Patent Application
20130059218
The present invention relates to a fuel cell electric power generator and to a management method thereof.
Fuel cell electric power generators (UPS) for stationary use and having low capacity (5-20 kW) based on the use of PEM-type (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells, in which hydrogen is used as a fuel, are generally designed for back-up applications. In other words, these systems work in a nearly constant state of operative “lethargy” (stand-by state) but should be readily activated in a very short time, under safe and reliable conditions, to ensure that the electric power requirements of the load be met in case of emergency.
As the extended and/or frequent use of these generators is not required, at least in principle, installing complex systems for the storage and supply of hydrogen, such as liquid hydrogen evaporation systems, in which hydrogen is stored at cryogenic temperatures, is not cost-effective.
Furthermore, the simplest systems for storage and supply most frequently used in the field, in which hydrogen is taken from sets of highly pressurized gas cylinders, originate safety problems which are often underestimated, and which concern their installation, management and maintenance.
In order to obviate these drawbacks, the operative practice of structurally connecting and functionally coupling the stack of fuel cells of an electric power generator to on-site means for generating gaseous fuel has caught on in the field. In particular, where the cells use hydrogen as a fuel, fuel cell electric power generators comprising an electrolyzer for producing hydrogen are known. A typical configuration of such an electric power generator is shown in
Since the fuel cells stacked to form stack 5 need to work within an optimal temperature range for their correct operation, stack 5 is preferably maintained in use at a substantially constant temperature (generally within a range from 40 to 80° C.). For this purpose, generator 1 comprises means 10 for dissipation of the heat produced by the oxidation reaction which takes place in the fuel cells. Typically, these dissipation means 10 consist of one or more appropriately arranged fans V1, V2.
Hence, when the power generator 1 is activated to fulfill the electric requirements of a load 6, generator 1 consumes the hydrogen and oxygen previously stored in tanks 3,4, which may be recharged by electrolyzer 2, e.g. when the power generator 1 is returned to stand-by condition.
There is an optimal operating temperature range for electrolyzer 2, as well, which is from about 40 to about 80° C. However, at start-up, and therefore during the first minutes of operation, electrolyzer 2 is forced to work at ambient temperature, i.e. much below the optimal temperature range. This significantly reduces its efficiency and the hydrogen and oxygen output to the detriment of electric power consumption spent for electrolysis and with an undesirable increase of the time needed to restore the hydrogen and oxygen content in tanks 3,4 in view of a new intervention of generator 1.
Therefore, in the art, there is the need to provide a fuel cell electric power generator, of the type comprising on-site means for generating gaseous fuel, which makes it possible to optimize the operating conditions of said means, especially in the phase of cold start-up thereof.
In the field, there is the further need to provide a fuel cell electric power generator of the type comprising on-site means for generating gas fuel capable of reducing energy wastes and of increasing the overall efficiency of the on-site process of generating reactants and then converting the chemical energy of the reactants themselves into electric power.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 suggested equipping a fuel cell electric power generator with a device for transferring the heat developed in the fuel cell when generating electric power to the electrolyzer.
More particularly, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 reference is made to a configuration providing for a first period (of three hours), during which the generator is used to generate the electric power to be supplied to the load, and for a second period (of eight hours), during which electric power is supplied to the electrolyzer to generate hydrogen.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 further suggests conveying, during the first period, the water heated up by flowing through the cooling circuit of the fuel cell to a storage tank. During the second period, U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 suggests to then convey the heated water collected in the storage tank to the electrolyzer.
More particularly, in a first embodiment, the heated water is used to yield heat to the electrolyzer. In a second embodiment, the heated water is instead directly supplied to the electrolyzer and subjected to the electrolysis process.
However, the solution of U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 has some drawbacks.
Firstly, it should be noted that the water volume needed to remove the excess heat developed in the fuel cell during the first period is generally very high and that, consequently, a very large tank is needed to store it, to the detriment of the overall compactness of the system. For example, for disposing an excess heat of the order of 1 kW for 3 h, assuming that water is taken from 25 to 55° C., a volume of about 86 L of water would be required. The system should thus comprise a storage tank adapted to contain a water volume of at least about 90-100 L.
This aspect is particularly undesirable, especially for back-up applications in which the fuel cell generator is an electric power source alternative to the main power source (e.g. the electric mains) and, since it is activated under emergency conditions only, it is preferably an auxiliary component which may be conveniently arranged within spaces intended for other activities (production, storage, etc.).
Furthermore, the design size of the tank is directly dependent on the specific duration of the respective on/off periods of the fuel cell generator and of the electrolyzer. Therefore, such a system is not very suitable for back-up applications, in which the duration of the respective on/off periods of both generator and electrolyzer may not be univocally estimated in advance, and the number of the generator interventions—and thus of the on/off periods—in one day is not intrinsically predictable. The design volume of the tank could in fact not be suited to the actual operating conditions.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that, as suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417, during the operation of the fuel cell, a considerable amount of heat is accumulated in the system, which heat is not substantially dissipated or yielded until the next period of activation of the electrolyzer. This circumstance is particularly undesirable for compact systems which, in addition to the power generator, comprise further components which need to be continuously cooled (e.g. electronic components of the control system, etc.). As a matter of fact, the presence of such a large amount of heat stored in the system makes the effective dissipation of other locally produced heat flows particularly difficult.
