Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to firearms with gas ports, and more particularly to a pressure-regulating gas block for an auto-loading firearm.
Description of Related Art
Military and tactical operations require various ammunition types and various types of semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms. The firearms are also used in both normal and silenced modes of operation. The various types of ammunition develop a wide range of gas pressures when the gunpowder burns. When silencers (sound suppressors) are used, they create a back pressure within the operating system of the firearm. The ambient temperatures in which the firearms are used also create a variation in the pressures within the firearm as the firearm is operated. Given all the conditions that cause variations in the pressures within the firearm, there are a seemingly infinite number of pressure variations that can occur. When a firearm is designed, the average working conditions are determined in view of expected variations in pressure within the firearm and stresses and construction material strengths calculated.
Military-grade firearms have three modes of fire: Semiautomatic, Automatic, and Burst. When a firearm is used in a semi-automatic mode without a silencer or in an automatic mode without a silencer, the speed of operation (cyclic rate) of the firearm is not usually a factor considered to affect a soldier's safety although the sound signature is considered to be a significant factor that adversely affect a soldier's safety due to alerting the enemy to the soldier's position. When a firearm is used in the semi-automatic mode with a silencer, the cyclic rate of the firearm operation is not considered to be a significant factor that adversely affects the soldier's safety because the firearm only fires once per trigger squeeze, however, the sound signature could be a critical (i.e., life and death) factor depending on the ambient conditions. When a firearm is used in the fully-automatic mode with a silencer, the cyclic rate of the firearm operation and the sound signature could be a critical (i.e., life and death) factor to the soldier's safety depending on ambient conditions. A problem that has existed since the advent of gas-operated firearms that are used with silencers has been the increase in cyclic rate due to the increased backpressure created by the silencer installed on the end of the barrel. The cyclic rate increase due to the additional back pressure adds additional stresses to the firearm beyond the designed average working conditions causing material failures and ammunition-loading failures as well as an increased sound signature, both of which may compromise the safety of a soldier using the firearm.
Another problem that exists is the increase in cyclic rate of the firearm used in the semi-automatic and fully-automatic modes, which occurs when the ammunition type changes for a given firearm. Different ammunition types develop different operating pressures. Firearm operating temperatures based on duration of operation and ambient temperatures also affect operating temperatures. A difference in operating pressure above the pressure for which the firearm was designed increases in cyclic rate of the firearm, which causes excessive stresses on the operating parts of the firearm, and may cause breakage of the operating parts and/or ammunition-loading failures. The problems caused by greater-than-design pressures and/or increase in cyclic rate and sound signature (when used with a silencer) can result in creating a life and death situation for a soldier and/or the soldier's team members.
The Pressure Regulating Gas Block (PRGB) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,458 gathers gas pressure from the burning propellant propelling the projectile down the barrel and regulates the pressure passing through the gas block prior to diverting it to the operating system of the firearm. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,458 is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon. In one embodiment, the operating piston moves rearward to seal off the incoming gas port and open up a port to relieve the gas pressure back into the barrel after the bullet has passed by the port. In another embodiment, the gas pressure from the incoming gas port pushes rearward on the operating piston moving the piston rearward. As the operating piston moves a certain distance rearward gas is allowed to flow forward and push forward on a relief piston. The relief piston is held rearward by a compression spring against the incoming gas pressure. When the force of the gas pressure distributed over the surface area of the relief piston exceeds the force of the compression spring, the relief piston moves forward thus relieving pressure through relief vents to atmosphere or back into the barrel (after the bullet has passed by).
While U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,458 presents a substantial and compelling improvement in the art, from an engineering/manufacturability perspective it can be challenging and/or expensive to provide a spring for this application that is of an acceptable size to be used in firearms applications and yet also possesses a compression force that will not be overcome by the incoming gas pressure as applied over the surface area of the piston. Larger springs with greater compression force can be used but their size exceeds the acceptable size to be used on a firearm.
There is therefore a need for an improved gas block balancing system that can regulate pressure in a compact size with a minimum of parts.
