Patent Application
20130075079
This invention relates in general to hydrocarbon well stimulation equipment and, in particular, to a frac head with a wash control ring.
Current methods for completing or re-completing hydrocarbon wells generally involve pumping very large volumes of fracturing fluids into one or more production zones of the well. Currently used fracturing fluids are often mixtures of large volumes of abrasive propant (e.g., frac sand, sintered bauxite, or ceramic pellets) mixed with a “slick water” (water containing a chemical surfactant). Those fracturing fluids may be pumped through the frac head and down a production casing into production zone(s) of the hydrocarbon well at fluid pressures of 15,000+ psi and flow rates of 180+ barrels/minute. As understood by those skilled in the art, pumping the fracturing fluids at high pressures and flow rates requires many frac pumps. Each frac pump is connected to a fluid line known as a “frac iron”. Several frac pumps may be connected in parallel to a single frac iron. Each frac iron is connected to a port of the frac head and injects a high pressure stream through that port. The converging fluid streams cause flow turbulence where the respective fluid streams converge in a mixing chamber of the frac head. The flow turbulence propels the abrasive propant against the inner surfaces of the frac head, which tends to erode those surfaces of the frac head. This erosion is commonly referred to as “wash”.
Although significant advances have been made in the design of frac heads to resist and/or control frac head erosion, further improvements that extend a service life of the frac head remain desirable.
There therefore exists a need for a frac head with a sacrificial wash ring that extends frac head service life.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a frac head with a sacrificial wash ring that is easier to maintain and is yet more resistant to erosion than known prior art frac heads.
The invention therefore provides a frac head, comprising: a frac head body having a top end with an axial port and an axial passage that extends though the axial port and the frac head body; at least two inlet ports that respectively provide a fluid communication path to the axial passage where fluid streams pumped through the respective inlet ports converge; and a sacrificial wash ring in the axial passage adjacent a bottom edge of the respective fluid communication paths, the sacrificial wash ring directing fluid streams pumped through the respective inlet ports into a mixing chamber located below the sacrificial wash ring.
The invention further provides a frac head, comprising: a frac head body having a top end with an axial port and a axial passage that extends though the axial port and the frac head body; at least two inlet ports that respectively provide a fluid communication path to the axial passage; and a sacrificial wash ring in the axial passage at a bottom edge of the respective inlet ports, the sacrificial wash ring having a top surface that is inclined at an angle that is similar to an angle of inclination of the respective inlet ports so that frac fluid flows past a bottom edge of each fluid communication path; a cylindrical central surface that forces respective frac fluid streams to converge as they enter a mixing chamber below the sacrificial wash ring; and, a bottom surface that is downwardly and outwardly inclined to permit the converging frac fluid streams to rapidly expand as they enter the mixing chamber.
The invention yet further provides a frac head, comprising: a frac head body having a top end with an axial port and a axial passage that extends though the axial port and the frac head body; at least two inlet ports that respectively provide a fluid communication path to the axial passage; and a sacrificial wash ring in the axial passage at a bottom edge of the respective inlet ports, the sacrificial wash ring having a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface being inclined at an angle of about 60° with respect to an angle of inclination of the respective inlet ports, and the bottom surface being inclined at an angle of about 15° with respect to the top surface.
Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The invention provides a frac head with a sacrificial wash ring that extends a service life of the frac head. The sacrificial wash ring channels abrasive fluids into a mixing chamber of the frac head in a way that reduces erosion of the frac head body, so a service life of the frac head body is prolonged. The sacrificial wash ring erodes over time, but it is easily and inexpensively replaced without welding or other time consuming maintenance operations.
At least two inlet ports 20a, 20b have outer ends provided with proprietary unions 22a, 22b that accommodate the connection of “frac irons” in a manner well known in the art. A frac head will typically have at least 4 inlet ports. Each inlet port 20a, 20b provides a fluid communication path 24a, 24b to the axial passage 16, where fluid streams pumped through the inlet ports 20a, 20b converge. At a bottom edge of each fluid communication path 24a, 24b is a sacrificial wash ring 26 in accordance with the invention. Below the sacrificial wash ring is a mixing chamber 28 that is lined with a wear resistant liner 30. A top end 32 of the wear resistant liner 30 supports the sacrificial wash ring 26.
The sacrificial wash ring 26 has a downwardly inclined top surface 34 that is inclined at an angle that is similar to an inclination of the respective inlet ports 20a, 20b, so that frac fluid flows without deviation past a bottom edge of each fluid communication path 24a, 24b. The sacrificial wash ring 26 also has a cylindrical central surface 36 that forces the respective frac fluid streams to converge as they enter the mixing chamber 28. The sacrificial wash ring 26 further has a bottom surface 38 that is downwardly and outwardly inclined to permit the converging frac fluid streams to rapidly expand as they enter the mixing chamber 28. In this embodiment, the bottom surface of the sacrificial wash ring 26 is downwardly and outwardly inclined at an angle of about 45° with respect to a central axis of the frac head body 12. It should be understood that an angle of inclination of less than or considerably greater than 45° could be used for the bottom surface 38 of the sacrificial wash ring 26. The shape of the sacrificial wash ring 26 reduces turbulence as the converging frac fluid streams flow into the mixing chamber 28, as will be explained below in more detail with reference to
The wear resistant liner 30 in the mixing chamber 28 has a cylindrical outer sidewall 40 and an inner sidewall that has a cylindrical upper section 42, a downwardly and inwardly inclined central section 44 and a cylindrical lower section 46. In this embodiment the wear resistant liner 30 is made of hardened 4140 steel, though any durable wear resistant material including a ceramic material may be used to line the mixing chamber 28.
