Patent Application
20170058222
The subject matter relates generally to fuels and fuel additives that have high biogenic content and are derived from renewable organic feedstock.
With numerous detrimental effects of greenhouse gases having been increasingly documented, there is a clear need to reduce energy production from fossil fuels, particularly from petroleum and coal-derived fuel sources. To encourage the reduction of fossil fuel usage, governments are promoting the usage of fuels derived from renewable organic sources rather than fossil-based sources.
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has mandated a Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) under which cellulosic-based fuels generate Cellulosic RINs (renewable identification numbers). The RIN's are a form of compliance credits for Obligated Parties (e.g., refineries). According to the RFS, the Obligated Parties are required to blend an increasing amount of cellulosic fuel into fossil-derived fuels.
To determine the biogenic percentage content of fuels, the EPA requires tests that use radiocarbon dating methods. More particularly, the current USEPA regulations, at Section 8.1426(f)(9), require parties to use Method B or Method C of ASTM D 6866 to perform radiocarbon dating to determine the renewable fraction of the fuel.
One known method for recovering energy from Renewable organic material is gasification. This involves converting at least a fraction of the renewable organic material into a synthesis gas (“syngas’) composed mainly of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. In the nineteenth century, coal and peat were often gasified into “town gas” that provided a flammable mix of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) that was used for cooking, heating and lighting. During World Wars I and II, biomass and coal gasifiers were used to produce CO and H2 to meet transportation needs. Also during the period of World War II, it was known that some syngas could be converted into liquid transportation fuels using the Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) process.
The present disclosure, most generally, relates to fuel and fuel additives that have high biogenic content derived from renewable organic feedstock such as, but not limited to MSW, woody biomass, corn, sugarcane, grass, plants and seed oil. Generally speaking, the feedstocks contain relatively high concentrations of biogenic carbon (i.e., carbon derived from plants) and relatively low concentrations of non-biogenic carbon (i.e., carbon derived from fossil sources).
More particularly, the present disclosure teaches that fuel and fuel additives can be produced by processes that provide Fischer-Tropsch liquids having high biogenic concentration and that provide the respective upgraded fuel products. In practice, the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon is up to about 100% biogenic carbon. The fuels and fuel additive have essentially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids which, in turn, contain the same concentration of biogenic carbon as the feedstock.
Various additional embodiments, including additions and modifications to the above embodiment, are described herein.
The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more exemplary embodiments and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles and exemplary implementations of the present inventions. One of skill in the art will understand that the drawings are provided for purposes of example only.
In the Drawings:
Various exemplary embodiments of the present inventions are described herein in the context of converting feedstock high biogenic content into fuels and fuel additives that have high biogenic content.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the following detailed description is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure, in light of what is known in the relevant arts.
In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the exemplary implementations are shown and described. It will be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the specific goals of the developer.
Throughout the present disclosure, relevant terms are to be understood consistently with their typical meanings established in the relevant art. However, without limiting the scope of the present disclosure, further clarifications and descriptions are provided for relevant terms and concepts as set forth below:
The term municipal solid waste (MSW) means, for example, the solid waste that is obtained from the collection of commercial and household trash. In its raw form, MSW need not be entirely solid, as it may contain entrained or absorbed liquids, or liquids in containers or other enclosed spaces. One of skill in the art will understand that MSW will have a broad range of compositions, and that the source of MSW need not necessarily be from a municipality. For purposes of this disclosure, other organic waste materials and various biomass materials such as vegetative matter may be equivalent to MSW.
The term stream as used herein means any fluid or solid moving or en route, directly or indirectly, from one location to another. A stream is still a stream even if it is temporarily stationary for any length of time.
Reference to a portion of a stream or material refers to any portion of the stream or material, including the stream or material in its entirety. A portion of a stream or material may be mixed with other compositions of matter and the mixture will be considered to comprise the portion of the original stream or material.
