Patent Application
20110143233
The present invention relates to fuel cell systems, and more particularly to fuel cell systems that optimally control an amount of liquid component in a gas-liquid fluid mixture discharged from fuel cells, and their control methods.
Electronic devices are rapidly becoming portable and cordless. In line with this trend, a demand for small and light secondary batteries with high energy density has been increasing. In addition to small batteries for commercial use, development of technology for large secondary batteries for power storage and electric vehicles that require long durability and safety has also been encouraged. Furthermore, fuel cells that can be used continuously for a long duration by supplying fuel is drawing more attention than secondary batteries that require charging.
A fuel cell at least includes a fuel cell stack including cell stack, fuel feeder for supplying fuel to the cell stack, and oxidant feeder for supplying oxidant. In the cell stack, a membrane-electrode assembly of an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolytic film between these electrodes, and a separator are laminated. An end plate is disposed at both ends in the laminating direction.
As a typical fuel cell stack of this type, a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been developed. In DMFC, methanol solution is used as fuel, and oxygen in the air is used as oxidant. As a result, carbon dioxide that is a reaction product, a solution of unreacted methanol that is remaining fuel, and water are discharged. In mobile devices, discharged solution is generally returned to the fuel feeder. On the other hand, nitrogen and unreacted oxygen passing through the cathode electrode are discharged from the cathode electrode, in addition to water and steam that are reactive products. In a fuel cell system, water is needed for reaction at the anode electrode. Therefore, water generated at the cathode electrode is returned to the fuel feeder for reuse. In this way, portability of fuel cell system is improved by using recycled liquid component discharged from the fuel cell stack.
However, if the liquid component is directly returned to the fuel feeder, it becomes difficult to generate power in the fuel cell system at optimal fuel concentration.
A method that is generally adopted is to store the liquid component in a tank after separating gas and liquid components, instead of directly returning the liquid component to the fuel feeder, and supply a required amount of liquid component to the fuel feeder. Accordingly, it becomes important to control an amount of liquid stored in the tank.
One disclosed method controls an amount of collected water by collecting agglutinated steam so as to retain the amount of liquid within a predetermined range in a mixing tank for mixing fuel for the fuel cell unit and water (e.g., Patent Literature 1). This method prevents an overflow of fuel solution supplied to the fuel cell unit from the mixing tank.
However, the fuel cell unit disclosed in Patent Literature 1 requires a water-collecting tank and a mixing tank. This makes it difficult to downsize and reduce weight of the fuel cell system. In addition, in Patent Literature 1, an amount of liquid in the mixing tank is detected by a liquid level sensor, and an amount of water collected to the water-collecting tank is adjusted by controlling output power of a cooling fan and air-feeding pump, so as to retain the amount of liquid within the predetermined range and control the amount of liquid in the mixing tank. However, if a temperature of water collected to the water-collecting tank is high, the amount of collected water may reduce such as by evaporation. This cannot be detected and controlled. Accordingly, a timely water supply may become difficult although the amount of liquid in the mixing tank increases or decreases.
Patent Literature 1 also specifies that steam discharged from the fuel cell is concentrated by a condenser using a cooling fan, and is collected as water (liquid). If the amount of water collected to the water-collecting tank is large, water may overflow from the water-collecting tank. However, no detection means or measures are further disclosed.
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2006-107786
The present invention offers a fuel cell system for optimally controlling an amount and temperature of liquid component stored in a gas-liquid separator, and its control method.
The fuel cell system of the present invention includes a fuel cell, a pump for supplying gas containing oxygen to the fuel cell, and a gas-liquid separator for separating a liquid component from a gas-liquid fluid mixture discharged at least from a cathode of the fuel cell and storing this liquid component. The fuel cell system also includes a cooler for cooling the liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator, and a temperature detector for measuring temperature of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator. The fuel cell system further includes a liquid level detector for measuring an amount of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator, and a controller for controlling a flow rate of gas from the pump and heat discharge by the cooler. The controller at least controls heat discharge by the cooler or a flow rate of gas supplied from the pump based on an output of the temperature detector and an output of the liquid level detector.
