A gas turbine engine typically includes a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. Air entering the compressor section is compressed and delivered into the combustion section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate a high temperature exhaust gas flow. The exhaust gas flow is then turned tangentially, and accelerated by turbine inlet guide vanes such that the high-speed exhaust gas flow expands through the turbine section to drive the compressor.
Premixing fuel and air prior to combustion in the combustion chamber has become the most widely employed method for achieving low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from a gas turbine. However, in many alternate fuels, particularly hydrogen-containing fuels, premixing the fuel and air presents challenges to prevent flashback, autoignition, and other premixer burning. Premixing may also increase the likelihood of large pressure pulsations driven by combustion dynamics. These challenges are heightened if the fuel composition varies from the design values used in the development of the combustor. Accordingly, it is desirable to design and develop devices that provide a thorough mixing of fuel and air for the combustion process that are also fuel-flexible to the extent that variations in fuel composition and hydrogen content are tolerated with no adverse effects.
A fuel injector for a gas turbine engine according to an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, among other possible things includes a chamber disposed along an axis including a bulkhead at a forward end and an opening at an aft end, a first annular passage disposed about the chamber, the first annular passage including a first plurality of vanes to generate a swirled first airflow, a second annular passage disposed about the first annular passage, the second annular passage including a second plurality of vanes to generate a swirled fuel flow, a third annular passage disposed about the second annular passage, the third annular passage including a third plurality of vanes to generate a swirled second airflow, and a plurality of openings through the bulkhead at a forward most portion of the chamber for communicating a central airflow to the chamber.
In a further embodiment of the foregoing fuel injector, includes a plurality of fuel tubes disposed about the axis and extending through the bulkhead into the chamber to communicate a second fuel flow to the chamber.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, the plurality of fuel tubes includes a central tube disposed along the axis and a first plurality of fuel tubes disposed about the central tube, with at least some of the plurality of openings disposed between the central tube and the first plurality of fuel tubes.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, includes a second plurality of fuel tubes disposed about the first plurality of fuel tubes with at least some of the plurality of openings disposed between the first plurality of fuel tubes and the second plurality of fuel tubes.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, the fuel tubes include an open end that is spaced apart from the bulkhead.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, includes a fuel manifold disposed at an aft end of the plurality of fuel tubes for supplying fuel.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, includes an annular fuel chamber disposed aft of the second annular passage, the annular fuel chamber including a plurality of fuel inlets for receiving a fuel flow.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, includes a duct extending from the aft end of the chamber to a combustion chamber.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing fuel injectors, the second annular passage is disposed between the first annular passage and the third annular passage.
A combustor system for a gas turbine engine according to an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, among other possible things includes a combustor defining a combustor chamber, a fuel air mixer including a chamber disposed along an axis including a bulkhead at a forward end and an opening at an aft end, a first annular passage disposed about the chamber, the first annular passage including a first plurality of vanes to generate a swirled first airflow, a second annular passage disposed about the first annular passage, the second annular passage including a second plurality of vanes to generate a swirled fuel flow, a third annular passage disposed about the second annular passage, the third annular passage including a third plurality of vanes to generate a swirled second airflow, and a plurality of openings through the bulkhead at a forward most portion of the chamber for communicating a central airflow to the chamber.
In a further embodiment of the foregoing combustor system, includes a plurality of fuel tubes disposed about the axis and extends through the bulkhead into the chamber to communicate a second fuel flow to the chamber.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing combustor systems, the fuel tubes include an open end that is spaced apart from the bulkhead.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing combustor systems, includes a duct extending from the aft end of the chamber to a combustion chamber.
A method of communicating a fuel air mixture to a combustor of a gas turbine engine according to an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, among other possible things includes communicating a central airflow along an axis to a chamber, communicating a first swirled airflow about the axis to the chamber, communicating a second swirled airflow about the axis to the chamber and radially outward of the first swirled airflow, communicating a swirled fuel flow to the chamber between the first and second airflows, mixing the swirled fuel with the central, first and second airflows, and flowing the fuel air mixture through an open end of the chamber.
In a further embodiment of the foregoing method, includes injecting a non-swirled airflow into the chamber along the axis.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, includes injecting the non-swirled airflow into the chamber intermixed with the central airflow.
Although the different examples have the specific components shown in the illustrations, embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to those particular combinations. It is possible to use some of the components or features from one of the examples in combination with features or components from another one of the examples.
These and other features disclosed herein can be best understood from the following specification and drawings, the following of which is a brief description.
In this example, the compressor section 22 includes a low-pressure compressor 32 and a high-pressure compressor 34. The example turbine section 26 includes a high-pressure turbine 36 and a low-pressure turbine 38. The low-pressure turbine 38 drives an inner shaft 28 that drives the compressor 32. The high-pressure turbine 36 drives an outer shaft 30 that drives the high compressor 34. In this example, the low-pressure turbine 38 also drives a drive shaft 40 that in turn drives a generator 42. As appreciated, the example gas turbine engine 20 is utilized for industrial applications and drives the generator 42. However, the disclosures in the present specification could be utilized for other gas turbine engine applications.
