FRUIT TREE POLLINATION METHOD FOR PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING ERWINIA AMYLOVORA-CAUSED DISEASE

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit and priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 202210104632.7, filed Jan. 28, 2022; the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as part of the present application.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

A computer readable XML file entitled “Sequence Listing.xml”, that was created on Dec. 16, 2022, with a file size of about 6258 bytes, contains the sequence listing for this application, has been filed with this application, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of plant protection and fruit tree cultivation, and in particular relates to a fruit tree pollination method for preventing and controlling an Erwinia amylovora-caused disease.

BACKGROUND

Pear fire blight is an international quarantine disease with sudden, explosive, and destructive damages. Erwinia amylovora has a wide range of hosts and can infect more than 140 species of plants in 32 genera of Rosaceae. The Erwinia amylovora mainly infects pome fruit plants in Rosaceae such as pear, apple, hawthorn, crabapple, and quince, causing flower rot, fruit rot, and shoot blight showing a burning appearance, and further leading to death of the whole plant. Pear fire blight occurred successively in many countries in North America, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Oceania. In recent years, the pear fire blight has spread to South Korea, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan in Asia, as well as Xinjiang and Gansu in China. Pear fire blight causes serious harm to pear and apple planting industries, bringing irreparable losses to many countries.

Studies have shown that Erwinia amylovora can easily infect flower organs, such that pear fire blight is most likely to occur during the flowering stage. Spraying during the flowering stage is the most effective measure to control the pear fire blight. However, most of the pesticides with killing and inhibitory effects on pear fire blight have an inhibitory effect on the germination of pear pollen, and may even cause phytotoxicity to petals and leaves. For example, copper hydroxide, basic copper sulfate, oxine-copper, dicopper chloride trihydroxide, thiodiazole copper, thiosen copper, copper abietate, and cuprous oxide and other agents each have a strong killing effect on the pear fire blight, but cannot be used during pear tree growth. Because when being used in the flowering stage, these drugs can significantly reduce the damage of pear fire blight, but can extremely significantly reduce a fruit setting rate and cause phytotoxicity to flowers and young leaves.

In addition, self-pollinated pear trees have a low fruit setting rate. In order to improve the fruit setting rate of pears, there are currently three pollination methods commonly used in production. A first pollination method is that in pear orchards, in addition to the main varieties, other varieties are planted as pollination trees, or pollination branches are grafted, or pollination branches are cut on flowering trees, and the pollination relies on bees and natural wind. Since bees are the main transmission medium of pear fire blight, it is strictly forbidden to release bees in the infected areas, resulting in a significantly reduced yield. A second pollination method is to collect pollen from other pear varieties, and manually spot, shake, spray and brush the pollen using professional equipment to conduct pollination. Since manual pollination is time-consuming, labor-intensive and inefficient, in order to achieve more efficient pollination, a third pollination method has emerged in recent years, namely liquid pollination. The liquid pollination is to mix collected pollen evenly with a nutrient solution, and complete the pollination by drones or sprayers. A premise of the second and third pollination methods is that the pollen must have an activity and is free of Erwinia amylovora.

At present, most of the pollen for artificial assisted pollination is collected and transported in different places, with an increasing risk of carrying Erwinia amylovora. If the pollen cannot be effectively disinfected to eliminate the Erwinia amylovora, the second or third pollination method may cause catastrophic losses in pears. Currently, measures are taken to strengthen the inspection, quarantine, and detection of exported and imported pollen, which are still difficult to implement in actual work due to various reasons such as limited quarantine conditions and detection technologies.

In conclusion, it is a technical problem to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art to develop a method that can effectively kill Erwinia amylovora carried in the pollen, and can reduce an effect of pesticide application on the germination of pollen tubes during a flowering stage.

SUMMARY

An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a fruit tree pollination method for preventing and controlling an Erwinia amylovora-caused disease. In the present disclosure, a bactericide with safety to a refined pollen activity is applied to the fruit tree pollination, so as to kill potential Erwinia amylovora in the pollen and on the pear trees. The method can effectively pollinate to improve a fruit setting rate, and prevent the occurrence and damage of pear fire blight.

To achieve the above objective, the present disclosure adopts the following technical solutions.

The present disclosure provides a fruit tree pollination method for preventing and controlling an Erwinia amylovora-caused disease, including the following steps:

(1) mixing a pollen nutrient solution with a bactericide, and adding refined pollen to obtain a pollen suspension; alternatively, mixing a bactericide powder with the refined pollen and a filler to prepare a mixed powder; where the bactericide is any one or more selected from the group consisting of albendazole, an antibacterial polypeptide, and zhongshengmycin; and

(2) conducting pollination on a fruit tree with the pollen suspension or the mixed powder in a flowering stage.

The flowering stage is from the beginning of an early flowering stage (20% blooming) to a full flowering stage (80% blooming), during which the pollination is conducted 1 to 2 times. The 20% blooming means that 20% of flowers on a fruit tree bloom, and the 80% blooming means that 80% of the flowers on the fruit tree bloom.

The fruit tree is a Rosaceae fruit tree including but not limited to pear, apple, hawthorn, crabapple, and quince.

In the present disclosure, albendazole, an antibacterial polypeptide, or zhongshengmycin are used as a bactericide mixed with the refined pollen. Indoor and field studies have shown that the three agents have a significant bactericidal activity against the Erwinia amylovora, which can effectively prevent spread of the pathogen and occurrence of the pear fire blight, and have no significant effect on pollen germination and fruit setting of fruit trees.

In the present disclosure, the pollination method can be applied to a situation that the refined pollen carries the Erwinia amylovora and/or the fruit tree has suffered from the pear fire blight. By killing the Erwinia amylovora carried on the pollen and existing on the surface of original tree bodies, the Erwinia amylovora-caused disease is prevented and treated.

Specifically, the pollination method includes liquid pollination and dry pollination.

When using the liquid pollination, the bactericide is prepared into a stock solution with pure water, and the bactericide stock solution is added in a certain proportion, stirred and mixed during preparing a pollen suspension, and then loaded into pollination equipment for spraying pollination.

