Patent Application
20070111059
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fuel cell system and, more particularly, to a fuel cell system that generates electric power by supplying the liquid fuel thereto.
2. Description of the Related Art
A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity from hydrogen and oxygen so as to obtain highly efficient power generation. A principal feature of a fuel cell is its capacity for direct power generation which does not undergo a stage of thermal energy or kinetic energy as in conventional power generation. This presents such advantages as high power generation efficiency despite the small scale setup, reduced emission of nitrogen compounds and the like, and environmental friendliness on account of minimal noise or vibration. A fuel cell is capable of efficiently utilizing chemical energy in its fuel and as such environmentally friendly. Fuel cells are therefore envisaged as an energy supply system for the twenty-first century and have gained attention as a promising power generation system that can be used in a variety of applications including space applications, automobiles, mobile devices, and large and small scale power generation. Serious technical efforts are being made to develop practical fuel cells.
Of various types of fuel cells, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell excels in its low operating temperature and high output density. Recently, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are especially attracting the attention as a type of polymer electrolyte fuel cell. In a DMFC, methanol water solution as a fuel is not reformed and is directly supplied to the anode so that electricity is produced by an electrochemical reaction induced between the methanol water solution and oxygen. Discharged as reaction products resulting from the electrochemical reaction are carbon dioxide emitted from the anode and generated water emitted from the cathode. Methanol water solution has a higher energy density per unit volume than hydrogen. Moreover, it is suitable for storage and poses little danger of explosion. Accordingly, it is expected that methanol water solution will be used in power supplies for automobiles, mobile devices (cell phones, notebook personal computers, PDAs, MP3 players, digital cameras, electronic dictionaries and books) and the like.
In the fuel cell system, as in Reference (1), containing DMFC, the air serving as an oxidant is supplied to the cathode and therefore the inside of fuel supply passage, including the interior of a buffer tank, at a fuel cell apparatus side is at high pressures. Thus, when the pump stops, there are cases where diluted methanol water solution flows backward into the fuel supply passage. When the methanol water solution flows back into the fuel supply passage, the diluted methanol water solution returns to the buffer tank even if the pump operates next time. This causes a problem where the concentration drops rapidly and the power generation capacity drops. The problem like this also occurs when the air bubble is mixed into the fuel supply passage, and a problem may arise where the air bubble enters the fuel supply passage at the time of replacement of a fuel cartridge and the like.
The present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances and a general purpose thereof is to provide a fuel cell system capable of supplying liquid fuel to a fuel cell. Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a fuel cell system in which the leakage of fuel from a buffer tank is prevented.
One embodiment of the present invention relates to a fuel cell system. This fuel cell system is a fuel cell system that supplies liquid fuel to a fuel cell and operates the fuel cell, and the system includes: a first fuel storage, provided detachably, which stores the liquid fuel supplied to the fuel cell; a first fuel supply means which delivers the fuel cell stored in the first fuel storage; a second fuel storage which stores the liquid fuel delivered by the first fuel supply means; a second fuel supply means which delivers the liquid fuel stored in the second fuel storage; and a fuel detection means, provided in the second fuel storage, which detects an amount of the liquid fuel stored in the second fuel storage, wherein a free path through which gas inside the second fuel storage is sucked in and discharged is provided on top of the second fuel storage.
According to this embodiment, even when the first fuel storage (so-called a fuel cartridge) is removed from the fuel cell system, some fuel is stored in the second fuel storage and therefore the state of power generation can be remained active. Although the air bubble caused when the first fuel storage is mounted or the like may enter the second fuel storage, the air bubble is eliminated in the second fuel storage. Thus such bubble can be prevented from entering the fuel supply means. Since the gas in the second fuel storage flows through the free path, the back flow or the like of the fuel is hardly likely to occur. Hence, the concentration of the fuel supplied to a fuel cell can be kept constant and the fuel cell can be operated stably.
