Patent Application
20090047565
This invention relates to a configuration of a gas passage formed in a separator for a fuel cell.
JP2004-079245A published by the Japan Patent Office in 2004 discloses construction of a separator which can reduce the generation of water vapor from electrodes in order to prevent flooding from occurring in a fuel cell.
The fuel cell according to this prior art comprises a separator facing an anode and a separator facing a cathode. A plurality of ribs contacting the anode and gas passages separated by the ribs are formed in a separator surface facing the anode. A plurality of ribs contacting the cathode and gas passages separated by the ribs are formed in a separator surface facing the cathode.
The gas passages in the separator facing the anode are supplied with fuel gas. The gas passages in the separator facing the cathode are supplied with oxidant gas. Water vapor is generated as a result of an electrochemical reaction of the fuel gas and oxidant gas in the fuel cell. This water vapor, when condensed, adheres to the ribs in the form of moisture beads.
The separators are cooled by a coolant and cool the electrodes via the ribs. When a contact surface between the ribs and the electrode is larger, the electrode exhibits a greater cooling effect. Cooling of the electrode causes a greater amount of water vapor to condense such that a larger amount of moisture beads is formed in the gas passages. As a result, so-called flooding may occur in a downstream portion of the gas passage.
The prior art fuel cell is arranged to prevent the excessive generation of moisture beads by gradually reducing the width of the ribs towards the downstream side so as to reduce the contact surface between the ribs and the electrode.
In this prior art fuel cell, since the width of the ribs decreases gradually towards the downstream side, the width of the gas passages increases gradually towards the downstream side, and hence the flow velocity of the gas decreases towards the downstream side. A decrease in the flow velocity of the gas weakens a pushing force applied to the moisture beads. The prior art fuel cell is therefore not effective in view of sweeping away moisture beads formed in the gas passages.
It is therefore an object of this invention to enhance a moisture bead sweeping force of a gas flow in a gas passage while preserving a function for preventing the excessive generation of moisture beads.
In order to achieve the above object, this invention provides a separator for a fuel cell, comprising a gas passage facing an electrode of the fuel cell. The gas passage comprises a rapid expansion. The rapid expansion is disposed in the gas passage to enlarge a width of the gas passage in a step-like fashion from an upstream side to a downstream side with respect to a flow of gas in the gas passage.
This invention also provides a fuel cell comprising an ion conducting electrolyte membrane, a pair of electrodes gripping the electrolyte membrane, a pair of separators each of which faces each of the electrodes, and a gas passage that is formed in each separator to face the electrode and comprises a rapid expansion. The rapid expansion is disposed in the gas passage to enlarge a width of the gas passage in a step-like fashion from an upstream side to a downstream side with respect to a flow of gas in the gas passage.
The details as well as other features and advantages of this invention are set forth in the remainder of the specification and are shown in the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
A first separator 5 of about one millimeter thickness is stacked on the cathode 3 from the outside with respect to the stacking direction. A second separator 6 of about one millimeter thickness is stacked on the anode 4 from the outside with respect to the stacking direction. A unit polymer electrolyte fuel cell 1 therefore comprises a stacked body of the polymer electrolyte membrane 2, the cathode 3, the anode 4, the first separator 5, and the second separator 6. Further, a number of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells 1 are stacked to form a fuel cell stack for operation.
Gas passages 16-20 in the form of grooves are formed in the first separator 5 to supply the cathode 3 with an oxidant gas. Gas passages 36-40 in the form of grooves are formed in the second separator 6 to supply the anode 4 with a fuel gas.
Referring to
In the following description, 30 percent of an entire length L of the ribs 12-15 on the upstream side with respect to the flow of oxidant gas is named as a first region and the ribs 12-15 in the first region are named as ribs 12b-15b. 70 percent of the whole length L of the ribs 12-15 on the downstream side with respect to the flow of oxidant gas is named as a second region and the ribs 12-15 in the second region are named as ribs 12c-15c.