The bactericide may have a dosage form including an aqueous solution, a suspension, a wettable powder, a soluble powder, a water dispersible granule, a water emulsion, an emulsifiable concentrate, and a soluble concentrate and other common pesticide formulations.

Preferably, the bactericides in the pollen suspension include: 15 mg/L to 60 mg/L of the zhongshengmycin, 56 mg/L to 167 mg/L of the albendazole, and 2 mg/L to 50 mg/L of the antibacterial polypeptide. In the present disclosure, studies have shown that within the above concentration ranges, the Erwinia amylovora carried on the pollen and originally existing in the flower clusters of pear trees can be effectively killed, without affecting the pollen germination and pollen tube length.

Preferably, the pollen nutrient solution includes the following components by mass percentage: 10% to 15% of sucrose, 0.01% to 0.03% of xanthan gum, 0.05% to 0.1% of calcium nitrate, and 0.01% to 0.1% of boric acid.

An amount of the refined pollen is adjusted according to a growth period of the fruit tree and a spraying method, preferably at 6 g/mu to 40 g/mu. If an orchard is a sapling orchard that has just started to bear fruit and subjected to pollination by drones, the pollen is used at 6 g/mu to 10 g/mu; If the orchard is the sapling orchard that has just started to bear fruit and subjected to pollination by an electric sprayer, the pollen is used at 15 g/mu to 20 g/mu; if the orchard is pollinated by the drones in a full bearing period, the pollen is used at 9 g/mu to 12 g/mu; and if the orchard is pollinated by the electric sprayer in the full bearing period, the pollen is used at 20 g/mu to 40 g/mu.

The pollen suspension prepared according to the above conditions is adjusted according to a spraying mode during application; preferably, in step (2), the pollen suspension is sprayed at 2 L/mu to 50 L/mu. The pollination by drones requires 2 L/mu to 50 L/mu of the pollen suspension each time; and the pollination by an electric sprayer requires 30 L/mu to 50 L/mu of the pollen suspension each time.

When using the dry pollination, a bactericide powder is mixed with the refined pollen and a filler in a certain proportion, and pollination is conducted by spotting, shaking, brushing, and spraying.

The bactericide has a dosage form including a powder, a wettable powder, and a soluble powder.

Preferably, the bactericides in the mixed powder include: 5 mg/g to 10 mg/g of the zhongshengmycin, 5 mg/g to 10 mg/g of the albendazole, and 1 mg/g to 20 mg/g of the antibacterial polypeptide.

More preferably, the mixed powder has 1 mg/g to 10 mg/g of the antibacterial polypeptide.

Preferably, the filler is a lycopodium powder. The lycopodium powder is spores from perennial plants of genus Lycopodium, with shape, size, and specific gravity similar to plant pollen; as a pollen filler, the lycopodium powder can be mixed more effectively, avoiding separation of the pollen with the filler during use to cause uneven pollination.

Preferably, the refined pollen and the filler are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:(3-5). More preferably, the refined pollen and the lycopodium powder have a mass ratio of 1:4.

Preferably, in step (2), the pollination is conducted one time at 60% blooming, or conducted one time at 40% blooming and then one time at 80% blooming. Since pear flowers bloom successively, and have a flowering time generally lasting for half a month, the best time for pear pollination is within 3 d after petals open. In order to effectively pollinate as many flowers as possible, thereby saving labor and improving a pollination efficiency, the pollination is generally conducted twice during the flowering stage: one time at 40% blooming and then one time at 80% blooming. The pollination is conducted on cloudy days or in the morning and evening on sunny days to avoid a high temperature period at noon.

The present disclosure has the following beneficial effects:

(1) In the present disclosure, since the fruit tree is most susceptible to infection of the Erwinia amylovora during the flowering stage, a bactericide with safety to an activity of the refined pollen is mixed with the refined pollen, and the bactericide is sprayed while conducting artificial pollination. Therefore, the pollination and the prevention and control of diseases by spraying are integrated, to reduce the number of spraying, to protect the ecological environment, and to reduce a production cost.

(2) In the present disclosure, the bactericides albendazole, an antibacterial polypeptide, and zhongshengmycin can effectively kill the Erwinia amylovora carried on refined pollen, thereby eliminating a risk of occurrence and spread of the pear fire blight caused by pollen-carrying Erwinia amylovora. The bactericides are safe for refined pollen, can effectively improve a fruit setting rate of fruit trees, and allow fruit farmers to increase production and income.

(3) The method of the present disclosure can effectively kill the Erwinia amylovora on a surface of the original tree bodies, form a protective layer for the flower clusters, and prevent the infection of Erwinia amylovora.

(4) The pollination method has a simple operation, a low cost, and easy acceptance by fruit farmers. In addition, the method is an effective supplement to plant inspection and quarantine, which is beneficial to dredging production and circulation links and improving work efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a single colony shape of an Erwinia amylovora strain XJSZ0102 on an NA medium;

FIG. 2 shows pathogenicity test symptoms of the strain XJSZ0102 on pear flower clusters;

FIG. 3 shows pathogenicity test symptoms of the strain XJSZ0102 on shoots of Pyrus betulifolia Bunge;

FIGS. 4A-4B shows PCR amplification results of a specific fragment of the strain, where FIG. 4A is amplification results of a pair of primers AMS3/AMS4c; FIG. 4B is amplification results of a pair of primers pEA29A/pEA29B; Lane M is Marker; Lane 1 is a standard strain ATCC29850 of Erwinia amylovora, Lanes 2 to 6 are XJSZ01, XJSZ02, XJSZ03, XJSZ04, and XJSZ05, respectively; Lane 7 is water; and Lane 8 is a blank lane;

FIG. 5 shows an identification report of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization coupled to time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry;

FIGS. 6A-6I show influence of an agent with inhibitory effects on the Erwinia amylovora on pollen germination (observed under a microscope at 4×4), where FIG. 6A is treatment with 800 times dilution of 2% kasugamycin; FIG. 6B is treatment with 600 times dilution of 10% albendazole; FIG. 6C is treatment with 800 times dilution of 20% zinc thiazole; FIG. 6D is treatment with 800 times dilution of 3% benziothiazolinone; FIG. 6E is treatment with 800 times dilution of 33.5% oxine-copper; FIG. 6F is treatment with 300 times dilution of 3% zhongshengmycin; FIG. 6G is treatment with 5000 times dilution of 50% antibacterial polypeptide; FIG. 6H is treatment with 2200 times dilution of 46% copper hydroxide; and FIG. 6I is a positive control;

