GAS COMPRESSOR AND SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GAS COMPRESSING

Abstract

Methods and systems are provided to adaptively control a hydraulic fluid supply to supply a driving fluid for applying a driving force on a piston in a gas compressor, the driving force being cyclically reversed between a first direction and a second direction to cause the piston to reciprocate in strokes. During a first stroke of the piston, a speed of the piston, a temperature of the driving fluid, and a load pressure applied to the piston is monitored. Reversal of the driving force after the first stroke is controlled based on the speed, load pressure, and temperature.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for gas compressing, and gas compressors driven by a driving fluid such as a hydraulic fluid, including hydraulic gas compressors driven by hydraulic fluid that are used in oil and gas field applications.

BACKGROUND

Various different types of gas compressors to compress a wide range of gases are known. Hydraulic gas compressors in particular are used in a number of different applications. One such category of, and application for, gas compressors is a gas compressor employed in connection with the operation of oil and gas producing well systems. When oil is extracted from a reservoir using a well and pumping system, it is common for natural gas, often in solution, to also be present within the reservoir. As oil flows out of the reservoir and into the well, a wellhead gas may be formed as it travels into the well and may collect within the well and/or travel within the casing of the well. The wellhead gas may be primarily natural gas and also includes impurities such as water, hydrogen sulphide, crude oil, and natural gas liquids (often referred to as condensate).

The presence of natural gas within the well can have negative impacts on the functioning of an oil and gas producing well system. It can for example create a back pressure on the reservoir at the bottom of the well shaft that inhibits or restricts the flow of oil to the well pump from the reservoir. Accordingly, it is often desirable to remove the natural gas from the well shaft to reduce the pressure at the bottom of the well shaft, particularly in the vicinity of the well pump. Natural gas that migrates into the casing of the well shaft may be drawn upwards-such as by venting to atmosphere or connecting the casing annulus to a pipe that allows for gas to flow out of the casing annulus. To further improve the flow of gas out of the casing annulus and reduce the pressure of the gas at the bottom of the well shaft, the natural gas flowing from the casing annulus may be compressed by a gas compressor and then may be utilized at the site of the well and/or transported for use elsewhere. The use of a gas compressor will further tend to create a lower pressure at the top of the well shaft compared to the bottom of the well shaft, assisting in the flow of natural gas upwards within the well bore and casing.

There are concerns in using hydraulic gas compressors in oil and gas field environments, relating to the potential contamination of the hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic cylinder of a gas compressor from components of the natural gas that is being compressed.

There are additional concerns in inefficient hydraulic gas compressor operation and increased costs associated with using such compressors.

Improved gas compressors and control systems and methods are desirable, including gas compressors employed in connection with oil and gas field operations including in connection with oil and gas producing wells.

SUMMARY

In an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of adaptively controlling a hydraulic fluid supply to supply a driving fluid for applying a driving force on a piston in a hydraulic gas compressor, such as a double action hydraulic gas compressor. During operation, the driving force is cyclically reversed between a first direction and a second direction to cause the piston to reciprocate in strokes. During a stroke of the piston, a speed of the piston, a temperature of the driving fluid, and a load pressure applied to the piston are monitored. Reversal of the driving force after the stroke is controlled based on the speed, temperature, and load pressure.

In selected embodiments, the reversal timing may be controlled primarily based on the speed of the piston, but with other minor considerations, such as load pressure and driving fluid temperature. A pair of proximity sensors may be used to detect the piston speed and whether the piston reaches predefined end of stroke positions.

