BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a fuel cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a power generator (cell stack) according to the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating the power generator according to the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method for driving the fuel cell system according to the embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of controlling a fuel concentration of the power generator according to the embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a state where the electrons move in the power generator according to the embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating a relationship between current densities of an upstream region and a downstream region in the power generator (I1/It, I2/It) and alcohol concentration supplied to the power generator;
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating a relationship between power generation efficiency of the power generator and the ratio ((I1−I2)/It) of the difference between the density I1 of the current flowing to the cathode first current collector and the density I2 of the current flowing to the cathode second current collector with respect to the average current density It;
FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating relationships between the alcohol (methanol) utilization efficiency and the average concentration of the alcohol when the supplied alcohol concentration is set at 1.5M.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a fuel cell system according to a first modification;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to a second modification;
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to the second modification;
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to a third modification;
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to a fourth modification;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to a fifth modification; and
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fuel cell system according to other embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Various embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that the same or similar reference numerals are applied to the same or similar parts and elements throughout the drawings, and the description of the same or similar parts and elements will be omitted or simplified. In the following descriptions, numerous details are set forth such as specific signal values, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details.
As shown in FIG. 1, a fuel cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a power generator (cell stack) 7, an auxiliary 100 necessary to make the power generator 7 generate electricity, a controller 10 which controls the auxiliary 100, and a storage device 20 connected to the controller 10.
The auxiliary 100 includes a fuel tank 2, a fuel supply unit 3, a mixing tank 4, a fuel feeding unit 5, an air feeding unit 6, a load 9, and a detector 8. In the fuel tank 2, fuel such as alcohol or a high-concentration alcohol solution containing the alcohol and a small amount of water may be stored. As the alcohol, for example, methanol maybe suitable. The fuel supply unit 3 supplies the alcohol or the high-concentration alcohol solution, which is fed from the fuel tank 2, to the mixing tank 4.
The mixing tank 4 mixes the alcohol or the high-concentration alcohol solution with a fluid (fluid containing an alcohol solution) exhausted from the power generator 7, and stores an alcohol solution having optimum concentration for the power generation. The fuel feeding unit 5 feeds the alcohol solution, which is fed from the mixing tank 4, to an anode electrode of the power generator 7. The air feeding unit 6 feeds the air to a cathode electrode of the power generator 7. The load 9 takes electric energy out of the power generator 7. The detector 8 detects the electric energy taken out by the load 9.
The fuel tank 2 and the fuel supply unit 3 are connected to each other by a line L1. The fuel supply unit 3 and the mixing tank 4 are connected to each other by a line L2. The mixing tank 4 and the fuel feeding unit 5 are connected to each other by a line L3. The fuel feeding unit 5 and the power generator 7 are connected to each other by a line L4. The power generator 7 and the mixing tank 4 are connected to each other by a line L5, and the fluid exhausted from the anode electrode of the power generator 7 is circulated to the mixing tank 4. The line L5 runs through a gas, such as carbon dioxide, generated in the power generator 7. Accordingly, a gas-liquid separator 41 for separating a gas and a liquid is provided on the way of the line L5 or with the mixing tank 4.
The air feeding unit 6 and the power generator 7 are connected to each other by a line L6. The fluid exhausted from the power generator 7 is released into the atmosphere through a line L7. Note that the line L7 may be connected to the mixing tank 4, and the fluid generated in the cathode electrode of the power generator 7 may be supplied to the mixing tank 4.
FIG. 2 shows an example of the power generator 7. The power generator 7 includes a plurality of power generation cells 73 each having substantially the same structures and serially stacked on one another. First and second clamping plates 71a and 71b sandwich and fix the power generation cells 73. Each of the power generation cells 73 include a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 73c, an anode flow channel plate 73a and a cathode flow channel plate 73b which are opposed to each other while interposing the MEA 73c therebetween, and gaskets 73d which insulate the anode flow channel plate 73a and the cathode flow channel plate 73b from each other.