Finally, it is worth considering that the electrolysis process is theoretically endothermic if conducted under conditions of reversibility. In particular, the need to supply heat to the electrolyzer is concrete and significant during the relative start-up phase. However, because of the usually high degree of irreversibility of the real process—in turn subject to polarization phenomena—in practice, a circumstance generally occurs wherein the electrolyzer should continuously yield heat to the environment in order to be maintained at the required full-capacity operating temperature. The configuration suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,417 would instead impose to transfer heat to the electrolyzer during the whole duration of the corresponding working period.
It is thus the object of the present invention to provide an fuel cell electric power generator of the type comprising on-site means for generating gaseous fuel, which makes it possible to simply and cost-effectively overcome the drawbacks associated with the known solutions.
In particular, it is the object of the present invention to provide afuel cell electric power generator of the type comprising on-site means for generating gas fuel, in particular for back-up applications, which is capable of meeting the energy and management requirements of the aforesaid system, while ensuring the possibility of limiting the overall size of the system and wisely managing the involved heat flows, both during the start-up phase of the various apparatus and during the corresponding full-capacity operating phase. These phases are indeed characterized by reciprocally different process conditions and needs due to their nature.
The aforesaid object is achieved by the present invention, as it relates to afuel cell electric power generator as defined in claim 1.
For a better understanding of the present invention, a preferred embodiment will now be described below only by way of non-limitative examples, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
In
Generator 1 comprises a plurality of fuel cells stacked to form a stack 5 fluidically connected to tanks 3,4 from which it receives, in use, respective flows of gas fuel and oxidizing gas, either pure or in gaseous mixture, to produce electric power to be supplied to a load 6.
Generator 1 further comprises on-site means 2 for generating the gas fuel to be supplied to stack 5.
In the illustrated case, the means 2 for generating gas fuel comprise an electrolyzer configured to receive electric power and water and to convert the latter into its two components, hydrogen and oxygen, which are stored in respective tanks 3,4. Generator 1 thus uses hydrogen as a gas fuel and oxygen as an oxidizing gas.
Generator 1 advantageously comprises a hydraulic circuit 7 for cooling stack 5, within which a thermal carrier fluid, e.g. water, is circulated in order to remove at least part of the heat locally developed by the oxidation reaction from stack 5.
Moreover, generator 1 comprises a hydraulic circuit for heating electrolyzer 2, within which a thermal carrier fluid, e.g. water, is circulated to supply to electrolyzer 2 at least part of the heat needed to maintain the temperature thereof within the optimal operating range. For this purpose, generator 1 further advantageously comprises a heat exchanger 9 at which the hydraulic circuits 7, 8 are hydraulically coupled and, therefore, the thermal integration is obtained between stack 5 and electrolyzer 2. In other words, at least part of the excess heat developed within stack 5 by the oxidation reaction is removed and conveniently transferred to electrolyzer 2.
More particularly, if power generator 1 is a generator devised for back-up applications, i.e. it is activated for meeting the power requirements of load 6 in event of an emergency situation, e.g. a blackout, if the emergency situation is relatively short (e.g. of the order of 10 min), the heat amount exchanged by the heat exchanger 9 between hydraulic circuits 7 and 8, also by virtue of the significant thermal capacity of the thermal carrier fluid (water), is substantially sufficient to dispose of the excess heat developed within stack 5 by the oxidation reaction, i.e. to maintain stack 5 within the optimal operating temperature range. Said removed heat is conveniently transferred to electrolyzer 2, which is thus advantageously maintained within the respective optimal operating temperature range.
Moreover, generator 1 preferably comprises means 10 for dissipation of the heat produced by the oxidation reaction taking place within stack 5, which comprise one or more appropriately arranged fans V1, V2, for example.
In particular, the second dissipation means 10 are activated when the emergency situation, i.e. the period of activity of generator 1, extends over a relatively long time (e.g. a blackout longer than 10 min), so that the excess heat developed within stack 5 by the oxidation reaction is partially dissipated and partially transferred to hydraulic circuit 8, and thus to electrolyzer 2, which is advantageously maintained within the respective optimal operating temperature range.
Generator 1 preferably comprises a control unit (not shown) programmed to manage the hydraulic circuits 7 and 8, and the heat exchanger 9 so as to maintain the electrolyzer within the optimal operating temperature range. In particular, the control unit is connected to means for detecting and transmitting a temperature value in stack 5 and electrolyzer 2, and to respective cut-off means of the thermal carrier fluid flows in the hydraulic circuits 7 and 8.