With this structure, an amount of liquid stored in the gas-liquid separator can be controlled using two parameters: The heat discharge by the cooler and the flow rate of gas supplied from the pump, based on a liquid temperature. This achieves the fuel cell system with high control accuracy and high fuel-use efficiency. In addition, since the amount of liquid can be optimally controlled, a fuel cell system with good portability can be realized.
A control method for a fuel cell system of the present invention is a method of controlling the fuel cell system that controls an amount of liquid component stored in a gas-liquid separator. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a pump for supplying gas containing oxygen to the fuel cell, a gas-liquid separator for separating a liquid component from a gas-liquid fluid mixture discharged at least from a cathode side of the fuel cell and storing this liquid component, and a cooler for cooling the liquid stored in the gas-liquid separator. A temperature of liquid component and amount of liquid component are controlled using at least a heat discharge by the cooler or a flow rate of gas supplied from the pump by measuring temperature of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator, and measuring an amount of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator.
This control method enables an accurate control of the amount of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator, based on the liquid temperature, using two parameters: The heat discharge by the cooler and the flow rate of gas supplied from the pump.
The present invention thus offers the fuel cell system with high fuel-use efficiency and good portability by optimally controlling the amount of liquid component stored in the gas-liquid separator, and its control method.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below, taking a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) as an example, with reference to drawings. The present invention is not limited to the description below, and may be practiced or embodied in still other ways without departing from essential character thereof.
An outline of the fuel cell system and the operation of the fuel cell are described below with reference to
As shown in
The structure and operation of fuel cell 1 are briefly described below. As shown in
MEA 24 is configured by laminating anode electrode 21, cathode electrode 22, and electrolytic film 23 between anode electrode 21 and cathode electrode 22. Anode electrode 21 is configured by laminating diffusion layer 21A, microporous layer (MPL) 21B, and catalyst layer 21C from endplate 25 at the anode side. In the same way, cathode electrode 22 is configured by laminating diffusion layer 22A, microporous layer (MPL) 22B, and catalyst layer 22C from end plate 26 at the cathode side. Furthermore, positive terminal 2 is electrically coupled to cathode electrode 22, and negative terminal 3 is electrically coupled to anode electrode 21, respectively.
Diffusion layers 21A and 22A are typically made of carbon paper, carbon felt, or carbon cloth. MPL 21B and MPL 22B are typically configured with polytetrafluoroethylene or copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene and carbon. Catalyst layers 21C and 22C are formed by high dispersion of catalyst appropriate for each electrode reaction, such as platinum and ruthenium, on the carbon surface, and binding this catalytic mixture with a binder. Electrolytic film 23 is an ion exchange film transmitting hydrogen ions, such as copolymer of perfluorosulfonic acid and tetrafluoroethylene. End plate 25 at the anode side, end plate 26 at the cathode side, and the separator are typically made of a carbon material or stainless steel. Fuel passage 25A for passing fuel is provided on anode electrode 21, and gas passage 26A for passing gas such as oxidant is provided on cathode electrode 22, typically by creating a groove.
The operation of fuel cell 1 as configured above is described next. As shown in
CH3OH+H2O→CO2+6H++6e- (1)
3/2O2+6H++6e-→3H2O (2)
As a result, power is generated. At the same time, carbon dioxide is generated at the side of anode electrode 21, and gas-liquid fluid mixture, such as water, is generated at the side of cathode electrode 22 as reaction products, respectively. Each of reaction products is supplied to gas-liquid separator 10 shown in
As described above, the liquid component, such as water, discharged from fuel cell 1 is circulated via gas-liquid separator 10 so that concentration of methanol solution, which is fuel, can be adjusted. As a result, the need for supplying water from outside can be eliminated, and the need for discharging (disposing of) water, which is a reaction product, outside can be eliminated. Accordingly, the present invention improves portability of fuel cell system, and the use efficiency of fuel.
To efficiently circulate liquid such as water via aforementioned gas-liquid separator 10, it is important to retain an output of liquid collected to gas-liquid separator 10 within a predetermined range so as to supply water to pump 5 without causing overflow or dry-up liquid. This is because if the amount of liquid, which is liquid quantity or stored quantity, becomes excessive, the liquid will leak from gas-liquid separator 10. If the stored liquid quantity becomes scarce, the concentration of fuel supplied to the anode electrode becomes unadjustable.