Each of the MEAs 73c includes an electrolyte membrane formed of a proton-conductive solid-state polymer film, electrodes (anode and cathode) formed by coating catalysts on both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane, and gas diffusion layers formed on outsides of the electrodes, which are for supplying the fuel and the air to the MEA 73c, exhausting a reaction product of the fuel and the air therefrom, and smoothly collecting electrons obtained by a reaction of the fuel and the air. For example, each of the MEAs 73c shown in FIG. 2 may use a Nafion film (registered trademark) as the electrolyte membrane, platinum/ruthenium as the catalyst of the anode electrode, and platinum as the catalyst of the cathode electrode. Commercially available carbon paper may be used as the gas diffusion layer on the anode electrode side, and commercially available carbon cloth can be used as the gas diffusion layer on the cathode electrode side.
Conductive carbon is usable as a material of the anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b. As shown in FIG. 3, each of the anode flow channel plates 73a includes, on a surface thereof on a contact side with the MEA 73c, a meandering channel called a “serpentine flow channel” that is one or a plurality of flow channels through which the fuel flows from an inlet of the fuel to an outlet of the fuel in a meandering manner. The alcohol solution is fed from the fuel feeding unit 5 of FIG. 1 parallelly to the respective fuel inlets of the serpentine flow channels of the anode flow channel plates 73a. Each of the cathode flow channel plates 73b includes, on a surface thereof on a contact side with the MEA 73c, a similar serpentine flow channel to that of each anode flow channel plate 73a, or a plurality of parallel flow channel without any meander, through which the air flows in parallel. The air is fed from the air feeding unit 6 of FIG. 1 parallelly to the respective passages of the cathode flow channel plates 73b. The fuel and the air may be fed to the anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b, respectively, by providing branch manifolds in the power generation cells 73, or by connecting manifolds to outsides thereof.
As shown in FIG. 2, an anode first current collector 74a is disposed on an upstream region in the anode flow channel plate 73a of the uppermost power generation cell 73 opposed to the first clamping plate 71a. An anode second current collector 74b is disposed on a downstream region in the anode flow channel plate 73a of the uppermost power generation cell 73 opposed to the first clamping plate 71a. In FIG. 2, the “upstream region” refers to a region on the left side of the page space, which is close to a side to which the fuel is fed, and the “downstream region” refers to a region on the right side of the page space, which is close to a side from which the fuel is exhausted. In FIG. 3, the “upstream region” refers to a region on a side close to the “fuel inlet” of FIG. 3, and the “downstream region” refers to a region on a side close to the “fuel outlet” of FIG. 3. Moreover, in the present embodiment, the “uppermost” of the uppermost power generation cell 73 refers to the upper side of the page space. The “lowermost” to be described later refers to the lower side of the page space. In FIGS. 2 and 3, the anode flow channel plate 73a of the uppermost power generation cell 73 is assigned on an end of an anode electrode side (most anode side) of the power generation cells 73. The cathode flow channel plate 73b of the lowermost power generation cell 73 is assigned on an end of a cathode electrode side (most cathode side) of the power generation cells 73. These terms “uppermost” and “lowermost” have no relationship with a gravity direction of the fuel cell system.
The anode first current collector 74a collects the electric energy out of the upstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a. The anode second current collector 74b collects the electric energy out of the downstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a. Note that, as shown in FIG. 3, the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are spaced from each other at a fixed distance between the upstream region and the downstream region, and are thereby insulated from each other.
Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 2, a cathode first current collector 75a opposed to the anode first current collector 74a is disposed under an upstream region in the cathode flow channel plate 73b of the lowermost power generation cell 73 opposed to the second clamping plate 71b. A cathode second current collector 75b opposed to the anode second current collector 74b is disposed under a downstream region in the cathode flow channel plate 73b opposed to the second clamping plate 71b.
The cathode first current collector 75a collects the electric energy out of the upstream region in the cathode flow channel plate 73b. The cathode second current collector 75b collects the electric energy out of the downstream region in the cathode flow channel plate 73b. The cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b are spaced from each other at a fixed distance between the upstream region and the downstream region, and are thereby insulated from each other.
