Patent Application
20060292411
The present invention relates to a fuel cell system, and more particularly, to a fuel cell system capable of enhancing a performance of a fuel cell by accelerating a reaction speed of a fuel cell.
In general, a fuel cell system has been proposed as a substitution of fossil fuel and differently from a general cell (a second cell), it supplies fuel (hydrogen or hydrocarbon) to an anode and supplies oxygen to a cathode. Thus, the fuel cell system undergoes an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen without a combustion reaction (oxidation reaction) of fuel and thereby directly converts an energy difference between before and after a reaction into electric energy.
As shown in
A fuel pump 112 for pumping fuel stored in the fuel tank 108 is installed between the fuel tank 108 and the anode 102 of the fuel cell stack 106.
As oxidant supplied to the cathode 104, oxygen-including air is used. The oxidant supplying unit 110 comprises: an air compressor 114 for supplying air to the cathode 104 of the fuel cell stack 106; an air filter 116 for filtering air supplied to the fuel cell stack 106; and a humidifier 118 for humidifying air supplied to the fuel cell stack 106.
Processes for generating electric energy by supplying fuel to the conventional fuel cell will be explained as follows.
When the fuel pump 112 is operated by a control signal of a controller (not shown), fuel stored in the fuel tank 108 is pumped thus to be supplied to the anode 102 of the fuel cell stack 106. Also, when the air compressor 114 is operated, air filtered by the air filter 116 passes through the humidifier 118 thus to be humidified and is supplied to the cathode 104 of the fuel cell stack 106.
Once fuel and air are supplied to the fuel cell stack 106, an electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen is performed in the anode 102 and an electrochemical deoxidation of oxygen is performed in the cathode 104 in a state that the electrolyte membrane (not shown) is interposed between the anode 102 and the cathode 104. At this time, electricity is generated due to movement of generated electrons, and is supplied to a load 120.
That is, an electrochemical oxidation reaction of hydrogen such as BH4−+8OH−->BO2−+6H2O+8e− is generated in the anode 102 and ions generated by oxidation/deoxidation reaction are transmitted to the cathode 104 through the electrolyte membrane. Also, an electrochemical deoxidation reaction of oxygen such as 2O2+4H2O+8e−->8OH− is generated in the cathode 104. Accordingly, a total reaction is BH4−+2O2->2H2O+BO2−.
In the fuel cell system, temperature of fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell stack 106 greatly influence on a performance of a fuel cell. Accordingly, an additional heating unit for increasing temperature of fuel supplied to the anode 102 from the fuel tank 108 and air supplied to the cathode 104 from the air supplying unit 110 into a certain temperature is provided.
However, in the conventional fuel cell system, an additional heating unit for heating fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell stack has to be provided, and current generated from the fuel cell has to be used in order to drive the heating unit, thereby increasing a consumption power.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell system requiring no power source for driving a heating unit by heating fuel and air using hydrogen generated from a fuel cell stack and thereby capable of enhancing a performance of a fuel cell.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell system capable of enhancing a performance of a fuel cell by increasing temperature of fuel by using reaction heat generated at the time of fuel mixing and thereby requiring no heating unit for increasing temperature of the fuel and a power source for driving the heating unit.
To achieve these objects, there is provided a fuel cell system comprising: a fuel cell stack including an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed therebetween; a fuel supplying unit connected with the anode of the fuel cell stack by a fuel supplying line for supplying hydrogen-including fuel to the anode; an air supplying unit connected with the cathode of the fuel cell stack by an air supplying line for supplying oxygen-including air to the cathode of the fuel cell stack; and a heating unit for heating fuel supplied to the fuel cell stack into a proper temperature.
The heating unit is connected to the anode of the fuel cell stack by a hydrogen supplying line and is composed of a hydrogen combustor for heating fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell stack into a proper level by using hydrogen generated from the anode after reaction.
The hydrogen combustor is constituted with a housing for respectively passing fuel supplied to the anode of the fuel cell stack and air supplied to the cathode; a blowing fan installed at the housing for blowing external air into the housing; and a heat generating unit installed in the housing and for heating fuel and air which pass through inside of the housing by generating heat after reaction with hydrogen generated from the anode of the fuel cell stack.
The heating unit is composed of a fuel kit for supplying fuel powder to a fuel tank before operating a fuel cell in order to increase temperature of fuel by using heat generated when fuel powder is mixed with water stored in the fuel tank of the fuel supplying unit.