According to one aspect of this invention, a gas block balancing assembly is provided for an auto-loading firearm. The assembly comprises a housing having forward and rearward ends. The housing is configured for attachment to a rifle barrel that has a first gas port. A cylinder chamber is disposed within the housing. The housing includes an inlet port extending from the cylinder chamber and disposed to receive pressurized gas from the first gas port of the barrel. The housing also includes an outlet port extending from the cylinder chamber. A gas tube receptacle is disposed in the housing. The gas tube receptacle is configured to couple with a gas tube conduit. An adjustment plug is disposed in the cylinder chamber. The adjustment plug has a nipple portion that extends into the cylinder chamber generally along the cylinder axis. A balancing piston is located in the cylinder chamber for axial sliding movement between a gas transmitting position and a bypass position. The balancing piston has a first end disposed adjacent the end wall of the cylinder and an opposite second end disposed adjacent the adjustment plug. A biasing member is operatively disposed between the adjustment plug and the balancing piston for urging the balancing piston toward the gas transmitting position. A counter-balance chamber extends into the second end of the balancing piston. The counter-balance chamber comprises a generally cylindrical bore disposed generally along the cylinder axis. The counter-balance chamber has an internal diameter that is configured to mate with the nipple of the adjustment plug in close-fitting sliding engagement.
According to another aspect of this invention, an auto-loading firearm assembly is provided. The firearm assembly includes an elongated barrel adapted to direct the path of a projectile propelled by an expanding build-up of gas pressure along a bore axis thereof. A first gas port extends radially through the barrel. A gas block balancing assembly is operatively associated with the barrel. The gas block balancing assembly includes:
a) a housing having forward and rearward ends. The housing is configured for attachment to the barrel. A cylinder chamber is disposed within the housing. The housing includes an inlet port that extends from the cylinder chamber and disposed to receive pressurized gas from the first gas port of the barrel. The housing also includes an outlet port that extends from the cylinder chamber. A gas tube receptacle is disposed in the housing. The gas tube receptacle is configured to couple with a gas tube conduit.
b) an adjustment plug disposed in the cylinder chamber. The adjustment plug has a nipple portion that extends into the cylinder chamber generally along the cylinder axis.
c) a balancing piston in the cylinder chamber disposed for axial sliding movement between a gas transmitting position and a bypass position. The balancing piston has a first end adjacent the end wall of the cylinder and an opposite second end adjacent the adjustment plug. A counter-balance chamber extends into the second end of the balancing piston. The counter-balance chamber comprises a generally cylindrical bore disposed generally along the cylinder axis. The counter-balance chamber has an internal diameter configured to mate with the nipple of the adjustment plug in close-fitting sliding engagement. And,
d) a biasing member operatively disposed between the adjustment plug and the balancing piston for urging the balancing piston toward the gas transmitting position.
The present invention offers an improved gas block balancing system that can regulate pressure in a compact size with a minimum of parts. The balancing piston is configured so that pressures generated within its counter-balance chamber act in concert with the biasing member to enable a reduction in the size of the biasing member. As a result, a compact size biasing member can be used to handle the relatively high pressures of gas operated firearms. After a projectile is fired, incoming gas is directed at equal pressure to both ends of the balancing piston. Gas pressure applied over the first end of the balancing piston creates a forward-acting (axial) force, whereas gas pressure applied to the balancing piston from inside its counter-balance chamber creates a rearward-acting (axial) force. The rearward acting force created by the pressure applied through the counter-balance chamber has the effect of reducing, or diminishing the forward acting force. This reduced or diminished forward acting force allows a smaller spring force for the biasing member to be used to retard the forward movement of the balancing piston when the incoming gas pressure exceeds a pre-set limit. The combined axial force of the biasing member and the rearward acting force created by the gas pressure within the counter-balance chamber counteracts the forward acting force of the gas pressure applied to the first end of the balancing piston.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily appreciated when considered in connection with the following detailed description and appended drawings, wherein:
Referring to the figures, wherein like numerals indicate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, an example of an auto-loading firearm is generally shown at 20 in
The barrel 28 is elongated and adapted to direct the path of a projectile 30 along a bore axis thereof, as propelled by an expanding build-up of gas pressure from the burning gunpowder contained in the cartridge portion 26 of the ammunition round. Opposite the breech end of the barrel 28 is a muzzle 32. As with most modern auto-loading firearms, the AR platform uses a portion of the gas pressure from the burning gunpowder to cycle the bolt carrier group which is described in summary fashion in the next paragraph. The gas pressure is tapped from a gas port 34 that extends radially through the barrel 28 adjacent its muzzle 32.