The anode first current collector 74a, the anode second current collector 74b, the cathode first current collector 75a, and the cathode second current collector 75b are formed by implementing a gold plating treatment for surfaces of copper plates in order to increase conductivity thereof. An insulating sheet 72 is disposed between the first clamping plate 71a and a pair of the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b. An insulating sheet 72 is disposed between the second clamping plate 71b and a pair of the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b.
The anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are parallelly connected to a load 9a. The cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b are parallelly connected to a load 9b. In FIG. 2, areas of the anode first current collector 74a, the anode second current collector 74b, the cathode first current collector 75a, and the cathode second current collector 75b are the same; however, the areas may be different from one another.
An ammeter 81 for measuring a value of a current collected by the cathode first current collector 75a is disposed on a lead wire that connects the cathode first current collector 75a and the load 9b to each other. An ammeter 82 for measuring a value of a current collected by the cathode second current collector 75b is disposed on a lead wire that connects the cathode second current collector 75b and the load 9b. Each of the ammeters 81 and 82 may be directly inserted between the two strips of the divided lead wire, or alternatively, measuring instruments that measure electromagnetic force from the lead wire in a non-contact state without being directly inserted thereinto may be used. Moreover, the ammeters 81 and 82 may be disposed on lead wires that connect the anode first current collector 74a and the load 9a to each other and connect the anode second current collector 74b and the load 9a to each other. When a current value (load current value) of the load 9a is known, either the ammeter 81 or the ammeter 82 just needs to be disposed.
The controller 10 of FIG. 1 includes a determination unit 11, a calculation unit 12, a comparison unit 13, and an adjustment unit 14. The determination unit 11 determines whether or not the auxiliary 100 necessary to drive the power generator 7 operates normally. The calculation unit 12 calculates current densities of the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b, for example, based on the current values measured by the ammeter 81 and the ammeter 82 in FIG. 2.
For example, the comparison unit 13 reads out a setting range of a ratio of a current density difference, which is stored in the storage device 20 in advance, and compares, with the setting range, such a current density difference between the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b, which is calculated by the calculation unit 12. Based on a result of the comparison, the adjustment unit 14 controls the fuel supply unit 3 or the fuel feeding unit 5, and adjusts a supply amount of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7. The storage device 20 stores the setting range for controlling the alcohol concentration of the power generator 7 within the predetermined range, various setting conditions necessary to control the auxiliary 100 by the controller 10, and the like.
Next, a description will be made of a flow of operations of the fuel cell system according to the present embodiment by using a flowchart of FIG. 4. First, in Step S1 of FIG. 4, the adjustment unit 14 of FIG. 1 adjusts the fuel feeding unit 5, parallelly feeds the alcohol solution fed from the mixing tank 4 of FIG. 1 to the respective anode flow channel plates 73a of the power generator 7, which are shown in FIG. 2, and drives the power generator 7. Moreover, the adjustment unit 14 of FIG. 1 adjusts the air feeding unit 6, parallelly feeds the air to the respective cathode flow channel plates 73b of the power generator 7 shown in FIG. 2, and drives the power generator 7.
Specifically, for example, the adjustment unit 14 of FIG. 1 adjusts the fuel feeding unit 5 so that alcohol utilization efficiency can be about 25% in terms of a supply amount of the alcohol to the anode flow channel plates 73a of FIG. 2, and adjusts the air feeding unit 6 so that oxygen utilization efficiency can be about 30% in terms of a supply amount of the air to the cathode flow channel plates 73b. The “alcohol utilization efficiency” refers to a ratio of an amount (mol/s) of the alcohol for use in the reaction in the power generator 7 with respect to an amount (mol/s) of the alcohol fed to the entirety of the power generator 7. The alcohol utilization efficiency is represented by an inverse number of a theoretical air-fuel ratio (stoichiometric value).
