Patent Application
20080171297
Oil and coal are commonly used for heating. However, increasing costs and environmental concerns related to fossil fuels have led to an increased demand for alternative heating fuels.
One such alternative is pelleted hardwood fuel. Hardwood pellets can provide sufficient heat to be an efficient fuel. However, pelleted hardwood fuels face some of the same limitations as fossil fuels. For instance, hardwood trees that are harvested take years to replace with new growth. Also, the increased efficiencies achieved in the lumber and paper industries place constraints on the amount of hardwood scrap that is available for pelleting. Hardwood also has a high lignin contents (e.g., typically at least about 25 wt. %). High lignin contents can result in the production of tar-like residues when the fuel is burned. This may necessitate processing of hardwood materials to remove a portion of the lignin content prior to being used to form a fuel pellet. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for alternative fuels that are renewable and in adequate supply.
The present application is directed to fuel pellets formed from a mixture which includes an agricultural biomass. Typically, the fuel pellets include substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt. % (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass. The fuel pellets may have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets. The fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp and/or sunflower hulls. Other suitable agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include co-products from corn milling processes (e.g. corn gluten feed, white fiber), oat hulls, rice hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, empty palm fruit bundles, almond hulls, walnut meal, and the like. In some embodiments, it may be useful to formulate the fuel pellet such that it has an ash content with composition and/or characteristics comparable to that of fly ash. Additional agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye and/or broken rice. The agricultural biomass may be used “as is” or may have undergone some physical or chemical process(es) prior to being used to produce the present fuel pellets. For instance, the agricultural biomass is to produce the fuel pellet may have has undergone a pretreatment process such as size reduction, homogenization, thermal pretreatment or the like.
The fuel pellet typically has an ash content of no more than about 5 wt. %, desirably, no more than about 4 wt. % and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis). In some embodiments, the fuel pellets may have a heating value of about 7,500 BTU/lb (dry basis) or higher. Typically the agricultural biomass will have a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt. % (on a dry basis). In many embodiments, the mixture desirably includes at least about 60 wt. %, suitably at least about 75 wt. % and, often, at least about 90 wt. % of such agricultural biomass. Suitably, the lignin content of the fuel pellets is no more than about 10 wt. %, and, desirably no more than about 5 wt. % (on a dry basis).
In one embodiment the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn (e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn), corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
Another embodiment relates to a fuel pellet formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt. % corn; and about 10 to 60 wt. % of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
Yet another embodiment relates to a method of producing heat comprising burning a fuel pellet wherein the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
Biomass fuel pellets for use in stoves and boilers should conform to a variety of requirements. The pellets should have a sufficient heating value when burned to be an efficient source of energy. The pellets should also have a low ash content to prevent equipment fouling. To avoid unsafe burning conditions, the pellets should also have a sufficient integrity such that the amount of fine particles is kept low.
To be economical, a fuel pellet should desirably have a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) when burned. In an exemplary embodiment the present fuel pellets may have a heating value of about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis) or even higher. Conventional hardwood can have a heating value as high as about 7900 BTU/lb.
Another requirement for a heating fuel is a low ash content. Ash produced by burning fuel may result in fouling of equipment. In some embodiments, an adequate ash content may be no more than about 5 wt. %, suitably no more than about 4 wt. %. and, more suitably, no more than about 3 wt. %. In other applications, it may be desirable to provide a biomass fuel pellet with an ash content of no more that about 2.5 wt. %. In yet other embodiments, the ash content may be no more than about 2.0 wt. % or no more than about 1.7 wt. %. For certain applications, fuel pellets with an ash content up to about 15 wt. % may be quite suitable.