The firing cycle of a typical auto-loading firearm is described briefly in order to provide context for an exemplary embodiment of this invention. After a loaded magazine 24 has been inserted into the receiver 22, eight cycles of functioning may be described as: Firing, Unlocking, Extracting, Ejecting, Cocking, Feeding, Chambering and Locking. With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the selector on SEMI, the user squeezes the trigger. A hammer spring drives the hammer forward, striking the head of a firing pin and driving the firing pin into the primer of the round. The primer ignites, causing the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas generated by the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile 30 from the cartridge 26 and propels it through the barrel 28. After the projectile 30 has passed the gas port 34 (located on the upper surface of the barrel 28 under the front sight) and before it leaves the barrel 28, gas enters the gas port 34 and moves into a gas tube 36. The gas tube 36 directs the gas back to the bolt carrier. Gas pressure passes down through a key and into a space between the rear of the carrier's bolt cavity and the rear of the bolt itself. Then, the gas expands. The bolt is locked into the barrel extension, unable to move forward; the carrier is forced to the rear by the expanding gas. As the bolt carrier moves to the rear, the extractor (which is attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case 26, and withdraws the cartridge case 26 from the chamber. The spent cartridge 26 is pushed out by the action of an ejector and ejector spring. The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the hammer. The hammer is forced down into the receiver, and the hammer spring is compressed. This action cocks the hammer in the firing position. When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the magazine 24, a new round is pushed up into the path of the forward movement of the bolt. The buffer assembly and bolt carrier group are then pushed forward by an action spring with enough force to strip a new round from the magazine 24. As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt thrusts the new round into the chamber and locks in place ready to repeat the firing cycle.
As stated above in the Background section, a pressure regulating gas block such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,458 can be beneficial to regulate the pressure diverted it to the action of the firearm in order to assure that the correct amount of force is applied. The pressure regulating gas block of U.S. Pat. No. 8,528,458 utilizes compression spring acting against an internal piston to control the pressure at which relief or bypass occurs. However, given the often high operating pressures, e.g., on the order of 19,000 psi, it can be challenging and/or expensive to provide a suitable spring that is of small enough size. The present invention represents an improvement pressure regulating gas block system that is capable of regulating pressure yet in a compact size and with a minimum of parts.
Turning now to
In this particular embodiment, the barrel 28 is formed with a first gas port 40 and a second gas port 42. The second gas port 42 disposed longitudinally between the first gas port and the muzzle. Both ports 40, 42 extend radially through the barrel 28, however the first gas port 40 is oriented generally perpendicular to the bore axis whereas the second gas port 42 is oriented at an oblique angle relative to the bore axis. The oblique angle of the second gas port 42 is preferably pitched away from the muzzle 32. As will be described subsequently, the second gas port 42 may be configured differently.
The gas block balancing assembly 38 includes a housing, generally indicated at 44. The housing 44 has forward 46 and rearward 48 ends, corresponding to the pointing direction of the firearm to which it is attached. That is to say, the forward end 46 of the housing 44 is proximate the muzzle 32 whereas the rearward end 48 is closer to receiver 22. The housing 44 may be disposed in direct surface-to-surface contact with the outer surface of the barrel 28.