In the case where the second fuel storage is a container of typical or standard type, a water-level sensor (liquid-level sensor) for detecting the water level inside may serve as the fuel detection means, for example. Also, some mechanism that does not detect the water level constant but one, such as a limiter, capable of detecting whether it is below a predetermined threshold or not may serve as the fuel detection means. Thereby, a case like the imminent situation where the fuel cell system will cease to operate unless the fuel cartridge is replaced anew immediately can be notified to a user.
In the above embodiment, the free path may be tube-shaped such that one end thereof is open, and the free path may be such that inner volume thereof is greater than or equal to-one-time liquid cell capacity by the first fuel supply means. According to this, the liquid fuel that overflows from the second fuel storage can be retained inside the free path, so that the leakage of liquid to the outside of a system is suppressed.
In the above embodiment, a vapor-liquid separating structure may be provided in an end of the free path. With the provision of this air-liquid separating structure, the fuel is not leaked out of the free path and the fuel gas of less than or equal to a predetermined concentration is released to the outside, so that the safety of the fuel cell system can be raised. More specifically, the vapor-liquid separating structure may have either an absorber which collects the liquid fuel or a filter which absorbs the fuel in exhaust gas. In the latter case, the filter may be activated carbon.
In the above embodiment, a fuel cell system may further include a third fuel storage, connected with the second fuel supply means, which mixes emission material from the fuel cell with the liquid fuel delivered by the second fuel supply means, which prepares and stored a fuel to be supplied to the fuel cell, and which discharges unwanted gas component to the outside of the fuel cell system, wherein the end of the free path may be connected with a gaseous layer part of the third fuel storage.
By employing this structure, when the fuel cell is a fuel cell of the type such as DMFC, in which the liquid fuel is directly supplied to the fuel cell, the liquid fuel, whose concentration of fuel has been reduced, and the carbon dioxide are discharged from the anode of the fuel cell whereas the air, whose concentration of oxygen has been reduced, and the water are discharged from the cathode thereof. In the third fuel storage, the liquid components of this emission material (the liquid fuel whose concentration of fuel has been reduced and the water) and the fuel from the second fuel storage are mixed together, and the liquid gas components of the emission material (the carbon dioxide and the air whose concentration of oxygen has been reduced) are released to the outside. Thus the fuel can be utilized efficiently.
It is to be noted that any arbitrary combination or rearrangement of the above-described structural components and so forth are all effective as and encompassed by the present embodiments.
Moreover, this summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all necessary features so that the invention may also be sub-combination of these described features.
Embodiments will now be described by way of examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary, not limiting and wherein like elements are numbered alike in several Figures in which:
The invention will now be described by reference to the preferred embodiments. This does not intend to limit the scope of the present invention, but to exemplify the invention.
A structure of a fuel cell system 100 according to the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to drawings.
The fuel cell system 100 is structured such that inside a casing 10 as shown in
Adjacent to the fuel cartridge 30 there are provided a fuel sub-tank 80, which is a second fuel storage, and a buffer tank 90, which is a third fuel storage. Pure methanol or high concentration methanol water solution stored in a fuel bag (first fuel storage) within the fuel cartridge 30 is introduced into the buffer tank 90 via the fuel sub-tank 80 and then diluted, by the buffer tank 90, into a predetermined concentration of 1 mol/L. That is, the fuel sub-tank 80 has functions of not only detecting that the fuel level has reached the zero but also eliminating the air (gas components) mixed in with the fuel supply passages 34 and 82 at the time when the fuel cartridge 30 is mounted or removed. Also, the buffer tank 90 has not only a function of adjusting the concentration of fuel but also a function of a vapor-liquid separator in which the gas components discharged from the fuel cell 20 is discharged externally from said fuel cell system 100 (the detail will be discussed later).