Biomass fuel pellets must also have a sufficiently high integrity to limit the presence of fine combustible particles. A pellet's integrity can be measured by its pellet durability index (“PDI”) as measured via a procedure similar to that described in Feed Manufacturing Technology III (American Feed Industry Association, Arlington Va. McEllhiney, R. R. (technical Editor). 1985. Appendix G Wafers, Pellets, and Crumbles—Definitions and methods for determining specific weight, durability, and moisture content; Section 6 Durability; Paragraph 2, Pellets and crumbles) the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The procedure includes the following steps:
Biomass fuel pellets desirably have a PDI of at least about 90 and more desirable at least about 95. The biomass fuel pellets may be generally cylindrical in shape and have a diameter of about 2/16 of an inch to 6/16 of an inch. More desirably, the fuel pellets may have a diameter of about 3/16 of an inch to 5/16 of an inch. The fuel pellets may have an aspect ration (i.e. diameter: length) of about 1:1 to 5:1.
Other properties, such as sulfur and moisture content have effects on pellet fuel performance. High sulfur contents can lead to pollution causing combustion products. Also, high moisture content in a fuel may reduce efficiency. Table 1 shows the reported values for properties of a conventional hardwood pellet as well as those for a variety of agricultural biomass fuels. Other agricultural biomass based-fuels may be suitable as well. Table 7 lists a number of other potential ingredients. The predicted BTU/lb for these materials was derived from standard feed analyses of the nutrient components in a particular ingredient.
During combustion of the fuel pellets, if materials containing potassium, sulfur and/or chlorine are present, K, S, and Cl can vaporize and deposit on metal surfaces. The resulting deposited layer may eventually melt and become sticky, which can result in the trapping of nonvolatile materials, containing elements such as Si, Ca, and Mg. Such elements may react with alkali metals, sulfur and/or chlorine The products of such reactions (e.g., alkali silicates) and/or chloride salts can lead to breakdown of the protective oxide layer on metal surfaces and ultimately contribute to accelerating corrosion. It can be advantageous to have low levels of inorganic compounds incorporating the elements listed above in the present fuel pellets. Example, for residential appliances, the Pellet Fuel Institute has a maximum limit on water soluble Na in fuel pellets of 300 ppm.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the invention.
Six batches of biomass fuel pellets were made. Table 2 shows the weight percents for each component of the fuel pellet. The fuel pellet formula was weighed out and mixed in a ribbon mixer for 3 minutes. Once the mixing is complete, the loose mix was conditioned with steam. The conditioned mixture was then pelleted at a temperature of 140-180° F. utilizing a ¼ inch die then cooled using a counter flow cooler. The cooled pellets were then screened to remove any remaining fine material.
Samples from each batch were tested for Moisture content, heating value, and ash content. All but one sample was tested for sulfur content as well. Table 3 includes the results of the testing wherein sample numbers correspond to the samples in Table 2.
Table 4 shows the weight percents for each component of six exemplary fuel pellet formulations. The fuel pellet formula may be weighed out and mixed in a ribbon mixer for 3 minutes. Once the mixing is complete, the loose mix may be conditioned with steam. The conditioned mixture will then be pelleted at a temperature of 140-180° F. utilizing a ¼ inch die then cooled using a counter flow cooler. The cooled pellets were then screened to remove any remaining fine material.
A variety of materials may be used in place of and/or together with the agricultural biomass materials listed above. For example, corn, corn byproducts, oats, oat byproducts, wheat, wheat byproducts, rice, and rice byproducts. Also, oilseeds and oilseed materials may be used. Such material include soy beans, soy bean byproducts, sunflower seeds, sunflower byproducts, rapeseeds and rapeseed byproducts.
A number of illustrative embodiments of the present methods and compositions are described below. The embodiments described are intended to provide illustrative examples of the present methods and compositions and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The present fuel pellets may be formed from a mixture which includes substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt. % (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass. The fuel pellets desirably have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets. In some instances, the fuel pellets may have an ash content as high as about 15 wt. %, although lower ash contents, e.g., no more than about 5 wt. % and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt. %, are commonly suitable for many applications. The fuel pellets may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp and/or sunflower hulls. Other suitable agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include co-products from corn milling processes (e.g. corn gluten feed, white fiber), oat hulls, rice hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse and/or empty palm fruit.