Conveniently, such control based on the monitored speed, temperature, and load pressure allows quick adjustment of the timing of reversing the driving force applied on the compressor piston in real-time to achieve both smooth transition between strokes and near maximum compression efficiency, under varying environment and operation conditions.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of adaptively controlling a hydraulic fluid supply to supply a driving fluid for applying a driving force on a piston in a gas compressor, the driving force being cyclically reversed between a first direction and a second direction to cause the piston to reciprocate in strokes, the method comprising monitoring, during a first stroke of the piston, a speed of the piston, a temperature of the driving fluid, and a load pressure applied to the piston; and controlling reversal of the driving force after the first stroke based on the speed, load pressure, and temperature.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a control system for adaptively controlling a hydraulic fluid supply to supply a driving fluid for applying a driving force on a piston in a gas compressor, the driving force being cyclically reversed between a first direction and a second direction to cause the piston to reciprocate in strokes. The system comprises first and second proximity sensors positioned and configured to respectively generate a first signal indicative of a first time (T1) when a first part of the piston is in proximity of the first proximity sensor, and a second signal indicative of a second time (T2) when a second part of the piston is in a proximity of the second proximity sensor, whereby the speed of the piston is calculable based on T1, T2 and a distance between the first and second proximity sensors; a temperature sensor positioned and configured to generate a signal indicative of a temperature of the driving fluid; and a controller configured to receive signals from the sensors and for controlling the hydraulic fluid supply to control reversal of the driving force based on the speed of the piston, the temperature of the driving fluid, and the load pressure applied to the piston during the first stroke.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a gas compressor system that comprises a controller; a gas compressor that comprises a first driving fluid cylinder having a first driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a first driving fluid therein, and a first driving fluid piston movable within the first driving fluid chamber; a gas compression cylinder having a gas compression chamber comprising a first end and a second end, the gas compression chamber adapted for holding a gas therein and a gas piston reciprocally movable within the gas compression chamber between the first and the second end for compressing a gas; a second driving fluid cylinder having a second driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a second driving fluid therein, and a second driving fluid piston movable within the second driving fluid chamber; the first and second driving fluid cylinders located at each end of the gas compression cylinder and each of the first and second driving fluid pistons connected to the gas piston for axially driving the gas piston between the first and the second end; a first and a second proximity sensor respectively coupled to the first and second driving fluid cylinders, the first and second proximity sensors respectively operable to indicate a first and second time when a pre-defined portion of the first and the second driving fluid pistons is proximal to a respective one of the sensors and send the first and the second time to the controller in response thereto, the controller for determining a speed of movement of the gas piston within the gas compression chamber between the first and second end based on the first and second time; a temperature sensor coupled to one of the driving fluid cylinders and operable to detect a temperature of a respective one of the driving fluids and provide a temperature signal indicative of the temperature to the controller; a pressure sensor coupled to the driving fluid cylinders and operable to detect a pressure difference between the first and second driving fluids and provide a pressure signal indicative of the pressure difference to the controller; and the controller in communication with the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor and the first and second proximity sensors, the controller configured to control the flow of driving fluid into and out of each of the driving fluid chambers for causing a subsequent movement of the gas piston in an opposite direction between the second end and the first end in a second other stroke in response to the pressure signal, the temperature signal and the speed.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a gas compressor system that comprises a driving fluid cylinder having a driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a driving fluid therein, and a driving fluid piston movable within the driving fluid chamber. A gas compression cylinder having a gas compression chamber adapted for holding a gas therein and a gas piston movable within the gas compression chamber. A buffer chamber located between the driving fluid chamber and the gas compression chamber, the buffer chamber adapted to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within the gas compression chamber, from the gas compression chamber into the driving fluid chamber.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a gas compressor system that comprises a first driving fluid cylinder having a first driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a first driving fluid therein, and a first driving fluid piston movable within the first driving fluid chamber. A gas compression chamber adapted for holding a gas therein and a gas piston movable within the gas compression chamber. A first buffer chamber located between the first driving fluid chamber and a first section of the gas compression chamber. A second driving fluid cylinder having a second driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a second driving fluid therein, and a second driving fluid piston movable within the second driving fluid chamber. A second buffer chamber located between the first driving fluid chamber and a second section of the gas compression chamber. The first buffer chamber is adapted to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within a first section of the gas compression chamber, from the first section gas compression chamber section into the first driving fluid chamber. The second buffer chamber is adapted to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within a second section of the gas compression chamber, from the second section of the gas compression chamber into the second driving fluid chamber.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a gas compressor that comprises a driving fluid cylinder having a driving fluid chamber operable for containing a driving fluid therein and a driving fluid piston movable within the driving fluid chamber. A gas compression cylinder having a gas compression chamber operable for holding a gas therein and a gas piston movable within the gas compression chamber. A buffer chamber located between the driving fluid chamber and the gas compression chamber, the buffer chamber configured and operable to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component from the gas compression chamber to substantially avoid contamination of the driving fluid, when gas is located within the gas compression chamber.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a gas compressor that comprises a driving fluid cylinder having a driving fluid chamber operable for containing a driving fluid therein and a driving fluid piston movable within the driving fluid chamber. A gas compression cylinder having a gas compression chamber operable for holding natural gas therein and a gas piston movable within the gas compression chamber. A buffer chamber located between the driving fluid chamber and the gas compression chamber, the buffer chamber containing a non-natural gas component so as to substantially avoid contamination of the driving fluid in the driving fluid chamber, when gas is located within the gas compression chamber.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to provide a gas compressor system that can compensate for variances within the system which can alter the gas compression. Further, it is also desirable to achieve a smooth transition of a piston moving within the gas compression chamber to cause said gas compression, between a drive stroke providing movement to the right and a drive stroke providing movement to the left, in order to provide longer equipment life of the gas compressor system and to reduce wear of the system. It is further desirable for the drive stroke of the piston to travel along a pre-defined distance of the gas compression chamber (e.g. close to a full length of the chamber) in order to achieve maximum gas compression without physically abutting the ends of the gas compression chamber.