A cylinder chamber 50 is formed within the housing 44. The cylinder chamber 50 defines a cylinder axis A that, at least in the illustrated examples, is generally parallel to the bore axis of the barrel 28. The cylinder chamber 50 extends from the forward end 46 of the housing 44 to an end wall 52 within the housing 44. The end wall 52 may be described as adjacent the rearward end 48 of the housing, however it is perhaps more accurately stated that the end wall 52 is positioned somewhere between the rearward end 48 and the mid-length point of the housing 44. Of course, other designs implementing this invention may vary the terminating position of the end wall 52 within the housing 44 to more favorably suit a particular application. The cylinder chamber 50 is perhaps best shown in the enlarged views of
An inlet port 56 extends from the cylinder chamber 50 and is disposed in fluid communication with the first gas port 40 of the barrel 28. The housing 44 also includes an outlet port that extends from the cylinder chamber 50 and is disposed in fluid communication with the second gas port 44 of the barrel 28. A reservoir chamber 60 is formed inside the housing 44. The reservoir chamber 60 is in fluid communication with the end wall 52 of the cylinder chamber 50 so that gas pressure moves freely there between. The housing 44 further includes a gas tube receptacle 62 that is configured to couple with a gas tube conduit 36 of the type used to energize the auto-loading action of a direct gas impingement style firearm like that described above in connection with
An adjustment plug, generally indicated at 66, is disposed in the cylinder chamber 50 for the purpose of closing its open end, i.e., the end of the cylinder chamber 50 opposite the end wall 52. The adjustment plug 66 has a fixture portion 68 and a nipple portion 70. The nipple portion 70 comprises a generally cylindrical projection that extends into the cylinder chamber 50 generally along the cylinder axis A. The fixture portion 68, on the other hand, comprises external thread forms that are adapted to engage the female thread forms 54 in the one end of the cylinder chamber 50. When the adjustment plug 66 is threaded into the cylinder chamber 50, a fluid tight seal is established. The adjustment plug 66 includes a tool receiving portion 72. The tool receiving portion 72 is shown in the form of a hex-socket adapted to receive the working end of an Allen wrench, however other options exist including but not limited to wrenching flats, screw-driver slots, knobs for hand-turning, and the like.
A balancing piston, generally indicated at 74, is disposed in the cylinder chamber 50 with an engineered fit for smooth axial sliding movement between a gas transmitting position (
The balancing piston 74 illustrated in this example comprises a generally cylindrical body having a first end 76 disposed adjacent the end wall 52 of the cylinder and an opposite second end 78 disposed adjacent the adjustment plug 66. In some ways, the balancing piston 74 may be compared to a spool valve in that it shuttles back and forth in response to changes in the force differential at its opposite ends 76, 78. An external gas collection groove 80 is formed in the balancing piston 74. The gas collection groove 80 may take many different forms, but in the depicted example comprises a generally annular exterior surface formation which, as will be seen, allows the balancing piston 74 to freely rotate (about the cylinder axis A) within the cylinder chamber 50 without affecting its functionality. The gas collection groove 80 is positioned along the body of the balancing piston 74 so that it is in fluid communication with the inlet port 56 of the housing 44 when the balancing piston 74 is in the gas transmitting position, as shown in
The balancing piston 74 includes at least one external sealing element 81 disposed between the gas collection groove 80 and its first end 76, and at least one external sealing element 81 disposed between the gas collection groove 80 and its second end 78. The figures suggest that the sealing elements 81 are O-ring type features, however in practice these may be rectangular steel piston rings or possibly Labyrinth seals.
The balancing piston 74 is formed with a counter-balance chamber 82 extending into its second end 78 like a counter-bore. The counter-balance chamber 82 is generally cylindrical and is disposed along the cylinder axis A. The internal diameter of the counter-balance chamber 82 is configured to mate with the nipple portion 70 of the adjustment plug 66 in a close-fitting sliding manner. An axial gas passage 84 extends between the counter-balance chamber 82 and the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74. The axial gas passage 84 may be formed with a tapered transition region that opens into the counter-balance chamber 82 like a funnel. At least one transverse gas passage 86 fluidly connects the gas collection groove 80 and the axial gas passage 84. In the illustrated embodiment, the at least one transverse passage 86 is actually a pair of orthogonally arranged radial through-holes. The first end 76 of the balancing piston 74 may be dished to form a bowl 88 in its crown. The axial gas passage 84 opens into the bowl 88.