Referring to
A first annular passage 58 is disposed about the axis 48 and about the chamber 50. The first annular passage 58 includes a plurality of vanes 60 for generating a tangential swirl component in a first swirled airflow 80. The first annular passage 58 includes an end 62 that ends in a plane common to the aft end 54 of the chamber 50.
Radially outward of the first annular passage 58 is a second annular passage 64. The second annular passage includes a second plurality of vanes 66 for creating a swirled fuel flow 84. The second annular passage 64 includes a second end 68 that also ends in a plane common with the aft opening 54.
A third annular passage 70 is disposed radially outward of the second annular passage 64 and includes a third plurality of vanes 72 for generating a tangential swirl in a second swirled airflow 82. The third annular passage 70 includes a third open end 74 that is disposed in a plane common with the aft open end 54 of the chamber 50.
Fuel is communicated through an annular fuel supply chamber 94 that receives fuel from an inlet 96. The annular fuel chamber 94 communicates fuel to the second annular passage 64. The second annular passage 64 is disposed between the first annular passage 58 and the third annular passage 70. The first annular passage 58 and the third annular passage 70 communicate airflows 80, 82 wherein the second annular passage 64 communicates fuel flow 84. Each of the first, second and third annular passages 58, 64, and 70 create a swirl component in the corresponding flow 80, 82 and 84.
Airflow is provided through inlets 90 and 92 that correspond with the first annular passage 58 and the third annular passage 70. This airflow is also communicated to an aft surface of the bulkhead 52 such that airflow is communicated through the plurality of openings 56 into the central chamber 50.
A plurality of fuel tubes 86 communicate fuel through the bulkhead 52 and into the chamber 50. Fuel flow through the fuel tubes 86 is provided in a direction along the axis 48 and does not include a swirl or tangential component. Each of the fuel tubes 86 includes an end 88 that extends past the bulkhead 52, a distance 100 into the chamber 50. As appreciated, the ends 88 of the fuel tubes 80 are spaced apart from the bulkhead 52 such that fuel is injected into the chamber 50 aft of where the central airflow 76 enters through the plurality of openings 56. The fuel tubes 86 receive fuel that is supplied to a fuel manifold 98 disposed at a forward end of the plurality of fuel tubes 86.
Referring to
In this example, the first plurality of fuel tubes 104 includes eight fuel tubes 86 arranged equally about the circumference surrounding the central tube 108 and the second plurality of fuel tubes 106 includes 16 fuel tubes that are spaced equally about the axis 48 and the first plurality of fuel tubes 104. As appreciated, although a specific number of fuel tubes are shown by way of example, the number of fuel tubes could be adjusted to provide for an application's specific performance.
The fuel tubes 86 are supplied through the fuel manifold 98. The fuel manifold 98 in turn receives fuel through inlets 102. The plurality of the inlets 102 are spaced apart to allow for a uniform supply of fuel to the plurality of fuel tubes 86. The second annular passage 64 is supplied with fuel through the annular fuel supply chamber 94 that receives fuel from inlets 96. As appreciated, in this example four inlets 96 are provided for each of the fuel manifold 98 and the fuel supply chamber 94. However, different numbers of fuel inlets 96, 102 could be utilized to provide and supply fuel as required to obtain the desired fuel flows and mixtures for any application's specific parameters.
Referring to
A central airflow that is shown in
Referring to
The example fuel injector 46 provides for the axial airflow 76 and fuel flow 78 through the chamber 50 and out into the duct 110 to maintain a desired axial flow velocity that provides a high velocity fuel air mixture 114 flow through the fuel injector 46 and the duct 110 into the combustion chamber 44. The high velocity fuel air mixture 114 reduces the potential for premature ignition prior to the entering of the combustion chamber 44.
Accordingly, the example fuel injector provides for a thorough mixing of fuel with airflow by surrounding a swirled fuel flow 84 with first and second swirled airflows 80,82 that ensures mixing prior to or upon entering the combustion chamber 44. Moreover, the example fuel injector includes the fuel tubes 86 to produce a central fuel flow 78 along with the central airflow 76 through the plurality of openings 56 to generate the high velocity fuel/air mixture along the axis of the fuel injector 46 to prevent undesired ignition events while providing a desired swirl distribution and aerodynamic flows that are tolerant of unscheduled pre-mixer ignition events.
Although an example embodiment has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this disclosure. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the scope and content of this disclosure.
This subject of this disclosure was made with government support under Contract No.: DE-AC02-05-CH11231 awarded by the United States Department of Energy. The government therefore may have certain rights in the disclosed subject matter.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20140007581 A1 | Jan 2014 | US |