The fuel kit is composed of a container for storing fuel powder; and an open/close unit installed at an inlet of the container for opening the inlet of the container at the time of supplying the fuel powder to the fuel tank.
The heating unit is composed of a thermoelectric module for heating fuel supplied to the anode of the fuel cell stack from the fuel tank of the fuel supplying unit.
A fuel cell system according to the present invention will be explained in more detail as follows.
Even if the fuel cell system according to the present invention can have plural embodiments, the most preferable embodiment will be explained hereinafter.
The fuel cell system according to the present invention comprises: a fuel cell stack 6 that an anode 2 and a cathode 4 are stacked with plural numbers in order to generate electric energy by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a state an electrolyte membrane is disposed therebetween; a fuel tank 8 for storing fuel supplied to the anode 2; an air supplying unit 10 for supplying oxygen-including air to the cathode 4; a fuel recycling apparatus for recycling fuel exhausted from the fuel cell stack 6 into the fuel tank 8; and a heating unit 12, a hydrogen combustor for heating fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell stack 6.
The fuel tank 8 stores aqueous solution of NaBH4, and is connected with the anode 2 of the fuel cell stack 6 by a fuel supplying line 14. At one side of the fuel supplying line 14, a fuel pump 16 for pumping fuel stored in the fuel tank 8 is installed.
The air supplying unit 10 comprises: an air supplying line 18 for inducing atmospheric air to the cathode 4 of the fuel cell stack 8; an air filter 20 installed at an inlet of the air supplying line 18 for filtering air sucked into the air supplying line 18; an air pump 22 installed at one side of the air supplying line 18 for generating a suction power for sucking external air; and a humidifier 24 for humidifying air sucked by the air pump 22. A water tank 26 for supplying water to the humidifier 24 is installed at the humidifier 24.
When hydrogen-including fuel and oxygen-including air are respectively supplied to the anode 2 and the cathode 4 of the fuel cell stack 6 from the fuel tank 8 and the air supplying unit 10, a following reaction is performed in the fuel cell stack 6 thus to generate current.
That is, in the anode 2, an electrochemical oxidation reaction BH4−+8OH−->BO2−+6H2O+8e− is performed thus to transmit ions generated from oxidation and deoxidation reaction to the cathode 4 through the electrolyte membrane, and in the cathode 4, an electrochemical deoxidation reaction of the supplied air 2O2+4H2O+8e−->8OH− is performed.
Accordingly, a total reaction is expressed as BH4−+2O2->2H2O+BO2−.
While these reactions are performed, a side reaction such as 2H2O+NaBH4->NaBO2+4H2 is simultaneously performed in the anode 2.
The fuel recycling includes a gas/liquid separator 26 for separating fuel exhausted after reaction in the anode 2 and the cathode 4 into gas and liquid, a fuel recycling line 28 for recycling fuel of a liquid state exhausted from the gas/liquid separator 26 into the fuel tank 8, and a recycling pump 30 installed at the fuel recycling line 28 for pumping recycled liquid fuel to the fuel tank 8.
The NaBO2+4H2 generated after reaction in the anode 2 of the fuel cell stack 6 is divided into gas and liquid by the gas/liquid separator 26. As the result, water and NaBO2 are recycled to the fuel tank 8 through the fuel recycling line 28, whereas hydrogen is exhausted outside. The hydrogen exhausted from the gas/liquid separator 26 is supplied to the heating unit 12 through the hydrogen supplying line 32 thus to be used as a heat source of the heating unit 12.
As shown in
The housing 50 is formed as a cylindrical shape having a certain diameter and height, and a division body 56 of a cylindrical shape having a diameter smaller than that of the housing 50 is installed in the housing 50 with a constant interval from an inner circumferential surface of the housing 50. A plurality of exhaustion holes 58 for exhausting gas which has finished a heating operation outside are formed at an upper portion of the housing 50, and the heat generating unit 54 and the blowing fan 52 are installed at a lower portion of the housing 50.
A fuel pipe 60 is arranged as a coil form inside the division body 56, and an air pipe 62 is arranged as a coil form outside the division body 56.
Since gas heated by passing through the heat generating unit 54 passes through inside of the division body 56, the fuel pipe 60 is in directly contact with gas thus to be heated and the air pipe 62 is in indirectly contact with gas through the division body 56 thus to be heated. Accordingly, fuel of a liquid state and air of a gas state are heated into the same temperature.