The fuel pellets may comprise an agricultural biomass having a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt. %. Typically, the fuel pellet itself has a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt. % and, often, no more than about 5 wt. %. The pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90 and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis). In some embodiments, the fuel pellet will have a heating value of at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis) and more desirably 7500 BTU/lb (dry basis).
In some of these embodiments, the agricultural biomass may be selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, rapeseed hulls, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have a PDI of at least about 90 and more preferably at least about 95.
In some of embodiments, the agricultural biomass may comprise at least about 40 wt. % cracked corn, whole corn, or a mixture thereof and preferably at least about 40 wt. % cracked corn.
In some instances, the present fuel pellets may include up to about 30 wt. % triacylglyceride material (i.e., have a “triacylglyceride content” of no more than about 30 wt. %). Typically, the fuel pellet has a triacylglyceride content of no more than about 5 wt. % and, more desirably, the fuel pellet has a triacylglyceride content of no more than about 3 wt. %.
In some embodiments, the fuel pellet further comprises a sugar alcohol component, which may comprise glycerol. Typically, the fuel pellet contains no more than about 5 wt. % of the sugar alcohol but in certain embodiments, may contain up to about 30 wt. % of the sugar alcohol. Optionally, the fuel pellet further comprises a processing aid. The processing aid may comprise paraffin wax, hydrogenated triacylglyceride, tallow, and/or a thermoplastic polymer (which may optionally be densified).
In some embodiments, a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 85 wt. % cracked corn, about 20 to 60 wt. % wheat middlings, and optionally up to about 5 wt. % glycerol. In many embodiments, the inclusion of 3 wt. % glycerol or less as a pelleting aid may be quite suitable.
Other suitable pelleting aids may encompass both lubricants and binders. For example, glycerol may have functionality as both. Examples of suitable binders would include, but are not limited to, lignin sulfonates, starches of various grains, gelatins, or alginates with inclusion levels as low as 0.1%. or as high as 40-50% in case of starches. Super Lube (Uniscope), Lube Aid (Ag Research), Pelltech (Borregaard Ligno Tech) are non-limiting examples of lubricants.
In some embodiments, a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
A fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt. % corn, and about 10 to 60 wt. % of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
A method of producing heat may comprise burning a fuel pellet comprising an agricultural biomass. In some instances, the agricultural biomass may include material selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. In some of these embodiments, the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis). In other embodiments, the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 2.5 wt. % ash, desirably no more than about 2.0 wt. % ash, and more desirably no more than about 1.7 wt. % ash. The fuel pellet commonly has a density of at least about 35 lbs/ft3 and desirably no more than about 45 lbs/ft3. Suitably, the pellets have a density of about 40-43 lbs/ft3.
A fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass wherein the pellet has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, a sulfur content of no more than about 0.2 wt. %, a moisture content of no more than about 15 wt. % (more desirably no more than about 13 wt. %), a triacylglyceride content (“TAG content”) of no more than about 5 wt. % and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis). In some embodiments the agricultural biomass may have a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt. % and desirably no more than about 5 wt. %.
In some embodiments, the fuel pellet may comprise from 0.1 to 5 wt. % glycerol. In other embodiments, the fuel pellet may comprise at least about 0.5 wt. % glycerol. In yet other embodiments, the fuel pellet comprises about 1 to 3 wt. % glycerol.
In some embodiments, the fuel pellet may have a generally cylindrical shape. The fuel pellet may have a diameter of about 2/16 of an inch to 6/16 of an inch. More desirably, the fuel pellet may have a diameter of about 3/16 of an inch to 5/16 of an inch. The fuel pellet may have an aspect ratio of about 1:1 to 5:1.
In some embodiments the fuel pellet may comprises a processing aid. Pellets containing such a processing aid may suitably include about 0.1 to 3 wt. % glycerol.
In some embodiments, a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt. % corn, and more desirably about 40 to 80 wt. % corn. The mixture may further comprise wheat, wheat middlings, soy hulls, sunflower hulls, rapeseed hulls, oats, dried distillers grains, beet pulp, corn cob, or mixtures thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass having a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt. % (dry basis), wherein the pellet has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
In yet another embodiment, the fuel pellet comprises at least about 60 wt. % (dry basis) of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye, broken rice, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet typically has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis).