The term in fluid communication with as used herein includes without limitation both direct and indirect fluid communication, such as, for example, through an intermediate process unit.
The term unit as used herein means part of a system, and may for example comprise a unit operation, a system or group of unit operations, a plant, and so forth.
The term syngas (synthesis gas) as used herein has the same meaning as the term is used by one of skill in the art. For example, syngas may comprise a combination of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and possibly other components such as, without limitation, water vapor, sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds, methane and other alkanes, hydrocarbons, acid gases, halogens and particulates.
The term separator as used herein refers to any process unit known in the art for performing a separation process and, depending upon context, can include distillation columns, membrane separation systems, ion exchange adsorption systems, thermal adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, molecular sieves, flash drums, absorption or adsorption columns, wet scrubbers, Venturi scrubbers, centrifuges, chromatographs, or crystallizers. For example, separators may separate vapors from liquids, liquids from liquids, vapors from liquids from solids, fluids or solids from solids, or fluids from solids.
The term heat exchanger as used herein includes without limitation any heat exchanger or heat exchange device known in the art, and more broadly, any device which raises the enthalpy or internal energy of a first composition of matter, decreases the enthalpy or internal energy of a second composition of matter, and transfers heat from the second composition of matter to the first composition of matter. Various heat exchange means are disclosed herein, all of which are encompassed within this term. The term also includes combinations or series of multiple heat exchange means. It includes, without limitation, shell and tube heat exchangers, air or “fin-fan” coolers, refrigeration units, chillers, cooling towers, steam generators, boilers, plate heat exchangers, adiabatic wheel heat exchangers, plate fin heat exchangers, fluid heat exchangers, waste heat recovery units of any kind, or phase change heat exchangers of any kind. They may operate in a countercurrent, parallel, crosscurrent configuration, or any other flow configuration, and may involve separation of two fluids or direct contact between two fluids, or the use of an intermediate fluid (such as water, hot oil, molten salt, etc.) to transfer heat from one fluid to another.
The term compressor as used herein includes anything that is understood as a compressor in the normal sense of that term. In general, however, the term includes any device that raises a fluid from a first pressure to a second, higher pressure, either adiabatically or non-adiabatically. It may include any kind of compressor or pump, including without limitation, centrifugal or axial, or positive displacement (such as reciprocating, diaphragm, or rotary gear). The term may also include one or more stages of a multi-stage compressor. The term compressor used in the singular may also refer to multiple compressors arranged in series and/or parallel.
In
In the illustrated embodiment, as one example, the feedstock is provided by a MSW processing facility, generally designated by the numeral 13. In the MSW processing facility, non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials are separated from the feed stock to the bio-refinery. The objective is to produce a segregated feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbons and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbons along with other non-carbonaceous materials found in the MSW.
As an example, the Facility 13 may process inbound MSW and separate materials into the following categories:
Some wet materials such as food waste or agricultural products which are high in biogenic content could be dried and added back to the feed stream along with other materials. Further, by recovering plastics such as High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) among others, the percentage of non-biogenic carbons in the feedstock is reduced because the percentage of fossil-based plastics is reduced. The biogenic percentage content of the feedstock can significantly affect the economic value of the cellulosic fuel additives.
It should be understood that the Facility 13 can be physically separate facility from the other portions of the system shown in
As mentioned above, the bio-refinery 17 depicted in
In the illustrated embodiment, the bio-refinery 17 includes a gasification system, generally designated by the numeral 21 and sometimes referred to herein as the Gasification Island (GI), for converting feedstock derived from renewable organic feedstock into syngas and, furthermore, for processing that syngas through a hydrocarbon reformer (HR), as will described below, to generate a high biogenic content syngas. It should be noted that the gasification system 21 receives streams 231 and 233 that carry recycled hydrocarbon products and intermediate products, respectively, to the HR. Also, it should be noted that the GI 21 receives stream 27 that carries recycled CO2 to stage 1 and stage 2 in the GI 21. As will be explained below, the recycled CO2 is used for moderating the water-gas-shift reaction within the steam reformer in the GI 21 and as a purge gas for instruments and instrument systems and the feeder systems.