One end portion of the fuel pipe 60 is connected with a fuel inlet 64, and another end portion thereof is connected to a fuel outlet 66. One end portion of the air pipe 62 is connected to an air inlet 68, and another end portion thereof is connected to an air outlet 70.
Also, the fuel inlet 64 and the fuel outlet 66 are respectively connected with the fuel supplying line 14, and the air inlet 68 and the air outlet 70 are respectively connected with the air supplying line 18 which connects the air filter 20 and the humidifier 24.
The blowing fan 52 mounted at the lower portion of the housing 50 uses current generated from the fuel cell stack 6 as a power source, blows external air into the housing 50 and the heat generating unit 54.
Herein, a power source used at the blowing fan 52 is too less thus to scarcely influence on a performance of the fuel cell system 6.
The heat generating unit 54 is installed at the lower portion of the housing 50 and is formed as a honeycomb type that a catalyst 80 is attached to inside thereof. An igniter for igniting (not shown) is installed at one side of the heat generating unit 54, and the heat generating unit 54 is connected with the hydrogen supplying line 32 thus to be provided with hydrogen from the gas/liquid separator 26. The heat generating unit 54 generates heat by a following operation. First, oxygen-including air blown by the blowing fan 52 is introduced into a lower portion of the heat generating unit 54 and hydrogen is supplied from the gas/liquid separator 26 through the hydrogen supplying line 32. Under this state, ignition is performed in the igniter and thereby a reaction among oxygen, hydrogen, and a catalyst is performed in the heat generating unit 54. According to this, the heat generating unit generates heat. Herein, the used catalyst is preferably a platinum catalyst.
The heating unit 12 is provided with a controller for maintaining temperature of the heated air and fuel as a proper level and thereby supplying to the fuel cell stack 6.
The controller is composed of a temperature sensor 72 installed at one side of the hydrogen combustor, the heating unit, for detecting temperature of the hydrogen combustor; a hydrogen supply amount controller 76 installed at the hydrogen supplying line 32 for controlling a hydrogen amount supplied to the hydrogen combustor; and a controller 74 for controlling the hydrogen supply amount controller 76 according to a signal applied from the temperature sensor 72.
Operation of the fuel cell provided with the heating unit according to one embodiment of the present invention will be explained as follows.
Hydrogen-including NaBH4 is supplied to the anode 2 and at the same time oxygen-including air is supplied to the cathode 4 thus to be reacted with the electrolyte membrane, thereby forming ions. While the ions causes an electrochemical reaction thus to form water, electrons are generated in the anode 2 and moves to the cathode 4 thus to generate electricity.
This will be explained in more detail as follows. In the anode 2, an electrochemical oxidation reaction BH4−+8OH−->BO2−+6H2O+8e− is performed, and in the cathode 4, an electrochemical deoxidation reaction of the supplied air 2O2+4H2O+8e−->8OH− is performed.
While these reactions are performed, a side reaction such as 2H2O+NaBH4->NaBO2+4H2 is performed in the anode 2 thus to generate hydrogen (4H2) in fuel (aqueous solution of NaBH4). According to this, the generated hydrogen is exhausted from the anode 2 with the NaBO2. At this time, the NaBO2 and hydrogen exhausted from an outlet of the anode 2 pass through the gas/liquid separator 26 thus to be separated into gas and liquid. In this process, water and NaBO2 of a liquid state are recycled into the fuel tank 8 through the fuel recycling line 28, whereas hydrogen of a gas state is supplied to the heating unit 12 through the hydrogen supplying line 42. The heating unit 12 uses the supplied hydrogen thus to heat fuel and air into a proper level.
That is, when oxygen-including air is blown to inside of the housing 50 by the blowing fan 52 and hydrogen exhausted from the gas/liquid separator 26 is supplied to the heat generating unit 54, the hydrogen, the oxygen, and the catalyst installed at the heat generating unit 54 react reciprocally thus to generate heat in the heating unit 12.
By the heat generation in the heat generating unit 54, air blown to inside of the housing 50 by the blowing fan 52 is heated and the heated air passes through inside of the housing 50 thus to heat the fuel pipe 60 and the air pipe 62. Then, air which has finished the heating operation is exhausted outside through the exhaustion holes 58.
