Patent Application
20120301859
The present invention relates generally to treatments for non-stuttering disorders, and may be particularly suitable for increasing reading comprehension in individuals having reading and/or learning disabilities.
In the past, auditory masking and reading acceleration have been proposed to aid those having reading disabilities. See, e.g., Breznitz, Enhancing the Reading of Dyslexic Children by Reading Acceleration and Auditory Masking, Jnl. Of Educational Psychology Vol. 89, No.1, pp. 103-113 (1997). In addition, Kershner et al., has proposed that a modified voice feedback during a timed naming task may improve letter-naming speed in a select sub-type of learning disabled children. Kershner et al., Modified Voice Feedback Improves Letter Naming in Reading Disabled Children with Central Auditory Dysfunction, Jnl. of Clinical Child Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 157-161 (1985). Speed of letter naming has been suggested to be a good predictor of reading comprehension. DeSoto et al., Relationship of reading achievement to verbal processing abilities, Jnl. of Educational Psychology, 75, pp. 116-127(1983); Jansky et al., Preventing reading failure (NY, Harper & Row,1973). However, Kershner et al. states that frequency modification significantly improved letter recognition speed in children with central auditory dysfunction but significantly had a disruptive effect on disabled readers with intact auditory functioning, concluding that “in absolute terms, the FM effect was small” and that “[a]dditional research is needed to determine actual performance benefits of FM as a remedial intervention.” Kershner et al., p. 160. More recently, researchers have reported running linguistic and non-linguistic experiments to assess whether developmental dyslexia (“DD”) is related to central auditory processing deficits or to language-specific processing deficits. See, Sapir et al., Linguistic and nonlinguistic auditory processing of rapid vowel formant (F2) modulations in university students with and without developmental dyslexia, Brain Cogn. March-April; 48 (2-3); pp. 520-526 (2002). During the non-linguistic experiment (which was run three times), the researchers had the subjects listen to synthetic vowels whose second fomant (F2) was modulated with formants F1, F3, and F4 held constant. The DD subjects' performance deteriorated over the three experimental runs, and the researchers concluded that this result suggested that resource depletion or frontal lobe dysfunction may be associated with DD. Id.
In other pathologies, delayed auditory feedback has been proposed to treat certain non-stuttering speech related disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. See, e.g., Downie et al., Speech disorder in parkinsonism—usefulness of delayed auditory feedback in selected cases, Br. J. Disord Commun, 16(2), pp. 135-139 (Sep. 1981). See also co-pending and co-assigned U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/375,937, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
Despite the foregoing, there remains a need for methods and related devices that can provide remedial treatments for increasing communication skills such as reading ability (cognizance, comprehension, and/or speed) for individuals having non-stuttering pathologies.
The present invention is directed to methods, systems, and devices for treating non-stuttering pathologies or disorders using frequency altered auditory feedback (“FAF”).
In certain embodiments, the devices and methods can be devised to provide the FAF input using a miniaturized, minimally obtrusive device that can be worn so as to promote chronic use or therapy (upon demand where and when needed) and the like. The device may be configured to be a self-contained device or a wireless device, each with an ear mounted housing that can be sized and/or shaped as one of a behind-the-ear (“BTE”), an in-the-ear (“ITE”), in-the-canal (“ITC”), or completely-in-the-canal (“CIC”) device.
In certain embodiments, the frequency alteration provided by the FAF treatment methods, systems, and devices can increase or decrease the detected auditory signal frequency in a desired amount, typically within a range of about +/−2 octaves.
The minimally obtrusive device may be configured as a compact device with an ear-supported component that is small enough to be insertable into or adjacent an ear, and, hence, supported by the ear without requiring remote wires or cabling when in operative position on/in the user.
In particular embodiments, the methods and devices can be configured to treat children with learning disabilities, including reading disabilities, in a normal educational environment such as at a school or home (outside a clinic).
The methods and devices may increase reading comprehension and/or speed in one or more of preschool-aged children, primary school-aged children, adolescents, teenagers, adults, and/or the elderly (i.e., senior citizens).
