Patent Application
20220186930
Embodiments of present invention relates to gas turbine engine fuel nozzles and, more particularly, to an apparatus for draining and purging gas turbine engine fuel nozzles.
Aircraft gas turbine engines include a combustor in which fuel is burned to input heat to the engine cycle. Typical combustors incorporate one or more fuel injectors whose function is to introduce liquid fuel into an air flow stream so that it can atomize and burn.
Staged combustors have been developed to operate with low pollution, high efficiency, low cost, high engine output, and good engine operability. In a staged combustor, the nozzles of the combustor are operable to selectively inject fuel through two or more discrete stages, each stage being defined by individual fuel flowpaths within the fuel nozzle. For example, the fuel nozzle may include a pilot stage that operates continuously, and a main stage that only operates at higher engine power levels. The fuel flowrate may also be variable within each of the stages.
The main stage includes an annular main injection ring having a plurality of fuel injection ports which discharge fuel through a surrounding centerbody into a swirling mixer airstream. A need with this type of fuel nozzle is to make sure that fuel is not ingested into voids within the fuel nozzle where it could ignite causing internal damage and possibly erratic operation.
This need is addressed by the embodiments of the present invention, which provides a fuel nozzle incorporating an injection structure configured to generate an airflow that purges and assists penetration of a fuel stream into a high velocity airstream.
According to one aspect of the invention, a fuel nozzle apparatus includes: an annular outer body, the outer body extending parallel to a centerline axis, the outer body having a generally cylindrical exterior surface extending between forward and aft ends, and having a plurality of openings passing through the exterior surface; an annular inner body disposed inside the outer body, cooperating with the outer body to define an annular space; an annular main injection ring disposed inside the annular space, the main injection ring including an annular array of fuel posts extending radially outward therefrom; each fuel post being aligned with one of the openings in the outer body and separated from the opening by a perimeter gap which communicates with the annular space, wherein each fuel post includes a perimeter wall defining a cylindrical lateral surface and a radially-outward-facing floor recessed radially inward from a distal end surface of the perimeter wall to define a spray well; and the perimeter gap is defined between the opening and the lateral surface; a main fuel gallery extending within the main injection ring in a circumferential direction; and a plurality of main fuel orifices, each main fuel orifice communicating with the main fuel gallery and extending through one of the fuel posts.
According to another aspect of the invention, a fuel nozzle apparatus includes: an annular outer body, the outer body extending parallel to a centerline axis, the outer body having a generally cylindrical exterior surface extending between forward and aft ends, and having a plurality of openings passing through the exterior surface, wherein each opening communicates with a conical well inlet formed on an inner surface of the outer body; an annular inner body disposed inside the outer body, cooperating with the outer body to define an annular space; an annular main injection ring disposed inside the annular space, the main injection ring including an annular array of fuel posts extending radially outward therefrom; each fuel post being aligned with one of the openings in the outer body and separated from the opening by a perimeter gap which communicates with the annular space, wherein each fuel post is frustoconical in shape and includes a conical lateral surface and a planar, radially-facing outer surface, wherein the perimeter gap is defined between the well inlet and the lateral surface; a main fuel gallery extending within the main injection ring in a circumferential direction; and a plurality of main fuel orifices, each main fuel orifice communicating with the main fuel gallery and extending through one of the fuel posts.
Embodiments of the present invention may be best understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures in which:
Generally, embodiments of the present invention provides a fuel nozzle with an injection ring. The main injection ring incorporates an injection structure configured to generate an airflow through a controlled gap surrounding a fuel orifice that flows fuel from the main injection ring, and assists penetration of a fuel stream from the fuel orifice into a high velocity airstream.
Now, referring to the drawings wherein identical reference numerals denote the same elements throughout the various views,
The fuel nozzle 10 is connected to a fuel system 12 of a known type, operable to supply a flow of liquid fuel at varying flowrates according to operational need. The fuel system supplies fuel to a pilot control valve 14 which is coupled to a pilot fuel conduit 16, which in turn supplies fuel to a pilot 18 of the fuel nozzle 10. The fuel system 12 also supplies fuel to a main valve 20 which is coupled to a main fuel conduit 22, which in turn supplies a main injection ring 24 of the fuel nozzle 10.
For purposes of description, reference will be made to a centerline axis 26 of the fuel nozzle 10 which is generally parallel to a centerline axis of the engine (not shown) in which the fuel nozzle 10 would be used. The major components of the illustrated fuel nozzle 10 are disposed extending parallel to and surrounding the centerline axis 26, generally as a series of concentric rings. Starting from the centerline axis 26 and proceeding radially outward, the major components are: the pilot 18, a splitter 28, a venturi 30, an inner body 32, a main ring support 34, the main injection ring 24, and an outer body 36. Each of these structures will be described in detail.
The pilot 18 is disposed at an upstream end of the fuel nozzle 10, aligned with the centerline axis 26 and surrounded by a fairing 38.
The illustrated pilot 18 includes a generally cylindrical, axially-elongated, pilot centerbody 40. An upstream end of the pilot centerbody 40 is connected to the fairing 38. The downstream end of the pilot centerbody 40 includes a converging-diverging discharge orifice 42 with a conical exit.