In at least some of the embodiments presented herein, the buffer chamber described herein may not be needed within the gas compressor system which adaptively controls a gas compressor to improve gas compression.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the figures, which illustrate example embodiments:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an oil and gas producing well system;

FIG. 1A is an enlarged schematic view of a portion of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of part of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1C is an enlarged view of another part of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1D is a schematic view of an oil and gas well producing system like the system of FIG. 1 but with an alternate lift system;

FIG. 2 is a side view of a gas compressor forming part of the system of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3(i) to (iv) are side views of the gas compressor or FIG. 2 showing a cycle of operation;

FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a gas compressor system including the gas compressor of FIG. 2 forming part of an oil and gas producing well systems of FIG. 1 or 1D;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a portion of the gas compressor system of FIG. 5 with some parts thereof exploded;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram a gas compressor system including the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 is a perspective exploded view of a gas compressor substantially like the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 8A is enlarged view of the portion marked FIG. 8A in FIG. 8;

FIG. 8B is enlarged view of the portion marked FIG. 8B in FIG. 8;

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9B is a top view of the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9C is a side view of the gas compressor of FIG. 2;

FIG. 10A is a schematic diagram of an gas compressor system;

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating the pressure profile in different pump cycles during use of the pump unit shown in FIG. 10A;

FIGS. 11(a), 11(b), 11(c), 11(d), and 11(e) are schematic views of the gas compressor of FIG. 10A during various stages of operation;

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating a lag time factor associated with changes in velocity of a piston stroke in the gas compressor of FIG. 10A;

FIG. 13 is a graphical depiction of waveforms for controlling operation of components of the compressor shown in FIG. 10A;

FIG. 14 is a process flowchart showing blocks of code for directing the controller of FIG. 10A to control the operation of the piston strokes of the gas compressor shown in FIG. 10A;

FIGS. 15(a), 15(b), and 15(c) are side views of the gas compressor shown in FIG. 10A, during various stages of movement of the gas piston and hydraulic pistons of FIG. 10A;

FIG. 16 is a schematic view of the gas compressor of FIG. 10A during one stage of operation; and

FIG. 17 is a line graph showing a realistic control (pump) signal applied to a hydraulic pump for driving a gas compressor and the corresponding pressure responses at the output ports of the pump.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to FIGS. 1, 1A, 1B and 1C, an example oil and gas producing well system 100 is illustrated schematically that may be installed at, and in, a well shaft (also referred to as a well bore) 108 and may be used for extracting liquid and/or gases (e.g. oil and/or natural gas) from an oil and gas bearing reservoir 104.

Extraction of liquids including oil as well as other liquids such as water from reservoir 104 may be achieved by operation of a down-well pump 106 positioned at the bottom of well shaft 108. For extracting oil from reservoir 104, down-well pump 106 may be operated by the up-and-down reciprocating motion of a sucker rod 110 that extends through the well shaft 108 to and out of a well head 102. It should be noted that in some applications, well shaft 108 may not be oriented entirely vertically, but may have horizontal components and/or portions to its path.

Well shaft 108 may have along its length, one or more generally hollow cylindrical tubular, concentrically positioned, well casings 120a, 120b, 120c, including an inner-most production casing 120a that may extend for substantially the entire length of the well shaft 108. Intermediate casing 120b may extend concentrically outside of production casing 120a for a substantial length of the well shaft 108, but not to the same depth as production casing 120a. Surface casing 120c may extend concentrically around both production casing 120a and intermediate casing 120b, but may only extend from proximate the surface of the ground level, down a relatively short distance of the well shaft 108. The casings 120a, 120b, 120c may be made from one or more suitable materials such as for example steel. Casings 120a, 120b, 120c may function to hold back the surrounding earth/other material in the sub-surface to maintain a generally cylindrical tubular channel through the sub-surface into the oil/natural gas bearing formation 104. Casings 120a, 120b, 120c may each be secured and sealed by a respective outer cylindrical layer of material such as layers of cement 111a, 111b, 111c which may be formed to surround casings 120a-120c in concentric tubes that extend substantially along the length of the respective casing 120a-120c. Production tubing 113 may be received inside production casing 120a and may be generally of a constant diameter along its length and have an inner tubing passageway/annulus to facilitate the communication of liquids (e.g. oil) from the bottom region of well shaft 108 to the surface region. Casings 120a-120c generally, and casing 120a in particular, can protect production tubing 120 from corrosion, wear/damage from use.