In particular embodiments, the methods and devices may be used to treat individuals having non-stuttering pathologies or disorders that impair communication skills, such as schizophrenia, autism, learning disorders such as attention deficit disorders (“ADD”), neurological impairment from brain trauma that may occur from strokes, trauma, injury, or a progressive disease such as Parkinson's disease, and the like.
In certain embodiments, the device is configured to allow treatment by ongoing substantially “on-demand” use while in position on the subject separate from and/or in addition to clinically provided episodic treatments during desired periods of service.
Certain aspects of the invention are directed toward methods for treating non-stuttering pathologies of subjects having impaired or decreased communication skills. The methods include administering a FAF signal to a subject having a non-stuttering pathology while the subject is speaking or talking to thereby improve the subject's communication skills.
In particular embodiments, the methods can include: (a) receiving an analog auditory signal of the subject at a first frequency; (b) converting the signal to a digital signal in the frequency domain; (c) altering the frequency of the digital signal within a range of about +/−2 octaves; (d) converting the signal back to the time domain and into an analog signal; (e) and then administering the frequency altered feedback signal to the user proximate in time to the receiving step.
In addition, the method can be carried out so that the step of administering the FAF signal is carried out by a device that is supported by the ear of the user and devoid of external cabling during normal operation. The administered altered auditory frequency may be shifted a desired amount within a range of about +/−2 octaves.
Other embodiments are directed to methods for treating subjects having non-stuttering pathologies or disorders presenting with an impairment or dysfunction in communication skills using FAF. The methods include: (a) positioning a (typically a self-contained or wireless) device for receiving auditory signals associated with a subject's speech in close proximity to at least one ear of an individual, the device being adapted to be in communication with at least one of the ear canals of the individual; (b) receiving in the device an audio signal associated with the subject's speech; (c) generating from the device a frequency altered auditory feedback signal having an associated frequency shift between about +/−2 octaves relative to the received audio signal; and (d) transmitting the frequency altered auditory feedback signal to at least one ear canal of the subject.
Additional aspects of the invention are directed to devices for treating non-stuttering pathologies having impaired or decreased communication skills. The devices include means for administering an FAF signal to a subject having a non-stuttering pathology while the subject is speaking or talking to thereby improve the subject's communication skills.
In particular embodiments, the devices can also include: (a) means for receiving an analog auditory signal of the subject at a first frequency; (b) means for converting the signal to a digital signal in the frequency domain; (c) means for altering the frequency of the digital signal within a range of about +/−2 octaves; (d) means for converting the signal back to the time domain and into an analog signal; and (e) means for administering the FAF signal to the user proximate in time to the receiving step. The means for administering the FAF signal may be configured as an ear supported device such as a self-contained device or a wireless compact device that has a cooperating pocket device. The ear-supported device can be devoid of external cabling during normal operation. The altered auditory frequency is shifted a desired amount within a range of about +/−−2 octaves.
Other aspects include a portable device for treating non-stuttering pathologies having communication impairments, the device being supported by the ear of a user. The device includes: (a) a compact housing having opposing distal and proximal surfaces, wherein at least the proximal surface is configured for positioning in the ear canal of a user; (b) a signal processor contained within the housing; and (c) a power source operatively associated with the signal processor for supplying power thereto. The signal processor includes: (i) a receiver, the receiver generating an input signal responsive to an auditory signal associated with the user's speech; (ii) frequency altered auditory feedback circuitry operably associated with the receiver for generating a frequency altered auditory signal; and (iii) a transmitter contained within said housing and operably associated with the frequency altered auditory feedback circuitry for transmitting a frequency altered auditory signal to the user.
In particular embodiments, the signal processor is a digital programmable signal processor having externally programmable adjustable frequency shifts. These and other objects and/or aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below.
The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
In the drawings, certain features, components, layers and/or regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the drawings. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, feature, or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or indirectly on the other element such that intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.