By the drive of the power generator 7, an unreacted alcohol solution and the product such as the carbon dioxide generated in the anode flow channel plates 73a of the power generator 7 are fed to the mixing tank 4 through the line L5 shown in FIG. 1. Then, from the fed product and the unreacted alcohol solution, the gas such as the carbon dioxide is removed in the gas-liquid separator 41, and then the unreacted alcohol solution is housed in the mixing tank 4. Meanwhile, the moisture generated in the cathode flow channel plates 73b of the power generator 7 and the remaining air are exhausted to the outside through the line L7.
In Step S2 of FIG. 4, the load 9 takes the electric energy (current) out of the power generator 7. At this time, the value of the current of the load 9, which is taken out of the power generator 7, and the current values collected by the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b, which are detected by the ammeters 81 and 82 of FIG. 2, are recorded in the storage device 20 through the controller 10.
Next, in Step S3, the controller 10 of FIG. 1 reads out the current values stored in the storage device 20, and controls the auxiliary 100 so that the concentration of the alcohol solution as the fuel fed to the power generator 7 can be optimum. A description will be made of details of a method of the control by using a flowchart of FIG. 5.
In Step S31 of FIG. 5, the determination unit 11 of FIG. 1 determines whether or not the power generator 7 is in a normal operation mode. The “normal operation mode” indicates that the system is not in such a transient state as starting and ending, and that the auxiliary 100 including the fuel supply unit 3, the fuel feeding unit 5, and the air feeding unit 6 operates normally. When the system is determined not to be in the normal operation mode, a load current cannot be extracted normally, and accordingly, the control is discontinued and ended. Meanwhile, when the system is determined to be in the normal operation mode, the control proceeds to Step S32.
In Step S32, the calculation unit 12 of FIG. 1 calculates the current density I1 (A/cm2) of the cathode first current collector 75a of FIG. 2 and the current density I2 (A/cm2) of the cathode second current collector 75b of FIG. 2. The current density I1 can be calculated by dividing the current value of the cathode first current collector 75a, which is detected by the ammeter 81, by an area of a portion where the cathode first current collector 75a, the anode first current collector 74a, and the MEAs 73c overlap one another. The current density I2 can be calculated by dividing the value of the current collected by the cathode second current collector 75b by an area of a portion where the cathode second current collector 75b, the anode second current collector 74b, and the MEAs 73c overlap one another.
Note that, when the value of the load current taken out by the load units 9a and 9b is known, the current density I2 may be calculated by dividing, by the area where the cathode second current collector 75b, the anode second current collector 74b, and the MEAs 73c overlap one another, a value obtained by subtracting the current value of the cathode first current collector 75a from the load current value. The values of the current densities I1 and I2 are stored in the storage device 20 of FIG. 1.
In Step S33 of FIG. 5, the comparison unit 13 of FIG. 1 reads out the values of the current densities I1 and I2 from the storage device 20, and compares a ratio ((11−12)/It) of a difference between the current densities of the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b with respect to an average current density It of the MEAs 73c with an upper limit value of the difference stored in the storage device 20. Here, the “average current density It” refers to a current density to be averagely taken out of the entire surfaces of the MEAs 73c of FIG. 2, and is calculated by dividing the load current value of the load 9 by an area of the MEAs 73c. When the ratio exceeds the upper limit value, the control proceeds to Step S34, where the adjustment unit 14 of FIG. 1 adjusts the fuel supply unit 3 to increase the supply amount of the alcohol to be supplied to the power generator 7. When the ratio does not exceed the upper limit value, the control proceeds to Step S35.
In Step S35, the comparison unit 13 reads out the values of the current densities I1 and I2 from the storage device 20, and compares the ratio ((11−12)/It) of the difference between the current densities of the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b with respect to the average current density It of the MEAs 73c with a lower limit value of the ratio stored in the storage device 20. When the ratio falls down below the lower limit value, the control proceeds to Step S36, where the adjustment unit 14 of FIG. 1 adjusts the fuel supply unit 3 to reduce the supply amount of the alcohol to be supplied to the power generator 7. When the ratio exceeds the lower limit value, the control returns to Step S31, from which the control is continued.