Along with other components that constitute a production string, a continuous passageway (a tubing annulus) 107 from the region of pump 106 within the reservoir 104 to well head 102 is provided by production tubing 113. Tubing annulus 107 provides a passageway for sucker rod 110 to extend and within which to move and provides a channel for the flow of liquid (oil) from the bottom region of the well shaft 108 to the region of the surface.

An annular casing passageway or gap 121 (referred to herein as a casing annulus) is typically provided between the inward facing generally cylindrical surface of the production casing 120a and the outward facing generally cylindrical surface of production tubing 113. Casing annulus 121 typically extends along the co-extensive length of inner casing 120a and production tubing 113 and thus provides a passageway/channel that extends from the bottom region of well shaft 108 proximate the oil/gas bearing formation 104 to the ground surface region proximate the top of the well shaft 108. Natural gas (that may be in liquid form in the reservoir 104) may flow from reservoir 104 into the well shaft 108 and may be, or transform into, a gaseous state and then flow upwards through casing annulus 121 towards well head 102. In some situations, such as with a newly formed well shaft 108, the level of the liquid (mainly oil and natural gas in solution) may actually extend a significant way from the bottom/end of the well shaft 108 to close to the surface in both the tubing annulus 107 and the casing annulus 121, due to relatively high downhole pressures.

Down-well pump 106 may have a plunger 103 that is attached to the bottom end region of sucker rod 110 and plunger 103 may be moved downwardly and upwardly within a pump chamber by sucker rod 110. Down well pump 106 may include a one way travelling valve 112 which is a mobile check valve which is interconnected with plunger 103 and which moves in up and down reciprocating motion with the movement of sucker rod 110. Down well pump 106 may also include a one way standing intake valve 114 that is stationary and attached to the bottom of the barrel of pump 106/production tubing 113. Travelling valve 112 keeps the liquid (oil) in the channel 107 of production tubing 113 during the upstroke of the sucker rod 110. Standing valve 114 keeps the fluid (oil) in the channel 107 of the production tubing 113 during the downstroke of sucker rod 110. During a downstroke of sucker rod 110 and plunger 103, travelling valve 112 opens, admitting liquid (oil) from reservoir 104 into the annulus of production tubing 113 of down-well pump 106. During this downstroke, one-way standing valve 114 at the bottom of well shaft 108 is closed, preventing liquid (oil) from escaping.

During each upstroke of sucker rod 110, plunger 103 of down-well pump 106 is drawn upwardly and travelling valve 112 is closed. Thus, liquid (oil) drawn in through one-way valve 112 during the prior downstroke can be raised. And as standing valve 114 opens during the upstroke, liquid (oil) can enter production tubing 113 below plunger 103 through perforations 116 in production casing 120a and cement layer 111a, and past standing valve 114. Successive upstrokes of down-well pump 106 form a column of liquid/oil in well shaft 108 above down-well pump 106. Once this column of liquid/oil is formed, each upstroke pushes a volume of oil toward the surface and well head 102. The liquid/oil, eventually reaches a T-junction device 140 which has connected thereto an oil flow line 133. Oil flow line 133 may contain a valve device 138 that is configured to permit oil to flow only towards a T-junction interconnection 134 to be mixed with compressed natural gas from piping 130 that is delivered from a gas compressor system 126 and then together both flow way in a main oil/gas output flow line 132.

Sucker rod 110 may be actuated by a suitable lift system 118 that may for example as illustrated schematically in FIG. 1, be a pump jack system 119 that may include a walking beam mechanism 117 driven by a pump jack drive mechanism 120 (often referred to as a prime mover). Prime mover 120 may include a motor 123 that is powered for example by electricity or a supply of natural gas, such as for example, natural gas produced by oil and gas producing well system 100. Prime mover 120 may be interconnected to and drive a rotating counter weigh device 122 that may cause the pivoting movement of the walking beam mechanism 120 that causes the reciprocating upward and downward movement of sucker rod 110.

As shown in FIG. 1D, lift mechanism 1118 may in other embodiments be a hydraulic lift system 1119 that includes a hydraulic fluid based power unit 1120 that supplies hydraulic fluid through a fluid supply circuit to a master cylinder apparatus 1117 to controllably raise and lower the sucker rod 110. The power unit 1120 may include a suitable controller to control the operation of the hydraulic lift system 1119.

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 1C, natural gas exiting from annulus 121 of casing 120 may be fed by suitable piping 124 through valve device 128 to inter-connected gas compressor system 126. Piping 124 may be made of any suitable material(s) such as steel pipe or flexible hose such as Aeroquip FC 300 AOP elastomer tubing made by Eaton Aeroquip LLC. In normal operation of system 100, the flow of natural gas communicated through piping 124 to gas compressor system 126 is not restricted by valve device 128 and the natural gas will flow there through. Valve 128 may be closed (e.g. manually) if for some reason it is desired to shut off the flow of natural gas from annulus 121.

