Patent Application
20250171700
This invention relates to additives and fuels, and in particular to fuel additives and mixtures of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as, but not limited to zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, or cerium oxide particles mixed with a multiple ester-based product to form a fuel mixture that cleans, lubricates and enhances combustion in internal combustion engines of vehicles.
Fuel additives have been proposed over the years. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,915,976 to Lowery and U.S. Pat. No. 7,419,516 to Seal et al, which are both incorporated by reference. And see U.S. Published Patent Applications: 2005/0066571 to Wakefield and 2005/0188605 to Valentine et al. which are both incorporated by reference. Also, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,163,044B2 to John C. Mills
However, none of these proposed additives simultaneously cleans, lubricates, and enhances combustion in internal combustion vehicle engines.
Previous products have made claims associated with one of the listed areas but there isn't any product that simultaneously addresses fuel economy, emission reductions and removes combustion products in a single product.
Additionally, the present invention extends critical component life. For example, the fuel injectors are lubricated extending the useful life of the injectors. Also, the lubricating quality of the product lubricates the upper cylinder extending the useful life of the pistons and rings. The esters of the present invention are polarized and are attracted to the cylinder walls which reduces piston, cylinder wall, and ring wear. The esters of the product survive combustion so the lubrication of the upper cylinder components, rings, walls, and injectors is cumulative.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been proposed as a fuel additive for diesel fuels. See for example, U.S. Published Patent Applications: 2003/0154646 to Hazarika et al.; 2005//0066571 to Wakefield; 2006/0254130 to Scattergood, and 2008/0066375 to Roos et al., which are each incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Hazarika discloses a lanthanide oxide particle, specifically cerium oxide which improves combustion. However, this reference does not disclose Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles nor does it address lubrication of the upper cylinder components or injectors or the removal of combustion products.
Scattergood also discloses cerium oxide and additionally a detergent and demulsifier but does not disclose a lubricant for the upper cylinder walls, rings and the injector components nor does it disclose ZnO nanoparticles.
Wakefield and Scattergood also disclose the use of cerium oxide as a catalyst in combustion and the removal of combustion products and Roos et al., further acknowledges the benefit of lubrication but does not disclose the long chain and short chain esters of Gamma 88® (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters) which are designed to lubricate the injectors and other moving components in the upper cylinder including, but not limited to the valves and valve stems, pistons and piston rings and further removes carbon and vanish buildup from the injectors, cylinders walls, pistons and piston rings.
See also for example, published PCT Patent Applications: WO 97/44414 to Allen et al.; WO 02/00812 to Hazarika et al.; and WO 030/040270 to Wakefield, which are also incorporated by reference.
Again, none of these patents directly address all the combustion and lubrication
concerns associated with diesel engine components and the combustion of diesel fuel. This patent discloses a product that is easily added to the diesel fuel when fueling a vehicle, and slosh mixes with the fuel ensuring a homogenous mixture. The product, also, lubricates all the upper cylinder and cylinder head components including injector components, valves, pistons, and piston rings as well as the cylinder walls.
Zinc oxide has been known to be a fuel additive for combustion engines. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,082 to Sanders, which is incorporated by reference in its' entirety.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been proposed as a fuel additive for fuels in combustion engines. See for example, U.S. Published Patent Applications: 2010/0242343 to Tock et al. and 2010/0242344 to Tock et al . . . , which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Although the zinc oxide particles will improve combustion as disclosed, these applications do not address the friction concerns in a diesel engine. The lubrication of the cylinder walls is supplied from under the piston onto the cylinder wall. Very little of the lubricant is distributed to the upper cylinder wall because the majority of the lubricant is removed by the oil rings. By supplying a lubricant mixed into the fuel, the upper cylinder is better lubricated which reduces friction and wear. The product disclosed here in delivers a long change ester to the upper cylinder wall thus substantially reducing friction and component wear.