The auxiliary unit 40 includes a methanol pump (first liquid pump) 41 which supplies fuel from the fuel bag 32 to the fuel sub-tank 80, a methanol pump (second liquid pump) 42 which supplies fuel from the buffer tank 90 to the fuel cell 20, a methanol pump (third liquid pump) 43 which supplies fuel from the buffer tank 90 to the fuel cell 20, and an air pump 44 which supplies oxygen, which is air in the present embodiment. This auxiliary unit 40 is mounted between the fuel cell 20 and the fuel storage comprised of the fuel cartridge 30, the fuel sub-tank 80 and the buffer tank 90. This structure is implemented for the purpose of having minimum length of the fuel supply passages 34, 82, 84, 91 and 92 to save the space and increase the space utilization efficiency and supplying promptly the high concentration methanol supplied intermittently to the fuel cell 20.
The auxiliary unit 40 includes: a vapor-liquid separator 45 which mixes an anode discharge (waste methanol+carbon dioxide) composed principally of the liquid discharged from an anode 21 side of a fuel cell 20 with a cathode discharge (exhaust air+generated water) composed principally of gas discharged from a cathode 22 side thereof and separates the mixture into a gas component and a fluid component; and a cooler 46 which distributes the gas component and the fluid component separated by the vapor-liquid separator through different pipings and cools the discharges of the fuel cell 20 by a cooling fan 47 that discharges the air inside the fuel cell system 100. And the auxiliary unit 40 including the vapor-liquid separator 45 and the cooler 46 is mounted between the fuel cell 20 and the buffer tank 90. In this manner, the vapor-liquid separator 45 having a function of separating vapor and liquid is installed before the buffer tank 90 as well as the cooler 46 (namely, located upstream of the buffer tank 90). Thus, the anode discharge and the cathode discharge in which liquid and gas are mixed are united and then the liquid component and the gas component are distributed respectively to a liquid component passage 46a and a gas component passage 46b so as to be cooled, so that the heat exchange efficiency can be improved as compared to when the fluid with the gas and the liquid mixed together is cooled.
The gas component out of the discharges of the fuel cell 20 recovered by the buffer tank 90 is released, outside the fuel cell system 100, through a gas component exhaust passage 93. In such a case, the gas component exhaust passage 93 is provided as long as possible so that the gas component is not released outside, and it is preferred that an exhaust filter 94 be provided at an exist. In view of possibility that the amount of generated water produced by the fuel cell 20 is greater than the amount of water vapor discharged from the buffer tank 90 and therefore the fuel (methanol water solution) circulating within the fuel cell system 100 overflows, the buffer tank 90 and the fuel sub-tank 80 are connected with each other through a piping (tank communicating passage 95) provided above them. When the buffer tank 90 overflows, the fuel sub-tank 80 plays a role of the buffering in the buffer tank 90 and at the same time the fuel is supplied from the fuel cartridge to the fuel sub-tank 80. And if the pressure in the fuel sub-tank 80 rises temporarily, the buffer tank 90 plays a role of allowing the pressure of the fuel sub-tank 80 to escape. A check valve 96 is provided between the fuel sub-tank 80 and the buffer tank 90, and it is so structured that the diluted methanol water solution does not flow backward from the fuel supply passage 91 to the fuel supply passage 84, namely from the buffer tank 90 to the fuel sub-tank 80, unless it overflows via the tank communication passage 95. Cartridge joints 36 and 86 are provided between the fuel bag 32 and the fuel sub-tank 80, and the fuel supply passage 34 and the fuel supply passage 82 are connected to each other through these cartridge joints 36 and 86. In order that a safety mechanism for recovering the leakage of fuel, at the time of inserting or removing a cartridge, a locking mechanism for the joint or the like mechanism can be provided in the housing main body side, this joint part is such that the cartridge joint 36 in the fuel cartridge 30 side is a male whereas the cartridge joint 86 in the fuel sub-tank 80 side is a female. In this manner, the female structure allows the assembly of more complicated mechanisms and realizes a simple structure in the fuel cartridge 30 side, thus achieving advantageous aspects in terms of the size and cost.