A width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region is set to be greater than a width w2 of the ribs 12c-15c in the second region. As a result, a so-called rapid expansion is formed in the gas passage 16-20 between the first region and the second region.
In the first region, the ratio of the width of the gas passages 16-20 with respect to the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b is set at 2:3. In the second region, the ratio of the width of the gas passages 16-20 with respect to the width w2 of the ribs 12c-15c is set at 1:1.
One reason why the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region is set to be greater than the width w2 of the ribs 12c-15c in the second region is for prevention of a so called dry-out phenomenon in the first region.
Moisture is generated in the catalyst layer of the cathode 3 by an electrochemical reaction between the fuel gas and the oxidant gas. The moisture generated in the catalyst layer of the cathode 3 either evaporates and forms water vapor or infiltrates the cathode 3, the electrolyte membrane 2, and the anode 4 in liquid form. In a stable reaction state of the fuel cell 1, a moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 balances at a constant level, and hence all the generated moisture evaporates. The evaporation amount of moisture per unit area of the cathode 3 increases as the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 increases. The evaporation amount of moisture from the cathode 3 increases as the disposed area of the cathode 3 to the gas passages 16-20 increases.
In a stable reaction sate of the fuel cell 1, therefore, the moisture content of the cathode 3 for maintaining a fixed evaporation amount therefrom increases as the disposed surface area of the cathode 3 to the gas passages 16-20 decreases. In contrast, the moisture content of the cathode 3 for generating the fixed evaporation amount decreases as the disposed surface area of the cathode 3 to the gas passages 16-20 increases. In order to maintain an electro-chemical reaction in the fuel cell 1, the electrolyte membrane 2 must be maintained in a humid state, and dry-out occurs if the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 decreases beyond a certain level.
In the first separator 5, a width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region is set to be greater than a width w2 of the ribs 12c-15c in the second region so as to decrease the disposed surface area of the cathode 3 to the gas passages 16-20 for the purpose of increasing the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2. With this arrangement, when the moisture content of the supplied oxidant gas is controlled within a range of 40 to 80 percent, the electrolyte membrane 2 maintains a higher moisture content. This arrangement of the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b is therefore preferable in terms of preventing dry-out in the first region.
A supply manifold 21 is formed in a position corresponding to the lower left corner of the first separator 5 in
A discharge manifold 24 is formed in a position corresponding to the upper right corner of the first separator 5 in
Referring to
In the following description, 30 percent of an entire length L of the ribs 32-35 on the upstream side with respect to the flow of fuel gas is named as a first region and the ribs 32-35 in the first region are named as ribs 32b-35b. 70 percent of the whole length L of the ribs 32-35 on the downstream side with respect to the flow of fuel gas is named as a second region and the ribs 32-35 in the second region are named as ribs 32c-35c.
A width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region is set to be greater than a width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region. As a result, a so-called rapid expansion is formed in the gas passage 36-40 between the first region and the second region.
In the first region, the ratio of the width of the gas passages 36-40 with respect to the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b is set at 2:3. In the second region, the ratio of the width of the gas passages 36-40 with respect to the width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c is set at 1:1.
One reason why the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region is set to be greater than the width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region is to prevent dry-out in the first region. Although the anode 4 does not generate moisture, the moisture generated by the cathode 3 penetrates the electrolyte membrane 2 to reach the anode 4. If the anode 4 is not in a wet condition, a huge amount of moisture in the electrolyte membrane 2 evaporates through the cathode 4 into the gas passages 36-40 and causes the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 to become excessively low.
By making the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region greater than the width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region, the disposed surface area of the anode 4 to the gas passages 36-40 decreases. When the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region, which corresponds to an upstream portion of a gas flow, increases, the disposed surface area of the anode 4 to the gas passages 36-40 decreases. When the disposed surface area of the anode 4 to the gas passages 36-40 decreases, the moisture content of the anode 4 for maintaining a fixed evaporation amount therefrom increases. As a result of the setting of the widths w3 and w4 described above, when the moisture content of the supplied fuel gas is controlled within a range of 40 to 80 percent, the electrolyte membrane 2 maintains a higher moisture content.