The wear resistant liner 30 is supported by a bottom leg 48 threadedly secured in a bottom leg socket 50 machined into a bottom end 52 of the frac head body 12. The bottom leg socket 50 includes a seal bore 54 located inwardly of a box thread 56. The seal bore 54 includes two O-ring grooves 56a, 56b that respectively accept O-rings 58a, 58b. A top end 60 of the bottom leg 48 is received in the seal bore 54 and cooperates with the O-rings 58a, 58b to provide a high-pressure fluid seal between the bottom leg 48 and the bottom leg socket 50. A first pin thread 62 on the bottom leg 48 engages the box thread 56 to secure the bottom leg 48 in the bottom leg socket 50. A second pin thread 66 on the bottom leg 48 supports a lock nut 68 that is tightened against the bottom end 52 of the frac head body 12 to inhibit rotation of the bottom leg 48 with respect to the frac head body 12. The bottom leg 48 terminates in a flange 70 having a plurality of through bores 72 that accept flange bolts for connecting the frac head to another flanged flow stack component, such as a high-pressure valve, a blowout preventer, a wellhead, or the like. The flange 70 also has a metal ring gasket groove 74 that accepts a metal ring gasket in a manner known in the art. In one embodiment the flange is a standard American Petroleum Institute (API) flange, and the metal ring gasket groove accepts one of an API R, RX or BX metal ring gasket.
Assuming two balanced flow streams, as frac fluid is pumped through the respective fluid communication paths 24a, 24b, a main proportion 100a, 100b of the respective fluid streams flow into the axial passage 16 and down through the mixing chamber 28 with little turbulance. However, friction along the periphery of the respective fluid communication paths 24a and 24b slows down peripheral flow and the convergence of the fluid streams causes turbulence 102 in the axial passage 16 above the point of convergence. The turbulence 102 is substantially centralized and causes essentially no wash in the axial passage 16. At the bottom edge of the fluid streams, fluid friction causes a slow erosion of the top surface 34 and cylindrical central surface 36 of the sacrificial wash ring 26. As well, while turbulence is reduced by the rapid expansion of the respective fluid flows in the mixing chamber 28 due to the downwardly and outwardly inclined bottom surface 38 of the sacrificial wash ring 26, reverse upward flows 104a 104b are established under the sacrificial wash ring 26. Since these flows are confined by the respective fluid streams they behave more aggressively than the turbulence 102. As a result, the sacrificial wash ring 26 is slowly eroded upwardly from the bottom surface 38, while erosion of the wear resistant liner 30 is controlled. Periodic inspection of the sacrificial wash ring 26 and the wear resistant liner 30 and replacement of either one as necessary ensures that the integrity of the valuable frac head body 12 is maintained. The sacrificial wash ring 26 is readily replaced by removing the bottom leg and the wear resistant liner 30.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, sacrificial wash ring 26, the wear resistant liner 30 and/or the bottom leg 48 can be replaced by field hands using new or refurbished replacement parts. Consequently, the frac head 10 is less expensive to maintain.
The sacrificial wash ring 126 has a downwardly inclined top surface 134 and a downwardly and outwardly inclined bottom surface 136. The top surface 134 is substantially parallel with a central axis of the frac head 110. The bottom surface 136 is downwardly and outwardly inclined at an angle of about 45° with respect to the central axis of the frac head 110. However, it should be noted that the number of faces and the actual angle of inclination of the respective faces of the sacrificial wash ring is a matter of design choice. The function of the sacrificial wash ring is to control turbulence and protect the frac head body 110 from erosion. The sacrificial wash ring 126 may be configured in any way that will achieve that function. The top surface of the sacrificial wash ring 126 forces the respective frac fluid streams to converge as they flow from an axial passage 116 to a mixing chamber 128. The bottom surface 136 permits the converging frac fluid streams to rapidly expand as they enter the mixing chamber 128. The sacrificial wash ring 126 is slowly eroded in a way that is very similar to that described above with reference to
The removable bottom leg 148 of the frac head 110 terminates in a threaded union described in the Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 7,484,776, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. The threaded union connector includes a pin end 150 with two O-rings 152a, 152b received in O-ring grooves 154a, 154b. A wing nut 156 is supported by an annular shoulder 158 on a lower periphery of the bottom leg 148. A bottom surface of the annular shoulder 158 includes a metal ring gasket groove that accepts a metal ring gasket also described in Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 7,484,776.
While two embodiments of the frac head in accordance with the invention have been described, it should be understood that the embodiments described above are exemplary only. For example, modifications to the shape of the sacrificial wash ring may be made. As well, the frac heads 10, 110 may be constructed with any one of a flanged bottom leg, a bottom leg with a threaded union, or an integral bottom leg with either of a flange or a threaded union. Other changes within the skill of an ordinary person in the art may also become apparent.
The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.
