Patent Application
20140132370
This application claims priority to foreign French patent application No. FR 1202128, filed on Jul. 27, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to the field of frequency filters in the field of microwave-frequency waves, typically of frequencies lying between 1 GHz to 30 GHz. More particularly the present invention relates to frequency-tunable filters.
The processing of a microwave-frequency wave, for example received by a satellite, requires the development of specific components, allowing the propagation, the amplification, and the filtering of this wave.
For example a microwave-frequency wave received by a satellite must be amplified before being returned to the ground. This amplification is possible only by separating the set of frequencies received into channels, each corresponding to a given frequency band. The amplification is then carried out channel by channel. The separation of the channels requires the development of bandpass filters.
The development of satellites and the increased complexity of the signal processing to be performed, for example a reconfiguration of the channels in flight, has led to the need to implement frequency-tunable bandpass filters, that is to say for which it is possible to adjust the central filtering frequency commonly dubbed the filter tuning frequency.
One of the known technologies of tunable bandpass filters in the field of microwave-frequency waves is the use of passive semi-conducting components, such as PIN diodes, continuously variable capacitors or capacitive switches. Another technology is the use of MEMS (for micro electromechanical system) of ohmic or capacitive type.
These technologies are complex, consume electrical energy and are rather unreliable. These solutions are also limited in terms of the signal power processed. Moreover, a consequence of frequency tunability is an appreciable degradation in the performance of the filter, such as its quality factor Q.
Moreover, the technology of filters with dielectric resonator is known. It makes it possible to produce non-tunable bandpass filters.
An input excitation element 10 introduces the wave into the cavity (input port), this element is typically a conducting medium such as a coaxial cable or a waveguide.
The cavity 13 is a closed cavity consisting of metal, typically aluminium or invar.
An output excitation element 11, typically a conducting medium such as a coaxial cable or a waveguide, makes it possible for the wave to exit the cavity (output port).
The resonator 12 consists of a dielectric element of arbitrary shape, typically round or square, and disposed inside the metallic cavity 13. The dielectric material is typically zirconia, alumina or BMT.
From an electromagnetic point of view, a resonator is characterized by its resonant frequency, for which a steady, periodic regime of the electromagnetic field is established.
A bandpass filter allows the propagation of a wave over a certain frequency span and attenuates this wave for the other frequencies. A passband and a central frequency of the filter are thus defined. For frequencies around its central frequency, a bandpass filter exhibits high transmission and low reflection.
A filter comprises at least one resonator, coupled to the ports of the filter, input port and output port.
In order to increase their selectivity, that is to say their capacity to attenuate the signal outside of the passband, these filters can be composed of a plurality of resonators coupled together.
The central frequency and the passband of the filter depend at one and the same time on the individual resonators and on their respective at least one resonant frequency, and on the coupling together of the resonators as well as the couplings to the ports of the filters.
Coupling means are for example openings or slots dubbed irises, electrical or magnetic probes or microwave-frequency lines.
The passband of the filter is characterized in various ways according to the nature of the filter.
The parameter S is a parameter which expresses the performance of the filter in terms of reflection and transmission. By numbering the two access ports 1 and 2, S11 corresponds to a measurement of the reflection and S12 or S21 to a measurement of the transmission.
A filter carries out a filtering function. This function can generally be approximated via mathematical models (iterative functions such as Chebychev, Bessel, functions etc.). These functions are generally based on ratios of polynomials:
For a filter carrying out a filtering function of Chebychev or generalized Chebychev type, the passband of the filter is determined at equi-ripple of S11 (or S22), for example at 15 dB or 20 dB of reduction in the reflection with respect to its off-band level. For a filter carrying out a function of Bessel type, the −3 dB band is taken (when S21 crosses S11).
A characteristic example of frequency response (parameters S11 and S12) of a filter is illustrated in
The tuning of the filter making it possible to obtain a transmission maxima (reflection minima) for a given frequency band is very tricky to carry out and depends on the set of parameters of the filter. It is moreover dependent on temperature and environmental conditions in general.
In order to perform an adjustment of the filter to obtain a precise central frequency of the filter, the resonant frequencies of the resonators of the filter can be very slightly modified with the aid of metallic screws, but this method performed in an empirical manner, is very expensive time-wise and allows only very weak frequency tunability, typically of the order of a few %. In this case, the objective is not tunability but the obtaining of a precise value of the central frequency; and it is desired to obtain a reduced sensitivity of the frequency of each resonator in relation to the depth of the screw.
The circular or square symmetry of the resonators simplifies the design of the filter and the selection of the mode (TE for Transverse Electric or TM for Transverse Magnetic) which propagates in the filter.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 7,705,694 describes a passband-tunable filter composed of a plurality of dielectric resonators coupled together, of radially non-uniform shape and uniform along an axis z perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Each resonator is able to perform a rotation about the axis z between two positions, which induces a change in the value of the width of the passband, typically from 51 Mz to 68 Mz. This device allows tunability as regards the value of the width of the passband of the filter, but not as regards its central frequency.
The aim of the present invention is to produce filters that are tunable in terms of central frequency which do not exhibit the aforementioned drawbacks.