Compressed natural gas that has been compressed by gas compressor system 126 may be communicated via piping 130 through a one way check valve device 131 to interconnect with oil flow line 133 to form a combined oil and gas flow line 132 which can deliver the oil and gas therein to a destination for processing and/or use. Piping 130 may be made of any suitable material(s) such as steel pipe or flexible hose such as Aeroquip FC 300 AOP elastomer tubing made by Eaton Aeroquip LLC.

Gas compressor system 126 may include a gas compressor 150 that is driven by a driving fluid. As indicated above, natural gas from casing annulus 121 of well shaft 108 may be supplied by piping 124 to gas compressor system 126. Natural gas may be compressed by gas compressor 150 and then communicated via piping 130 through a one way check valve device 131 to interconnect with oil flow line 133 to form combined oil and gas flow line 132.

The driving fluid for driving gas compressor 150 may be any suitable fluid such as a fluid that is substantially incompressible, and may contain anti-wear additives or constituents. The driving fluid may, for example, be a suitable hydraulic fluid. For example, the hydraulic fluid may be SKYDROL™ aviation fluid manufactured by Solutia Inc. The hydraulic fluid may for example be a fluid suitable as an automatic transmission fluid, a mineral oil, a bio-degradable hydraulic oil, or other suitable synthetic or semi-synthetic hydraulic fluid.

Hydraulic gas compressor 150 may be in hydraulic fluid communication with a hydraulic fluid supply system which may provide an open loop or closed loop hydraulic fluid supply circuit. For example gas compressor 150 may be in hydraulic fluid communication with a hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 as depicted in FIG. 10A.

Turning now to FIGS. 2 and 7, hydraulic gas compressor 150 may have first and second, one-way acting, hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b positioned at opposite ends of hydraulic gas compressor 150. Cylinders 152a, 152b are each configured to provide a driving force that acts in an opposite direction to each other, both acting inwardly towards each other and towards a gas compression cylinder 180. Thus, positioned generally inwardly between hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b is gas compression cylinder 180. Gas compression cylinder 180 may be divided into two gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b by a gas piston 182. In this way, gas such as natural gas in each of the gas chamber sections 181a, 181b, may be alternately compressed by alternating, inwardly directed driving forces of the hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b driving the reciprocal movement of gas piston 182 and piston rod 194

Gas compression cylinder 180 and hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b may have generally circular cross-sections although alternately shaped cross sections are possible in some embodiments.

Hydraulic cylinder 152a may have a hydraulic cylinder base 183a at an outer end thereof. A first hydraulic fluid chamber 186a may thus be formed between a cylinder barrel/tubular wall 187a, hydraulic cylinder base 183a and hydraulic piston 154a. Hydraulic cylinder base 183a may have a hydraulic input/output fluid connector 1184a that is adapted for connection to hydraulic fluid communication line 1166a. Thus hydraulic fluid can be communicated into and out of first hydraulic fluid chamber 186a.

At the opposite end of gas compressor 150, is a similar arrangement. Hydraulic cylinder 152b has a hydraulic cylinder base 183b at an outer end thereof. A second hydraulic fluid chamber 186b may thus be formed between a cylinder barrel/tubular wall 187b, hydraulic cylinder base 183b and hydraulic piston 154b. Hydraulic cylinder base 183b may have an input/output fluid connector 1184b that is adapted for connection to a hydraulic fluid communication line 1166b. Thus hydraulic fluid can be communicated into and out of second hydraulic fluid chamber 186b.

In embodiments such as is illustrated in FIG. 7, the driving fluid connectors 1184a, 1184b may each connect to a single hydraulic line 1166a, 1166b that may, depending upon the operational configuration of the system, either be communicating hydraulic fluid to, or communicating hydraulic fluid away from, each of hydraulic fluid chamber 186a and hydraulic fluid chamber 186b, respectively. However, other configurations for communicating hydraulic fluid to and from hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b are possible.

As indicated above, gas compression cylinder 180 is located generally between the two hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b. Gas compression cylinder 180 may be divided into the two adjacent gas chamber sections 181a, 181b by gas piston 182. First gas chamber section 1814a may thus be defined by the cylinder barrel/tubular wall 190, gas piston 182 and first gas cylinder head 192a. The second gas chamber section 181b may thus be defined by the cylinder barrel/tubular wall 190, gas piston 182 and second gas cylinder head 192b and formed on the opposite side of gas piston 182 to first gas chamber section 181a.

The components forming hydraulic cylinders 154a, 154b and gas compression cylinder 180 may be made from any one or more suitable materials. By way of example, barrel 190 of gas compression cylinder 180 may be formed from chrome plated steel; the barrel of hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b, may be made from a suitable steel; gas piston 182 may be made from T6061aluminum; the hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b may be made generally from ductile iron; and piston rod 194 may be made from induction hardened chrome plated steel.