To detect the status of whether-the fuel cartridge is being inserted or removed, a limiter LT is provided in the housing main body of the fuel cell system 100 in contact with the fuel cartridge 30. This structure allows detecting whether the fuel cartridge 30 is normally fit into the fuel cell system 100 or not, so as to make sure that the fuel is not leaked from the cartridge joints 36 and 86 while in use. The means for detecting whether it is inserted or removed is not limited to the limiter LT, and a structure may be such that an IC chip or the like is embedded in a predetermined position of the fuel cartridge 30 so as to detect the position of the IC chip and at the same time the information, on the fuel cartridge, such as volume, concentration, fuel type and serial number is communicated between the fuel cell system 100 and the control unit.
The fuel supply passage 34 in the fuel cartridge 30 has its inlet positioned in the bottom of the fuel bag 32, and is so arranged as to move upwards along the side of wall within the fuel cartridge 30 and is then connected with the cartridge joint 36. A fuel confirmation window is set up in an upper part, namely part of upper hem, of the fuel cartridge so that the fuel supply passage 34 is visible. It is desirable that transparent material such as Teflon (registered trademark) tube be used to form the fuel supply passage to confirm the interior of the fuel supply passage 34 from this fuel confirmation window 38. The fuel bag 32 is a container such that the volume thereof can be varied and a small amount of gas such as air is presealed inside together with the fuel. Hence, when the remaining fuel stored in the fuel bag 32 gets small, the boundary between liquid phase and gaseous phase can be visibly verified. The confirmation will be further facilitated if the fuel is colored beforehand.
The above flow of the fuel is summarized as follows. The high concentration methanol or pure methanol in the fuel bag 32 is distributed through the fuel supply passage 34 so as to be supplied to the housing main body of the fuel cell system 100. The fuel cartridge 30 and the housing main body are connected with each other by way of the cartridge joints 36 and 86, and the high concentration methanol in the fuel bag 32 is supplied to the fuel sub-tank 80 by the suction force of the methanol pump 41 provided in the fuel supply passage 82 which is connected from the cartridge joint 86 to the fuel sub-tank 80. If the gas is mixed in with the fuel supply passages 34 and 82 from the cartridge joints 36 and 86 at the time then the fuel cartridge 30 is mounted or removed, such gas is eliminated by this fuel sub-tank 80. Hence, a structure is such that such gas as air bubbles is not mixed into a buffer tank 90 side from the fuel sub-tank 80.
As shown in
In the sub-tank 80, a gas intake/exhaust opening 101 communicated with the tank communicating passage 95 is provided on the top surface of a container, thus realizing a structure such that the gas inside the container can freely enter and exit. By employing this structure, the pressure inside the container does not get pressurized nor becomes negative-pressure even when the liquid level varies. As a result, the safety of the fuel sub-tank 80 is raised. Also, abnormal operations where, for example, the liquid fuel flows back into the fuel supply passage 82 and the liquid fuel flows into the fuel supply passage 84 at the timing other than a predetermined timing can be prevented.