Also, the GI 21 receives stream 273 of oxygen and stream 25 of F-T tail gas.
In the gasification island 21, generally speaking, the biogenic carbons is converted into biogenic syngas by a combination of steam reforming, sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation and hydrocarbon reformation while producing syngas, including CO, H2 and CO2. The syngas product is carried by stream 29 in the illustrated embodiment.
Gasification reactions occurring in the GI 21 will be further described below and, also, are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/138,635, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference. It should be understood that the unit operations in the GI 21 can differ depending upon the feedstock.
The syngas stream 29 is processed in a syngas conditioning system 41, as will be described in more detail below, to provide a syngas feed stream 31 to an F-T reactor system 33. It should be noted that the syngas conditioning system 41 provides the CO2 recycle stream 27 for recycling CO2 back to the GI 21.
The output from the F-T reactor system 33 comprises F-T fluids, including a Heavy Fischer Tropsch liquid (HFTL) stream 540 and a Medium Fischer Tropsch Liquid (MFTL) stream 520, both of which are F-T hydrocarbons. Any unreacted syngas can be recycled in the F-T reactor 33 as will be described below. Further, the output of the F-T reactor system 33 includes the afore-mentioned stream 25 of F-T tail gas.
The bio-refinery includes a hydrogen recovery system to remove hydrogen that is needed for upgrading from the conditioned syngas. A portion of the conditioned syngas flows through a combination membrane/PSA unit to yield a high purity hydrogen stream for the upgrading unit. The recovered hydrogen (permeate) from the membrane is fed to a PSA unit and the retentate is combined with bypass syngas and fed forward to the FT reactor. The recovered hydrogen is fed to the PSA unit where a relatively pure hydrogen stream is produced (>99.5% H2) and the PSA reject stream is routed to the suction of the syngas compressor for recovery of the reject syngas.
The bio-refinery 17 in
The gasification island system 21, as shown in detail in
a. Stage 1—steam reforming;
b. Stage 2—sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation process to gasify unreacted carbons from the steam reforming; and
c. Stage 3—hydrocarbon reforming.
In the illustrated embodiment of the gasification island system 21 in
In the illustrated embodiment, the stage 1 gasification unit 251 selectively receives the stream 15 of processed feedstock and produces a stream 254 of syngas. Gasification unit 271 receives unreacted carbon from gasification unit 251 and produces a stream 277 of syngas. Syngas steams 254 and 277 are combined to form syngas stream 219. And, the gasification unit 211 receives the stream 27 of recycled CO2. In the gasification unit 211, the recovered high biogenic CO2 in stream 27 can be used to assist in fluidizing the bed materials, moderating the water-gas-shift reaction and purging instruments in a steam reformer, in a sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit and in the hydrocarbon reformer. Also, the recovered high biogenic CO2 in stream 27 can be added to stream 15 of processed feedstock.
The gasification unit 211 in the embodiment of
As shown, the steam reformer 251 preferably includes an indirect heat source 253. The output streams from the steam reformer 251 include a stream 254 of syngas and a stream 256 of solids. The syngas stream 254 is carried to the hydrocarbon reforming unit 215. The solids stream 256, primarily comprised of ash and fine char, is carried to the sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271.
In the preferred embodiment, the steam reformer 211 is a fluidized bed design, utilizing superheated steam, CO2, and O2 as the bed-fluidizing medium. In another embodiment only steam and O2 are used as a bed-fluidizing medium. Preferably, externally-fired indirect heaters 253 maintain the reformer bed temperature and provide much of the energy to support the endothermic reactions required in the gasification process. The process gas stream can exit the steam reformer 211 through a series of cyclones. Preferably, an internal cyclone separates and returns the majority of any entrained bed media to the reformer fluidized bed while a second external cyclone collects unreacted char for further conversion to syngas in the sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271. In practice, flue gas from the steam reformer's indirect heaters is used in a fire tube boiler to generate steam for plant use.