More particularly, the control unit is programmed to adjust the thermal carrier fluid flows in the hydraulic circuits 7, 8, and therefore the efficiency and amount of heat exchange in the heat exchanger 9 as well, so as to effectively transfer heat from stack 5 to electrolyzer 2 and to maintain the temperature of both within the respective optimal operating temperature ranges.
Furthermore, the control unit is connected to dissipation means 10, which the control unit activates when it detects that the temperature of stack 5 exceeds a predetermined threshold value. Given the involved heat flows, this event generally occurs when the operating period of generator 1, i.e. of stack 5 to produce electric power to be supplied to load 6, is longer than ten minutes (extended blackout).
In use, when generator 1 is activated to supply an electric load, respective flows of hydrogen and oxygen are sent to stack 5 from tanks 3,4. The oxidation reaction which occurs in stack 5 develops heat, which is at least partially removed by a flow of thermal carrier fluid circulating within hydraulic circuit 7. At the heat exchanger 9, said heat is yielded to a thermal carrier fluid flow circulating within hydraulic circuit 8, and, in cascade, to electrolyzer 2, which is thus maintained at a temperature within the optimal temperature range for its operation.
In case of a relatively short activity period of generator 1 (i.e. of stack 5) in producing electric power (e.g. of the order of 10 min), the amount of the heat exchange carried out by the heat exchanger 9 between the hydraulic circuits 7 and 8, also by virtue of the significant thermal capacity of the thermal carrier fluid (water), is substantially sufficient per se to dispose of the excess heat developed within stack 5 by the oxidation reaction, thus maintaining stack 5 within the optimal operating temperature range. Such a removed heat is conveniently transferred to electrolyzer 2, which is thus advantageously maintained within the respective optimal operating temperature range.
In case of extended activity of generator 1 (of stack 5) to produce electric power, second dissipation means 10 are also activated so that the excess heat developed within stack 5 by the oxidation reaction is partially dissipated and partially transferred to hydraulic circuit 8, and thus to electrolyzer 2. Thereby, both stack 5 and electrolyzer 2 are advantageously maintained within respective optimal operating temperature ranges.
When generator 1 is set to stand-by, e.g. once the blackout which determined its activation to supply the electric load has been finished, electrolyzer 2 is thus at the ideal temperature to be activated to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, so as to restore the contents of tanks 3,4 in view of the subsequent intervention of generator 1.
Thereby, thermal integration and efficiency of generator 1 is greatly improved. In particular, the amount of thermal power developed in stack 5 by the oxidation reaction is no longer dissipated, unless partially when the activity period of generator 1 extends beyond a threshold time (e.g. of the order of 10 min), but is advantageously recovered to be used within the generator 2 itself, and more particularly transferred to electrolyzer 2.
Accordingly, the most efficient thermal integration of the system is combined to the advantage of maintaining the electrolyzer 2 within the optimal operating temperature range.
At the end of the emergency situation, i.e. when the activity of stack 5 is interrupted whereas electrolyzer 2 is started to restore the contents in tank 3,4, electrolyzer 2 will immediately operate under conditions which correspond to maximum efficiency and output, thus eliminating the low efficiency transient associated with the above-described traditional configuration.
The overall efficiency of the whole generation/consumption process of the reactants is advantageously increased because, by increasing the degree of thermal integration, energy wastes are reduced and because operation under maximum efficiency conditions of the most delicate components of generator 1 is promoted.
Furthermore, at least when the activity period of the generator does not extend beyond a given threshold time, dissipation means 10 no longer need to be activated since the amount of the heat exchange carried out at the heat exchanger 9 is sufficient to dispose of the excess heat developed within stack 5, thus obtaining an important reduction of consumptions related to the auxiliary components of generator 1, and at the same time a considerable reduction of noise and wear of the components themselves.
Advantageously, temperature control is more effective and accurate because the temperature of stack 5 is controlled by removing heat by means of a thermal carrier fluid, in particular when a thermal carrier fluid with a high thermal inertia, such as water, is used.
Furthermore, the overall size and volume of generator 1 may be easily limited, while ensuring a satisfactory management of heat exchanges in the process, because the thermal coupling between stack 5 and electrolyzer 2 is carried out by means of two different circuits 7 and 8, and without interposing a thermal carrier fluid storage tank.
The possibility of limiting the overall size of generator 1 ensured by the invention is also advantageous in prospect of further integrating, within a single system, generator 1 with other possible auxiliary components, as more space is made available for their introduction. Moreover, if the auxiliary components are to be cooled as well, the thermal integration ensured by generator 1 according to the invention may also be advantageous from the point of view of an integrated management of the overall heat dissipation.
It is finally apparent that changes and variations may be made to the system described and illustrated herein, without departing from the scope of protection of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| TO2010A000192 | Mar 2010 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2011/000544 | 3/15/2011 | WO | 00 | 11/21/2012 |