In the description of the present invention that follows, certain terms are employed to refer to the positional relationship of certain structures relative to other structures. As used herein, the term “distal” and derivatives thereof refer to a direction extending away from the ear canal (away from the center of the skull), while the term “proximal” and derivatives thereof refer to a location in the direction of the ear canal extending toward the center of the skull. In the figures, features or operations illustrated in broken line are optional unless noted otherwise.
Generally described, the present invention is directed to methods, systems, and devices that treat subjects having non-stuttering pathologies to facilitate and/or improve communication skills including reading ability and/or writing, spelling, and the like. The term “communication skills” includes, but is not limited to, writing, speech, and reading. The term “writing” is used broadly to designate assembling symbols, letters and/or words to express a thought, answer, question, or opinion and/or to generate an original or copy of a work of authorship, in a communication medium (a tangible medium of expression) whether by scribing, in print or cursive, onto a desired medium such as paper, or by writing via electronic input using a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or voice recognition software. The term “reading ability” means reading comprehension, cognizance, and/or speed.
Referring to
In particular embodiments, the FAF signal may be delivered while the subject is reading aloud in a substantially normal speaking voice at a normal speed and level (volume) (block 112). In other embodiments, the FAF signal may be delivered while the subject is reading aloud with a speaking voice that is reduced from a normal volume (such as a whisper or a slightly audible level). In any event, the verbal output should be sufficiently loud so that the auditory signal from the speaker's voice or speech can be detected by the device (which may be miniaturized as will be discussed below), whether the verbal output of the subject is associated with general talking, speaking, or communicating, or such talking or speaking is in relationship to spelling, reading (intermittent or choral), transforming the spoken letters into words, and/or transforming connected thoughts, words or sentences into coherent expressions or into a written work, such as in forming words or sentences for written works of authorship.
Examples of non-stuttering pathologies that may be suitable for treatment according to operations proposed by the present invention include, but are not limited to, learning disabilities (“LD”), including reading disabilities such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorders (“ADD”), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (“ADHD”) and the like, asphasis, dyspraxia, dysarthria, dysphasia, autism, schizophrenia, progressive degenerative neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease and/or Alzheimer's disease, and/or brain injuries or impairments associated with strokes, cardiac infarctions, trauma, and the like. In certain embodiments, children having developmental praxia, auditory processing disorders, developmental language disorders or specific language impairments, or phonological processing disorders may be suitable for treatment with methods and/or devices contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
The treatment may be particularly suitable for individuals having diagnosed learning disabilities that include reading disabilities or impairments. A learning disability may be assessed by well-known testing means that establishes that an individual is performing below his/her expected level for age or I.Q. For example, a reading disability may be diagnosed by standardized tests that establish that an individual is below an age level reading expectation, such as, but not limited to, the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test. See Carlson et al., Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (NY, Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1976). A reading disability may also be indicated by comparison to the average ability of individuals of similar age. In other embodiments, a relative decline in a subject's own reading ability may be used to establish the presence of a reading disability.
Referring again to
The subject to be treated may have substantially normal hearing sensitivity, typically defined as having pure-tone thresholds at octave frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz and speech recognition thresholds of ≦20 dB HL (American National Standards Institute, 1996). In other embodiments, the subject may have a hearing impairment.
Optionally, as shown by the features in broken line in
Alternatively, the device 10 can be self-contained and supported by the ear(s) of the user. In both the wireless and self-contained embodiments, the device 10 can be configured as a portable, compact device with the ear-mounted component being a small or miniaturized configuration. In the description of certain embodiments that follows, the device 10 is described as having certain operating components that administer the FAF. These components may reside entirely in the in the ear-mounted device 10E or certain components may be housed in the wirelessly operated remote device 10R, where such a remote device is used. For example, the controller and/or certain delayed auditory feedback signal processor circuitry and the like can be held in the remote housing 10R.
In yet other embodiments, wired versions of portable FAF feedback systems may be used, typically with a light-weight head mounted or ear-mounted component(s) (not shown).