The illustrated hydrocarbon reformer unit 215 receives the syngas stream 219 and produces the afore-mentioned primary stream 29 of syngas containing CO, H2 and CO2 along with other trace constituents. Further, the hydrocarbon reformer unit 215 receives stream 273 of oxygen and stream 25 of F-T tail gas. Finally, the hydrocarbon reformer unit 215 receives stream 231 of naphtha and stream 233 of off gas.
The hydrocarbon reformer unit 215 operates to recover the biogenic carbons by thermally dissociating hydrocarbons at temperatures greater than 2200 degrees F. Heat for the hydrocarbon reformer is provided by sub-stoichiometric oxidation of carbon monoxide and, hydrogen and hydrocarbons which are all exothermic reactions.
The hydrocarbon reformer unit 215, in the embodiment of
In preferred practice, the hydrocarbon reforming unit 215 is a refractory-lined vessel with oxygen gas burner/mixer which operates in the range of 1800° F. to 3000° F. to assure all hydrocarbon compounds in the gas stream, including tars are converted to syngas, sulfur compounds are converted to H2S, and the water gas shift reactions approach equilibrium. The FT Tail Gas purged from the FT reaction loop, the purification system off gas, and stream 231 of vaporized naphtha are converted back to CO and H2. in the hydrocarbon reforming unit 215.
The sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271, in addition to receiving the solids stream 256, receives the stream 27 of recycled CO2 stream and a stream 273 of oxygen. Heating in the carbon sub-stoichiometric oxidation unit 271 is provided by sub-stoichiometric oxidation of the unreacted carbons. A stream 275 of low pressure steam, is superheated in the carbon sub-stoichiometric oxidation unit and used as fluidization steam for both stage 1 and stage 2 gasification. The output of the carbon sub-stoichiometric oxidation unit 271 is syngas stream 277 which, in the illustrated embodiment, joins with the syngas stream 254 from steam reformer 251 to form syngas stream 219 which is fed to the hydrocarbon reformer unit 215.
In the preferred embodiment, the sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271 utilizes a fluidized bed in which oxygen is added with the fluidization steam and CO2 to further convert the fine char to syngas. The gasses generated in and passing through the carbon sub-stoichiometric oxidation unit 271 pass through an external cyclone and re-enter the main syngas stream 219 which is fed to the hydrocarbon reformer unit 215. The ash removed in the cyclone is cooled and transported to the collection silo for offsite disposal. Heat exchangers, submerged in the fluid bed of the sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271 remove some heat by superheating low-pressure steam to 1100° F. for use in the fluidization bed steam reformer 251 and the fluidization bed of the sub-stoichiometric carbon oxidation unit 271.
In operation of the system of
As mentioned above, the output of the hydrocarbon reformer unit 215 is the syngas stream 29 which is fed to the syngas conditioning system 41. The syngas conditioning system 41 will now be described in conjunction with
As shown in
Steam is generated from several sources inside the process. A HRSG recovers steam from the flue gas generated in the indirect fired heater unit 253 in the steam reformer unit 251. Steam is also generated in the HRSG unit 411 that recovers heat from the syngas stream 29 leaving the gasification island and steam is generated in the power boiler. The steam from all three sources are combined and superheated to provide the medium pressure steam used as the motive fluid in either syngas compressor (unit 431) steam turbine or a steam turbine power generator (
The HRSG unit 411 functions to provide waste heat recovery. The output of the HRSG unit 411 is a stream 420 of the syngas and a stream of high pressure steam. In the preferred embodiment, a portion of the generated steam from the HSRG and other sources is used to drive a steam turbine that generates power which, in aggregate, is about 40% biogenic. In other embodiments, the syngas generated steam would be used to generate biogenic thermal power or to use the generated syngas directly in a gas turbine generator to generate biogenic power. In these two embodiments, the biogenic content of the generated power would be the same as the biogenic content of the syngas and, thus, the same as the feedstock.