A biasing member, generally indicated at 90, is operatively disposed between the adjustment plug 66 and the balancing piston 74. The biasing member 90 continuously urges the balancing piston 74 toward its gas transmitting position (
Should the gas pressure created by the burning of the gunpowder within the firearm barrel 28, or back pressure created through the use of a sound suppressor, or any other factor that may create higher than “normal” pressures in the firearm barrel, cause the adjusted maximum operating pressure to exceed its set threshold, the balancing piston 74 will move forward, i.e., toward its bypass position. This forward movement of the balancing piston 74 obscures/seals off the inlet port 56 and opens the outlet port 58 thereby stopping incoming gas pressure and venting off the excess gas pressure back into the firearm barrel 28 through the outlet port 58/second gas port 42 pathway. Thus, any higher than desired pressures within the gas block balancing assembly 38 are vented into the relatively lower pressure area of the barrel bore. Barrel 28 bore pressure drops substantially as the projectile 30 approaches the muzzle 32 due to the bore volume change. Although in all likelihood the projectile 30 has exited the muzzle 32 prior to the venting sequence. Naturally, the timing of the venting sequences depends on the length of barrel 28 being used and where along the length of the barrel 28 the gas block balancing assembly 38 is located.
An advantage of the balancing piston 74 is that the pressures generated within the counter-balance chamber 82 act in concert with the biasing member 90. The greater the pressure entering the cylinder chamber 50, the more force assistance the counter-balance chamber 82 provides to the biasing member, thereby enabling a reduction in the size of the biasing member 90. As a result, a compact size biasing member 90 can be used to handle the relatively high pressures of gas operated firearms. Once gas enters the gas collection groove 80 of the balancing piston 74, and then flows through the transverse gas passages 86 and into the axial gas passage 84, the incoming gas is directed at equal pressure to both ends 76, 78 of the balancing piston 74. The first end 76 of the balancing piston 74 has a diameter substantially equal to that of the cylinder chamber 50. The second end 78 of the balancing piston 74, on the other hand, has the aforementioned counter-balance chamber 82 whose internal diameter is considerably smaller than the diameter of the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74. When comparing surface areas over which the high pressure gas acts, the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74 is larger than the internal diameter of the counter-balance chamber 82.
Gas pressure applied over the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74 creates a forward-acting (axial) force. Gas pressure applied to the balancing piston 74 from inside the counter-balance chamber 82 creates a rearward-acting (axial) force. Force equals Pressure times Area (Force=Pressure×Area). When comparing these counteracting forces, i.e., the opposing axial forces imposed on the balancing piston 74 due to the transient gas pressure from a fired projectile 30, the larger area of the first end 76, as compared with the smaller area of the counter-balance chamber 82, results in a larger forward acting force. In
The net axial force result on the balancing piston 74 is a larger forward acting force due to the larger area at the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74. However, the rearward acting force created by the pressure acting on the balancing piston 74 within the counter-balance chamber 82 has the effect of reducing, or diminishing the forward acting force. This reduced or diminished forward acting force allows a smaller spring force for the biasing member 90 to be used to retard the forward movement of the balancing piston 74 when the incoming gas pressure exceeds a pre-set limit. The pre-set limit is adjusted by screwing in or out the adjustment plug 66. The combined axial force of the biasing member 90 and the rearward acting force created by the gas pressure multiplied by the area of the counter-balance chamber 82 counteracts the forward acting force of the gas pressure multiplied by the area of the first end 76 of the balancing piston 74. When the adjustment plug 66 is screwed in, the biasing member 90 is further pre-loaded against the balancing piston 74, thereby increasing the amount of forward-acting pressure needed to overcome the combined axial force of the biasing member 90 and the rearward acting force created by the gas pressure multiplied by the area of the counter-balance chamber 82. Conversely, when the adjustment plug 66 is screwed out of the cylinder chamber 50, the pre-load on the balancing piston 74 is diminished, thereby decreasing the amount of forward-acting pressure needed to overcome the combined axial force of the biasing member 90 and the rearward acting force created by the gas pressure multiplied by the area of the counter-balance chamber 82.