FIG. 6 schematically shows a state where the electrons move in the power generator 7. When the power generation is started, the electrons (e−) generated in the anode electrodes of the MEAs 73c move from the load 9b side to the load 9a side. In order to enlarge an area of each of the MEAs 73c and to miniaturize a volume of the entirety of the power generator 7, it is necessary that the anode flow channel plates 73a, the cathode flow channel plates 73b, and the MEAs 73c be formed to be large in a horizontal direction of FIG. 6 and to be small in a vertical direction of FIG. 6.
Each of the anode flow channel plates 73a, the cathode flow channel plates 73b, and the MEAs 73c has a horizontal resistance Rh, and a vertical resistance Rv. Meanwhile, the MEAs 73c and the carbon for use as the material of the anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b have resistances as high as several times those of the metals of the above-described current collectors. Therefore, for example, the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are spaced from each other at the fixed distance to be insulated from each other, and thus a relationship that the horizontal resistance Rh is larger than the vertical resistance Rv is established. Hence, the electrons generated in the upstream region in the MEAs 73c sandwiched between the anode first current collector 74a and the cathode first current collector 75a flow toward the anode first current collector 74a. Meanwhile, the electrons generated in the downstream region in the MEAs 73c sandwiched between the anode second current collector 74b and the cathode second current collector 75b flow toward the anode second current collector 74b. As a result, the current density of the upstream region in the MEAs 73c and the current density of the downstream region therein are compared with each other, and thus the concentration of the alcohol solution can be controlled to a suitable concentration so that the output densities in the electrode surfaces of the MEAs 73c can be even.
Note that, in the example shown in FIG. 6, all of the anode first current collector 74a, the anode second current collector 74b, the cathode first current collector 75a, and the cathode second current collector 75b have the same shape, and accordingly, the measurement of the current values of the respective current collectors makes it possible to compare the current densities with one another.
Next, a description will be made of the interval at which the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are arranged, or the interval at which the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b are arranged. A resistance value of the gas diffusion layers (not shown) of the MEAs 73c is higher than that of usual metal, and the gas diffusion layers exhibit extremely low conductivity in the horizontal direction of the surfaces of the MEAs 73c. The anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b, which are formed of the carbon, have low conductivity. The anode first current collector 74a, the anode second current collector 74b, the cathode first current collector 75a, and the cathode second current collector 75b are highly conductive.
Hence, in general, the resistance values of the above-described constituents are put in the following order:
gas diffusion layer of MEA 73c>
anode and cathode flow channel plates 73a and 73b>
anode first and second current collectors 74a and 74b and cathode first and second current collectors 75a and 75b.
Therefore, for example, the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are spaced from each other at a sufficient interval, and thus the current generated in the upstream region in the MEAs 73c selectively passes through the upstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a, and flows to the anode first current collector 74a.
However, when the interval between the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b is too large, current collection efficiency (covering ratio of the anode first and second current collectors 74a and 74b with respect to the area of the MEAs 73c) falls down. On the contrary, when the interval between the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b is extremely short, the current of the upstream region in the MEAs 73c also flows to the downstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a, resulting in that the current also flows to the anode second current collector 74b. Accordingly, detection accuracy of the current value falls down. In this case, the detection accuracy refers to a ratio of a difference between the currents actually detected in the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b, both of which are in contact with the MEAs 73c located immediately thereunder, with respect to a difference between the currents to the respective current collectors when the current from the MEAs 73c ideally flows thereto. Specifically, when an interval between each anode flow channel plate 73a and each cathode flow channel plate 73b is set as a parameter, a trade-off relationship occurs between the collection efficiency and the current detection accuracy. Accordingly, while employing, as variables, three value categories of thicknesses of the anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b, the interval between the anode first and second current collectors 74a and 74b, and a width by which the anode first current collector 74a or the anode second current collector 74b contacts the MEA 73c, conditions for maximizing both of the collection efficiency and the current detection accuracy were investigated. As a result, it was found out that both of the collection efficiency and the current detection accuracy could be set at about 90% or more where the following expression is established:
8<Lw/Lg/Lt<90
where Lw is the width by which the anode first current collector 74a or the anode second current corrector 74b contacts the MEA 73c, Lg is the interval between the anode first and second current collectors 74a and 74b, and Lt is each thickness of the anode flow channel plates 73a and the cathode flow channel plates 73b. When Lw/Lg/Lt is 8 or less, the collection efficiency falls down though the current detection accuracy is enhanced. On the contrary, when Lw/Lg/Lt is 90 or more, the current detection accuracy falls down though the collection efficiency is enhanced.
