FIG. 1), which will reduce aerodynamic drag.
Referring now to
Corporate power combiner/divider 66 processes the vertical and horizontal signals for each of the four reflector antennas. Within the corporate power combiner/divider 66, a network (not shown) is employed which adjusts the amplitude and the phase of the signal from each of the antennas processed. This network is in addition to the processing which is conducted on the feedhorn/reflector system of the antenna array 26. Antenna pattern performance is enhanced by adjusting the amplitude and phase of the individual antenna signals within the corporate power combiner/divider 66.
Other structural support designs for the antenna array 26 are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. These include, but are not limited to: (1) a single support plate having cutouts for each antenna, (2) supports comprising a round tube, a square tube, a flat strip or various geometric shapes, or (3) a single centrally located support member having one or more individual support arms for each antenna. A variety of materials for the array supports may be used including steels, aluminum and plastics.
Antenna array 26 can also be designed for less than 4 or more than 4 reflector antennas without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The four reflector antenna design disclosed herein is an exemplary design. Providing fewer than the exemplary 4 reflector antennas reduces structure at the cost of a larger height array having greater aerodynamic drag. Providing more than the exemplary 4 reflector antennas increases structural and electronics complexity but provides the benefit of a smaller height array having reduced aerodynamic drag. An optimum design point must be selected based on all the aircraft design parameters.
The plurality of sub-reflector struts supporting the sub-reflector for each antenna can also be replaced by a single dielectric tube (not shown) for each antenna. The dielectric tube must be dimensioned such that antenna array 26 can still be rotated within radome 12. Exemplary vertical and horizontal solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) for the single reflector antenna 16 producing 20 watts, have an efficiency of about 15 percent. The vertical and horizontal SSPAs of four smaller antennas in antenna array 26 producing an exemplary 5 watts each (for the same total of 20 watts output) have an efficiency of about 25 percent. It is therefore advantageous to use an appropriate number of smaller, more efficient antennas than a single larger antenna if smaller antennas can be employed.
The array of the present invention provides several advantages. By reducing the height of a wide-bandwidth reflector antenna by dividing the antenna aperture area into an array of smaller reflector antennas, the vertical height of the antenna array is reduced, which results in reduced aerodynamic drag on the aircraft. Antenna pattern performance is enhanced by the added control of the amplitude and phase of the individual antenna signals provided by the corporate feed network, in addition to the normally adjusted amplitude and phase of the feedhorn/reflector system. Also, the use of a multiple reflector array antenna system allows the use of smaller, more efficient, lower power solid state power amplifiers. The combined effect of using multiple antennas having multiple smaller power amplifiers provides more efficient power consumption than would be provided by power amplifier(s) of a single antenna.
The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/143,473 filed on May 10, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,388, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20040090387 A1 | May 2004 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10143473 | May 2002 | US |
Child | 10700986 | US |