FIGS. 7A-7C show pollination effect using a pollen suspension to protect and control Erwinia amylovora-induced diseases on pear trees in the field in Example 5, where FIG. 7A is a pollination effect on disease-free pear trees of a pollen suspension prepared using the bactericide antibacterial polypeptide and bacteria-carrying pollen; FIG. 7B is a natural pollination effect of the disease-free pear trees; and FIG. 7C is a pollination effect on the disease-free pear trees of a pollen suspension prepared using a no-bactericide pollen nutrient solution and the bacteria-carrying pollen; and

FIGS. 8A-8C show pollination effect using a mixed powder to control Erwinia amylovora-induced diseases on pear trees in the field in Example 7, where FIG. 8A is a pollination effect on disease-free pear trees of a mixed powder prepared using the bactericide antibacterial polypeptide and bacteria-carrying pollen; FIG. 8B is a natural pollination effect of the disease-free pear trees; and FIG. 8C is a pollination effect of a bacteria-carrying pollen powder on the disease-free pear trees.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure is further described below with reference to specific examples. The following embodiments are illustrative of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting of the scope of the present disclosure. Modifications or substitutions made to methods, steps or conditions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and essence of the present disclosure fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

The test methods used in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the materials and reagents used are commercially available reagents and materials unless otherwise specified.

Test strains: an Erwinia amylovora strain XJSZ0102 was isolated, identified and tested for pathogenicity by Professor Binggan Lou from the Institute of Biotechnology in Zhejiang University, and then stored at ultra-low temperature. Specifically, a process of isolation, identification, and pathogenicity test included the following steps:

1. Isolation, Culture, and Identification

Samples with typical Erwinia amylovora symptoms were collected to prepare a sample suspension, and the sample suspension was streaked and separated on a NA medium plate, where resulting colonies were white, large and convex, and were smooth and lens-like. The colonies were incubated at a constant temperature of 25° C. for 24 h to 48 h, and a suspicious single colony was selected for purification; the purified colony was transferred 3 times, and 5 single colonies were selected and recorded as strains XJSZ0101, XJSZ0102, XJSZ0103, XJSZ0104, and XJSZ0105, where the strain XJSZ0102 had a single colony shape on the NA medium shown in FIG. 1; and the pathogenicity test was conducted.

2. Pathogenicity Test

The above 5 strains were streaked on the NA medium separately, and subjected to activated culture for 36 h; a single colony was cultured in an NB medium, and then cultured on a shaker at 28° C. at 150 rpm for 36 h, to prepare a bacterial solution for later use.

2.1 Direct-spray Inoculation

The healthy pear flower clusters were selected for direct-spray inoculation until the flower clusters were wet, at an inoculation concentration of 1 ×10⁷ cfu/mL; the incidence was observed and recorded every day; at 5 d to 7 d after the inoculation, each of the 5 strains showed typical Erwinia amylovora symptoms, where the Erwinia amylovora symptoms after infection by the strain XJSZ0102 were shown in FIG. 2.

2.2 Acupuncture Inoculation of Seedlings

The healthy pear tree shoots and Pyrus betulifolia Bunge seedling shoots were selected, 20 µL of a bacterial solution was dipped with a sterilized toothpick, and then pricked into inoculated sites at 5 cm away from a top of the shoots, with an inoculation concentration of 1 × 10⁷ cfu/mL. The incidence was observed and recorded every day; at 2 d to 3 d after the inoculation, each of the 5 strains showed typical Erwinia amylovora symptoms, where the strain XJSZ0102 had pathogenicity test symptoms on the Pyrus betulifolia Bunge seedling twigs shown in FIG. 3.

3. PCR Identification With Specific Primers
3.1 PCR Primer Sequences Were Shown in Table 1

TABLE 1

Primer
Sequence
Product

AMS3
5′-GACGGATCGGCAATCCATTC-3′
830 bp

AMS4c
5′-CGCGCATAATTAGCTCT-3′

pEA29A
5′-CGGTTTTTAACGCTGGG-3′
900 bp

pEA29B
5′-GGGCAAATACTCGGATT-3′

3.2 PCR Reaction System and Amplification Conditions

A 25 µL reaction system included: 12.5 µL of a 2× PCR Reaction Master Mix, 1 µL of an forward primer (10 µmol/L), 1 µL of a reverse primer (10 µmol/L), 2 µL of a template, and supplementing with ultrapure water to 25 µL.

For a pair of primers AMS3/AMS4c, a PCR reaction program included: at 95° C. for 3 min; at 94° C. for 30 sec, at 52° C. for 30 sec, and at 72° C. for 1 min, conducting 35 cycles; at 72° C. for 7 min; and storage at 4° C.

For a pair of primers pEA29A/pEA29B, a PCR reaction program included: at 94° C. for 5 min; at 94° C. for 30 sec, at 55° C. for 30 sec, and at 72° C. for 1 min, conducting 35 cycles; at 72° C. for 7 min; and storage at 4° C.

3.3 Results of agarose gel electrophoresis

The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel, and then observed and photographed by a gel imaging system. The size of amplification product fragments: the primers AMS3/AMS4c was 830 bp (FIG. 4A), and the primers pEA29A/pEA29B was 900 bp (FIG. 4B), which were consistent with the Erwinia amylovora standard strain ATCC29850.

4. The Identification Report of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Was Shown in FIG. 5. The strain XJSZ0102 was identified to be Erwinia Amylovora

Example 1 Indoor Toxicity Determination on Inhibition of Erwinia Amylovora by 52 bactericides
1. Experimental Materials

Test strain: Erwinia amylovora XJSZ0102.

Test agents: a total of 52 agents were selected for indoor toxicity determination, including antibiotic bactericides, organic copper bactericides, inorganic copper bactericides, compound bactericides, five-membered heterocyclic bactericides, microbial inoculants, enzymic preparations, drugs in development, and other types (Table 2).