A supply manifold 41 is formed in a position corresponding to the upper right corner of the second separator 6 in
A discharge manifold 44 is formed in a position corresponding to the lower left corner of the second separator 6 in
Oxidant gas flowing in the gas passages 16-20 in the first separator 5 diffuses not only into the portion of the cathode 3 facing the gas passages 16-20 but also into the portion of the cathode 3 which is in contact with the ribs 12-15. Fuel gas flowing in the gas passages 36-40 in the second separator 6 diffuses not only into the portion of the anode 4 facing the gas passages 36-40 but also into the portion of the anode 4 which is in contact with the ribs 32-35. The electro-chemical reaction between the fuel gas and the oxidant gas therefore occurs over the entire surface of the electrolyte membrane 2.
Referring to
In this diagram, an abscissa represents a travel distance in the gas passage. A point of distance zero corresponds to an inlet of the gas passage, and a point of distance x_out corresponds to an outlet of the gas passage. The moisture supply amount is a mass of water vapor supplied from outside to a unit fuel cell. The moisture generation amount is a mass of moisture generated in the fuel cell. The water vapor saturation amount is a mass of water vapor when it saturates the gas in the gas passage.
When an electrochemical reaction occurs in the fuel cell 1, the temperature of the gas flowing in the gas passage increases as it flows down from the inlet towards the outlet. The moisture generation amount due to the electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell 1 then increases at a higher increase rate towards the downstream side from the inlet. Herein, the moisture supply amount is set equal to a constant amount b which is smaller than the water vapor saturation amount a at the inlet of the gas passage. The sum of the moisture supply amount and the moisture generation amount forms an upward sloping straight line in
The fuel cell 1 further comprises a cooling water passage for cooling the fuel cell 1 in addition to the gas passages 16-20 and 36-40. The water vapor saturation amount a is calculated on the basis of the cooling water temperature in the cooling water passage. Considering that the electrode where the electrochemical reaction takes place has a higher temperature than the cooling water, 1.3 times a water vapor saturation amount c obtained directly from the cooling water temperature is estimated as the water vapor saturation amount a in the gas passage.
Comparing the sum of the moisture supply amount and the moisture generation amount with the water vapor saturation amount based on the above assumption, the sum of the moisture supply amount and the moisture generation amount is smaller than the water vapor saturation amount in a region upstream of a point A at a travel distance d while the sum of the moisture supply amount and the moisture generation amount is greater than the water vapor saturation amount in a region downstream of the point A. Accordingly, the portion of the gas passage located upstream of the point A is named as an unsaturated region and the portion of the gas passage located downstream of the point A is named as a saturated region.
Dry-out, in which the fuel cell 1 suffers from a shortage of moisture required for the electrochemical reaction, occurs in the unsaturated region. As described hereintofore, even when the humidity of the supplied gas is controlled within a range of 40 to 80 percent, by narrowing the width of the gas passage in the unsaturated region, the electrolyte membrane 2 maintains a higher moisture content such that no dry-out occurs.
Providing that the characteristic shown in
The inventors obtained a result through matching whereby dry-out is prevented properly as long as the first region is set equal to about thirty percent of the entire length L of the ribs 12-15 and 32-35.
The calculation method for the moisture supply amount, the moisture generation amount, and the water vapor saturation amount, which are used for the calculation described above will now be described.
The moisture supply amount is a mass of water vapor supplied to one unit fuel cell 1 and calculated by multiplying a mass of dry gas supplied to one unit fuel cell 1 by a partial pressure of water vapor and then dividing the result by the entire pressure of the gas. Specifically, it is calculated by the equation (1) below.
moisture supply amount [mol/sec]=mass of dry gas [mol/sec]×partial pressure of water vapor [kPa]/entire pressure [kPa] (1)
The moisture generation amount is a mass of water generated by the electro-chemical reaction in one unit fuel cell 1 and calculated by dividing the load current by a Faraday constant and then dividing the result by two. Specifically, it is calculated by the equation (2) below.
moisture generation amount [mol/sec]=(load current [C/sec]/Faraday constant [C/mol])/2 (2)
where, C=coulomb.