In certain embodiments, as shown in
As will be discussed in more detail below, in certain embodiments, the therapeutic device 10 for treating non-stuttering pathologies or disorders includes a small, typically miniaturized, housing which contains a power source, a signal processor including a receiver, an FAF circuit, and a transmitter therein. The housing can be configured and sized to be worn positioned proximate the ear and does not require wires or cables to external remote components during use. Certain components, such as a receiver or transducer, may be located away from the ear canal, although typically still within relatively close proximity thereto. Generally described, in operation, the portable device 10 receives input sound signals from a patient at a position in close proximity to the ear (such as via a microphone in or adjacent the ear), processes the signal, amplifies the signal, and delivers the processed signal into the ear canal of the user.
Referring now to
It is also noted that although the device 10 is shown throughout as a single unit in one ear, in certain embodiments, the user may employ two discrete devices 10, with one ear-supported component in/on each ear (not shown) such that that they work in concert or independently of the other. The two ear-mounted components may be operatively in communication via a wireless communication mode or wired, such as with a thin, light-weight and minimally obtrusive cable having a length sufficient to extend between the two devices when in position in or adjacent their respective ears.
As shown in
As shown, the device 10 may also include an accessory access panel, shown in
The proximal side of the device 10 can hold the transmitter or speaker 24. The housing 30 can be configured to generally fill the concha of the ear 40 to prevent or block un-delayed signals from reaching the eardrum. As shown in
Still referring to
If desired, the housing 30 may contain a semi-flexible extension over the external wall of the ear (not shown) to further affix the housing 30 to the ear, or to provide additional structure and support, or to hold components associated with the device 10, such as power supply batteries. The operative electronic circuitry may be powered by one or more internally held power sources, such as a miniaturized battery of suitable voltage.
An alternative embodiment of the device 10 shown in
As shown in
Still referring to
Corrosion-resistant materials, such as a gold collar or suitable metallic plating and/or biocompatible coating, may be included to surround the exposed component in order to protect it from environmental contaminants. The microphone opening 53a can be configured so as to be free of obstructions in order to allow the signal to enter unimpeded or freely therein.
Additionally, the housing 50 can employ various other externally accessible controls (not shown). For example, the anterior portion of the housing 51 can be configured to include a volume control (and/or compression circuitry such as WDRC, an on-off switch, and a battery door. The door can also provide access to an internal tone control and various output controls. Optionally, the BTE device can include an external port that engages an external peripheral device such as a pack for carrying a battery, where long use or increased powering periods are contemplated, or for recharging the internal power source. In addition, the device 10 may be configured with a port interface to allow interrogation or programming via an external source and may include cabling and adaptor plug-in ports to allow, same. For example, as will be discussed further below, the device 10 can be releasably attachable to an externally positioned signal processing circuitry for periodic assessment of operation, adjustment or link to an external evaluation source or clinician.
The external pack and/or remote housing 10R, when used, may be connected to the housing (not shown) and configured to be light weight and portable, and preferably supportably attached to or worn by a user, via clothing, accessories, and the like. In other embodiments the remote housing or pack may be stationary, depending on the application and desired operation.
In position, with the ear mold 65 in place, the BTE device 10 is disposed with the ear hook 55 resting on the anterior aspect of the helix of the auricle with the body of the housing 50 situated medial to the auricle adjacent to its attachment to the skull. Typically, the housing 50 is configured to follow the curve of the ear, i.e., it is a generally elongated convex. The ear-mounted housing size can vary, but is preferably sized from about 1 inch to 2.5 inches in length, measured from the highest point to the lowest point on the housing 50. The ear hook 55 is generally sized to be about 0.75 to about 1 inch for adults, and about 0.35 to about 0.5 inches for children; the length is measured with the hook 55 in the radially bent or “hook” configuration.