TABLE 2

Test agents

Agent type
SN
Trade name
Active ingredient content/drug name/dosage form
Manufacturer

Antibiotic bactericide
1
Qunda
72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate soluble powder
North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation

2
Tetramycin
0.3% tetramycin aqueous solution
Liaoning Wkioc Bioengineering Co., Ltd.

3
Xige
3% zhongshengmycin aqueous solution
Fujian KLBios Biological Product Co., Ltd.

4
/
2% kasugamycin wettable powder
Qingdao Taisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

5
Huanuo Ailei
6% kasugamycin wettable powder
NCPC Hebei Huanuo Co., Ltd.

6
Kasumin
2% kasugamycin aqueous solution
Jiangmen Plant Protection Co., Ltd.

7
Tianchi
6% kasugamycin wettable powder
Yanbian Kasumin Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

8
La'ermi
2% kasugamycin aqueous solution
Shaanxi Tangpusen Biotech Co., Ltd.

9
Liangxin
6% kasugamycin wettable powder
Sinon Chemical (China) Co., Ltd.

10
Jundao
24% validamycin aqueous solution
Wuhan BioKN Co., Ltd.

11
Liangye
8% ningnanmycin aqueous solution
Deqiang Biology Co., Ltd.

12

88% oxytetracycline HCl wettable powder
Sichuan Jianyang Zhengyang Biochemical Co., Ltd.

Organic copper bactericide
13
Longpai
20% thiodiazole copper suspension
Zhejiang Longwan Chemicals Co., Ltd.

14
Jingguojing
33.5% oxine-copper suspension
Sinon Chemical (China) Co., Ltd.

15
Lipeiling
30% thiosen copper suspension
Zhejiang DongFeng Chem. Ind Co., Ltd.

16
Tongdao
12% copper abietate suspension
Guangdong Plant Dragon Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

17
Kejunfeng
30% copper abietate suspension
Liuzhou Huinong Chemical Co., Ltd.

Inorganic copper bactericide
18
Shangzhicai
70% dicopper chloride trihydroxide wettable powder
Hunan Shengyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

19
Kocide 3000
46% copper hydroxide water dispersible granule
DuPont Corporation, USA

20
Tongshifu
86.2% cuprous oxide wettable powder
Tianjin Lvheng Chemical Co, Ltd.

21
Huikepu
77% copper calcium sulfate wettable powder
English Industries, Mexico

22
Cuproxat
27.2% basic copper sulfate suspension
Nufarm, Australia

23
Tianjin
46% copper hydroxide water dispersible granule
Nufarm, Australia

24
Kangxin
46% copper hydroxide water dispersible granule
Zhejiang Tianfeng Bioscience Co., Ltd.

25
Guanjunqing
57.6% copper hydroxide water dispersible granule
Nufarm, Australia

Compound bactericide
26
Bimi
40% kasugamycin·zinc thiazole suspension
Zhejiang Xinnong Chemical Co., Ltd.

27
Xingnong Yongfu
45% kasugamycin·oxine-copper suspension
Sinon Chemical (China) Co., Ltd.

28
Fangdajing Tongxi
36% kasugamycin·oxine-copper suspension
Guangdong Zhenge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

29
Kasumin+Bordeaux
47% kasugamycin·dicopper chloride trihydroxide wettable powder
Jiangxi Yihe Chemical Co., Ltd.

30
/
5% kasugamycin·zhongshengmycin wettable powder
Shaanxi Biaozheng Crop Science Co., Ltd.

31
Amimiaoshou
32.5% difenoconazole·azoaystrobin suspension
Syngenta Nantong Crops Co., Ltd.

32
Jubao
23% zhongshengmycin·benziothiazolinone suspension
Shaanxi Fengyuan Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.

33
Xizhi
45% zhongshengmycin·zinc thiazole suspension
Shaanxi Fengyuan Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.

34
Shangge Daliang
52% dicopper chloride trihydroxide·zineb wettable powder
Shaanxi Shanggezhilu Bioscience Co., Ltd.

Five- membered heterocyclic bactericide
35
Bisheng
20%·zinc thiazole suspension
Zhejiang Xinnong Chemical Co., Ltd.

36
Xisha
3%benziothiazolinone wettable powder
Xi'an Hytech Agrochemicals Co., Ltd.

37
Xijundi
10% albendazole suspension
Guizhou Daoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

38
/
20% bismerthiazol wettable powder
Hubei Qinong Chemical Co., Ltd.

Microbial inoculant
39
Zhikukang
1 billion/g bergamot pear Zhikukang microbial inoculant
Henan Bolian Agricultural Research Institute Co., Ltd.

40
Xitingfeng
300 billion/g Pseudomonas fluorescens powder
Xinjiang Fengsuyuan Ecological Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.

Enzymic preparation
41
/
KT
CECEP&CIECC Environmental Investment Management Co., Ltd.

42
/
MP16
CECEP&CIECC Environmental Investment Management Co., Ltd.

43
/
MP18
CECEP&CIECC Environmental Investment Management Co., Ltd.

44
/
D10
CECEP&CIECC Environmental Investment Management Co., Ltd.

Drugs in development
45
/
QD aqueous solution
Xinjiang Shida Wanchuang Technology Information Service Co., Ltd.

46
/
QK-1 aqueous solution
Xinjiang Shida Wanchuang Technology Information Service Co., Ltd.

47
/
Haishengyuan
Xinjiang Shida Wanchuang Technology Information Service Co., Ltd.

48
/
50% antibacterial polypeptide
such as Funme® peptide Jiangsu Genloci Biotechnologies Inc.

Other types
49
Tianmengjin
9% terpene alcohol EC
STK Bio-Technologies, Israel

50
Mingsai
80% sulfur water dispersible granules
Cinobio, USA

51
Boqing
22.7% dithianon suspension
Jiangxi Heyi Chemical Co., Ltd.

52
/
German disinfectant
/

2. Experimental Method
2.1 Pathogenic Bacteria Culture

The strains preserved in glycerol were streaked on an NA plate and cultured in a biochemical incubator at 28° C. for 48 h; a single colony was selected into an NB medium and incubated in a shaker at 28° C. and 150 rpm for 24 h; an obtained bacterial solution was adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL for later use.