U.S. Published Patent Application 2009/00000186 to Sanders describes NANO-SIZED METAL OXIDE PARTICLES FOR MORE COMPLEX FUEL COMBUSTION, title, and references use for an “internal combustion engine(s), paragraph 45. Sanders '186 relates to a fuel additive . . . containing a carrier/organic solvent and at least one of nano-sized particles, or nano-sized metal oxide particles, paragraph 5., and further references “cerium oxides” as “examples of “nano-sized metal oxide particles”, paragraph 16. Although Sanders discloses use of metal oxide nanoparticles, as discussed previously, it does not disclose solutions to the major concern of reducing friction and removing combustion byproducts from the engine. Sanders '186 does not specifically address the issues of upper cylinder lubrication, while the subject invention specifically lubricates the upper cylinder of the engine.
Beilfuss et al. describes an “ADDITIVE MIXTURES FOR THE BACTERCIDAL, title, and does not address the issues associated with combustion such as, but not limited to, varnish buildup and carbon buildup rather addresses issues associated with storage of diesel and biodiesel fuel., while the subject invention specifically addresses the removal of combustion byproducts from the injectors, cylinder walls, valves and valve seats. Thus, the need exists for solutions to the above problems with the prior art.
A primary objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives that cleans, lubricates, and enhances combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles.
A secondary objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and
mixtures of additives that improve combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles. through the use of nano-sized metal oxide particles, further reduces internal component wear, and cleans internal components of internal combustion engines through the use of a long chain and a short chain ester.
A third objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives, to reduce maintenance costs by extending the life of the upper cylinder components including but not limited to cylinder walls, rings, pistons, valve stems and valve seats, and injectors.
A fourth objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives that improve combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles, and to reduce damage to engine components due to the build of carbon deposits as a result of incomplete combustion.
A fifth objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives that improve combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles, and to reduce varnish build up on engine components due to incomplete combustion.
A sixth objective of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives that improve combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles, and reduce vehicle emissions due to incomplete combustion.
A seventh object of the present invention is to provide additives to fuels and mixtures of additives that improve combustion in internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines in vehicles, and reduce operating cost of the vehicles through improving the fuel economy.
Further objectives and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments which are illustrated schematically in the accompanying drawings.
The figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present concepts, by way of example only, not by way of limitations. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements.
Before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its applications to the details of the particular arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
In the Summary above and in the Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments and in the accompanying drawings, reference is made to particular features (including method steps) of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification does not include all possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.
In this section, some embodiments of the invention will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation is used to indicate similar elements in alternative embodiments.
Other technical advantages may become readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after a review of the following figures and description.
It should be understood at the outset that, although exemplary embodiments are
illustrated in the figures and described below, the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or not. The present disclosure should in no way be limited to the exemplary implementations and techniques illustrated in the drawings and described below.
Unless otherwise specifically noted, articles depicted in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
The new product improves combustion in internal combustion engines through the use of nano-sized metal oxide particles, further reduces internal component wear through the use of a long chain ester, and cleans internal components of internal combustion engines through the use of a short chain ester.
The primary focus of the invention is for use in diesel fueled engines, however the
additive is also appropriate for use in gasoline fueled internal combustion engines Previous products have made claims associated with one of the listed areas but there is not any product that simultaneously addresses all the areas in a single product.
The locomotive was equipped with an EMD-645 E3B turbocharged, two cycle
approximately 3000 hp engine. The engine was warmed up to operating temperature at approximately 950 rpm. The engine is self-loading thus functioning as a dynamometer.
The fuel used during the collection of the “Watco Baseline” was standard #2 Diesel, as delivered by the fuel supplier and is used to fuel all the locomotive engines at the Cherryvale Kansas trainyard.
The data set was collected utilizing a Testo 350 emissions analyzer with the analyzer probe mounted in the upper stack of the locomotive.
Two data sets were collected. Each data set consisted of twenty-four data points which were collected every 15 seconds. The data is reported as a percentage of the exhaust gases exiting the locomotive's exhaust stack or in “parts per million” and designated as “ppm” of the exhaust gas exiting the locomotives exhaust stack. The data collected was % O2, ppm CO, ppm NOx, % CO2.