In certain embodiments, the receiver 53 (i.e., the microphone or transducer) is positioned within a distance of about 1 cm to 7 cm from the external acoustic meatus of the ear. It is preferable that the transducer be positioned within 4 cm of the external acoustic meatus of the ear, and more preferable that the transducer be positioned within about 2.5 cm. It is noted that the embodiments illustrated are a single, integrated housing unit that holds the power source and operational circuitry in a minimally obtrusive configuration allowing the device to be conveniently and advantageously held in use adjacent and/or in the ear.
Referring to
Hearing aids with circuitry to enhance hearing with a housing small enough to either fit within the ear canal or be entirely sustained by the ear are well known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,016 to Clark discloses a hearing aid with a housing containing a microphone, an amplification circuit, a speaker, and a power supply, that fits within the ear and ear canal. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,582 to de Vries et al. discloses a hearing aid with a housing having a microphone, an amplification circuit, a speaker, and a power supply, that is partially contained in the ear and the ear canal, and behind the ear. Each of the above-named patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties as if fully recited herein. For additional description of a compact device used to ameliorate stuttering, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,443, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
In certain embodiments, the FAF signal is provided by digital signal processing technology that provides programmably selectable operating parameters that can be customized to the needs of a user and adjusted at desired intervals such as monthly, quarterly, annually, and the like, typically by a clinician or physician evaluating the individual. The patient fitting can be carried out with progranunably selectable and/or adjustable operating parameters such as +/−shifts in FAF (typically in about 500 Hz-200 Hz increments), linear gain control (such as about four 5-dB step size increments), independent or individually adjustable “n” band gain controls (where n can be between about 2-20 bands with center frequencies ranging from 250-7000 Hz with 20 dB gain control settings).
Further, in particular embodiments, the device 10 can be configured to selectedly provide both FAF and delayed auditory feedback (“DAF”), typically with an adjustably selectable delay time of between about 0-128 ms) and the programmable interface and the internal operating circuitry and/or the signal processor, which may be one or more of a microprocessor or nanoprocessor, can be configured to allow adjustable and/or selectable operational configurations of the device to operate in the desired feedback mode or modes. For additional description of a compact device used to ameliorate stuttering, see Stuart et al., Self-Contained In-The Ear Device to Deliver Altered Auditory Feedback: Applications for Stuttering, Annals of Biomedical Engr. Vol. 31, pp. 233-237 (2003), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
The FAF frequency shift or adjustment can be any desired shift, but is typically within about +/−2 octaves from the frequency of the detected auditory speech signal of the user. In certain embodiments, the frequency is adjusted at least about +/−⅛ of an octave, and typically the frequency can be adjusted at least about +/−¼ of an octave from the detected auditory signal. In particular embodiments, the frequency altered feedback signal can be adjusted so as to provide a frequency shift of at least about +/−½ of an octave, while in other embodiments, the frequency shift is at about +/−¾ to 1 octave. Other shifts, or multiples thereof, and/or different increments of octave shift, may be employed.
The frequency shift, measured in hertz, will typically be dependent upon the input signal. For example, for a 500 Hz input signal, a one octave shift is about 1000 Hz; similarly, a one octave shift of a 1000 Hz input signal is about 2000 Hz. In any event, in certain embodiments, the device be configured to be substantially “acoustically invisible” so as to provide the high fidelity of unaided listening and auditory self-monitoring while at the same time delivering optimal altered feedback, e.g, a device which can substantially maintain a relatively normal speech pattern.
The adjustment may be customized based on one or more of the particular disorder of the patient and/or the patient's response to a plurality of different “test” FAF settings during a set-up evaluation based on an improvement in readability to evaluate the efficacy of the response. In addition, the frequency adjustment may be altered over time upon periodic clinical evaluations. In other embodiments, the frequency adjustment may be set to be automatically adjusted in frequency shift increments and/or decrements at desired intervals or upon a trigger from the user.