A description will now be given of variation in the liquid level of fuel in the fuel sub-tank 80. According to the state of power generation in the fuel cell 200, a predetermined amount v of liquid fuel is supplied intermittently to the fuel cell 20 from a fuel exhaust port 104 located at an end of the fuel supply passage 84. In what is to follow, assume that the fuel added amount at one time is v and the amount of liquid level of fuel that descends in the container at one time of fuel discharge is y. When it is detected that the water level of fuel in the fuel sub-tank 80 has become the height of the liquid-level sensor 81 or below as a result of the fuel discharge, the methanol pump stops and then the methanol pump 41 starts. As a result, the liquid fuel is added from a fuel filler port 102 located at an end of the fuel supply passage 82 so that the water level of fuel in the fuel sub-tank 80 is in a position of (½)·y above the height of the liquid-level sensor 81. In this manner, the methanol pump 41 and the methanol pump 42 intermittently operate at asynchronous timing, and the water inside the fuel sub-tank 80 varies within a range of y wherein y indicates a range of variation in the liquid level. The methanol pump 41 and the methanol pump 42 are controlled in an asynchronous manner. Thus, the fuel cell 20 can be operated without disabling the supply of liquid cell even in the case when the quantity accuracy of the methanol pump 41 is low due to the disturbance such as variation in pressure of the methanol pump 41 required of fuel discharge from the fuel cartridge 30 as a result of variation in the remaining amount of the liquid fuel and the time degradation.
It is also preferred that the gas intake/exhaust opening 101 be provided in a position higher by at least y from the maximum point of the liquid level variation range y. That is, with reference to
It is also preferred that the fuel filler port 102 be provided in a position higher than the maximum point of the range y of variation in the normal liquid level of the liquid fuel in the container. By implementing this structure, the capacity of fuel which can be stored in the container can be secured and at the same time the adverse effect on the liquid level variation range y can be reduced.
It is also preferred that the fuel exhaust port 104 be provided in a position as closer to the bottom of the container as possible. According to this structure, the fuel in the container can be discharged in an optimal and useful manner. It is also preferred that the fuel exhaust port 104 be provided in a position lower than the minimum point of the liquid level variation range y by at least y. That is, with reference to
By employing this structure, the fuel cell 20 can be operated even in a period during which the fuel cartridge 30 is being replaced anew. It is also preferable that the fuel exhaust port 104 be provided in a position lower than the minimum point of the liquid variation range y by at least 3×y. According to this structure, it is possible to operate the fuel cell 20 during the time required for the replacement of the fuel cartridge 30 three times.
Example of Positions Where the Liquid-Sensor is Set
If the gas intake/exhaust opening 101 is in a position higher than the liquid variation range y by y and the fuel exhaust port 104 is in position lower than the liquid variation range y by y, the height of the container of the fuel sub-tank 80 will be about y+y+3y=5y. The height of the liquid-level sensor 81 will be about (½)·y+3y=3.5y. That is, the height of the liquid-level sensor 81 corresponds to the position of (3.5/5)=0.7 if the height of the container is used as a benchmark.
Similar to the fuel sub-tank 80, a liquid-level sensor LS2 that detects water shortage (fuel starvation) is also provided in the buffer tank 90 in a position where it is located ⅓ or more of the height of the tank. When it is detected that the water level of fuel in the buffer tank 90 has reached the position of the liquid-level sensor LS2 or below, a signal is transmitted to the control unit 60 which in turn controls each device in the fuel cell system 100 in a manner such that the amount of generated water produced from the fuel cell 20 increases, namely, high currents are outputted from the fuel cell 20. Conversely, in a case where the overflow occurs in the buffer tank 90, the fuel is introduced into the fuel sub-tank 90 through the tank communicating passage 95. This tank communicating passage 95 is structured such that, as a steady state, no difference in pressure of gaseous phase part occurs between the fuel sub-tank 80 and the buffer tank 90 in the event that the pressure of gaseous phase part in the fuel sub-tank 80 rises as a result of the insertion/removal of the fuel cartridge 30 and so forth.
The diluted methanol water solution in the buffer tank 90 is supplied to the fuel cell 20 by the suction force of the methanol pump 43 provided in the fuel supply passage 92. In the fuel supply passage 92, a fuel filter 97 is provided anterior to the methanol pump 43. This fuel filter 97 removes or absorbs the impurities such as contaminants or cations mixed in with the methanol solution water so as to be supplied to the anode of the fuel cell 20. Although it is acceptable that the fuel filter 97 is installed posterior to the methanol pump 43, the contaminants or the like in the methanol pump can be avoided if the fuel filter 97 is provided anterior thereto. Different from the other methanol pumps 41 and 42, this methanol pump 43 runs almost all the while the fuel cell system 100 is in operation. Hence, it is desirable that the methanol filter 97 be installed posterior thereto in consideration of the contaminants or the like.
