Patent Application
20120023952
The embodiments disclosed relate generally to gas and liquid fuel turbines, including both can-annular or annular combustion systems, and methods of operating such combustion systems.
Dry Low NOx technology is routinely applied for emissions control with gaseous fuel combustion in industrial gas turbines with can-annular combustion systems through utilization of premixing of fuel and air. The primary benefit of premixing is to provide a uniform rate of combustion resulting in relatively constant reaction zone temperatures. Through careful air management, these temperatures can be optimized to produce very low emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Modulation of a center premix fuel nozzle can expand the range of operation by allowing the fuel-air ratio and corresponding reaction rates of the outer nozzles to remain relatively constant while varying the fuel input into the turbine.
Fuel staging is well-understood by those experienced in the art as a means of achieving higher turbine inlet temperatures with uniform heat release. Axially staged systems employ multiple planes of fuel injection along the combustor flow path. Utilization of axial fuel staging requires special design considerations to inject fuel into the high temperature products of combustion. The high temperature and pressure environment of the latter stages of an axially staged combustor have prevented development of robust designs suitable for commercial applications.
It would therefore be desirable to develop new gas turbines having a fuel system configuration and/or utilizes a method of staging fuel so that lower peak fuel temperatures are achieved. Such gas turbines would be expected to have correspondingly low NOx and CO emissions. The ability of a new gas turbine to exhibit of an increased range of operability within such “Emissions Compliant” regimes would provide further advantages.
A gas turbine fuel nozzle is provided. The fuel nozzle has a physical configuration so that the nozzle is unable to stabilize flame up to an equivalence ratio of about 0.65.
In another aspect, an assembly for a single stage gas turbine combustor is provided. The assembly comprises an array of outer nozzles arranged about a center axis, and a center nozzle located on said center axis, wherein said center nozzle has a physical configuration such that the center nozzle is unable to stabilize flame up to an equivalence ratio of about 0.65.
In another aspect, there is provided a gas turbine comprising a plurality of combustors. Each combustor has a plurality of outer fuel nozzles arranged about a longitudinal axis of the combustor, a center nozzle disposed substantially along said longitudinal axis, and a single combustion zone. The center nozzle is unable to stabilize flame up to an equivalence ratio of about 0.65.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become even better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
The above brief description sets forth features of the various embodiments of the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contributions to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, other features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will be for the subject matter of the appended claims.
In this respect, before explaining several embodiments of the invention in detail, it is understood that the various embodiments of the invention are not limited in their application to the details of the construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
The terms “first,” “second,” and the like, as used herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value, and has the meaning dictated by context, (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term.
Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification is not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Provided herein is a fuel nozzle, and assembly and gas turbine comprising the nozzle, that utilizes fuel staging to achieve very low emissions on gaseous fuel. Nozzles, assemblies and combustors incorporate physical configurations so that flame stabilization is avoided without utilizing down-stream fuel injection. The desired low emissions are thus provided.
Avoidance of flame stabilization, in turn, allows unburned fuel to propagate downstream, beyond the primary reaction zones of adjacent fuel nozzles. That is, a flame supported by the present nozzle will not burn right away, but will burn within the combustor zone of the assembly and/or combustor. The result is similar to that provided by axial fuel staging, without the conventional requirement for downstream fuel injection.
The benefits of axial fuel staging, or late lean injection, on NOx emissions from a premixed flame are graphically depicted in
And so, provided herein is a nozzle that may desirably be part of a combustor assembly, arranged in annular or can-annular configuration on an industrial gas turbine. The present nozzles, assemblies and combustors are advantageously employed at low to moderate fuel/air ratios, e.g., at fuel/air ratios of less than 0.65, as may typically be utilized in high-power modes.
As noted above, the gas turbine includes a plurality of combustors 14 located about the periphery of the gas turbine. A double-walled transition duct 18 connects the outlet end of each combustor with the inlet end of the turbine to deliver the hot products of combustion to the turbine. Ignition is achieved in the various combustors 14 by means of spark plug 20 in conjunction with cross fire tubes 22 in the usual manner.
Each combustor 14 includes a substantially cylindrical combustor casing 24 which is secured at an open forward end to the turbine casing 26 by means of bolts 28. The rearward or proximal end of the combustion casing is closed by an end cover assembly 30 which includes supply tubes, manifolds and associated valves for feeding gaseous fuel, liquid fuel, air and water to the combustor 14 as described in greater detail below. The end cover assembly 30 receives a plurality (for example, three to six) “outer” fuel nozzle assemblies 32 (one shown) arranged in a circular array about a longitudinal axis of combustor 14, and one center nozzle 33.