Due to the variability of combustion single data points do not represent the average quality of combustion. It is standard practice to collect a range of data and utilize an average of the data when doing evaluation and analysis.
The initial data set Labeled “
The 24 data points were averaged to establish a baseline for each parameter.
The elements selected and recorded in this trial are generally accepted as critical elements in evaluating the quality of combustion in an internal combustion engine and further CO and NOx are regulated and monitored due to potential health risks.
Analysis of the data was subsequently conducted and the change from baseline to Experimental data showed a reduction in CO of approximately 20%, NOx of approximately 7%, and CO2 of approximately 4%. It showed a slight increase in O2 (2.61%) as a result of the reduction in CO and CO2 and the oxygen carried on the Cerium Oxide nano particles.
The percentage change was calculated by subtracting the Baseline from the Experimental average and dividing the result by the Baseline.
The rare earth cerium oxide (CeO) particles and zinc oxide (ZnO) particles are designed to have a high surface area-to-volume ratio. The particle size will be designed to have a size between approximately 2 to approximately 50 nm (Nanometers) in diameter. The high surface area to diameter permits the attachment of a large number of oxygen atoms.
In one embodiment of the fuel additive product, the cerium oxide particles can be mixed with a carrier fluid such as Alkyl Benzene C11-C13 to ensure the correct concentration of cerium oxide when subsequently mixed with diesel fuel and also mixed with the multiple ester-based product known as Gamma 88®.
Gamma 88® refers to (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)
In another embodiment of the fuel additive product, the cerium oxide nano particles are mixed with Gamma 88®, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters) as a carrier fluid ensuring a homogeneous mixture and the correct concentration of cerium oxide to diesel fuel ratio.
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product, the zinc oxide nanoparticles
can be mixed with a petroleum-based carrier fluid such as Alkyl Benzene C11-C13 to ensure the correct concentration of zinc oxide to diesel fuel ratio and also mixed with the multiple ester-based product known as Gamma 88®, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters).
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product, the zinc oxide nano particles can be mixed with the multiple ester-based product known as Gamma 88®, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product Zinc Oxide nanoparticles are mixed with a surfactant such as Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) and also mixed with the multiple ester-based product known as Gamma 88®, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters. further ensuring a homogeneous mixture in the diesel fuel.
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), also referred to as Cetrimonium bromide, is a quaternary ammonium surfactant with a condensed structural formula
[(C16H33)N(CH3)3]Br.
Other metal oxides which can be considered included, but not limited to:
The rare earth metal oxide nanoparticles such as cerium oxide particles are designed to have a high surface area to volume ratio. The particle size will be designed to have a size of approximately 2 nm (nanometers) to approximately 50 nm in diameter. The high surface area to diameter permits the attachment of a large number of oxygen atoms.
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product, CeO nanoparticles are mixed with Alkyl Benzene C11-C13 and the surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and with the ester-based product known as Gamma 88® (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters).
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product, the CeO nanoparticles are mixed the surfactant CTAB and with the ester-based product 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters known as Gamma 88®, with the nanoparticle being previously coated with a surfactant such as CTAB.
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive ZnO nanoparticles are mixed with the carrier fluid Alkyl Benzene C11-C13 and with Gamma 88 (product 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]methyl-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters).
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive ZnO nanoparticles are mixed with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Gamma 88 (product 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters).
The ester-based fluid, Gamma 88®, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]methyl-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters) is compounded from Lauric Acid Methyl Ester (approximately 54%), Myristic Acid Methyl Ester (approximately 17%), and Polyol (approximately 27%).
The below embodiments are by example only. Other compounds utilizing other oxide nanoparticles other carrier fluids and other ratios of the components are understood to be included in the embodiments listed below.
The embodiments formulations as described below will be mixed with 600 liters (of diesel fuel during use.
CeO Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Aprox. 2 nm-50 nm (Preferred Approx. 40 nm)
Carrier Fluid Alkyl Benzene C11-C13
Solution to be mixed with the following approximate formulation
Approx. 20 g CeO nano+approx. 20 g
Alkyl Benzene C11-C13+approx. 400 g
Gamma 88, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]methyl-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters): subsequently mixed with
Approx. 500 kg diesel fuel during use.