The water vapor saturation amount is a mass of saturated water vapor in the gas passage and calculated from a cooling water temperature in the vicinity of the supply manifold 21 of the first separator 5 as a representative temperature of the fuel cell 1. In further detail, it is calculated by the equation (3) below based on the specification of the fuel cell 1 and the atmospheric condition. It should be noted that each mass is represented by a value per second.
mass of saturated water vapor in the gas passage [mol/sec]=mass of supplied dry gas [mol/sec]×partial pressure of saturated water vapor in the supply manifold 21 [kPa]/entire pressure [kpa] (3)
The value 2 in the right-hand term of the equation (2) denotes an equivalent coefficient between the electric current and the moisture generation amount obtained from the reaction formulae in the anode 4 and the cathode 3. The load current in the right-hand term of the equation (2) is an accumulation amount of the current which flows through the effective reaction surface area of the electrolyte membrane 2 during a period extending from the point where the supplied gas starts from the inlet to the point where the supplied gas reaches a predetermined travel distance in the gas passage.
To increase the power generation efficiency of the fuel cell 1, it is necessary to decrease a resistance which lowers the voltage when a load is exerted, or in other words to decrease an over-voltage. The over-voltage is constituted by a resistance over-voltage and a concentration over-voltage. The former represents a voltage reduction phenomenon caused by the internal resistance of the fuel cell 1. The latter represents a voltage reduction phenomenon caused by prevention of the electrode reaction due to a delay in the supply of reaction material to the electrode or a delay in the removal of
The concentration over-voltage is affected significantly by the width of the ribs 12-15 in the first separator 5. Therefore, when the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region corresponding to the upstream portion of the gas passages 16-20 in the separator 5 is determined, a balance between the resistance over-voltage and the concentration over-voltage must be considered. In the fuel cell 1, the resistance is substantially constant in comparison with the concentration over-voltage. On the other hand, the concentration over-voltage is determined based on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas passage and increases exponentially in the downstream portion of the gas passage due to a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen therein. To prevent a power generation stoppage due to an increase in the concentration over-voltage, the width of the ribs must be designed so as to suppress increases in the concentration over-voltage in the gas passages separated by the ribs 12c-15c in the second region corresponding to the downstream portion of the gas passage.
Referring to
The inventors obtained the characteristic of the concentration over-voltage of a fuel cell shown in
As can be understood from
The point B in
The characteristic shown in
The width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region and the width w2 of the ribs 12c-15c in the second region should be determined such that the concentration over-voltage does not show a substantial rise in the entire region of the flow of the oxidant gas. By determining the outer dimensions of the first separator 5, therefore, the number of the ribs 12-15 are consequently determined.
The second separator 6 has same outer dimensions as the first separator and a similar construction as the first separator 5. By determining the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region and the width w2 of the rib 12c-15c in the second region of the first separator 5, therefore, the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region and the width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region of the second separator 6 are consequently determined. In short, the width w3 of the ribs 32b-35b in the first region of the second separator 6 is set equal to the width w1 of the ribs 12b-15b in the first region of the first separator 5 and the width w4 of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region of the second separator 6 is set equal to the width w2 of the rib 12c-15c in the second region of the first separator 5.
The fuel cell 1 shown in
The fuel cell 1 cannot perform power generation without generating a heat associated with over-voltage or polarization. The electrolyte membrane 2 generates more heat as it becomes dry, because the resistance over-voltage increases as the electrolyte membrane 2 becomes dry. When the electrolyte membrane 2 dries and the heat generation amount increases, the electrolyte membrane 2 dries further, which makes the fuel cell 1 fall into a spiral of drying and heat generation, and as a result, the fuel cell 1 eventually stops generating power. This is the actual situation of dry-out.