A structure of gas-liquid separator 10 and a control method of retaining the amount of liquid collected within a predetermined range are detailed below.
The structure of gas-liquid separator in this exemplary embodiment is detailed below with reference to
As shown in
Gas-liquid separation film 31 provided on the top face of tank 30 separates a gas component, such as carbon dioxide and steam, and the liquid component, such as water, are separated, and excess gas component is emitted outside in the gas state. At the same time, liquid 38 is stored in tank 30. Liquid 38 stored in tank 30 is supplied to an inlet of pump 5 via a valve (not illustrate) provided on discharge pipe 32C.
Controller 7 controls a liquid supply amount by opening and closing this valve, so as to adjust the concentration of methanol solution, which is fuel supplied to the anode electrode. In addition, processor 7A in controller 7 executes arithmetic processing to retain the amount of liquid in tank 30 within a predetermined range based on information on temperature and amount of liquid detected by temperature detector 34 and liquid level detector 36.
Gas-liquid separation film 31 is typically configured with a porous sheet of fluorine resin, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PFA), or copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP). A cloth, paper, or nonwoven fabric sheet made of carbon fiber coated with fluorine resin may also be used. Tank 30 is configured with insulating material, such as resin and ceramic.
Temperature detector 34 is typically configured with a thermistor, and is disposed at a position where at least stored liquid 38 exists. Temperature detector 34 may be provided on the outer side face of tank 30, but is preferably disposed inside tank 30 at a position directly contacting liquid 38. This improves detection accuracy of the temperature of liquid 38.
Liquid level detector 36 is configured with, as shown in
The amount of liquid 38 in tank 30 is controlled, as shown in
The fuel cell system in the exemplary embodiment is configured as described above. Next is described a control method for the fuel cell system in the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and more particularly a control method of retaining the amount of liquid stored in the gas-liquid separator within a predetermined range, with reference to
As shown in
Next, whether or not measured temperature (detected temperature) is less than a set abnormal temperature of the fuel cell used is determined (Step S42). If the temperature is above the set abnormal temperature (No in Step S42), the operation of fuel cell system is stopped (Step S100). For example, in case of the fuel cell of DMFC, its operating temperature is generally 55° C. to 80° C., and thus the set abnormal temperature is, for example, 85° C.
Next, if the measured temperature is not greater than the set abnormal temperature (Yes in Step S42), the liquid level detector measures an amount of liquid (fluid volume) in the tank (Step S43).
Next, whether or not the measured amount of liquid is within a range between a lower limit and upper limit is determined (Step S44). If the amount of liquid is below the lower limit or above the upper limit, Step A shown in
Next, if the measured amount of liquid is within the range between the lower limit and the upper limit (Yes in Step S44), the controller calculates a deviation between a target amount of liquid and detected amount of liquid in the tank (Step S45). At the same time, the controller calculates a deviation between the target temperature (e.g., 60° C.) and detected temperature of liquid in the tank (Step S46). The target amount of liquid may be set around the middle, for example, of lower limit and upper limit of liquid stored in the tank in order to take a large margin in the control range. The target temperature is typically set to 60° C. taking into account evaporation of liquid in the tank and operating temperature of fuel cell.
Based on deviations calculated in Step S45 and Step S46, heat discharge by cooler (Step S47) and gas supply amount (Step S48) are adjusted.
An amount and temperature of liquid stored in the tank are controlled in accordance with the above steps so as to supply fuel with optimal concentration to the anode electrode of the fuel cell system. An amount and temperature of liquid in the tank may be controlled at a predetermined time interval or continuously. However, to suppress power consumption by control, it is preferable to control at short intervals if ambient temperature and humidity around the fuel cell system greatly change, and at long intervals if changes are small.
The above steps prevent overflow and leakage of liquid from the tank where the liquid component of the gas-liquid separated fluid discharged from the fuel cell is stored. Since the liquid in the tank will not run dry, the fuel with optimal concentration can be supplied to the anode electrode.