The syngas scrubber unit 421 is a conventional gas scrubbing device that receives the syngas stream 420 and a stream 424 of caustic or other suitable alkaline solution. The liquids removed from the scrubber unit 421 comprise sour water stream 426 which can be conveyed to a wastewater treatment system. The sour water may contain undesirable contaminants such as, for example, ash particles, acids, mercury, and acidic compounds such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that are removed from the syngas. Syngas scrubbing is further described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/138,635, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference. The scrubbed syngas is conveyed in stream 428.
The syngas scrubber unit 421 is provided to remove contaminants that can potentially damage downstream equipment and affect the F-T synthesis catalyst performance. Preferably, the syngas scrubber unit has three primary sections:—a venturi scrubber, a packed tower section, and a direct contact cooler section. If a syngas quench cooler is utilized then approximately half of the cleaned syngas leaving the syngas scrubber unit will be circulated back to the hydrocarbon reformer quench cooler via the quench blowers while the remaining half will be compressed in the syngas compressor 431 to meet the requirements of the F-T synthesis process. If a radiant slagging cooler is employed the recycle gas blower will not be required and the flow from into the scrubber will equal the flow leaving the gasification island 21.
In the illustrated embodiment, a syngas compressor stage 431 comprising one or more conventional compressor stages 433 arranged in series to raise the pressure of a compressor inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the syngas stream to a predefined level, thereby outputting a compressed syngas stream 434. In practice, the final pressure of the syngas stream may range between about 400 psig to about 600 psig to meet the process requirements of the F-T synthesis process. Preferably, the heat of compression is removed with intercoolers after all but the final stage each of compression; all condensed water can be collected and sent to the waste water treatment plant for recovery. The outlet of the compressor is sent hot to primary guard bed 436 where any COS and HCN is hydrolyzed to H2S and NH3 and then to the shift reactor 441.
In one embodiment, the syngas compressor drive is an extraction/condensing turbine that is driven by superheated high pressure steam with a portion of the steam extracted at low pressure for process requirements. Also, the F-T recycle compressor can be on the syngas compressor shaft and driven by the syngas compressor steam turbine drive. In another embodiment the syngas compressor is driven by an electric motor which is energized from the power generated in a combined cycle power plant using syngas as a fuel to produce high biogenic power.
The water gas shift reactor 441 receives a portion of the pressurized primary syngas stream 440. The water gas shift reactor 441 operates to shift some of the steam and CO into H2 and CO2, via the water gas shift reaction, until the required H2/CO ratio in the outlet stream 450 is met. Subsequently, a side stream 442 of the pressurized primary syngas may bypass the water gas shift reactor 441 and may be recombined with an outlet stream 450 from the water gas shift reactor 441. High pressure steam is generated in the water gas shift unit to remove the heat of the shift reaction. The generated steam is fed back into the syngas stream 440 feeding the reactor to provide the hydrogen source for the shift reaction. Any additional steam requirements come from the plant steam system.
In the embodiment of
The pressurized primary syngas from the second guard beds 451 is conveyed as a stream 460 to the CO2/H2S removal system 461. The CO2/H2S removal system 461 will be further described in conjunction with
In the illustrated embodiment, the syngas feed stream 470 is conveyed to H2S and Arsine guard beds 471 and, then, to an H2 recovery unit 481.
Syngas from the H2S/Arsine guard beds flows into the hydrogen recovery unit 481. The hydrogen recovery unit 481 extracts a steam 482 of high purity H2 which is required for the Hydrocracking Upgrading process, as described below. The output of the H2 recovery unit 481 is the syngas feed stream 31 to the F-T reactor 33. A third output from the hydrogen recovery unit 481 is a stream 483 of rejected syngas. The stream 483 can be recycled to join the stream 428.