To prevent dry-out of the fuel cell 1, the supplied gas should be saturated with water vapor. However, in a fuel cell power plant for a mobile object, it is not realistic to saturate the supplied gas with water vapor due to a limitation in the size of the plant. Accordingly, an upstream portion of the gas passages 16-20, 36-40 is likely to suffer dry-out.
In the first separator 5 and the second separator 6 according to this invention, the width of the ribs 12-15 and the width of the ribs 32-35 are narrowed in a step-like fashion from the upstream portion to the down stream portion with respect to the flow of gas. In other words, the width of the gas passages 16-20 and the width of the gas passages 36-40 are widened from the upstream portion to the downstream portion in a step-like fashion. As a result, in each of the upstream portions of the gas passages 16-20 and the gas passages 36-40, the exposed surface areas of the electrodes 3, 4 to the gas passages 16-20 and the gas passages 36-40 are decreased respectively, and the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 increases. As a result, the moisture content of the electrolyte membrane 2 is maintained at a higher level than that of the supplied gas. Narrowing the width of the ribs 12-15 and the ribs 32-35 from the upstream portion to the downstream portion in a step-like fashion therefore brings about a preferable effect in the prevention of dry-out.
In contrast, in the downstream portion of the gas passages 16-20 of the first separator 5 and the downstream portion of the gas passages 36-40 of the second separator 6, water vapor condenses due to over saturation and forms moisture beads. The moisture bead s thus formed block a flow of gas in the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40 and may cause so-called flooding.
The downstream portion of the gas passages 16-20 and the downstream portion of the gas passages 36-40 are formed by widening the width of the upstream portion in a step-like fashion. This rapid increase in the width of the gas passages promotes a greater moisture bead sweeping force of the flow of gas than in the case of the prior art fuel cell in which the width of the gas passages is increased gradually. Accordingly, when moisture beads block the flow of gas in the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40, the flow of gas pushes out the moisture beads from the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40. Narrowing the width of the ribs 12-15 and the ribs 32-35 in a step-like fashion from the upstream side to the downstream side with respect to the flow of gas therefore brings about a preferable effect in terms of the prevention of flooding.
In the embodiment described above, the boundary between the first region and the second region is set at a travel distance corresponding to 30 percent of the entire length L of the ribs 12-15, 32-35 from the inlet of the gas passages 16-20, 36-40 with respect to the flow of gas. However, the preferable location of the boundary changes depending on the conditions. In the diagram of
If the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40 are not straight or if they are provided with a lateral communicating passage, it will bring about an unfavorable effect on the bead sweeping performance of the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40. Further, if the width of the gas passages 16-20 or the gas passages 36-40 is set to be excessively large, the gas pressure cannot push out the moisture beads from the gas passages 16-20, 36-40 until moisture beads have built up to a great extent.
It is preferable that the first separator 5 and the second separator 6 have a simple construction. Considering the anti-dry-out performance, the drainage performance, the resistance over-voltage, and the concentration over-voltage, the number of variations in the width of each of the ribs 12-15 of the first separator 5 and the ribs 32-35 of the second separator 6, or in other words the number of rapid expansions in each of the gas passages 16-20 and the gas passages 36-40, should be set respectively to one so as to maximize the effect.
Referring to
In this embodiment, the width of the ribs 12c-15c in the second region of the first separator 5 is narrowed gradually towards the downstream side with respect to the flow of the oxidant gas. Accordingly, the width of the gas passages 16-20 in the second region increases gradually towards the downstream side. Similarly, the width of the ribs 32c-35c in the second region of the second separator 6 is narrowed gradually toward the downstream side with respect to the flow of the oxidant gas. Accordingly, the width of the gas passages 36-40 in the second region increases gradually towards the downstream side. The decrease rate of the width of the ribs 12c-15c, 32c-35c is not necessarily constant.