Next, a description will be made of an example of a suitable range of the alcohol concentration for the power generation control using the fuel cell system according to this embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing relationships of the current densities (I1/It, I2/It) flowing to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b with respect to the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7. The entire load current value is constant under each condition. When the load 9 requires a predetermined value of the load current from the power generator 7, the average current density It (A/cm2) of the current to be averagely taken out of the electrode surface of one MEA 73c is obtained.
When the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7 is higher than the optimum concentration range, an amount of crossover in which the alcohol (methanol in FIG. 7) as the fuel moves from the anode electrode side through the electrolyte membranes to the cathode electrode side, is increased in the upstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a. Accordingly, the output density in the upstream region falls down, and the current density (I1/It) of the cathode first current collector 75a is decreased. Meanwhile, in the downstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a, the alcohol concentration is lowered owing to the crossover of the alcohol in the upstream region. Accordingly, the output density in the downstream region rises up, and the current density (I2/It) of the cathode second current collector 75b is also increased.
On the contrary, when the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7 is lower than the optimum concentration range, a shortage of the fuel occurs in the downstream region in the anode flow channel plates 73a, and the output density falls down. Therefore, the current density (I2/It) of the cathode second current collector 75b falls down, and the current density (I1/It) of the cathode first current collector 75a relatively rises up.
Based on the above-described relationships, when the density I1 of the current taken out of the cathode first current collector 75a is smaller than the density I2 of the current taken out of the cathode second current collector 75b (I1<I2), this means that the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7 is high. Accordingly, the controller 10 of FIG. 1 just needs to make a control so as to reduce the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7. On the contrary, when the density I1 of the current taken out of the cathode first current collector 75a is larger than the density I2 of the current taken out of the cathode second current collector 75b (I1>I2), this indicates that the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7 is low. Accordingly, the controller 10 just needs to make a control so as to increase the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7.
FIG. 8 shows an example of a relationship between power generation efficiency of the power generator 7 and the ratio ((I1−I2)/It) of the difference between the density I1 (A/cm2) of the current flowing to the cathode first current collector 75a and the density I2 (A/cm2) of the current flowing to the cathode second current collector 75b with respect to the average current density It. The “power generation efficiency” refers to a ratio of energy (W) convertible into electricity with respect to energy (W) owned by the alcohol. The power generation efficiency of FIG. 8 is scaled while taking, as “1”, the case where a value thereof becomes the maximum. Under each condition, the average current density, It=(I1+I2)/2 is kept to be constant. From FIG. 8, it is understood that the efficiency in the power generator 7 is the highest when the difference between the current density I1 and the current density I2 is present within a range of about ±10%. Specifically, FIG. 8 shows that a state where the difference between the current density I1 and the current density I2 is present within the range of about ±10% is a state of the concentration, where the output can be evenly obtained in the surfaces of the MEAs 73c.
As described above, the alcohol concentration can be assumed from the densities I1 and I2 of the currents flowing to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b, and such conditions where the alcohol concentration in the surfaces of the MEAs 73c becomes more even can be always created. In such a case, even if the optimum alcohol concentration to obtain high outputs from the MEAs 73c is changed with time, high outputs corresponding to the characteristics of the power generator 7 can be obtained, and simultaneously, the reaction can be evenly progressed in the surfaces without any bias. Accordingly, it also becomes possible to suppress a local deterioration of the MEAs 73c.