2.2 Determination by an Inhibition Zone Method

All 52 agents in the test agents were screened with high concentration. 100 µL of a 1 × 10⁷ cfu/mL bacterial suspension was pipetted to spread evenly on an NA plate medium with a diameter of 9 cm. Different agents were prepared into agent solutions each with an active ingredient of 3000 mg/L. A sterilized filter paper with a diameter of 6 mm was fully soaked in the agents, placed on the above streaked plate with a diameter of 9 cm after removing excess liquid; where 3 pieces of paper were evenly placed in each dish, each agent was repeated three times, with sterile water as a control. The plate was incubated in a biochemical incubator at 28° C. for 36 h, and an inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) was measured by a cross method, and statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS software.

2.3 Determination by Turbidimetry

A bactericidal effect on Erwinia amylovora was determined by turbidimetry for 19 kinds of agents, including 2% kasugamycin (Kasumin), 40% kasugamycin zinc thiazole, 20% thiazole zinc, 27.2% basic copper sulfate, 20% thiodiazole copper, 46% copper hydroxide (Tianjin), 33.5% oxine-copper, 70% dicopper chloride trihydroxide, 86.2% cuprous oxide, 77% calcium copper sulfate, 57.6% copper hydroxide, 30% thiosen copper, 30% copper abietate, 12% copper abietate, 47% kasugamycin·dicopper chloride trihydroxide, 45% kasugamycin·oxine-copper, 36% kasugamycin·oxine-copper, 52% dicopper chloride trihydroxide·zineb, and 50% antibacterial polypeptide.

A specific method was as follows: a 100 × agent stock solution was prepared according to a recommended use multiple of each agent (dilution factors in Table 3). 500 µL of the agent stock solution was added to 50 ml of a sterilized NB medium, mixed well, and then added with 100 µl of a 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL bacterial suspension, where each agent was repeated 3 times. A positive control was set with an equal volume of sterile water instead of the agent stock solution, and a negative control was set with an equal volume of sterile water instead of the agent stock solution and the bacterial suspension. After being incubated in a shaking incubator at 28° C. and 150 rpm for 24 h, an OD₆₀₀ increase of each treated culture solution was measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV2000, Shanghai Jingke Industrial Co., Ltd.).

$\begin{array}{l} Inhibition rate = \\ \frac{Positive control OF increase - Agent treatment OF increase}{Positive control OF increase} \times 100 % \end{array}$

The OD₆₀₀ increase referred to an OD₆₀₀ value of the culture solution subtracting an initial OD₆₀₀ value after culturing for 24 h.

3. Results

The results of filter paper method and turbidimetry (Table 3 and Table 4) showed that: among the 52 kinds of agents, agents with an desirable bacteriostatic effect on Erwinia amylovora at a high concentration include: agricultural streptomycin, kasugamycin zinc thiazole, tetramycin, oxytetracycline HCl, benziothiazolinone, albendazole, zhongshengmycin, zinc thiazole, kasugamycin, an antibacterial polypeptide, and most copper preparations. In the subsequent greenhouse experiments of Pyrus betulifolia seedlings and field experiments, it was found that the oxytetracycline HCl and most of the copper preparations had an obvious phytotoxic effect on pear flowers and leaves, while the tetramycin and the benziothiazolinone had a poor protect and control effects on the Erwinia amylovora.

TABLE 3

Antibacterial agents screened by filter paper method and IZDs thereof

SN
Agent name
IZD (mm)

2
0.3% tetramycin
40.2

12
88% oxytetracycline HCl
33.2

1
72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate
28.4

36
3% benziothiazolinone
32.0

37
10% albendazole
29.4

3
3% zhongshengmycin
26.5

30
5% kasugamycin·zhongshengmycin
23.0

TABLE 4

Determination results for 18 kinds of agents by turbidimetry

SN
Agent name
Dilution factor
Inhibition rate (%)

13
20% thiodiazole copper
500
100

14
33.5% oxine-copper
700
100

29
47% kasugamycin·dicopper chloride trihydroxide
500
100

27
45% kasugamycin·oxine-copper
1200
100

21
77% copper calcium sulfate
500
100

22
27.2% basic copper sulfate
400
100

18
70% dicopper chloride trihydroxide
1000
100

19
46% copper hydroxide (Tianjin)
1500
100

20
86.2% cuprous oxide
800
100

15
30% thiosen copper
900
100

34
52% dicopper chloride trihydroxide·zineb
250
100

28
36% kasugamycin·oxine-copper
2200
73.7

16
12% copper abietate
500
58.9

17
30% copper abietate
1000
52.1

26
40% kasugamycin·zinc thiazole
1000
100.0

35
20%·zinc thiazole
400
100.0

6
2% kasugamycin (Kasumin)
600
100.0

25
56.7% copper hydroxide
2000
100

48
antibacterial polypeptide
5000
100

Positive control

-

Example 2 Determination of Safety on Pollen Germination for Agents With Inhibitory Effect on Erwinia Amylovora
1. Experimental Materials

Test reagents: the safety on pollen germination was determined on the agents selected in Example 1, including agricultural streptomycin sulfate, oxytetracycline HCl, zhongshengmycin, kasugamycin, antibacterial polypeptide, benziothiazolinone, zinc thiazole, and albendazole, as well as copper hydroxide, basic copper sulfate, and oxine-copper in the copper preparations, as shown in Table 5.

Test pollen: Dangshan pear refined pollen was purchased from the Technical Service Department of Shayidong Gardening Farm in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang.

2. Experimental Method

Preparation of agent stock solutions: a certain amount of each agent was prepared and diluted with distilled water according to a gradient dilution method to obtain the agent stock solutions shown in Table 5.

Preparation of a medicated medium: (1) a 100 mL conical flask was added with 50 mL of pure water and sealed with a disposable sealing film. An obtained solution was boiled in a microwave oven, 10 g of sucrose was immediately added in the conical flask, shaken after sealing to dissolve and continued to heat for boiling; 1 g of an agar powder was immediately added, heated after sealing until the powder was dissolved and a solution became transparent; 0.03 g of boric acid was immediately added, shaken to dissolve for immediate use. (2) 500 µL of the above medium was added to a 2 mL centrifuge tube, added with an equal volume of the agent stock solution, and immediately mixed well by pipetting; 500 µL of a resulting mixture was spread evenly on a glass slide with an area of about 3 cm² and a thickness of about 1 mm, and cooled for later use.