On the other hand, the air is supplied to the cathode of the fuel cell 20 by an air pump 44. The air pump 44 suctions the air inside the fuel cell system 100. However, since a filter by which to remove particle components such as contaminants is provided in an opening (not shown) that introduces the air outside the fuel cell system 100 into the interior thereof, the organic matters in the air are removed by catalytic combustion in a posterior side of the air pump 44 in an oxidant supply passage 23 or an air filter 24 that absorbs the cations is provided.
The waste methanol and carbon dioxide discharged from the anode 21 side of a fuel cell 20 are discharged from an anode exhaust passage 25 to the vapor-liquid separator 45, and at the same time the exhaust air and generated water discharged from the cathode 22 side are discharged from a cathode exhaust passage 26. They join together at the vapor-liquid separator 45. The mixture is separated into a liquid component and a gas component. Then, while the liquid component is distributed through the liquid component passage 46a and the gas component is distributed through the gas component passage 46b, the liquid component and the gas component are cooled by the air in the fuel cell system 100 forcibly discharged by the cooling fan 47 and are each introduced into the buffer tank 90. That is, since the buffer tank 90 recovers the waste methanol and the generated water where the methanol is consumed by the electric power cell reaction, the concentration of methanol in the buffer tank 90 drops. When the methanol concentration in the buffer tank 90 drops, the variation is caused in the voltage of a plurality of cells that constitute the fuel cell 20. Thus, according to the present embodiment, this variation is detected which in turn serves as a concentration sensor instead. And when it is detected that the voltage of a plurality of cells has become equal to or greater than a predetermined value of variation, a signal is sent to the control unit 60. As a result, the control unit 60 drives the methanol pump 42 and replenishes the buffer tank 90 with the fuel from the fuel tank 80 so as to adjust the methanol concentration of the buffer tank 90. In cooperation with the methanol pump 42, the methanol pump 41 may operate in such a manner that the same amount of high concentration methanol is refilled to the fuel sub-tank 80 from the fuel bag 32 every time the methanol pump 42 is driven. Also, to reduce the energy consumption by the auxiliaries, a structure may, for example, be such that when the methanol pump 42 is driven three times, the three-fold amount of the high concentration methanol is refilled to the fuel sub-tank 80 from the fuel bag 32.
In place of the tank communicating passage 95 in the first embodiment, as a free path there is provided a tube-shaped gas circulation tube 200 whose one end is open.
With the material and thickness of the gas circulation tube 200 chosen appropriately, a structure is achieved such that the liquid material evaporated inside the gas circulation tube 200 evaporates gradually from the surface thereof. Examples of material for the tube structured as such include a silicon tube whose thickness is less than or equal to 0.5 mm and a low-density polyethylene tube.
In the fuel cell system 100 according to the third embodiment, a vapor-liquid separation structure 210 is provided at the tip of a gas circulation tube 200. With the provision of the vapor-liquid separation structure 210, the fuel gas of a predetermined concentration or less is released to the outside without the leakage of the liquid fuel from the gas circulation tube 200. As a result, the safety of the fuel cell system 100 can be raised.
In the present embodiments, a description has been given of a fuel cell system formed by DMFC using the methanol as liquid fuel. However, the type of a fuel system, for directly supplying the liquid fuel, to which the present invention can be applied is not limited to the DMFC system. A description has been given of a fuel cell system of such a form that uses a personal computer as a load, but the present invention can be applied to a fuel cell system that can be used in various types of equipment particularly portable equipment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005-285908 | Sep 2005 | JP | national |
| 2006-238149 | Sep 2006 | JP | national |