Herein, the air heated by passing through the heat generating unit 54 directly heats the fuel pipe 60 and indirectly heats the air pipe 62 by the division body 56, so that fuel of a liquid state passing through the fuel pipe 60 and air of a gas state passing through the air pipe 62 have the almost same temperature each other and are respectively supplied to the anode 2 and the cathode 4.
The heating unit according to the second embodiment is to increase temperature of fuel into a proper level by using reaction heat generated when fuel powder is mixed with water stored in the fuel tank 8 before operating the fuel cell. The heating unit is composed of a fuel kit 200 for storing fuel powder; and a blade 202 installed at one side of the fuel tank 8 for well mixing fuel powder with water when fuel powder is supplied into the fuel tank 8 from the fuel kit 200.
As shown in
The open/close unit 208 is constituted with a cap body 212 hermetically mounted at the inlet 206 of the container and provided with a valve seat 210 therein; a valve plate 216 contacting the valve seat 210 or separated from the valve seat 210 for performing an open/close operation; a stopping plate 224 connected with the valve plate 216 by a connection rod 218 and stopped by the fuel supplying unit 220 formed at the upper surface of the fuel tank 8, for separating the valve plate 216 from the valve seat 210; and a spring 226 installed at the stopping plate 224 and the valve seat 210 for providing an elasticity force by which the valve plate 216 is adhered to the valve seat 210.
The valve plate 216 is preferably formed as a ‘V’ shape in order to be easily adhered to the valve seat 210.
Also, as shown in
The fuel supplying unit 220 is protruding from an upper portion of the fuel tank 8 as a cylindrical shape. When the stopping plate 224 is stopped at an upper surface of the fuel supplying unit 220, the fuel kit 200 is opened to supply fuel powder into the fuel tank 8.
Operation of the open/close unit 208 will be explained. First, when the cap body 212 is inserted into the fuel supplying unit 220 of the fuel tank 8, the stopping plate 224 is stopped at the upper surface of the fuel supplying unit 220 thus to move the connection rod 218 upwardly and to separate the valve plate 216 from the valve seat 210. Then, fuel powder stored in the container 204 is supplied into the fuel tank 8 through the fuel supplying unit 220 thus to be mixed with water.
The fuel powder in the fuel kit 200 is powder that NaOH and BH4 are properly mixed each other. When the NaOH is mixed with water, a reaction is performed as a following reaction formula and heat is generated.
Reaction formula: NaOH+H2O->NaOH(H2O)+9˜13 kcal/mol
The blade 202 is rotatably installed at a lower side of the fuel tank 8 and connected with a driving motor 230 for generating a driving force by a rotation shaft 232, thereby being rotated by a rotation of the driving motor 230 and mixing water stored in the fuel tank 8 with NaOH and BH4 powder supplied to the fuel tank 8.
Operation of the fuel cell system according to the present invention will be explained as follows.
First, before driving the fuel cell, NaOH and BH4 powder are supplied to the fuel tank 8 thus to prepare fuel aqueous solution. At this time, water stored in the fuel tank 8 is mixed with the fuel powder thus to generate heat.
That is, when the fuel kit 200 where the NaOH and BH4 powder are stored is mounted at the fuel supplying unit 220 of the fuel tank 8, the open/close unit 208 mounted at the inlet 206 of the container is operated in the same way as the aforementioned way. According to this, the inlet 206 of the container is opened thus to supply the NaOH and BH4 powder stored in the container 204 to the fuel tank.
Then, as shown in the reaction formula: NaOH+H2O->NaOH (H2O)+9˜13 kcal/mol, water is reacted with NaOH thus to increase temperature of fuel into a constant temperature. At this time, the blade 202 is rotated in order to make the water be well mixed with the NaOH and BH4 powder.
The operation for increasing temperature of fuel will be explained by experimental data. As shown in
When the above process for increasing temperature of fuel has been finished, the fuel pump 16 is operated thus to supply fuel from the fuel tank 8 to the anode 2 and at the same time the air pump 22 is operated thus to supply air from the air supplying unit to the cathode 4. Then, the fuel and air are reacted with the electrolyte membrane thus to form ions. While the ions causes an electrochemical reaction thus to form water, electrons are generated in the anode 2 and moves to the cathode 4 thus to generate electricity.
This will be explained in more detail as follows. In the anode 2, an electrochemical oxidation reaction BH4−+8OH−->BO2−+6H2O+8e− is performed, and in the cathode 4, an electrochemical deoxidation reaction of the supplied air 2O2+4H2O+8e−->8OH− is performed.