CeO Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2-50 nm
Carrier Fluid
GAMMA 88
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2 nm-Approx. 50 nm
Carrier Fluid Alkyl Benzene C11-C13
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
Zinc Oxide
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2 nm-Approx. 50 nm
Carrier Fluid
GAMMA 88, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]methyl-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
Zinc Oxide Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2-50 nm
Carrier Fluid-Surfactant
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB)
Solution to be mixed with following formulation:
CeO Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2-Approx.50 nm
Carrier Fluid Alkyl Benzene C11-C13
Solution to be mixed with the following approximate formulation
Approx. 20 g CeO nano+approx. 20 g C11-C13+approx. 2, (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters) 0 g CTAB+approx. 400 g
Gamma 88: subsequently mixed with Approx. 500 kg diesel during use.
CeO Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam 20 nm Approx. 2-Approx.50 nm Carrier Fluid
GAMMA 88 (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2-Approx. 50 nm Carrier Fluid Alkyl Benzene C11-C13
Solution to be mixed with following formulation:
Zinc Oxide
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2-Approx. 50 nm Carrier Fluid
GAMMA 88
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
To improve the existing product, further research was conducted and a proposed new product was developed. The proposed new product is an addition of a rare earth nanoparticle known as cerium oxide. The particle size that was used in this experiment is approximately 15 nanometers.
An experiment was designed and conducted to determine if the use of this nanoparticle would improve both the emissions and the fuel economy in heavy diesel engines.
The experiment was conducted at the Watco Cherryvale Kansas trainyard on Mar. 2-3, 2023.
The locomotive utilized for this test was the Watco 4152 engine. The locomotive is equipped with an EMD-645 E3B (turbocharged) engine. The engine produces approximately 3000 hp at approximately 950 rpm when operated under load. The locomotive is equipped with a self-loading feature which allows for stationary full power testing.
The locomotive was in the yard for repair. After completion of the required repairs, it was determined that the engine was in good condition and available for service.
The purpose of the test was to determine if the reformulated Gamma88 product would further increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
A Testo 350 emissions analyzer was rented and programmed to test emissions from a lean-burn diesel engine.
Yard personnel mounted the hydrocarbon emissions probe in the stack of the locomotive. After a warm up period, Baseline data was collected every 15 seconds from 11:29:02-11:31:54 and a second set data from 11:39:39-11:42:24
See
All data was collected at Notch 8, wide open throttle (WOT). The averaged data is
Stack O2—approximately 11.09
ppm CO—approximately 496
ppm NOx—approximately 31.2%
CO2—approximately 7.28
After the Baseline test was complete the fuel tank was dosed with the nanoparticles. It was determined that the fuel tank had approximately 3300 gallons of fuel. The dose is approximately 5.7 ounces per approximately 1000 gallons of fuel yielding a dose of approximately 19 ounces.
The locomotive was “rocked back and forth” for approximately 30 minutes to mix the product with the fuel. The test cycle was identical to the baseline cycle.
Data was collected every 15 seconds from 12:33:02-12:35:37 and 12:43:03-12:46:18.
All data was collected at Notch 8, wide open throttle (WOT). The averaged data is
Stack O2—approximately 11.40
ppm CO—approximately 410
ppm NOx—approximately 29.2%
%CO2—approximately 7.00
The following percent change from
The reason for these results is that less fuel was injected into the cylinders. Railroad locomotives use fixed throttle positions in conjunction with a governor. The governor on this engine is regulated to approximately 950 rpm at “Notch 8”. With the improved combustion the power output of the engine increased and therefore the rpm. To maintain the fixed rpm the governor reduces the amount of injected fuel thus improving emission and also improving the mileage.
In conclusion, the test data shows CO being reduced significantly which indicates that there is a significant improvement in combustion. Equally surprising is the reduction in NOx.