In this embodiment, the width of the gas passages 16-20, 36-40 widens gradually in the second region downstream of the boundary, and hence the bead sweeping force of the flow of gas is smaller than in the case of the first embodiment, but a preferable effect may be obtained in decreasing the concentration over-voltage. In this embodiment also, the moisture bead sweeping force of the flow of gas is enhanced owing to the rapid expansion provided in the gas passages 16-20, 36-40.
Referring to
In the first embodiment, the first separator 5 in
According to this embodiment, the flow direction of the gas in the gas passages 36-40 of the second separator 6 is set to be opposite to the flow direction of the gas in the gas passages 16-20 of the first separator 5. The first separator 5 is identical to that of the first embodiment.
In the second separator 6, the fuel gas is distributed from the supply manifold 41 formed in a position corresponding to the lower left corner of the second separator 6 in the figure to the gas passages 36-40 via the diffuser 42. Unused fuel gas and generated water vapor in the gas passages 36-40 are collected into the discharge manifold 44 via the collector 43. The discharge manifold 44 drains the unused fuel gas and the generated water vapor to the processing device provided outside the fuel cell 1.
According to the first embodiment, in which the flow directions of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas are identical, the ribs 12b-15b in the first region of the first separator 5 overlap the ribs 32b-35b in the first region of the second separator 6 while the ribs 12c-15c in the second region of the first separator 5 overlap the ribs 32c-35c in the second region of the second separator 6. In other words, the ribs having a smaller width overlap each other while the ribs having a larger width overlap each other. The fuel cell 1 is stacked on other fuel cells of the same construction and integrated into a fuel cell stack by stacking bolts. Observing bend or deflection of the separators 5, 6, it is understood that stress concentrates in a region where the ribs 12c-15c overlap the ribs 32c-35c in the second region.
According to this embodiment, a so-called countercurrent system in which the fuel gas and the oxidant gas are set to flow in opposite directions is employed, and hence the ribs 12b-15b in the first region of the first separator 5 overlap the ribs 32c-35c in the second region of the second separator 6 while the ribs 12c-15c in the second region of the first separator 5 overlap the ribs 32b-35b in the first region of the second separator 6 in a state where the separators 5, 6 are stacked in the fuel cell 1. According to this arrangement, stress is prevented from concentrating in a specific part of the fuel cell 1 when it is integrated into a fuel cell stack by the stacking bolts. This embodiment brings about a preferable effect in preventing the gas diffusion layer from breaking due to stress concentration.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The construction of the gas passages 16-20 described above may be applied to the gas passages 36-40 of the second separator 6.
Referring to
This embodiment differs from the fourth embodiment in that the step 17c is further provided with an upward projection 17d. With respect to the other components, this embodiment is identical to the fourth embodiment.
The upward projection 17d is formed in addition to the projections 12d-15d and the projections 12e-15e of the fourth embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, the cross-sectional area of the gas passages 16-20 is narrowed from two directions whereas it is narrowed from three directions in this embodiment by providing the upward projections 17d. According to this embodiment, the orifice effect is further enhanced with respect to the fourth embodiment and the moisture bead sweeping force of the flow of gas in the gas passage 16-20 is also further enhanced.
The construction of the gas passages 16-20 described above may be applied to the gas passages 36-40 of the second separator 6.
The step 17c and the upward projection 17d shown in
The contents of Tokugan 2007-210726, with a filing date of Aug. 13, 2007 in Japan, and Tokugan 2008-152614, with a filing date of Jun. 11, 2008 in Japan, are hereby incorporated by reference. Although the invention has been described above with reference to certain embodiments, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Modifications and variations of the embodiments described above will occur to those skilled in the art, within the scope of the claims.
For example, in the embodiments described above, the width of the gas passages is varied by varying the width of the ribs, but it is also possible to form the ribs to have a constant width such that the rapid expansion is formed by laminating another component to the ribs having a constant width.
The embodiments of this invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-210726 | Aug 2007 | JP | national |
| 2008-152614 | Jun 2008 | JP | national |