When the incoming gas pressure exceeds the maximum pressure limit as set by the adjustment plug 66, as shown in
Should the gas pressure created by the burning of the gunpowder within the firearm barrel 128, back pressure created through the use of a sound suppressor, or any other factor that may create higher than desired pressures exceed the adjusted maximum operating pressure, the balancing piston 174 will move forward. This forward movement of the balancing piston 174 obscures/seals off the inlet port 156 and opens the outlet port 158, thereby stopping incoming gas pressure and venting off the excess gas pressure into the atmosphere through the second gas port 142. Those of skill in the art will envision alternative configurations for the shape and location of the second gas port 142, which may include routed discharge into an associated suppressor device (not shown).
Turning now to
The modified balancing piston 274 of the second alternative embodiment is shown in
A cross-section through the balancing piston 274 is provided in
A central gas channel 300 extends between the tube bore 298 and the counter-balance chamber 282. The diameter of the central gas channel 300 is larger than the diameter of the tube bore 298, but smaller than the diameter of the counter-balance chamber 282. Because the central gas channel 300 is sufficiently larger than in diameter than the tube bore 298, pressurized gas will freely flow into the gas tube 236 when the balancing piston 274 is in its gas transmitting position (
The gas path in this scenario is from the barrel 228 through the first gas port 240, into the inlet port 256, into the gas collection groove 280, around balancing piston 274, through the transverse gas passages 286, into the that axial gas passages 284 (four shown in this example) and out the first end 276 to fill the rearward end of the cylinder chamber 250. The gas simultaneously flows through the transverse gas passages 286 into the tube bore 298 and forwardly to fill the counter-balance chamber 250. Gas also flows around the tip of the gas tube 236 and into the orifice 292 where it flows back to the receiver (not shown) for cycling the action. So long as the gas pressure remains below the set pressure (via the adjustment plug 266), the combined force of the biasing member 290 and from the pressure in the counter-balance chamber 250 will overbear the force from the pressure at the first end 276 of the balancing piston 274, thus restraining the balancing piston 274 in the gas transmitting position as show.
However, if the pressure of the system exceeds the set pressure, then the balancing piston 274 will move forward due to the greater force generated on its first end 276.
In
In
The foregoing invention has been described in accordance with the relevant legal standards, thus the description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed embodiment may become apparent to those skilled in the art and fall within the scope of the invention. For example, the principles of the gas block balancing assembly 38, 238 could be applied to a piston-rod style activation system rather than a gas impingement type system with minimal reconfiguration. Other adaptions are likewise possible and contemplated to the extent they would find literal response in the following claims.
This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application No. 61/936,519 filed Feb. 6, 2014, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
454403 | Odkolek | Jun 1891 | A |
729143 | Reifgraber | May 1903 | A |
1138377 | Hammond | May 1915 | A |
1333498 | Lang | Mar 1920 | A |
1350961 | Farquhar et al. | Aug 1920 | A |
1366863 | Berthier | Jan 1921 | A |
1382058 | Bourdelles | Jun 1921 | A |
1388879 | Nelson | Aug 1921 | A |
1431057 | Sutter | Oct 1922 | A |
1738501 | Moore | Dec 1929 | A |
1808052 | McCann | Jun 1931 | A |
2003066 | Brondby | May 1935 | A |
2058897 | Marek | Oct 1936 | A |
2340293 | Balleisen | Feb 1944 | A |
2369669 | Garand | Feb 1945 | A |
2457835 | Schiff | Jan 1949 | A |