Note that the ratio ((I1−I2)/It) of the difference between the densities of the currents flowing to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b with respect to the concentration of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7 is changed also by a flow rate of the alcohol supplied to the power generator 7. FIG. 9 shows relationships among the alcohol (methanol) utilization efficiency, the average concentration of the alcohol in the upstream region opposed to the cathode first current collector 75a, and the average concentration of the alcohol in the downstream region opposed to the cathode second current collector 75b when the concentration of the supplied alcohol is set at 1.5M.
FIG. 9 shows a concentration range (approximately 1.1 M to 1.40M) where good outputs can be obtained.
As shown in FIG. 9, when the alcohol utilization efficiency of the power generator 7 is about 10% or less, the supply flow rate of the alcohol solution is increased. Accordingly, the difference in average concentration between the upstream side and the downstream side mostly goes off. Therefore, it becomes difficult to sense the difference between the currents flowing to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b. Moreover, since the flow rate of the supplied alcohol is increased, a burden to the fuel feeding unit 5 is increased. Meanwhile, when the alcohol utilization efficiency is about 40% or more, the difference in average concentration between the upstream side and the downstream side becomes large, and the difference between the currents to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b becomes easy to appear significantly. While the concentration range where the good output can be obtained is approximately 1.1M to 1.4M, the concentration range where the good output can be obtained becomes small when the difference in average concentration between the upstream side and the downstream side becomes 0.3M or more. Hence, it is desirable that the controller 10 of FIG. 1 controls the supply amount of the alcohol so that the alcohol utilization efficiency in the power generator 7 can be about 10% or more and about 40% or less.
(First Modification)
As shown in FIG. 10, in a fuel cell system according to a first modification of the embodiment, on the anode flow channel plate 73a of the uppermost power generation cell 73, an anode third current collector 74c spaced from the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b is disposed between the anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b. Under the cathode flow channel plate 73b of the lowermost power generation cell 73, a cathode third current collector 75c spaced from the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b and opposed to the anode first current collector 74c is disposed between the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b. Moreover, a configuration of the first modification is different from the construction shown in FIG. 3 in that anode/cathode flow channel plates 73e are used as the members sandwiching the MEAs 73c therebetween. Each of the anode/cathode flow channel plates 73e is provided in such a manner that an anode flow channel for flowing the alcohol solution therethrough and a cathode flow channel for flowing the air therethrough are provided on one plate. The others are substantially similar to those in the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 3, and accordingly, a description thereof will be omitted.
According to the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 10, the current densities in the surfaces of the MEAs can be detected more continuously. Therefore, errors in the measurement can be prevented, and the concentration of the alcohol to be supplied to the power generator 7 can be controlled more accurately.
(Second Modification)
As shown in FIG. 11, a fuel cell system according to a second modification of the embodiment is different from the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 2 in the following points. Specifically, the fuel cell system according to the second modification includes the cathode first current collector 75a which collects the current out of the upstream flow channel in the cathode flow channel plate 73b of the lowermost power generation cell 73. The cathode second current collector 75b is spaced from the cathode first current collector 75a and collects the current out of the downstream passage in the cathode flow channel plate 73b of the lowermost power generation cell 73. An anode current collector 74 is opposed to the cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b while interposing the plurality of power generation cells 73 therebetween. The anode current collector 74 collects the current out of the anode flow channel plate 73a of the uppermost power generation cell 73. The cathode first current collector 75a and the cathode second current collector 75b are parallelly connected to the load 9b. The anode current collector 74 is serially connected to the load 9a.
According to the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 11, the number of current collectors is reduced, thus making it possible to achieve the simplification and miniaturization of the system. Note that, in order to detect the difference between the current densities of the upstream region and the downstream region in the power generation cells, either one of the two current collectors which sandwich the power generation cells 73 therebetween just needs to be divided into a piece of the upstream region and a piece of the downstream region. Accordingly, it is a matter of course that, as shown in FIG. 12, it is possible that the cathode flow channel plate 73b-side current collector (cathode current collector 75) of the lowermost power generation cell 73 opposed to the second clamping plate 71b be formed into one plate piece.