Within the combustor casing 24, there is mounted, in substantially concentric relation thereto, a substantially cylindrical flow sleeve 34 which connects at its forward end to the outer wall 36 of the double walled transition duct 18. The flow sleeve 34 is connected at its rearward end by means of a radial flange 35 to the combustor casing 24 at a butt joint 37 wherein fore and aft sections of the combustor casing 24 are joined.
Within the flow sleeve 34, there is a concentrically arranged combustion liner 38 which is connected at its forward end with the inner wall 40 of the transition duct 18. The rearward end of the combustion liner 38 is supported by a combustion liner cap assembly 42, which is, in turn, supported within the combustor casing by a plurality of struts 39 and an associated mounting assembly. Outer wall 36 of the transition duct 18 and that portion of flow sleeve 34 extending forward of the location where the combustor casing 24 is bolted to the turbine case are formed with an array of apertures 44 over their respective peripheral surfaces to permit air to reverse flow from the compressor 12 through the apertures 44 into the annular space between the flow sleeve 34 and the liner 38 toward the upstream or rearward end of the combustor (as indicated by the flow arrows shown in
The combustion liner cap assembly 42 supports a plurality of premix tubes 46, one for each of “outer” fuel nozzle assemblies 32 and center nozzle 33. More specifically, each premix tube 46 is supported within the combustion liner cap assembly 42 at its forward and rearward ends by front and rear plates 47 and 49 respectively, each provided with openings aligned with the open-ended remix tubes 46. The front plate 47 (an impingement plate provided with an array of cooling apertures) may be shielded from the thermal radiation of the combustor flame by shield plates (not shown).
The rear plate 49 mounts on a plurality of rearwardly extending floating collars 48 (one for each premix tube 46, arranged in substantial alignment with the openings in the rear plate), each of which supports an air swirler 50 in surrounding relation to a radially outermost wall of the respective nozzle assembly. The arrangement is such that air flowing in the annular space between the liner 38 and flow sleeve 34 is forced to again reverse direction in the rearward end of the combustor (between the end cover assembly 30 and sleeve aperture 44) and to flow through the swirlers 50 and premix tubes 46. The construction details of the combustion liner cap assembly 42, the manner in which the liner cap assembly is supported within the combustion casing, and the manner in which the premix tubes 46 are supported in the liner cap assembly is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,184, hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Outer fuel nozzle assemblies 32 and center nozzle 33 may conventionally be configured to supply premix gaseous fuel, liquid fuel, water injection, atomizing air and/or diffusion fuel. In some embodiments, outer fuel nozzle assemblies 32 and center nozzle 33 are configured to provide premixed gaseous fuel.
Referring to
In the embodiment shown, the forward delivery section of the outer fuel nozzle assembly 32 is comprised of a series of concentric tubes. Tubes 76 and 78 define premix gas passage(s) 80 which receive(s) premix gas fuel from premix gas fuel inlet(s) 82 in rearward supply section 72 via conduit 84. The premix gas passages 80 communicate with a plurality of radial fuel injectors 86, each of which is provided with a plurality of fuel injection ports or holes 88 for discharging gas fuel into the premix zone located within the premix tube 46. The injected premix fuel mixes with air reverse flowed from compressor 12.
A second passage 90 is defined between concentric tubes 78 and 92 and is used to supply atomizing air from atomizing air inlet 94 to the burning zone 70 of the combustor 14 via orifice 96. A third passage 98 is defined between concentric tubes 92 and 100 and is used to supply water from water inlet 102 to the burning zone 70 to effect NOx reductions in the manner understood by those skilled in the art.
Tube 100, the innermost of the series of concentric tubes forming the outer nozzles 32, itself forms a central passage via liquid fuel inlet 106. The liquid fuel exits the nozzle by means of a discharge orifice 108 in the center of outer nozzle assembly 32. Thus, all outer nozzles 32 and center gas nozzle 33 provide premix gaseous fuel. The center nozzle 33, but not the outer nozzles 32 provides a passive air purge, and each of the outer nozzles 32, but not the center nozzle 33, is configured for delivering liquid fuel, water for emissions abatement, and atomizing air. A number of quaternary pegs (not shown) are located circumferentially around the forward combustion casing distributing fuel through 8 holes per peg.