A metering plug 44 is disposed within a central bore 46 of the pilot centerbody 40 The metering plug 44 communicates with the pilot fuel conduit. The metering plug 44 includes transfer holes 48 that flow fuel to a feed annulus 50 defined between the metering plug 44 and the central bore 46, and also includes an array of angled spray holes 52 arranged to receive fuel from the feed annulus 50 and flow it towards the discharge orifice 42 in a swirling pattern, with a tangential velocity component.
The annular splitter 28 surrounds the pilot injector 18. It includes, in axial sequence: a generally cylindrical upstream section 54, a throat 56 of minimum diameter, and a downstream diverging section 58.
An inner air swirler includes a radial array of inner swirl vanes 60 which extend between the pilot centerbody 40 and the upstream section 54 of the splitter 28. The inner swirl vanes 60 are shaped and oriented to induce a swirl into air flow passing through the inner air swirler.
The annular venturi 30 surrounds the splitter 28. It includes, in axial sequence: a generally cylindrical upstream section 62, a throat 64 of minimum diameter, and a downstream diverging section 66. A radial array of outer swirl vanes 68 defining an outer air swirler extends between the splitter 28 and the venturi 30. The outer swirl vanes 68, splitter 28, and inner swirl vanes 60 physically support the pilot 18. The outer swirl vanes 68 are shaped and oriented to induce a swirl into air flow passing through the outer air swirler. The bore of the venturi 30 defines a flowpath for a pilot air flow, generally designated “P”, through the fuel nozzle 10. A heat shield 70 in the form of an annular, radially-extending plate may be disposed at an aft end of the diverging section 66. A thermal barrier coating (TBC) (not shown) of a known type may be applied on the surface of the heat shield 70 and/or the diverging section 66.
The annular inner body 32 surrounds the venturi 30 and serves as a radiant heat shield as well as other functions described below.
The annular main ring support 34 surrounds the inner body 32. The main ring support 34 may be connected to the fairing 38 and serve as a mechanical connection between the main injection ring 24 and stationary mounting structure such as a fuel nozzle stem, a portion of which is shown as item 72.
The main injection ring 24 which is annular in form surrounds the venturi 30. It may be connected to the main ring support 34 by one or more main support arms 74.
The main injection ring 24 includes a main fuel gallery 76 extending in a circumferential direction (see
The annular outer body 36 surrounds the main injection ring 24, venturi 30, and pilot 18, and defines the outer extent of the fuel nozzle 10. A forward end 82 of the outer body 36 is joined to the stem 72 when assembled (see
The outer body 36 includes an annular array of recesses referred to as “spray wells” 92. Each of the spray wells 92 is defined by an opening 94 in the outer body 36 in cooperation with the main injection ring 24. Each of the main fuel orifices 78 is aligned with one of the spray wells 92.
The outer body 36 and the inner body 32 cooperate to define an annular tertiary space or void 96 protected from the surrounding, external air flow. The main injection ring 24 is contained in this void. Within the fuel nozzle 10, a flowpath is provided for the tip air stream to communicate with and supply the void 96 a minimal flow needed to maintain a small pressure margin above the external pressure at locations near the spray wells 92. In the illustrated example, this flow is provided by small supply slots 98 and supply holes 100 disposed in the venturi 30 and the inner body 32, respectively.
The fuel nozzle 10 and its constituent components may be constructed from one or more metallic alloys. Nonlimiting examples of suitable alloys include nickel and cobalt-based alloys.
All or part of the fuel nozzle 10 or portions thereof may be part of a single unitary, one-piece, or monolithic component, and may be manufactured using a manufacturing process which involves layer-by-layer construction or additive fabrication (as opposed to material removal as with conventional machining processes). Such processes may be referred to as “rapid manufacturing processes” and/or “additive manufacturing processes,” with the term “additive manufacturing process” being the term used herein to refer generally to such processes. Additive manufacturing processes include, but are not limited to: Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM), Laser Net Shape Manufacturing (LNSM), electron beam sintering, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), 3D printing, such as by inkjets and laserjets, Stereolithography (SLS), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), and Direct Metal Deposition (DMD).
The main injection ring 24, main fuel orifices 78, and spray wells 92 may be configured to provide a controlled secondary purge air path and an air assist at the main fuel orifices 78. Referring to
The main injection ring 24 includes a plurality of raised fuel posts 104 extending radially outward therefrom. The fuel posts 104 are frustoconical in shape and include a conical lateral surface 106 and a planar, radially-facing outer surface 108. Each fuel post 104 is aligned with one of the openings 94. Together, the opening 94 and the associated fuel post 104 define one of the spray wells 92. The fuel post 104 is positioned to define an annular gap 110 in cooperation with the associated conical well inlet 102. One of the main fuel orifices 78 passes through each of the fuel posts 104, exiting through the outer surface 108.
These small controlled gaps 110 around the fuel posts 104 serve two purposes. First, the narrow passages permit minimal purge air to flow through to protect the internal tip space or void 96 from fuel ingress. Second, the air flow exiting the gaps 110 provides an air-assist to facilitate penetration of fuel flowing from the main fuel orifices 78 through the spray wells 92 and into the local, high velocity mixer airstream M.