The above control method for the fuel cell system is preferable in the normal state. However, in case of emergency, such as No in Step S44 in
The control method for the fuel cell system in emergency occasions is detailed below with reference to
First, as shown in
Next, if the amount of liquid in the tank is within the range between the upper limit and the uppermost limit (Yes in Step S49), temperature detector 34 measures temperature of liquid in the tank, and determines whether or not detected temperature of liquid in the tank is below a predetermined lower-limit temperature (Step S50). Here, the lower-limit temperature is set to, for example, 55° C. taking into account power generation efficiency of the fuel cell system.
Next, if the detected temperature of liquid in the tank is below the lower-limit temperature (Yes in Step S50), driving of cooler 12, such as a cooling fan, for cooling the tank is stopped (Step S51). At the same time, gas is supplied to cathode electrode 22 of the fuel cell at the upper-limit flow rate from pump 6 for supplying gas that becomes oxidant, such as air (Step S52). In this case, the upper-limit flow rate is typically the maximum supply amount within a control range of gas flow rate supplied by the pump.
On the other hand, if the detected temperature is not less than the lower-limit temperature (No in Step S50), the target temperature of liquid is set to the upper-limit temperature (e.g., 80° C.) (Step S53). Then, the controller calculates a deviation between the target temperature (upper-limit temperature) and measured detected liquid temperature (Step S54).
Next, based on the deviation calculated in Step S54, cooler 12 for cooling tank 30 is controlled in a decrease mode for heat discharge (Step S55). At the same time, an amount of gas supplied to cathode electrode 22 of the fuel cell is controlled in an increase mode (Step S56). More specifically, a wind volume of the cooling fan of cooler 12 for cooling tank 30 is reduced to decrease heat discharge. At the same time, a gas supply amount to cathode electrode 22 of the fuel cell is increased. In the decrease mode, heat discharge is controlled within a range below the initial heat discharge set at an initial use of the fuel cell system and the minimum heat discharge by the cooler. For example, the PID control is applied to adjust decrease of heat discharge within the control range based on the deviation with the target temperature. In the increase mode for gas supply, a supply amount is adjusted within a range above the initial supply amount set at the initial use of the fuel cell system and the maximum supply amount from the pump. In addition, the gas supply is adjusted within a range that no significant temperature drop occurs due to increased gas supply.
The above control is effective when the liquid temperature is low in the state that more liquid than necessary is stored in the tank. In other words, the above control is effective when there is a high possibility of overflow or leakage of liquid from the tank by gas-liquid separated fluid discharged from the fuel cell due to small liquid evaporation. More specifically, an amount of liquid stored in the tank is reduced by stopping the operation of cooling fan of the cooler or operating the cooling fan in the decrease mode so as to enhance liquid evaporation. In addition, an amount of gas-liquid separated fluid discharged from the cathode electrode can be reduced by controlling a supply amount of gas, such as air, in the increase mode, so as to supply gas close to the upper limit.
As shown in
Next, if the amount of liquid is within a range between the lowermost limit and the lower limit (Yes in Step S57), the temperature detector measures the liquid temperature in the tank to determine whether or not the detected temperature of tank liquid exceeds a predetermined upper-limit temperature (Step S58). The upper-limit temperature is set to, for example, 80° C., taking into account evaporation of the tank liquid.
Next, if the liquid temperature exceeds the upper-limit temperature (Yes in Step S58), air volume of cooling fan, which is a cooler for cooling the tank, is typically set to the maximum in order to maximize heat discharge (Step S59). At the same time, gas from the pump for supplying gas that becomes oxidant, such as air, to the cathode of fuel cell is supplied at a lower-limit flow rate (Step S60). The lower-limit flow rate is, for example, the minimum supply amount within a control range of flow rate of gas supplied by the pump.
On the other hand, if the liquid temperature is below the upper-limit temperature (No in Step S58), the target liquid temperature is set to the lower-limit temperature (e.g., 55° C.) (Step S61). Then, the controller calculates a deviation between the target temperature (lower-limit temperature) and the measured detected temperature of liquid (Step S62).