The diameter of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b may be selected dependent upon the required output gas pressure to be produced by gas compressor 150 and a diameter (for example about 3 inches) that is suitable to maintain a desired pressure of hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b (for example—a maximum pressure of about 2800 psi).

Hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b may also include seal devices 196a, 196b respectively at their outer circumferential surface areas to provide fluid/gas seals with the inner wall surfaces of respective hydraulic cylinder barrels 187a, 187b respectively. Seal devices 196a, 196b, may substantially prevent or inhibit movement of hydraulic fluid out of hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b during operation of hydraulic gas compressor 150 and may prevent or at least inhibit the migration of any gas/liquid that may be in respective adjacent buffer chambers 195a, 195b (as described further hereafter) into hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b.

Also with reference now to FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, hydraulic piston seal devices 196a, 196b may include a plurality of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (e.g. Teflon(™) seal rings and may also include Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) energizers/energizing rings for the seal rings. A mounting nut 188a, 188b may be threadably secured to the opposite ends of piston rod 194 and may function to secure the respective hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b onto the end of piston rod 194.

The diameter of the gas piston 182 and corresponding inner surface of gas cylinder barrel 190 will vary depending upon the required volume of gas and may vary widely (e.g. from about 6 inches to 12 inches or more). In one example embodiment, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b have a diameter of 3 inches; piston rod 194 has a diameter or 2.5 inches and gas piston 182 has a diameter of 8 inches.

Gas piston 182 may also include a conventional gas compression piston seal device at its outer circumferential surfaces to provide a seal with the inner wall surface of gas cylinder barrel 190 to substantially prevent or inhibit movement of natural gas and any additional components associated with the natural gas, between gas compression cylinder sections 181a, 181b. Gas piston seal device may also assist in maintaining the gas pressure differences between the adjacent gas compression cylinder sections 181a, 181b, during operation of hydraulic gas compressor 150.

As noted above, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b may be formed at opposite ends of a piston rod 194. Piston rod 194 may pass through gas compression cylinder sections 181a, 181b and pass through a sealed (e.g. by welding) central axial opening 191 through gas piston 182 and be configured and adapted so that gas piston 182 is fixedly and sealably mounted to piston rod 194.

Piston rod 194 may also pass through axially oriented openings in head assemblies 200a, 200b that may be located at opposite ends of gas cylinder barrel 190. Thus, reciprocating axial/longitudinal movement of piston rod 194 will result in reciprocating synchronous axial/longitudinal movement of each of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b in respective hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b, and of gas piston 182 within gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b of gas compression cylinder 180.

Located on the inward side of hydraulic piston 154a, within hydraulic cylinder 154a, between hydraulic fluid chamber 186a and gas compression cylinder section 181a, may be located first buffer chamber 195a. Buffer chamber 195a may be defined by an inner surface of hydraulic piston 154a, the cylindrical inner wall surface of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a, and hydraulic cylinder head 189a.

Similarly, located on the inward side of hydraulic piston 154b, within hydraulic cylinder 154b, between hydraulic fluid chamber 186b and gas compression cylinder section 181b, may be located second buffer chamber 195b. Buffer chamber 195b may be defined by an inner surface of hydraulic piston 154b, the cylindrical inner wall surface of cylinder barrel 187b, and hydraulic cylinder head 189b.

As hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b are mounted at opposite ends of piston rod 194, piston rod 194 also passes through buffer chambers 195a, 195b.

With particular reference now to FIGS. 2, 6, 8, 8A-C, and 9A-C and 13A-C, head assembly 200a may include hydraulic cylinder head 189a and gas cylinder head 192a and a hollow tubular casing 201a. Hydraulic cylinder head 189a may have a generally circular hydraulic cylinder head plate 206a formed or mounted within casing 201a (FIG. 8B).

A barrel flange plate 290a (FIG. 9A), hydraulic cylinder head plate 206a (FIG. 8B) and a gas cylinder head plate 212a may have casing 201a disposed there between. Gas cylinder head plate 212a may be interconnected to an inward end of hollow tubular casing 201a for example by welds or the two parts may be integrally formed together. In other embodiments, hollow tubular casing 201a may be integrally formed with both hydraulic cylinder head plate 206a and gas cylinder head plate 212a.

Hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a may have an inward end 179a, interconnected such as by welding to the outward facing edge surface of a barrel flange plate 290a. Barrel flange plate 290a may be configured as shown in FIGS. 2, 8, 8A-C, and 9A-C.