Pollen Activity Detection

the highly active pollen was gently dipped on a cotton ball and blowed normally against the glass slide to scatter the pollen onto the medicated medium. The pollen cultured in a medium prepared with pure water instead of the pesticide was used as a positive control. The culture prepared above was placed in a petri dish with a moist filter paper sheet at the bottom, covered with a lid, and cultivated in a lighted incubator at 25° C. to 28° C. for 4 h. The pollen was observed under an ordinary optical microscope 4×4 or 4×10 (eyepiece×objective), the field of view was moved, the germination status and pollen tube length of more than 100 pollens were counted, and a pollen germination rate was calculated.

$Pollen germination rate = \frac{Germinated pollen count}{Total pollen count} \times 100 %$

3. Results

The test results of an effect of 12 agents on the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length were shown in FIGS. 6A-I and Table 5. The results showed that: when the recommended 10% albendazole 600 times dilution, 50% antibacterial polypeptide 5000 times dilution, and 3% zhongshengmycin 500 times dilution were used, the three agents 10% albendazole, 50% antibacterial polypeptide, and 3% zhongshengmycin had no effect on the pollen germination and pollen tube length, which were very safe.

TABLE 5

Test results of effect of 12 bactericides on pollen germination

Agent name
Dilution factor and effect on pollen germination

72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate
Dilution factor
250 times
500 times
1000 times
2000 times
4000 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
15.37±2.41
46.19±3.56

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
1/10
⅕

3% zhongshengmycin
Dilution factor
200 times
300 times
500 times
800 times
1000 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.96±0.14
42.89±1.45
64.18±2.17
62.59±3.72
63.74±2.81

Pollen tube length∗
⅒
⅕
1
1
1

2% kasugamycin
Dilution factor
150 times
200 times
300 times
500 times
800 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
3.51±0.37
6.40±0.52
11.32±0.83

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
1/10
⅒
⅕

88% oxytetracycline HCl
Dilution factor
250 times
500 times
1000 times
2000 times
4000 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

33.5% oxine- copper
Dilution factor
100 times
200 times
400 times
600 times
800 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

46% copper hydroxide
Dilution factor
300 times
600 times
900 times
1200 times
1500 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

27.2% basic copper sulfate
Dilution factor
75 times
100 times
150 times
250 times
400 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

56.7% copper hydroxide
Dilution factor
500 times
1000 times
1500 times
1800 times
2200 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

20%·zinc thiazole
Dilution factor
100 times
200 times
400 times
600 times
800 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗
0
0
0
0
0

3% benziothiazolinone
Dilution factor
100 times
200 times
400 times
600 times
800 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00

Pollen tube length∗*
0
0
0
0
0

10% albendazole
Dilution factor
100 times
200 times
400 times
600 times
800 times

Pollen germination rate (%)
0.00±0.00
13.39±2.51
22.89±1.98
62.03±4.18
65.28±3.91

Pollen tube length∗
0
1/3
⅓
1
1

50% antibacterial polypeptide
Dilution factor
5×10³ times
1×10⁴ times
2×10⁴ times
4×10⁴ times
1×10⁵ times

Pollen germination rate (%)
62.53±3.17
65.48±2.73
63.37±3.26
62.94±4.19
64.72±3.77

Pollen tube length∗
1
1
1
1
1

Control (water)
Pollen germination rate (%)
63.79±4.28

Pollen tube length∗
1

Note: *the pollen tube length is relative to a pollen tube length of the control group, and the pollen tube length of the control group is set to 1.

Example 3 Determination of Toxicity of Bactericides Against Erwinia Amylovora

The three pollen-safe agents screened in Example 2 were further studied for their bactericidal activity concentration range.

1. Experimental Materials

Erwinia amylovora XJSZ0102.

Test agents:

76.1% albendazole TC (Guizhou Daoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), 80% zhongshengmycin TC (Fujian KLBios Biological Product Co., Ltd.), and 50% antibacterial polypeptide TC (Jiangsu Genloci Biotechnologies Inc.).

2. Experimental Method

Agent dissolution: the albendazole TC was dissolved with glacial acetic acid and diluted with distilled water; the zhongshengmycin TC and the antibacterial polypeptide TC were directly dissolved in distilled water to prepare stock solutions of different concentration gradients.

The NB medium was divided into 50 mL/bottle and sterilized by high-pressure moist heat method, 0.5 ml of the agent stock solution was added to prepare a medicated medium, and 3 bottles were repeated for each concentration. The cultured bacterial solution was adjusted to a bacterial concentration of 1 × 10⁹ cfu/mL, and 50 µL of the bacterial solution was added to each bottle. A bacteria-containing and drug-free medium was used as a positive control. After culturing at 28° C. and 150 rpm for 24 h, an OD₆₀₀ absorbance of the medium in each group was measured; according to survey data, a growth inhibition rate of the bacteria was calculated according to the following equation, expressed as a percentage (%), and the calculation result was rounded to two decimal places.

$P (%) = (A 0 - A 1) / A 0 \times 100$

In equation (1):

P stood for the growth inhibition rate;
A0 represented an OD₆₀₀ increase of the positive control; and
A1 represented an OD₆₀₀ increase of the agent treatment.

With SPSS 21.0 software, a toxic regression analysis was conducted on a logarithmic value of the agent concentration and a probability value of the bacteriostasis rate, and a toxic regression curve equation of the bacteriostatic rate of the agent against Erwinia amylovora, an effective inhibition medium concentration EC₅₀ value, and a 95% confidence limit were calculated.

3. Results

The results of the toxicity test showed that the albendazole, zhongshengmycin, and antibacterial polypeptide each had a strong killing effect on the Erwinia amylovora and a low EC₅₀ value, with their effective concentrations of 0.022 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, and 0.12 mg/L, respectively.