2462119 | Moore | Feb 1949 | A |
2554618 | Dixon | May 1951 | A |
2685754 | Crittendon et al. | Aug 1954 | A |
2715858 | Hoppert | Aug 1955 | A |
2748662 | Simpson | Jun 1956 | A |
2750849 | Harvey | Jun 1956 | A |
2777366 | Cook | Jan 1957 | A |
2783685 | Green | Mar 1957 | A |
2791944 | Harvey | May 1957 | A |
2814972 | Simmons, Jr. | Dec 1957 | A |
2845008 | Atwood, Jr. | Jul 1958 | A |
2870685 | Harvey | Jan 1959 | A |
2872851 | Katz | Feb 1959 | A |
2895383 | Reed | Jul 1959 | A |
2909101 | Hillberg | Oct 1959 | A |
2918848 | Maillard | Dec 1959 | A |
2935915 | Janson | May 1960 | A |
2951424 | Stoner | Sep 1960 | A |
2987968 | Janson | Jun 1961 | A |
3020807 | Hailston et al. | Feb 1962 | A |
3024706 | Wild | Mar 1962 | A |
3036501 | Wild | May 1962 | A |
3127812 | Into et al. | Apr 1964 | A |
3246567 | Miller | Apr 1966 | A |
3261264 | Wilson | Jul 1966 | A |
3323418 | Loffler | Jun 1967 | A |
3330183 | Loffler | Jul 1967 | A |
3333509 | Muhlemann | Aug 1967 | A |
3359860 | Muhlemann | Dec 1967 | A |
3420140 | Beretta | Jan 1969 | A |
3443477 | Kaempf | May 1969 | A |
3592101 | Vartanian et al. | Jul 1971 | A |
3680434 | Muhlemann | Aug 1972 | A |
3690219 | Muhlemann et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
3707110 | Alday | Dec 1972 | A |
3709092 | Tazome | Jan 1973 | A |
3779131 | Kawamura | Dec 1973 | A |
3795173 | Freymond | Mar 1974 | A |
3810412 | Zamacola | May 1974 | A |
3893370 | Hutton et al. | Jul 1975 | A |
3945296 | Hyytinen | Mar 1976 | A |
3968727 | Hyytinen | Jul 1976 | A |
3982468 | Browning | Sep 1976 | A |
3988964 | Moore | Nov 1976 | A |
3990348 | Vesamaa | Nov 1976 | A |
4019423 | Johnson | Apr 1977 | A |
4102243 | Jennie | Jul 1978 | A |
4126077 | Quesnel | Nov 1978 | A |
4174654 | Liedke | Nov 1979 | A |
4244273 | Langendorfer et al. | Jan 1981 | A |
4279191 | Johansson | Jul 1981 | A |
4373423 | Moore | Feb 1983 | A |
4414880 | Throner | Nov 1983 | A |
4418608 | Klumpp | Dec 1983 | A |
4599934 | Palmer | Jul 1986 | A |
4611525 | Bosshard et al. | Sep 1986 | A |
4693170 | Atchisson | Sep 1987 | A |
4702146 | Ikeda et al. | Oct 1987 | A |
4798124 | Hurlemann et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
4872392 | Powers et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
4901623 | Lee | Feb 1990 | A |
5218163 | Dabrowski | Jun 1993 | A |
5272956 | Hudson | Dec 1993 | A |
5404790 | Averbukh | Apr 1995 | A |
5429034 | Badali et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
5726377 | Harris et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5824943 | Guhring et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5831202 | Rustick | Nov 1998 | A |
5945626 | Robbins | Aug 1999 | A |
6374720 | Tedde | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6382073 | Beretta | May 2002 | B1 |
6516700 | Nikonov et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6606934 | Rock et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
6622610 | Adkins | Sep 2003 | B2 |
6868770 | Cornils | Mar 2005 | B2 |
7213498 | Davies | May 2007 | B1 |
7467581 | Botty | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7469624 | Adams | Dec 2008 | B1 |
7594465 | Borgwarth et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7610843 | Beretta | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7610844 | Kuczynko et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7621210 | Fluhr et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7637199 | Fluhr et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7739939 | Adams | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7775150 | Hochstrate et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7779743 | Herring | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7810423 | Monroe | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7827722 | Davies | Nov 2010 | B1 |
7832326 | Barrett | Nov 2010 | B1 |
7856917 | Noveske | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7891284 | Barrett | Feb 2011 | B1 |