As described above, the device 10 can be compact and portable. As such, it does not require remotely located components for normal operational use. The present invention now provides for portable and substantially non-intrusive device that allows for periodic or “chronic” use. As such, the portable device 10 can be allowed for on-going use without dedicated remote loose support hardware. The device may employ a microphone that is held proximate the ear. That is, the present invention provides a readily accessible communication enhancing (reading assist) instrument that, much like optical glasses or contacts, can be used at-will, such as only during planned or actual reading periods when there is a need for remedial intervention to promote reading ability.
As shown in
In operation, in certain embodiments, referring again to
Still referring to
Other exemplary operations/features or components that may be used to carry out the treatments contemplated by embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in
In operation, the illustrated operations may be programmably selected or adjusted to provide the desired output, i.e., the frequency altered auditory feedback signal. The operations shown can be carried out in and/or with a miniaturized compact BTE, ITE, ITC, or CIC device, and the like, according to embodiments of the present invention.
1may be algorithm dependent
In certain embodiments, the device 10 can be configured to also provide a DAF altered auditory feedback that can be activated to operate to selectively output DAF with a desired delay, typically of about 50 ms when used with the frequency alteration for non-stuttering pathologies, such as at about plus/minus one-quarter or one-half of an octave, or other desired shift as discussed hereinabove.
For the dual FAF/DAF output, the device 10 may have an adjustable delay operatively associated with the auditory delay circuit 130 (
The device 10 may also have a switching circuit (not shown) to interrupt transmission from the microphone to the earphone, i.e, an activation and/or deactivation circuit. One example of this type of circuit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,119 to Vildgrube et al., column 4, (see generally lines 40-59 et seq.), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The device 10 can be configured to be interrupted either by manually switching power off from the batteries, or by automatic switching when the user's speech and corresponding signal input falls below a predetermined threshold level. This can prevent sounds other than the user's speech from being transmitted by the device.
Alternatively, as is known in the art, other delay circuits can be employed such as, but not limited to, an analog delay circuit like a bucket-brigade circuit.
Each of the circuit components and/or operations described herein, as is known in the art, can be interchanged with other discrete or integrated circuit components to generate a suitable FAF signal as contemplated by embodiments of the present invention.
As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the digital signal processor and other electronic components as described above may be provided by hardware, software, or a combination of the above. Thus, while the various components have been described as discrete elements, they may in practice be implemented by a microprocessor or microcontroller including input and output ports running software code, by custom or hybrid chips, by discrete components or by a combination of the above. For example, one or more of the A/D converter 76, the delay circuit 78, the voice sample comparator 80, and the gain 86 can be implemented as a programmable digital signal processor device. Of course, the discrete circuit components can also be mounted separately or integrated into a printed circuit board as is known by those of skill in the art. See generally Wayne J. Staab, Digital Hearing Instruments, 38 Hearing Instruments No. 11, pp. 18-26 (1987).
In any event, the electroacoustic operating parameters of the device preferably include individually adjustable and controllable power output, gain, and frequency response components with suitable electroacoustic response. Fixed circuits may also be employed with fixed maximum output, gain, and frequency response while also providing an adjustable volume control for the wearer. In operation, the device will preferably operate with “low” maximum power output, “mild” gain, and a relatively “wide” and “flat” frequency response. More specifically, in terms of the American National Standards Institute Specification of Hearing Aid Characteristics (ANSI S3.22-1996), the device preferably has a peak saturated sound pressure level-90 (“SSPL90”) equal to or below 110 decibels (“dB”) and a high frequency average (HFA) SSPL90 will preferably not exceed 105 dB.
In certain embodiments, a frequency response can be between at least 200-4000 Hz, and more preferably about 200-8000 Hz. In particular embodiments, the frequency response can be a “flat” in situ response with some compensatory gain between about 1000-4000 Hz. The high frequency average (i.e., 1000, 1600, and 2500) full-on gain is typically between 10-20 dB. For example, the compensatory gain can be about 10-20 dB between 1000-4000 Hz to accommodate for the loss of natural external ear resonance. This natural ear resonance is generally attributable to the occluding in the external auditory meatus and or concha when a CIC, ITE, ITC or ear mold from a BTE device is employed. The total harmonic distortion can be less than 10%, and typically less than about 1%. Maximum saturated sound pressure can be about 105 dB SPL with a high frequency average of 95-100 dB SPL and an equivalent input noise that is less than 35 dB, and typically less than 30 dB.