Center fuel nozzle 33 is provided with a physical configuration that minimizes turbulence and flow recirculation such that flame stability is poor. Center nozzle 33 is thus capable of providing such flame destabilization at equivalence ratios lower than about 0.65. Non-limiting examples of physical configurations that provide such ability to center nozzle 33 include one or more aerodynamic features, such as, e.g., a streamlined nozzle tip, nozzle tip air purge, streamlined swirler, dual swirler, dual counter-rotating swirler, combined swirler and nozzle, inlet flow conditioner, burner tube exit bell-mouth and/or diverging burner tube wall.
For example, in some embodiments, center fuel nozzle 33 may be provided with streamlined tip, alone or in combination with a nozzle tip air purge that both cools the aft region of the nozzle and quenches the remaining recirculation zones. As a result, the flame has difficulty attaching in this region, i.e., center fuel nozzle 33 exhibits reduced flame stability as compared to a conventional center fuel nozzle. And so, premixed fuel dispensed from center fuel nozzle 33 will travel, or convect, downstream, prior to igniting. The result is similar to the affect of axial fuel staging but does advantageously not require downstream fuel injection.
In some embodiments, center fuel nozzle 33 may comprise any number of swirlers, in any configuration. For example, center nozzle 33 may be provided with a streamlined swirler, dual swirler, dual counter-rotating swirler, a swirler combined with a nozzle or fuel peg, etc. Any such swirlers may provide for rotating or counter-rotating flow of fluids dispensed there, and may act to destabilize the flame provided at the tip of center fuel nozzle 33. Or, center fuel nozzle 33 may be disposed within a burner tube having a “bell shaped” exit. Inlet flow conditioners may also be utilized to achieve the desired flame destabilization, or, the same may be provided by a different outer nozzle configuration. Any of these may be used alone or in any combination. Several embodiments of such configurations of center fuel nozzle 33 are shown in
One embodiment of center fuel nozzle 33 is shown in
Inlets 62 are also defined in the rearward supply section 52 of the nozzle for premix gas fuel. The premix gas passage(s) 64 communicate with a plurality of radial fuel injectors 66, each of which is provided with a plurality of fuel injection ports or holes 68 for discharging premix gas fuel into a premix zone located within premix tube 46.
Flame shapes for conventional nozzle combustion systems as compared to the inventive combustion systems are shown in
The turbine operates on gaseous fuel in a number of modes. The first mode supplies premix gas fuel to two of outer nozzles 32 and to center nozzle 33, for acceleration of the turbine. From ignition and completion of cross-firing thereof and until approximately 95% speed, the flow of premix fuel to center nozzle 33 is turned off, and that percentage of fuel is redirected to two of outer fuel nozzles 32. From approximately 95% speed and very low load operation, the flow of premix fuel to outer fuel nozzles 32 is turned off, and that percentage of fuel is to premix gaseous fuel is supplied to center nozzle 33. As the unit load is further raised, premix gaseous fuel is supplied to two of outer fuel nozzles 32 and center fuel nozzle 33. At approximately 20% load, flow is diverted from two of outer fuel nozzles 32 to three of outer fuel nozzles 32, while flow is maintained through center fuel nozzle 33. At approximately 30% load, the flow of premix gaseous fuel through center fuel nozzle 33 is turned off and that percentage of the premix gas fuel is delivered through the two of outer fuel nozzles 32 so that all outer fuel nozzles 32 are delivering premix gaseous fuel. For a brief period of time, fuel is supplied exclusively to the outer premixed and quaternary nozzles. As approximately 30% load, the center nozzle 33 is turned on again to deliver premix gaseous fuel through the premix gas fuel passages (64). This mode is applied with controlled fuel percentages to the premix gas nozzles up to 100% of the rated load. In order to operate in modes 1, 3 and 4, the center fuel nozzle generally must be capable of stabilizing flame at equivalence ratios of greater than 0.65.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which the disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for designing other structures, methods, and/or systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
While the disclosed embodiments of the subject matter described herein have been shown in the drawings and fully described above with particularity and detail in connection with several exemplary embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications, changes, and omissions are possible without materially departing from the novel teachings, the principles and concepts set forth herein, and advantages of the subject matter recited in the appended claims. Hence, the proper scope of the disclosed innovations should be determined only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims so as to encompass all such modifications, changes, and omissions. In addition, the order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments.