The fuel which has finished said process is exhausted to the gas/liquid separator 26, and the gas/liquid separator 26 separates gas from liquid thus to exhaust gas outside and to recycle liquid fuel into the fuel tank 8 through the fuel recycling line 28.
At this time, since temperature of fuel exhausted after reaction in the fuel cell stack 6 has been increased, temperature of fuel recycled into the fuel tank 8 maintains a proper level. Accordingly, while the fuel cell is operated, temperature of fuel is maintained as a proper level.
The heating unit according to the third embodiment is composed of a thermoelectric module 250 installed at the fuel supplying line 14 and the fuel recycling line 28 for heating fuel supplied to the fuel cell stack 6 from the fuel tank 8 and cooling fuel recycled into the fuel tank 8 from the fuel cell stack 6.
At the fuel supplying line 14, a heating container 252 for heating passing fuel supplied to the fuel cell stack 6 by a heat emitting operation of the thermoelectric module 250 is installed, and at the fuel recycling line 28, a cooling container 254 for cooling passing fuel recycled into the fuel tank 8 by a heat absorbing operation of the thermoelectric module 250 is installed.
Also, a fuel filter 256 for removing NaBO2 crystallized by passing through the cooling container 254 is installed at the fuel recycling line 28 between the cooling container 254 and the fuel tank 8.
The reaction aforementioned in the first embodiment is consecutively performed in the fuel cell stack 6, and a reaction such as 2H2O+NaBH4->NaBO2+4H2 is simultaneously performed in the anode 2.
The NaBO2 exhausted from the fuel cell stack 6 is dissolved in a constant high temperature and crystallized in a constant low temperature thus to block the fuel recycling line 28 or the fuel supplying line 14. To prevent this, a heat absorbing operation of the thermoelectric module 250 is used in order to remove the NaBO2 before it is recycled into the fuel tank 8.
That is, when fuel exhausted from the fuel cell stack 6 is cooled by using a heat absorbing operation of the thermoelectric module 250, NaBO2 is crystallized and the crystallized BO2− is filtered by the fuel filter 256.
The thermoelectric module 250 uses the Peltier effect and comprises: a high temperature ceramic board 258 attached to the heating container 252; a low temperature ceramic board 260 attached to the cooling container 254; a first electrode 262 installed at the high temperature ceramic board 258 and to which current is applied; a second electrode 264 installed at the low temperature ceramic board 260; and an n/p type thermoelectric semiconductor 266 aligned between the first electrode 262 and the second electrode 264. When current is applied to the n/p type thermoelectric semiconductor 266, temperature difference is generated at both surfaces of the module by a thermoelectric effect thus to generate a heat emitting operation through the high temperature ceramic board 258 and to generate a heat absorbing operation through the low temperature ceramic board 260.
Operation of the fuel cell system according to the third embodiment will be explained as follows.
If current is applied to the thermoelectric module 250 when fuel is supplied to the anode 2 of the fuel cell stack through the fuel supplying line 14 from the fuel tank 8, a heat emitting operation is generated through the high temperature ceramic board 258 of the thermoelectric module 250 thus to heat the heating container 252. According to this, fuel which passes through the heating container 252 is heated into a proper level thus to be supplied to the fuel cell stack 6.
Also, when fuel exhausted from the fuel cell stack 6 after reaction is introduced into the cooling container 254 through the fuel recycling line 28, the cooling container 254 is cooled through the low temperature ceramic board 260 by a heat absorbing operation of the thermoelectric module 250. Then, fuel which passes through the cooling container 254 is cooled, so that NaBO2 contained in the fuel is crystallized and BO2− crystal is filtered by the fuel filter 256.
In the fuel cell system according to the present invention, fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell stack are heated by using hydrogen generated from the anode. According to this, an additional power source for heating fuel and air is not required thus to enhance a performance of the fuel cell system.
Also, in the fuel cell system according to the present invention, fuel is supplied to the fuel cell stack under a state that temperature of the fuel is increased into a proper level, thereby enhancing a performance of the fuel cell.
Besides, according to the present invention, NaBO2 contained in fuel recycled into the fuel tank from the fuel cell stack is removed thus to prevent a phenomenon that the fuel supplying line or the fuel recycling line are blocked and to have a smooth operation in fuel supplying and fuel recycling, thereby enhancing a reliability of the fuel cell.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR03/02903 | 12/30/2003 | WO | 6/29/2006 |