(Third Modification)
As shown in FIG. 13, a fuel cell system according to a third modification of the embodiment includes an anode upstream flow channel plates 77a opposed to the MEAs 77c, a cathode upstream flow channel plates 77b opposed to the anode upstream flow channel plates 77a while interposing the MEAs 77c therebetween. An anode downstream flow channel plates 77e is insulated from the anode upstream flow channel plates 77a and opposed to the MEAs 77c. A cathode downstream flow channel plates 77f is opposed to the anode downstream flow channel plates 77e while interposing the MEAs 77c therebetween and insulated from the cathode upstream flow channel plates 77b. The anode upstream flow channel plate 77a and anode downstream flow channel plate 77e of the uppermost power generation cell 73 are parallelly connected to the load 9a. The cathode upstream flow channel plate 77b and cathode downstream flow channel plate 77f of the lowermost power generation cell 73 are parallelly connected to the load 9b. Ceramic-made flow channel plates can be used as the anode upstream flow channel plates 77a, the cathode upstream flow channel plates 77b, the anode downstream flow channel plates 77e, and the cathode downstream flow channel plates 77f.
According to the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 13, the flow channel plates are made to also serve as the current collectors, thus making it possible to achieve the simplification and miniaturization of the fuel cell system. Moreover, it becomes possible to completely insulate the anode upstream flow channel plate 77a and the anode downstream flow channel plate 77e from each other. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent such a problem that the current generated in the MEAs 73c in the region opposed to the anode upstream flow channel plates 77a undesirably flows to the region opposed to the anode downstream flow channel plates 77e, and it becomes possible to increase the collection efficiency.
(Fourth Modification)
As shown in FIG. 14, a fuel cell system according to a fourth modification of the embodiment includes an MEA 78c, an anode flow channel plate 78a opposed to the MEA 78c, a cathode current collector 75 opposed to the anode flow channel plate 78a while interposing the MEA 78c therebetween, the anode first current collector 74a that is opposed to the cathode current collector 75 while interposing the anode flow channel plate 78a therebetween and takes the current out of the upstream flow channel of the anode flow channel plate 78a, and the anode second current collector 74b that is spaced from the anode first current collector 74a and takes the current out of the downstream flow channel of the anode flow channel plate 78a. In the cathode current collector 75, a plurality of holes 79 for taking the air into the fuel cell system are provided. The cathode current collector 75 is serially connected to the load 9b. The anode first current collector 74a and the anode second current collector 74b are parallelly connected to the load 9a. According to the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 14, the flow channel plates are made to also serve as the current collectors, thus making it possible to achieve the simplification and miniaturization of the fuel cell system.
(Fifth Modification)
As shown in FIG. 15, three pieces of the power generation cells 78 are parallelly arranged, thus making it possible to obtain a larger output than that from the fuel cell system of FIG. 14. In such a case, the anode first current collectors 74a of the respective power generation cells 78 are parallelly connected to the load 9a through an anode first poser collection line Lx. The anode second current collectors 74b of the respective power generation cells 78 are parallelly connected to the load 9a through an anode second power collection line Ly. Cathode collection lines of the respective power generation cells 78 are parallelly connected to the load 9b. With regard to the measurement of the current densities, currents flowing through the respective collection lines are sensed by the ammeter 81 or the like, thus making it possible to grasp the state of the concentrations in the power generation cells 78. Note that, when large resistances occur in the collecting lines and the respective contact points thereof, the currents flowing therethrough are sometimes changed. Accordingly, for the collection lines, it is desirable to select a material which reduces the resistances thereof as much as possible.
Other Embodiments
Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof.
In the fuel cell system shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 6, and 10-13, the number of the power generation cells 73 is not limited. For example, as shown in FIG. 16, only one power generation cell 73 may be used for the power generator, thus making it possible to realize miniaturization of the fuel cell system.
The present embodiment illustrates that the lowermost flow channel plate is assigned as cathode side, and the uppermost channel plate is assigned as anode side. As a matter of course, the lowermost flow channel plate can be assigned as anode side and the uppermost channel plate can be assigned as cathode side.
Patent Application
20080070075