Next, based on the deviation calculated in Step S62, heat discharge by the cooler for cooling the tank is controlled in an increase mode (Step S63), and gas supplied to the cathode of fuel cell is controlled in a decrease mode (Step S64). More specifically, a wind volume of the cooling fan of the cooler for cooling the tank is increased so as to increase heat discharge. At the same time, an amount of gas supplied to the cathode of the fuel cell is reduced. In the increase mode, heat discharge is controlled within a range above the initial heat discharge set at an initial use of the fuel cell system and less than the maximum heat discharge by the cooler. For example, the PID control is applied to adjust increase of heat discharge within a control range based on the deviation with the target temperature. In the decrease mode for gas supply, a supply amount is adjusted within a range below the initial supply amount set at the initial use of the fuel cell system and the minimum supply amount from the pump. In addition, a gas supply is adjusted within a range that does not cause a significant temperature rise due to decreased gas supply.
The above control is effective when there is a high possibility of exhaustion of liquid even if the gas-liquid separated fluid discharged from the fuel cell is supplied to the tank, due to a high liquid temperature, i.e., a high liquid evaporation, in a state that the liquid in the tank is almost exhausted. In other words, liquid evaporation is suppressed so as to increase an amount of liquid stored in the tank by maximizing heat discharge by the cooler or operating the cooler in the increase mode. In addition, an amount of gas-liquid separated fluid, such as water, discharged from the cathode electrode can be increased by controlling the supply amount of gas, such as air, in the decrease mode so as to supply gas at a flow rate close to the lower limit.
The control illustrated in
First, whether or not the amount of liquid in the tank is below the lowermost limit is determined (Step S65).
If the amount of liquid is below the lowermost limit (Yes in Step S65), the operation of fuel cell system is stopped (Step S100).
If the amount of liquid is above the lowermost limit (No in Step S65), the amount of liquid in the tank is determined to be the amount of uppermost limit (Step S66), and the operation of the fuel cell system is also stopped (S100).
As detailed above, the amount of liquid in the tank of the gas-liquid separator can be accurately controlled by the use of two parameters: A heat discharge by wind volume of the cooler, such as a cooling fan, and a supply amount of gas (gas flow rate) by the pump for supplying gas, such as air, based on the detected liquid temperature. Also in an emergency occasion, the amount of liquid can be controlled to within a use range in a short period. Accordingly, the fuel cell system with high reliability and good portability can be achieved.
The exemplary embodiment refers to an example of DMFC. However, the present invention is not limited to DMFC. The structure of the present invention is applicable to any fuel cell using a power-generating element same as a cell stack. For example, the present invention is also applicable to a so-called polymer solid electrolyte fuel cell and methanol reforming fuel cell using hydrogen as fuel.
Still more, the exemplary embodiment refers to an example of controlling an amount of tank liquid basically when the fuel cell system is installed on a flat surface. However, the present invention is not limited to the flat surface. For example, a tilt sensor may be built in the fuel cell system, and the amount of liquid is corrected by a tank tilting level detected by this tilt sensor to execute the same processes. This remarkably reduces limitations in use areas typically for mobile devices, increasing a range of application.
Still more, the exemplary embodiment refers to a capacitance sensor that detects an amount of liquid by electrostatic capacitance as the liquid level detector. However, the present invention is not limited to the capacitance sensor. For example, a float-type sensor may be used for detecting the amount of liquid.
Still more, the exemplary embodiment refers to an example of providing electrodes on the entire opposing side faces of the tank as the liquid level detector. However, the present is not limited to this structure. For example, electrodes that are divided to multiple numbers, such as dual partitioning, may be formed, and they may be used as a detector for both amount of liquid and tilting level based on measured electrostatic capacitance between opposing electrodes. More specifically, if liquid level detector 36 is divided to left and right in
Furthermore, the exemplary embodiment refers to the cooling fan as the cooler. However, the present invention is not limited to the cooling fan. For example, a Peltier device may be used as the cooler. To further improve the heat discharge efficiency or cooling efficiency, a cooling fin may be provided on the side face of tank.
The present invention offers a highly-reliable and safe fuel cell system with long service life, and its control method. Accordingly, the present invention is effectively applicable as a power source for electronic equipment that particularly requires compactness and mobile feature.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-233202 | Sep 2008 | JP | national |
This application is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/JP2009/004154, filed on Aug. 27, 2009, which in turn claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 2008-233202, filed on Sep. 11, 2008, the disclosures of which Applications are incorporated by reference herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/004154 | 8/27/2009 | WO | 00 | 2/1/2011 |