TABLE 6

Determination results of toxicity of three kinds of agents against Erwinia amylovora

Agent
Concentration
Inhibition rate
Regression equation
EC50
Correlation coefficient (r)
95% confidence interval (mg/L)

(mg/L)
(%)
(Y=a+bX)
(mg/L)

Albendazole
0.0125
15.20
Y=12.463+4.499X
0.0220
0.9968
0.021~0.023

0.0175
32.97

0.025
54.56

0.035
81.96

0.050
95.36

Zhongshengmycin
0.100
28.58
Y=6.1601+1.7404X
0.2200
0.9932
0.1904-0.2438

0.160
40.31

0.256
56.63

0.410
66.08

0.655
81.07

antibacterial polypeptide
0.110
41.67
Y=14.285+10.067X
0.1196
0.9899
0.11488-0.12448

0.133
62.25

0.160
87.51

0.192
98.34

0.230
99.82

Example 4 Indoor Detection of Disinfection Effect of Bactericides on Bacteria-Carrying Pollen
1. Experimental Materials

Test agents: 50% antibacterial polypeptide (Jiangsu Genloci Biotechnologies Inc.); 3% zhongshengmycin aqueous solution (trade name Kailikekang, Fujian KLBios Biological Product Co., Ltd.); and 10% albendazole suspension (trade name Xijundi, Guizhou Daoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.).

Test pollen: Dangshan pear refined pollen collected from pear orchards with severe pear fire blight in Halayugong Township, Korla City, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and the pollen was tested to carry Erwinia amylovora.

2. Experimental Method

According to concentrations of Table 7, each agent was prepared into an agent working solution with sterile water. 0.1 g of the pollen was added to a 2 mL centrifuge tube, added with 1 mL of the agent working solution, mixed with vortex, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 min. 200 µL of a treatment solution was spread evenly on a CCT screening medium with a sterile spreader. The pollen was treated with sterile water and diluted by 1000 times, and 200 µL of a dilution was spread on the CCT screening medium to set as a positive control group, while a sterile water-coated plate was set as a negative control group. The pollen was cultured in a constant temperature incubator at 28° C. for 48 h. The colony growth was observed.

TABLE 7

Concentrations of indoor pollen disinfectants

Agent
Dilution factor (concentration)

3% zhongshengmycin
500 times (60 mg/L)
1000 times (30 mg/L)
2000 times (15 mg/L)

10% albendazole
600 times (167 mg/L)
1200 times (83 mg/L)
1800 times (56 mg/L)

50% antibacterial polypeptide
5000 times (50 mg/L)
25,000 times (10 mg/L)
125,000 times (2 mg/L)

Note: values in parentheses were converted into effective concentrations of the agents.

3. Results

The test results showed that the zhongshengmycin had an effective concentration of 15 mg/L to 60 mg/L, the albendazole had an effective concentration of 56 mg/L to 167 mg/L, and the antibacterial polypeptide had an effective concentration of 2 mg/L to 50 mg. /L, that is, pathogenic bacteria on the pollen were completely killed within a safe use range of the pollen (Table 8).

TABLE 8

Test results of indoor pollen disinfection

3% zhongshengmycin
Agent concentration
500 times
1000 times
2000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Test results
-
-
-
+
-

10% albendazole
Agent concentration
600 times
1200 times
1800 times
Positive control
Negative control

Test results
-
-
-
+
-

50% antibacterial polypeptide
Agent concentration
5000 times
25,000 times
125,000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Test results
-
-
-
+
-

Note: “-” meant that no Erwinia amylovora was detected, and “+” meant that the Erwinia amylovora was detected.

Example 5 Orchard Pollination Test (i) Using Pollination Technology Capable of Blocking Pollen Transmission of Erwinia Amylovora
1. Experimental Materials

Test orchard: the orchard was located in a third branch of Avati Farm, Korla City, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang; the fruit trees were 8-year-old bergamot pear trees, and the orchard had never experienced pear fire blight.

Test period: April 5 to May 30, 2021

2. Experimental Method

10 g of xanthan gum was dissolved in 2.5 L of continuously-boiling water and cooled to obtain a solution I; 6.5 kg of white sugar was dissolved with 10 L of hot water to obtain a solution II; 25 g of calcium nitrate and 5 g of boric acid were dissolved in 0.5 L of water to obtain a solution III; the above three solutions were poured into a large container, then added with 30 L of water, and stirred well to prepare a nutrient solution for later use.

Each agent was diluted with water to form a stock solution, and 100 mL of the stock solution was added to 9.9 L of the nutrient solution, fully stirred and mixed, such that a final concentration of the agent in the nutrient solution was shown in Table 7, and 9 groups of agent treatments were obtained in total.

4 g of the pollen was added to 4 L of a prepared nutrient solution containing the agent, stirred to make the pollen evenly dispersed to prepare a pollen suspension, which was then pollinated by spraying with a shoulder-back electric sprayer. The pollination period was at 40% blooming and at 80% blooming separately, each tree was sprayed with 1 L of the pollen suspension, and each agent treatment group was sprayed to pollinate 3 trees. A pollen suspension prepared with water instead of the agent was set as a positive control, and a pollen suspension prepared with water instead of the pollen was set as a negative control, and 3 trees were treated by each group. 2 weeks after pollination, a fruit setting rate and the number of flower rot and diseased fruit were counted to calculate an incidence.

$\begin{array}{l} Incidence = \\ \frac{(Number of flower rots + number of fruit rots)}{Total number} \times 100 % \end{array}$

3. Results

The test results showed (Table 9 and FIGS. 7A-C) that: the liquid pollination technology proposed by the present disclosure to block the pollen transmission of Erwinia amylovora had no significant effect on the fruit setting rate of fragrant pear. Pear fire blight had never occurred in this experimental orchard before. If the artificially-pollinated pollen did not contain Erwinia amylovora, the pear fire blight this year had an extremely low probability in occurrence, just like the negative control area. However, the flower rot and fruit rot caused by pear fire blight had a high incidence in the positive control area. After artificial pollination with pollen suspension containing albendazole, zhongshengmycin, and antibacterial polypeptide separately, the flower rot and fruit rot caused by pear fire blight had a significantly lower incidence than that of the positive control. This indicated that the technology could effectively kill the Erwinia amylovora in pollen to prevent the occurrence of pear fire blight transmitted by the pollen.