For this purpose the subject 1 of the invention is a frequency-tunable microwave-frequency wave filter with dielectric resonator, comprising a metallic cavity and at least one stack along a rotation axis, the resonator-forming stack being disposed inside the cavity and comprising at least one first element made of dielectric material and at least one second element made of dielectric material, the second element being mobile in rotation with respect to the first element around the said rotation axis (x) and exhibiting a first position (p1) and at least one second position (p2) separated by an angle of rotation, and the elements exhibiting shapes such that the overall geometry of the stack is different in the at least two positions, the stack forming a first resonator adapted so that the filter exhibits a first central frequency when the second element is in the first position, and forming a second resonator adapted so that the filter exhibits a second central frequency when the second element is in the second position.
Advantageously, the filter furthermore comprises rotation control means for the second element.
Advantageously, the second element has a substantially plane plate shape in a plane perpendicular to the said rotation axis x.
According to one embodiment, the second element comprises an axis of symmetry s disposed in a plane perpendicular to the said rotation axis x.
Advantageously, the axis of symmetry s passes through the rotation axis x.
Advantageously, the second element has the shape of an oval plane plate.
Advantageously, the first element is substantially identical to the second element.
Advantageously, the first position of the second mobile element is such that the first and second elements are exactly superimposed.
Advantageously, the angle of rotation is substantially equal to 90°.
The stack can comprise a third element substantially identical to the first element and exactly superimposed, the second mobile element being positioned between the first and the third element.
According to one embodiment, the stack comprises a plurality of substantially identical mobile elements.
The plurality of mobile elements can exhibit one and the same first position and one and the same second position.
According to one embodiment, the filter comprises a plurality of stacks according to a plurality of rotation axes, forming a plurality of first resonators coupled together so that the said filter exhibits a first central frequency, and forming a plurality of second resonators coupled together so that the filter exhibits a second central frequency.
Advantageously, the stacks are identical.
Advantageously, the rotation axes are aligned.
According to one embodiment the first position and/or the at least second positions are variable as a function of temperature so as to maintain the values of the said central frequencies constant during a temperature variation.
There is also proposed, according to another aspect of the invention, a microwave-frequency circuit comprising at least one filter according to the invention.
Other characteristics, aims and advantages of the present invention will become apparent on reading the detailed description which follows with regard to the appended drawings given by way of nonlimiting examples and in which:
The invention consists in producing a filter that is tunable in terms of central frequency by modifying the shape of at least one dielectric resonator, carried out with the aid of a rotation of stacked dielectric elements. The filter according to the invention is a bandpass filter characterized by a central frequency and a passband.
The filter comprises a closed metallic cavity 103. The microwave-frequency wave enters the cavity with the aid of input excitation elements 10 and emerges therefrom with the aid of an output excitation element 11. The filter also comprises at least one stack 100 of elements made of dielectric material forming a resonator disposed inside the cavity 103. The stack is along an axis x.
The resonator according to the invention concentrates the electric field of the microwave-frequency wave in the dielectric stack 100 or in its close vicinity. On account of its concentration in the dielectric element, the electric field is hardly present at the level of surfaces of the cavity 103, thereby making it possible to minimize metallic losses.
The cavity 103 guarantees the insulation or shielding of the resonator with respect to the outside and its geometry also contributes, to a lesser extent than the dielectric stack, to the establishment of a resonance in the cavity 103.
The stack 100 comprises at least one first element 101 made of dielectric material and at least one second element 102 made of dielectric material. The dielectric materials of the first and of the second element can be different. The dielectric material comprises for example alumina, zirconia, BMT, etc.
The second element 102 is mobile in rotation with respect to the first element 101 around a rotation axis x. The dielectric elements 101 and 102 are not in mechanical contact.
The second element exhibits a first position p1 and at least one second position p2 corresponding to a rotation by an angle theta around the axis x of the second element 102 with respect to the first position p1. The shapes of the first and of the second element are such that the overall geometry of the stack 100 is different in the two positions p1 and p2.
Overall geometry is intended to mean the overall shape of the outside envelope of the stack.
The two shapes obtained for the two positions are such that, in combination with the geometry of the cavity, the assembly constitutes a bandpass filter for each of the two positions. The shapes of the resonators are optimized in such a way that the filter exhibits the values of central frequencies sought, the best quality factors and the couplings (resonator/resonator or resonator/port) that are appropriate for producing the desired filter.
These shapes can be obtained for example via shape optimization algorithms or iterations of “cut and try” type. The shape of the cavity can also form part of the optimization process.
Particular attention is paid to the modification of this performance when the mobile element or elements of the resonator perform a rotation. Indeed, if the fields contort one another, stretch, for a given mode as a function of the rotation of the mobile pieces (thereby causing the desired change of frequency of the resonator) the same goes for the quality factor and the couplings. One then seeks to maximize the impact on frequency and minimize the impact on the quality factor, all this while controlling the law of variation of the coupling (or couplings) according to rotation. These various constraints guide the obtaining of the shape of the resonator, its positioning in the cavity and the creation of the inter-resonator couplings.