Barrel flange plate 290a may be connected to the hydraulic cylinder head plate 206a by bolts 217 (FIG. 8) received in threaded openings 218 of outward facing surface 213a of hydraulic head plate 206a (FIGS. 8 and 8B). A gas and liquid seal may be created between the mating surfaces of hydraulic head plate 206a and barrel flange plate 290a. A sealing device may be provided between these plate surfaces such as TEFLON hydraulic seals and buffers.

Gas cylinder barrel 190 may have an end 155a (FIG. 8B) interconnected to the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212a such as by passing first threaded ends of each of the plurality of tie rods 193 through openings in head plate 212a and securing them with nuts 168.

Piston rod 194 may have a portion that moves longitudinally within the inner cavity formed through openings within barrel flange plate 290a, hydraulic cylinder head plate 206a and gas cylinder head plate 212a and within tubular casing 210a.

A structure and functionality corresponding to the structure and functionality just described in relation to hydraulic cylinder 152a, buffer chamber 195a, and gas compression cylinder section 181a, may be provided on the opposite side of hydraulic gas compression cylinder 150 in relation to hydraulic cylinder 152b, buffer chamber 195b, and gas compression cylinder section 181b.

Thus with particular reference to FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, head assembly 200b may include hydraulic cylinder head 189b, gas cylinder head 192b and a hollow tubular casing 201b. Hydraulic cylinder head 189b may have a hydraulic cylinder head plate 206b formed or mounted within casing 201b (FIG. 8A)

A barrel flange plate 290b/hydraulic cylinder head plate 206b and a gas cylinder head plate 212b (FIGS. 8 and 8A) may have casing 201b generally disposed there between. Gas cylinder head plate 212b may be interconnected to hollow tubular casing 201b for example by welds or the two parts may be integrally formed together. In other embodiments, hollow tubular casing 201b may be integrally formed with hydraulic cylinder head plate 206b and gas cylinder head plate 212b.

Hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b (FIG. 9A) may have an inward end 179b, interconnected such as by welding to the outward facing edge surface of a barrel flange plate 290b. Barrel flange plate 290b may also be configured as shown in FIGS. 2, 8, 8A-C, and FIGS. 9A-C.

Barrel flange plate 290b may be connected to the hydraulic cylinder head plate 206b by bolts 217 received in threaded openings 218b of outward facing surface 213b of hydraulic head plate 206b (FIG. 9B). A gas and liquid seal may be created between the mating surfaces of hydraulic head plate 206b and barrel flange plate 290b. A sealing device may be provided between these plate surfaces such as TEFLON hydraulic seals and buffers.

Gas cylinder barrel 190 may have an end 155b (FIG. 9A) interconnected to the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212b such as by passing first threaded ends of each of the plurality of tie rods 193 through openings in head plate 212b and securing them with nuts 168.

Piston rod 194 may have a portion that moves longitudinally within the inner cavity formed through openings within hydraulic cylinder head plate 206b and gas cylinder head plate 212b and within tubular casing 210b.

With particular reference now to FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, two head sealing O-rings 308a, 308b may be provided and which may be made from highly saturated nitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR). One O-ring 308a may be located between a first circular edge groove 216a at end 155a of gas cylinder barrel 190 and the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212a. O-ring 308a may be retained in a groove in the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212a. O-ring 308b may be located between a second opposite circular edge groove 216b of at the opposite end of gas cylinder barrel 190 and the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212b. O-ring 308b may be retained in a groove in the inward facing surface of gas cylinder head plate 212b. In this way gas seals are provided between gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b and their respective gas cylinder head plates 212a, 212b.

By securing threaded both opposite ends of each of the plurality of tie rods 193 through openings in gas cylinder head plates 212a, 212b and securing them with nuts 168, tie rods 193 will function to tie together the head plates 212a and 212b with gas cylinder barrel 190 and O-rings 308a, 308b securely held there between and providing a sealed connection between cylinder barrel 190 and head plates 212a, 212b.

Seal/wear devices 198a, 198b may be provided within casing 201a to provide a seal around piston rod 194 and with an inner surface of casing 201a to prevent or limit the movement of natural gas out of gas compression cylinder section 181a, into buffer chamber 195a. Corresponding seal/wear devices may be provided within casing 201b to provide a seal around piston rod 194 and with an inner surface of casing 201b to prevent or limit the movement of natural gas out of gas compression cylinder section 181b, into buffer chamber 195b. These seal devices 198a, 198b may also prevent or at least limit/inhibit the movement of other components (such as contaminants) that have been transported with the natural gas from well shaft 108 into gas compression cylinder sections 181a, 181b, from migrating into respective buffer chambers 195a, 195b.