TABLE 9

Liquid pollination effect by pear fire blight blocking technology in the field

3% zhongshengmycin
Agent concentration
500 times
1000 times
2000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
72.47±3.27
74.96±4.85
73.58±3.91
76.43±5.29
25.31±3.17

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.33±0.58
1.12±0.22
50.52±0.38
0.00±0.00

10% albendazole
Agent concentration
600 times
1200 times
1800 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
69.83±5.11
72.57±3.16
74.16±7.24
76.43±5.29
25.31±3.17

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.92±0.13
50.52±0.38
0.00±0.00

50% antibacterial polypeptide
Agent concentration
5000 times
25,000 times
125,000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
74.82±6.33
77.03±6.14
75.72±4.89
76.43±5.29
25.31±3.17

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
50.52±0.38
0.00±0.00

Example 6 Orchard Pollination Test (II) Using Pollination Technology Capable of Blocking Pollen Transmission of Erwinia Amylovora
1. Experimental Materials

Test pollen: Dangshan pear refined pollen was purchased from the Technical Service Department of Shayidong Gardening Farm in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, which was not detected to carry the Erwinia amylovora by the Korla Bergamot Pear Research Center.

Test orchard: the orchard was located in a fourth branch of Avati Farm, Korla City, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang; the fruit trees were 10-year-old fragrant pear trees, and the orchard was a moderate incidence area of the pear fire blight.

Test period: April 4 to May 30, 2021

2. Experimental Method

4 g of the pollen was added to 4 L of a prepared nutrient solution containing the agent, stirred to make the pollen evenly dispersed to prepare a pollen suspension, which was then pollinated by spraying with a shoulder-back electric sprayer. The pollination period was at 40% blooming and at 80% blooming separately, each tree was sprayed with 1 L of the pollen suspension, and each agent treatment group was sprayed to pollinate 3 trees. A pollen suspension prepared with water instead of the agent was set as a positive control group, and the pollen suspension prepared with water instead of the agent and sprayed on disease-free trees was set as a negative control group, and 3 trees were treated by each group.2 weeks after pollination, a fruit setting rate and the number of flower rot and diseased fruit were counted to calculate an incidence.

$\begin{array}{l} Incidence = \\ \frac{(Number of flower rots + number of fruit rots)}{Total number} \times 100 % \end{array}$

3. Results

In this experiment, the pollen did not carry the Erwinia amylovora, but the test orchard was a moderate occurrence area of the pear fire blight. The incidence of pear fire blight-based flower rot and fruit rot was significantly lower than that of the positive control group after conducting artificial pollination with the pollen containing albendazole, zhongshengmycin, and antibacterial polypeptide separately. This indicated that the technology could also kill the original Erwinia amylovora in flower clusters of the pear trees (Table 10).

TABLE 10

Liquid pollination effect by pear fire blight blocking technology in the field

3% zhongshengmycin
Agent concentration
500 times
1000 times
2000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
65.62+4.2 3
64.114.72
67.14±4.99
68.25±2.53
8.12±1.93

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.26±0.03
43.78±4.26
0.00±0.00

10% albendazole
Agent concentration
600 times
1200 times
1800 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
62.54±6.4 7
67.81±4.26
69.13±6.25
68.25±2.53
8.12±1.93

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.18±0.05
43.78±4.26
0.00±0.00

50% antibacterial polypeptide
Agent concentration
5000 times
25.000 times
125.000 times
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
66.44±1.7 2
64.29±5.11
67.96±2.56
68.25±2.53
8.12±1.93

Incidence (%)
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
0.00±0.00
43.78±4.26
0.00±0.00

Example 7 Orchard Pollination Test (III) Using Pollination Technology Capable of Blocking Pollen Transmission of Erwinia Amylovora
1. Experimental Materials

Test agent: 50% antibacterial polypeptide (Jiangsu Genloci Biotechnologies Inc.)

Test pollen: Dangshan pear refined pollen collected from pear orchards with severe pear fire blight in Halayugong Township, Korla City, Bazhou, Xinjiang, and the pollen was tested to carry Erwinia amylovora.

Test orchard: the orchard was located in a third branch of Avati Farm, Korla City, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang; the fruit trees were 8-year-old fragrant pear trees, and the orchard had never experienced pear fire blight.

Test period: April 5 to May 30, 2021

2. Experimental Method

The antibacterial polypeptide was mixed with 80 g of a lycopodium powder and 20 g of refined pollen by stirring, to obtain pollen mixtures containing 1 mg/g, 5 mg/g, and 10 mg/g of an active ingredient of the antibacterial polypeptide, respectively; each of the pollen mixtures was dipped with a brush, and brushed slightly on newly-opened flowers with pink anther to complete pollination; while pollination with an agent-free pollen mixture was used as a positive control, and pollination with the lycopodium powder was used as a negative control. Each group had three repetitions, and each repetition had 100 to 120 clusters of flowers. 2 weeks after pollination, the fruit setting rate and the incidence were counted.

3. Results

The test results showed that: the solid pollination technology proposed by the present disclosure to block the pollen transmission of Erwinia amylovora had no significant effect on the fruit setting rate of fragrant pear. The method of the present disclosure could kill most of the Erwinia amylovora carried by pollen, thereby significantly reducing the occurrence of pear fire blight in pollinated orchards (Table 11 and FIGS. 8A-C).

TABLE 11

Solid pollination effect of pear fire blight blocking technology in field (antibacterial polypeptide)

Agent content
1 mg/g
5 mg/g
10 mg/g
Positive control
Negative control

Fruit setting rate (%)
88.19±4.97
86.36±3.98
84.75±5.51
87.41±6.45
5.31±2.73

Incidence (%)
4.73±1.94
1.45±0.97
0.00±0.00
79.63±7.86
0.00±0.00

The foregoing examples are the preferred examples of the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure should be included within the protection scope of the present disclosure.

FRUIT TREE POLLINATION METHOD FOR PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING ERWINIA AMYLOVORA-CAUSED DISEASE

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