In yet another embodiment, the fuel pellets are formed from a mixture which includes corn, corn byproducts, oats, oat byproducts, wheat, wheat byproducts, rice, and/or rice byproducts. Also, oilseeds and oilseed materials may be used. Such materials include soy beans, soy bean byproducts, sunflower seeds, sunflower byproducts, rapeseeds and rapeseed byproducts. Commonly, the fuel pellet comprises at least about 60 wt. % (dry basis) of agricultural biomass, such as the materials described in this paragraph.
In yet another embodiment, the fuel pellets comprise at least about 60 wt. % (dry basis) of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof. Such fuel pellets typically have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis).
In yet another embodiment, the fuel pellets are formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt. % corn; and about 10 to 60 wt. % of an agricultural biomass which includes corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye, broken rice, empty palm fruit bundles or a mixture thereof. Such fuel pellets typically have a PDI of at least about 90. Such fuel pellets typically have a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis). Such fuel pellets suitably have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %.
In some embodiments, a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3.0%, a PDI of at least about 90%, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
In some embodiments, a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
A fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt. % corn, and about 10 to 60 wt. % of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
A method of producing heat may comprise burning a fuel pellet comprising an agricultural biomass. In some instances, the agricultural biomass may include material selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof. In some of these embodiments, the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt. %, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb. In other embodiments, the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 2.5 wt. % ash, desirably no more than about 2.0 wt. % ash, and more desirably no more than about 1.7 wt. % ash. The fuel pellet commonly has a density of at least about 35 lbs/ft3 and desirably no more than about 45 lbs/ft3. Suitably, the pellets have a density of about 40-43 lbs/ft3.
Yet another embodiment is directed to a method of producing heat comprising burning fuel pellets formed by pelleting a mixture comprising an agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof. The fuel pellets commonly have a PDI of at least about 90 and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
Yet another embodiment is directed to a method of producing heat comprising burning fuel pellets formed from a mixture which includes substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt. % (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass. The fuel pellets desirably have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets. In some instances, the fuel pellets may have an ash content as high as about 15 wt. %, although lower ash contents, e.g., no more than about 5 wt. % and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt. %, are commonly suitable for many applications.
Unless expressly stated otherwise, all percentages referred to herein are on a weight to weight basis (i.e., “wt. %”). In some instances, the percentages are expressed on a dry weight to total dry weight basis (i.e., “wt. % (dry basis)”).
References to specific examples, use of “e.g.,” use of the word “invention,” etc., are not meant to restrict the scope of the recited claim terms. Accordingly, the claims are not tied and should not be interpreted to be tied to any particular embodiment, feature, or combination of features other than those explicitly recited in the claims, even if only a single embodiment of the particular feature or combination of features is illustrated and described herein. Thus, the appended claims should be read to be given their broadest interpretation in view of the prior art and the ordinary meaning of the claim terms.
As used herein (i.e., in the claims and the specification), articles such as “the,” “a,” and “an” can connote the singular or plural. Also, as used herein, the word “or” when used without a preceding “either” (or other similar language indicating that “or” is unequivocally meant to be exclusive—e.g., only one of x or y, etc.) shall be interpreted to be inclusive (e.g., “x or y” means one or both x or y). Likewise, as used herein, the term “and/or” shall also be interpreted to be inclusive (e.g., “x and/or y” means one or both x or y). In situations where “and/or” or “or” are used as a conjunction for a group of three or more items, the group should be interpreted to include one item alone, all of the items together, or any combination or number of the items. Moreover, terms used in the specification and claims such as have, having, include, and including should be construed to be synonymous with the terms comprise and comprising.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions, such as those expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, etc. used in the specification are understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.” At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the claims, each numerical parameter recited in the specification or claims which is modified by the term “about” should at least be construed in light of the number of recited significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein.
This application claims priority from Provisional Application U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/845,339, filed Sep. 18, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60845339 | Sep 2006 | US |