In an additional test, utilizing a laboratory dynamometer Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was substituted for the Cerium Oxide. The results of the testing produced significant reductions in emissions with an overall change of approximately 34.28% when using ZnO. The study was conducted by Tariq M. Naife, et al. College of Engineering Baghdad University and reported in the Journal of Engineering, Number 4, Volume 28 Apr. 2022. The data represents the percent change between neat diesel and diesel doped with ZnO.
The calculated percentage reduction was the result of comparison of the baseline dynamometer data subtracted from the experimental data, divided by the baseline.
When the test was duplicated but with Cerium Oxide rather than the ZnO the results were as follows:
The calculated percentage reduction was the result of comparison of the baseline dynamometer data subtracted from the experimental data, divided by the baseline.
In another study conducted by Deepti Khatri, et al and published in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2019 21:1485-1498 under the title “Investigations for the optimal combination of zinc oxide nanoparticle-diesel fuel with optimal compression ratio for improving performance and reducing the emission features of variable compression ratio diesel”
The data represents the percent change between neat diesel and diesel doped with ZnO.
The calculated percentage reduction was the result of comparison of the baseline dynamometer data subtracted from the experimental data, divided by the baseline.
In another recently published study in “Fuel, Elsevir by Upendra Rajak et al similar results were reported.
See Rajak, Upendra et al. Modifying diesel fuel with nanoparticles of zinc oxide to investigate its influences on engine behaviors, ELSEVIER Apr. 3, 2023. 10 pages, which is nonessential subject matter incorporated by reference.
In a study entitled “Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel-diesel fuel blend conducted by M. Soudagar comparing neat diesel with ZnO doped diesel fuel with neat diesel, improvement results were reported.
See SOUDAGAR MANZOOEW ELAHI M., et al., Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel-diesel fuel blend, Nature Research-Scientific Reports, 2020, 17 pages, which is nonessential subject matter incorporated by reference.
SOUDAGAR MANZOOEW ELAHI M., et al. disclosed the following data:
The use of Zinc Oxide not only appears to have performed better when compared to Cerium Oxide relative to emissions, but Zinc Oxide also appears to have a reduced negative effect on the environment. Therefore, Zinc Oxide will be considered as an alternative to Cerium Oxide.
Subsequent additional testing and development of the fuel additive utilizing Zinc Oxide nanoparticles has been developed and tested at the Toyota Train Yard, in Huntsville Alabama between Nov. 12, 2024 and Nov. 13, 2024.
The locomotive has a throttle lever that moves between Notch 0 and Notch 8 where Notch 0 is Idle and Notch 8 is full throttle. Baseline (
In Notch 4 Baseline there is 14.8% O2 and at Notch 6 there 13.4% O2 and at Notch 8 there 11.5 O2.
Atmospheric air has approximately 21% O2. The reduction in O2 is the result of the
oxygen being utilized in the process of combustion.
The measurements of CO, Nox, CxHy are in parts per million of the stream of exhaust gases. The Stack temperature is measured in Celsius.
Additional discussion of the significance of the Figures follows the “Additional Embodiments.”
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2 nm-50 nm
Carrier Fluid Propylene Glycol and (CTAB)
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
Propylene Glycol+68 g (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids,)+3 g CTAB.:
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Mixing Ratios
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2 nm-Approx.50 nm Carrier Fluid-61 g (ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)+30 g Polyoxymethylene Dioleate
Solution to be mixed with following formulation:
Zinc Oxide
Particle size, Average diam nm Approx. 2 nm approx. 50 nm
Carrier Fluid (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters).
Solution to be mixed with the following formulation:
subsequently mixed with approx. 128 kgs diesel during use.
The primary focus of the invention is for use in diesel engines. Previous products have made claims associated with one of the listed areas but there is not any product that simultaneously addresses all the areas in a single product.
The locomotive was equipped with an EMD-645 E3B turbocharged approximately 3000 hp engine. The engine was warmed up to operating temperature at approximately 950 rpm. The engine is self-loading thus functioning as a dynamometer.