The main injection ring 224 includes a plurality of raised fuel posts 204 extending radially outward therefrom. The fuel posts 204 include a perimeter wall 202 defining a cylindrical lateral surface 206. A radially-facing floor 208 is recessed from a distal end surface 212 of the perimeter wall 202, and in combination with the perimeter wall 202, defines a spray well 292. Each of the main fuel orifices 278 communicates with a main fuel gallery 276 and passes through one of the fuel posts 204, exiting through the floor 208 of the fuel post 204. Each fuel post 204 is aligned with one of the openings 294 and is positioned to define an annular gap 210 in cooperation with the associated opening 294. These small controlled gaps 210 around the fuel posts 204 permit minimal purge air to flow through to protect internal tip space or void 296 from fuel ingress. The base 214 of the fuel post 204 may be configured with an annular concave fillet, and the wall of the outer body 236 may include an annular convex-curved fillet 216 at the opening 294. By providing smooth turning and area reduction of the inlet passage this configuration promotes even distribution and maximum attainable velocity of purge airflow through the annular gap 210.
One or more small-diameter assist ports 218 are formed through the perimeter wall 202 of each fuel post 204 near its intersection with the floor 208 of the main injection ring 224. Air flow passing through the assist ports 218 provides an air-assist to facilitate penetration of fuel flowing from the main fuel orifices 278 through the spray wells 292 and into the local, high velocity mixer airstream M.
The main injection ring 324 includes a plurality of raised fuel posts 304 extending radially outward therefrom. The fuel posts 304 include a perimeter wall 302 defining a lateral surface 306. In plan view the fuel posts 304 are elongated and may be, for example, oval, elliptical, or racetrack-shaped as illustrated. A circular bore is formed in the fuel post 304, defining a floor 308 recessed from a distal end surface 312 of the perimeter wall 302, and in combination with the perimeter wall 302, defines a spray well 392. Each of the main fuel orifices 378 communicates with a main fuel gallery 376 and passes through one of the fuel posts 304, exiting through the floor 308 of the fuel post 304. Each fuel post 304 is aligned with one of the openings 394 and is positioned to define a perimeter gap 310 in cooperation with the associated opening 394. These small controlled gaps 310 around the fuel posts 304 permit minimal purge air to flow through to protect internal tip space from fuel ingress. The base 314 of the fuel post 304 may be configured with an annular concave fillet, and the wall of the outer body 336 may include a thickened portion 316 which may be shaped into a convex-curved fillet at the opening 394. by providing smooth turning and area reduction of the inlet passage this configuration promotes even distribution and high velocity of purge airflow through the perimeter gap 310.
One or more small-diameter assist ports 318 are formed through the perimeter wall 302 of each fuel post 304 near its intersection with the floor 308 of the main injection ring 324. Air flow passing through the assist ports 318 provides an air-assist to facilitate penetration of fuel flowing from the main fuel ports 378 through the spray wells 392 and into the local, high velocity mixer airstream M.
The elongated shape of the fuel posts 304 provides surface area so that the distal end surface 312 of one or more of the fuel posts 304 can be configured to incorporate a ramp-shaped “scarf.” The scarfs can be arranged to generate local static pressure differences between adjacent main fuel orifices 378. These local static pressure differences between adjacent main fuel orifices 378 may be used to purge stagnant main fuel from the main injection ring 324 during periods of pilot-only operation as to avoid main circuit coking.
When viewed in cross-section as seen in
The presence or absence of the scarf 320 and orientation of the scarf 320 determines the static air pressure present at the associated main fuel orifice 378 during engine operation. The mixer airflow M exhibits “swirl,” that is, its velocity has both axial and tangential components relative to the centerline axis 26. To achieve the purge function mentioned above, the spray wells 392 may be arranged such that different ones of the main fuel orifices 378 are exposed to different static pressures during engine operation. For example, each of the main fuel orifices 378 not associated with a scarf 320 would be exposed to the generally prevailing static pressure in the mixer airflow M. For purposes of description these are referred to herein as “neutral pressure ports.” Each of the main fuel orifices 378 associated with a “downstream” scarf 320 as seen in
The main fuel orifices 378 and scarfs 320 may be arranged in any configuration that will generate a pressure differential effective to drive a purging function. For example, positive pressure ports could alternate with neutral pressure ports, or positive pressure ports could alternate with negative pressure ports.
The embodiments of the present invention described above may have several benefits. The embodiments provide a means to prevent voids within a fuel nozzle from ingesting fuel and to assist fuel penetration into an airstream.
The foregoing has described a main injection structure for a gas turbine engine fuel nozzle. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The invention extends any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/586,016, filed on Sep. 27, 2019, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/107,282, filed on Jun. 22, 2016, which claims priority to 371 International Application No. PCT/US2014/072023 filed Dec. 23, 2014, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/920,002, filed Dec. 23, 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61920002 | Dec 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16586016 | Sep 2019 | US |
| Child | 17687769 | US | |
| Parent | 15107282 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 16586016 | US |