The invention will now be described in more detail in the following non-limiting examples.
The participants were 27 students, 15 normal reading sixth grade students and 12 sixth grade students diagnosed by their school as being reading delayed, attending local eastern North Carolina middle schools. The participants' overall reading ability score on the Woodcock Johnson Reading Mastery Test-Revised (WRMT-R) determined reading ability. Normal reading ability was defined as an age appropriate score. Delayed reading ability was defined as one or two years delayed relative to the age appropriate score. All participants had normal bilateral hearing sensitivity as determined by a screening protocol as well as normal or corrected vision as reported by their parents or school personnel. Passing scores for language screening (Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions-3) and average scores for receptive one-word picture vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III) were also required for participation.
Research testing was conducted in a quiet room at the participant's middle school. For each experimental condition, the participants read three passages from the Formal Reading Inventory (Wiederholt, 1986), one reported to be at the third grade level, one at the sixth grade level, and one at the ninth grade level under both non-altered feedback (NAF) and frequency altered feedback (FAF). Following the reading of each passage, the participant then read and responded to five multiple-choice questions that assessed comprehension of the written material.
For the FAF condition, an audio-vocal closed-loop feedback device consisting of voice output from a microphone that was passed through a filter to produce the participant's voice, one-half octave above his normal speaking voice. The participant's voice was fed back to the participant without delay through a set of standard headphones.
Participants were brought in to the testing room and administered the WRMT-R, Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions-3 Screening, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. After a short break they returned to the testing room and the reading tasks and conditions were explained to them. For the altered feedback condition, the participant was asked to state his/her name, the school he/she attended, and count to 10. Conditions and tasks were randomized for the participants. The A and B forms of the Formal Reading Inventory were randomized between conditions for the participants so that some participants had Form A for Task 1 and others had Form B. The levels of the passages were also randomized with Third, Sixth, and Ninth Grade Passages occurring at different points during the testing. Tasks were counterbalanced across all participants. All of the reading tasks and conditions were audio-and video-taped for later scoring of decoding errors.
For the two auditory conditions, comprehension scores, and decoding errors were determined. Comprehension scores were based on the number correct for each passage with a perfect score being five. Two types of scores for the decoding errors were calculated: a total number of errors per passage and a total for each of the types of decoding errors for each passage. Reading decoding errors for each passage were coded as insertions/additions (insertion of a word or part of a sentence not in the original text), self corrections (correcting an error after an actual incorrect word has been used), omissions (leaving a word or words out of the passage), substitutions (using a word that either was semantically or functionally appropriate), part-word repetitions (the repetition of part of a word in the process of decoding it), or whole-word repetitions (repeating complete words before continuing to read the rest of the sentence).
Participants' mean comprehension scores, as a function of group, reading level and auditory feedback, are shown in
A three-factor mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was undertaken to investigate mean differences in total comprehension scores as a function of group, reading level, and auditory feedback. Significant main effects of group and level were found (p=0.0007 and 0.0001, respectively). A significant feedback by group effect (see
A three-factor mixed ANOVA was employed to investigate differences in mean reading errors as a function of group, reading level and auditory feedback. A significant main effect of level was found (p=0.0001). A significant auditory feedback by group effect (see
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses, where used, are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/901,916, filed Oct. 11, 2010, which is a continuation of parent U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/530,669, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,828,712 on Nov. 9, 2010, which is a national stage application of and claims the benefit of priority to International Application No. PCT/US2003/030834 filed Sep. 30, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/417,345, filed Oct. 9, 2002, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60417345 | Oct 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12901916 | Oct 2010 | US |
| Child | 13570380 | US | |
| Parent | 10530669 | Sep 2005 | US |
| Child | 12901916 | US |