The fuel used during the collection of the “Baseline” was standard #2 Diesel, as delivered by the fuel supplier and is used to fuel all the locomotive engines at the Road and Rail/Toyota yard.
The data set was collected utilizing a Testo 350 emissions analyzer with the analyzer probe mounted in the upper stack of the locomotive.
Two data sets were collected. Each data set consisted of forty data points which were collected every 15 seconds. The data is reported as a percentage of the exhaust gases exiting the locomotive's exhaust stack or in “parts per million” and designated as “ppm” of the exhaust gas exiting the locomotives exhaust stack. The data collected was % O2, ppm CO, ppm NOx, %CO2.
Due to the variability of combustion single data points do not represent the average quality of combustion. It is standard practice to collect a range of data and utilize an average of the data when doing evaluation and analysis.
The initial data set Labeled “
The data set was measured on Nov. 5-7, 2024.
The 40 data points were averaged to establish a baseline for each parameter.
The elements selected and recorded in this trial are generally accepted as critical elements in evaluating the quality of combustion in an internal combustion engine and further CO and NOx are regulated and monitored due to potential health risks.
The Zinc oxide with the carrier was mixed into the locomotives fuel tank with a ratio of 1:28000. The concentration of ZnO in the mixed fuel was approximately 60 parts per million.
Analysis of the data was subsequently conducted and the change from baseline to Experimental data showed significant changes. See
There was also a significant increase in O2 (41%) as a result of the reduction in CO and CO2 and the oxygen carried on the Zinc Oxide nano particles.
The percentage change was calculated by subtracting the Baseline from the Experimental average and dividing the result by the Baseline.
The rare earth zinc oxide (ZnO) particles are designed to have a high surface area-to-volume ratio. The particle size will be designed to have a size between approximately 2 to approximately 50 nm (Nanometers) in diameter. The high surface area to diameter permits the attachment of a large number of oxygen atoms.
In an embodiment of the fuel additive product, the zinc oxide particles are mixed with a carrier fluid such as polyethylene glycol 400 monooleate to ensure the correct concentration of zinc oxide when subsequently mixed with diesel fuel and also mixed with the multiple ester-based product compound (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy]methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters)
In still another embodiment of the fuel additive product, the zinc oxide nano particles can be mixed with the multiple ester-based product (2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxononyl)oxy] methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinoan-1-oate Fatty acids, C10-C16, Me esters) and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant to support the colloidal suspension on the Zinc Oxide nano particles
The novel additive mixtures reduce friction and remove combustion byproducts from
the engine. The novel additive mixtures address the issues of upper cylinder lubrication, which specifically lubricates the upper cylinder of the engine.
The novel additive mixtures address issues associated with combustion such as, but not limited to, varnish buildup and carbon buildup.
The novel additive mixture specifically addresses the removal of combustion byproducts from the injectors, cylinder walls, valves and valve seats.
The term “approximately”/“approximate/Approx.” can be +/−10% of the amount referenced. Additionally, preferred amounts and ranges can include the amounts and ranges referenced without the prefix of being approximately.
Although specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include some, none, or all of the enumerated advantages.
Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, the components of the systems and apparatuses may be integrated or separated. Moreover, the operations of the systems and apparatuses disclosed herein may be performed by more, fewer, or other components, and the methods described may include more, fewer, or other steps. Additionally, steps may be performed in any suitable order. As used in this document, “each” refers to each member of a set or each member of a subset of a set.
To aid the Patent Office and any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, applicants wish to note that they do not intend any of the appended claims or claim elements to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112 (f) unless the words “means for” or “step for” are explicitly used in the particular claims.
While the invention has been described, disclosed, illustrated, and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or modifications which it has presumed in practice, the scope of the invention is not intended to be, nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended.
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/673,977 filed May 24, 2024, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/468,932 filed May 25, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/533,005 filed Aug. 16, 2023. The entire disclosure of each of the applications listed in this paragraph are incorporated herein by specific reference thereto.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63533005 | Aug 2023 | US | |
| 63468932 | May 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 18673977 | May 2024 | US |
| Child | 19041577 | US |