In the preferred embodiment, the hydrogen recovery unit (HRU) 481 extracts H2 using a combination membrane and pressure swing adsorption (“PSA”) system. The HRU membrane retentate gas is re-mixed with the bulk syngas stream and sent to the F-T Reactors. The HRU PSA purge gas is routed to the suction of the Syngas Compressor 431 and the purified H2 stream is sent to upgrading.
As illustrated in
In the preferred embodiment as illustrated in
Also as illustrated in
As
As further illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment of the, hydrocarbon thermal separation system 701, the crackate is cooled in a feed/effluent heat exchanger 702 and the heavy crackate is separated from the light crackate in a heavy crackate separator 703. From the heavy crackate separator 703, the heavy crackate and light crackate is routed to a fractionator 853, as by streams 704 and 750. In addition, some of the heavy crackate can be recycled to the hydrocracker 643 to keep material flowing into the hydrocracker during startup and when the fractionation column is malfunctioning.
In the illustrated embodiment, a light crackate separator 705 is provided for separating the light crackate from generated water and hydrogen. The separated light crackate is routed to the fractionator 853 by stream 750. The water is sent, as by line 706, to the bio-refinery's waste water treatment plant for treatment. The separated hydrogen gas is routed to recycle as by stream 708. Fresh hydrogen is introduced into the system by stream 741.
The fractionation process will now be described in greater detail. As previously mentioned, the fractionator 853 receives a stream 704 of heavy crackate liquids and a stream 750 of light crackate liquids. The purpose of the fractionator 853 is to separate the SPK or Diesel cut from the heavy crackate fraction and the naphtha fraction. The side draw stream 856 is fed into a stripper column 857 to remove lights from the SPK/Diesel feed and provide final clean up and recovery of the SPK/Diesel products. In the fractionator 853, the incoming heavy and light crackate streams are combined and heated by natural gas fired heater for an initial separation in the fractionator column. Preferably, the fractionator 853 uses direct steam injection to strip the low boiling hydrocarbons from the high boiling hydrocarbons without utilizing a high temperature reboiler configuration.
The outputs from the fractionator 853 include overhead stream 231 that carries recyclable hydrocarbon products. Preferably, the overhead stream 823 which is provided into a condenser unit 860 where the stream is condensed and separated into three streams: main fractionator (“MF”) water stream 862, and the afore-mentioned light phase (naphtha) stream 231 and off gas stream 233. In practice, a portion of the naphtha is refluxed back into the fractionator 53 and a portion is sent to a Naphtha Vaporizer for injection into the hydrocarbon reformer. The off gas stream 233 is recycled by the offgas Compressor to the hydrocarbon reformer for reprocessing. The bottoms from the fractionator column 853 are pumped to the hydrocracking charge vessel 524, as by stream 855, for additional hydrocracking. The water is sent to the bio-refinery's Waste Water Treatment plant for treatment.
Naphtha from the Fractionator OH Separator is pumped into the Naphtha Vaporizer where it is vaporized using low-pressure steam. The naphtha vapor then flow into the hydrocarbon reformer 215 of
The SPK product, withdrawn by the steam 856 from the upper part of the fractionator 853, is sent to the Product Stripper column 857 for final product separation. The heat to the product Stripper column 857 is provided, for example, by a natural gas fired Product Stripper Reboiler. The Product Stripper overhead stream recycles back to the Fractionator 853. The bottoms stream 800 is cooled and sent, via the stream 58, to storage unit 803 as the SPK product.
As shown in
The syngas stream 466 is fed to an amine solvent system, generally indicated by the numeral 491. In the illustrated embodiment, the amine solvent system 491A comprises an absorber unit 493 and a regenerator unit 495 connected in counter-current relationship. The output of the regenerator unit 493 is the aforementioned syngas feed stream 470. The output of the absorber unit 495 is the aforementioned stream 27 of recycled CO2.