A TE, for Transverse Electric, mode is chosen in a preferential but nonlimiting manner for its performance in terms of quality factor. Indeed, the contortion of the field, which accompanies the rotation of the dielectric elements, is an excellent means of changing the frequency of this mode with a weak variation in the quality factor of the resonator.
When the second element 102 is in the first position p1, the stack 100 forms a first resonator R1 and the filter exhibits a first central frequency fc1. When the second element 102 is in a second position p2 from among at least one possible, the stack 100 forms a second resonator R2 and the filter exhibits a second central frequency fc2.
Thus, the filter can be frequency-tuned by change of position of the second element 102 from p1 to p2. One thus passes from a filter of central frequency fc1 to a filter of central frequency fc2 by rotating the second element 102 with respect to the first element 101 around the rotation axis x. This change of frequency is dubbed channel hopping.
According to a variant the second element 102 exhibits a plurality of positions pi, corresponding to various angles thetai, for which the stack obtained forms respectively a plurality of resonators Ri, allowing the obtaining of a filter tunable over a plurality of central frequencies fci.
An advantage of the filter according to one aspect of the invention consists of frequency tunability while preserving good properties at quality factor Q level.
Furthermore, such a tunable filter has good power handling.
Another advantage is modest cost of fabrication, on account of the use of known technology bricks for filters with dielectric resonators.
According to one embodiment, the change of position of the second element 102 is performed manually by an operator. This is for example the case for a generic filter, fabricated in advance in several copies, and adjusted manually on request, thereby making it possible to reduce fabrication costs and delivery timescales.
According to another embodiment, the change of position of the second element 102 is performed with the aid of rotation control means, such as a motor. The advantage is that the control of the channel hopping is performed remotely, without any operator, this being necessary when the channel hopping must take place aboard a satellite in orbit (in-flight reconfiguration).
The shape of the second element can be optimized according to several variants.
According to a variant the second element 102 has a substantially plane plate shape in a plane perpendicular to the x axis. The rotation of the second element 102 is facilitated.
According to a variant described in
According to a variant also described in
According to a variant also described in
According to another variant, the first element 101 has a shape identical to the shape of the second element 102. Thus the cost of fabrication is decreased.
Another variant is described in
In a first position p1 described in
According to one embodiment such as described in
The diameter of the cavity is in this example 17 mm and its height along the x axis is 15 mm.
The mobile element 72 has a length of 10 mm along its axis of symmetry s in the plane perpendicular to the x axis. Each element has a height of about 1.3 mm along the x axis.
For the mobile element in a first position p1, described in
With a third element in the stack, a larger choice of possible shapes for the resonators R1 and R2 is obtained.
An angle of rotation between the first position p1 and a second position p2 substantially equal to 90° allows maximum stretching of the electric field.
According to a variant, the stack comprises a plurality of mobile elements all exhibiting an identical shape. Thus the cost of fabrication is decreased while allowing a larger choice of possible shapes for the resonators.
According to one embodiment of this variant, the mobile elements exhibit one and the same first position p1 and one and the same second position p2. The simulations for calculating the resonant filter are simplified, on account of the greater symmetry of shape of the resonators R1 and R2.
According to a preferred variant of the invention, the filter comprises a plurality of stacks, indexed by the index i, Ei, each stack Ei being along a rotation axis xi. Each stack Ei forms a first resonator R1i in a first position p1i and a second resonator R2i in a second position p2i. The resonators are coupled together by coupling means, such as for example openings in the separation between two successive resonators.
The filter comprising the plurality of resonators R1i exhibits a central frequency fc1, and the filter comprising the plurality of resonators R2i exhibits a central frequency fc2 different from fc1.
An advantage of this variant is greater selectivity of the filter, so as to obtain a more significant rejection of the signal from the signal whose frequency is outside of its passband.
According to one embodiment, all the stacks are identical. Thus the fabrication of the filter is thus simplified and its cost is decreased.
According to one embodiment, the axes of rotation xi are aligned. Thus the assemblage and the adjustments of the filter are simplified.
An output excitation element 11 makes it possible for the wave to exit the cavity.
The elementary stack is composed of three dielectric elements which are identical oval plates. The second mobile element 802 is disposed between a first element 801 and a third element 803.
Thus, by 90° rotation of the second element 802 of the four stacks, a channel hopping between a central frequency fc1 of 11.62 GHz and a central frequency fc2 of 11.7 GHz is obtained. The hop is 80 Mz.
In this example it has been sought to keep the passband identical for the two positions, so as to maintain the width of the channel without degrading the performance in terms of off-band attenuation of the signal.
But this example is not limiting. The invention also makes it possible to obtain a filter with channel hopping and passband variation simultaneously.
The resonant frequencies of the resonators are very dependent on temperature. To keep the characteristics (central frequency, passband etc.) of the filter stable with temperature, a variant of the invention is to slave the rotation of the mobile element or elements as a function of temperature. Thus the positions p1 and/or p2 are variable as a function of temperature so as to maintain the stable resonant frequencies as a function of temperature. The filter is thus slaved in terms of temperature.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12 02128 | Jul 2012 | FR | national |