7921760 | Tankersley | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7934447 | Kuczynko et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7938055 | Hochstrate et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7946214 | Stone | May 2011 | B2 |
7963203 | Davies | Jun 2011 | B1 |
8528458 | Windauer | Sep 2013 | B2 |
20020053280 | Tedde | May 2002 | A1 |
20040237766 | Cornils | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050262752 | Robinson et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060065112 | Kuczynko et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060236582 | Lewis et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20070199435 | Hochstrate et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20080276797 | Leitner-Wise | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080307954 | Fluhr et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090000173 | Robinson et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090007478 | Fluhr et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090223357 | Herring | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090229454 | Fluhr et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20100024636 | Winge | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100095834 | Kuczynko et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100199836 | Herring | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100224056 | Monroe | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100236396 | Stone | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100275769 | Brittingham | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20100275770 | Noveske | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20100282066 | Tankersley | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20100319528 | Kenney et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110023699 | Barrett | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110023700 | Herring | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20120167756 | LaRue | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20130025445 | Windauer | Jan 2013 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
332360 | Mar 1926 | BE |
586850 | Feb 1960 | BE |
1015572 | Jun 2005 | BE |
2597441 | Jul 2006 | CA |
2705534 | May 2009 | CA |
29709 | Dec 1903 | CH |
50723 | Sep 1909 | CH |
90978 | Sep 1920 | CH |
101634 | Mar 1922 | CH |
147188 | May 1931 | CH |
481362 | Dec 1969 | CH |
631542 | Aug 1982 | CH |
597634 | May 1934 | DE |
609372 | Feb 1935 | DE |
648391 | Jul 1937 | DE |
712087 | Oct 1941 | DE |
1453904 | Sep 1969 | DE |
2302785 | Jan 1976 | DE |
2702679 | Feb 1978 | DE |
2834332 | Aug 1979 | DE |
2932710 | Mar 1981 | DE |
69412384 | Mar 1999 | DE |
19615181 | Feb 2001 | DE |
10318828 | Nov 2004 | DE |
0114204 | Aug 1984 | EP |
0167067 | Dec 1987 | EP |
0380041 | Aug 1990 | EP |
1052470 | Nov 2000 | EP |
1471325 | Sep 2006 | EP |
257018 | Oct 1981 | ES |
2336031 | Sep 2008 | ES |
17062 | Jun 1913 | FR |
22353 | Jul 1921 | FR |
563468 | Dec 1923 | FR |
747501 | Jun 1933 | FR |
763021 | Apr 1934 | FR |
1155066 | Apr 1958 | FR |
1235856 | May 1960 | FR |
1450319 | Jul 1966 | FR |
2369533 | May 1978 | FR |
2532741 | Mar 1984 | FR |
2805341 | Aug 2001 | FR |
2866700 | Aug 2005 | FR |
19000202 | Aug 1910 | GB |
191014385 | Apr 1911 | GB |
191300373 | Mar 1913 | GB |
191501589 | Jul 1915 | GB |
393195 | Jun 1933 | GB |
472469 | Sep 1937 | GB |
474685 | Nov 1937 | GB |
604116 | Jun 1948 | GB |
608354 | Sep 1948 | GB |
615019 | Dec 1948 | GB |
1055817 | Jan 1967 | GB |
1128112 | Sep 1968 | GB |
1120303 | Oct 1968 | GB |
1582091 | Dec 1980 | GB |
S57127797 | Aug 1982 | JP |
S6124999 | Feb 1986 | JP |
2164334 | Mar 2001 | RU |
2237839 | Oct 2004 | RU |
03098144 | Nov 2003 | WO |
2005121686 | Dec 2005 | WO |
2008014984 | Feb 2008 | WO |
2008108786 | Sep 2008 | WO |
Entry |
---|
PCT/US2010/022293, International Search Report and Written Opinion, Oct. 26, 2011, 9 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20160161200 A1 | Jun 2016 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61936519 | Feb 2014 | US |