In the preferred embodiment of
As shown in
In embodiment of
In operation of CO2/H2S removal system in
In the overall operation of the above-described system, multiple reactions take place as the feedstock is gasified. The major reaction occurs at elevated temperatures when char (carbons) reacts with steam to produce syngas primarily made up of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and some hydrocarbons:
C+H2O→H2+CO
2C+O2→2CO
C+O2→CO2
Simultaneously, the reversible “water gas shift” reaction
CO+H2OCO2+H2,
approaches equilibrium conditions with the CO/H2O and the CO2/H2 ratios based on the equilibrium constant at the gasifier operating temperature. The gasification system may be configured, and conditions provided, so that at least the following gasification reaction occurs:
C+H2O→H2+CO.
Simultaneously, conditions may preferably be provided so that the following reversible “water shift” reaction reaches an equilibrium state determined mainly by the temperature of the gasifier, the pressure preferably being near atmospheric:
CO+H2OCO2+H2.
The primary FT reaction converts syngas to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and water in the presence of a catalyst:
nCO+(2n+1)H2→CnH2n+2+nH2O.
Further as to the overall operation of system, it should be noted that the syngas produced in the gasification island 21 has an insufficient quantity of hydrogen for the effective production and upgrading of F-T liquids. The Sour shift reactor 441 generates additional hydrogen to increase the H2:CO ratio in the syngas from about 0.8 to approximately 2.0. The water gas shift reaction converts a portion of the CO and H2O in the syngas to H2 and CO2. The reaction is exothermic and occurs over a sour shift catalyst. The reaction is a “sour shift” as H2S is still present in the syngas stream. Utility steam and steam generated by the Shift Reactor 441 are mixed with the syngas to provide the water for the water-gas shift reaction and to moderate the temperature rise in the reactor. Hydrogen production and the syngas H2:CO ratio are controlled by bypassing a portion of the syngas stream around the Shift Reactor. The Shift Reactor effluent heat is recovered by interchanging with the reactor influent syngas, generating shift reactor steam, and pre-heating boiler feed water.
In the preferred embodiment, typical liquids produced by the Fischer Tropsch system have the following characteristics:
The MFTL is a clear and bright liquid. The HFTL is a white wax at room temperature, but is normally stored and shipped in its molten state.
The creation of fuel from renewable organic feedstock by the above-described system has significant advantages. It provides an energy efficient system with a very low emissions profile and reduces, by displacement, greenhouse gases associated with the use of petroleum and coal derived fuel products.
The fuel additives that have high biogenic content can be used to increase the biogenic content of fossil-based fuels and, therefore, can substantially increases the value of such fuels. The additive percentage can vary widely from small fraction to substantial fractions. For example, for use as jet fuel, the. high biogenic content additive can be as much as 50%, with the remainder being fossil-based jet fuel. In the instance of diesel fuels, the fuel additives that have high biogenic content can be percentages that approach 100%.
Further, in the instances where the renewable organic feedstock is derived from MSW, the quantity of MSW entering landfills is reduced, thus dramatically reducing harmful methane gas emissions from landfills and mitigating the need for new or expanded landfills.
Exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to specific configurations. The foregoing description of specific embodiments and examples has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description only, and although the invention has been illustrated by certain of the preceding examples, it is not to be construed as being limited thereby.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/842,729, filed Sep. 1, 2015, and entitled PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING HIGH BIOGENIC CONCENTRATION FISCHER-TROPSCH LIQUIDS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MSW) FEEDSTOCKS, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by this reference. This application is further related to the following PCT application. PCT Utility Patent Application No. PCT/US15/58471, filed Oct. 30, 2015, entitled PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING HIGH BIOGENIC CONCENTRATION FISCHER-TROPSCH LIQUIDS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MSW) FEEDSTOCKS.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14842729 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Child | 14947820 | US |