While in some embodiments, the gas pressure in gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b will remain generally, if not always, above the pressure in the adjacent respective buffer chambers 195a, 195b, the seal/wear devices 198a, 198b may in some situations prevent migration of gas and/or liquid that may be in buffer chambers 195a, 195b from migrating into respective gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b. The seal/wear devices 198a, 198b may also assist to guide piston rod 194 and keep piston rod 194 centred in the casings 201a, 201b and absorb transverse forces exerted upon piston rod 194.

Also, with particular reference to FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, each seal device 198a, 198b may be mounted in a respective casing 201a, 201b. Associated with each head assembly 200a, 200b may also be a rod seal retaining nut 151 which may be made from any suitable material, such as for example aluminium bronze. A rod seal retaining nut 151 may be axially mounted around piston rod 194. Rod seal retaining nut 151 may be provided with inwardly directed threads 156. The threads 156 of rod sealing nut 151 may engage with internal mating threads in opening 153 of the respective casing 201a, 201b. By tightening rod sealing nut 151, components of sealing devices 198a, 198b may be axially compressed within casing 201a, 201b. The compression causes components of the sealing devices 198a, 1987b to be pushed radially outwards to engage an inner cylindrical surface of the respective casings 201a, 201b and radially inwards to engage the piston rod 194. Thus seal devices 198a, 198b are provided to function as described above in providing a sealing mechanism.

As each rod seal retaining nut 151 can be relatively easily unthreaded from engagement with its respective casing 201a, 201b, maintenance and/or replacement of one or more components of seal devices 198a, 198b is made easier. Additionally, by turning a rod seal retaining nut 151 may be engaged to thread the rod seal retaining nut further into opening 153 of the casing, adjustments can be made to increase the compressive load on the components of the sealing devices 198a, 198b to cause them to be being pushed radially further outwards into further and stronger engagement with an inner cylindrical surface of the respective casings 201a, 201b and further inwards to engage with the piston rod 194. Thus the level of sealing action/force provided by each seal device 198a, 198b may be adjusted.

However, even with an effective seal provided by the sealing devices 198a, 198b, it is possible that small amounts of natural gas, and/or other components such as hydrogen sulphide, water, oil may still at least in some circumstances be able to travel past the sealing devices 198a, 198b into respective buffer chambers 195a, 195b. For example, oil may be adhered to the surface of piston rod 194 and during reciprocating movement of piston rod 194, it may carry such other components from the gas compression cylinder section 181a, 181b past sealing devices 198a, 198b, into an area of respective cylinder barrels 187a, 187b that provide respective buffer chambers 195a, 195b. High temperatures that typically occur within gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b may increase the risk of contaminants being able to pass seal devices 198a, 198b. However buffer chambers 195a, 195b each provide an area that may tend to hold any contaminants that move from respective gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b and restrict the movement of such contaminants into the areas of cylinder barrels that provide hydraulic cylinder fluid chambers 186a, 186b.

Mounted on and extending within cylinder barrel 187a close to hydraulic cylinder head 189a, is a proximity sensor 157a. Proximity sensor 157a is operable such that during operation of gas compressor 150, as piston 154a is moving from left to right, just before piston 154a reaches the position shown in FIG. 3(i), proximity sensor 157a will detect the presence of hydraulic piston 154a within hydraulic cylinder 152a at a longitudinal position that is shortly before the end of the stroke. Sensor 157a will then send a signal to controller 200, in response to which controller 200 can take steps to change the operational mode of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 (FIG. 7).

Similarly, mounted on and extending within cylinder barrel 187b close to hydraulic cylinder head 189b, is another proximity sensor 157b. Proximity sensor 157b is operable such that during operation of gas compressor 150, as piston 154b is moving from right to left, just before piston 154b reaches the position shown in FIG. 5 (iii), proximity sensor 157b will detect the presence of hydraulic piston 154b within hydraulic cylinder 152b at a longitudinal position that is shortly before the end of the stroke. Proximity sensor 157b will then send a signal to controller 200, in response to which controller 200 can take steps to change the operational mode of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160.

Proximity sensors 157a, 157b may be in communication with controller 200. In some embodiments, proximity sensors 157a, 157b may be implemented using inductive proximity sensors, such as model BI 2-M12-Y1X-H1141 sensors manufactured by Turck, Inc. These inductive sensors are operable to generate proximity signals responsive to the proximity of a metal portion of piston rod 194 proximate to each of hydraulic piston 154a, 154b. For example sensor rings may be attached around piston rod 194 at suitable positions towards, but spaced from, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b respectively such as annular collar 199b in relation to hydraulic piston 154b—FIGS. 6 and 8. Proximity sensors 157a, 157b may detect when collars 199a, 199b on piston rod 194 pass by. Steel annular collars 199a, 199b may be mounted to piston rod 194 and may be held on piston rod 194 with set screws and a LOCTITE™ adhesive made by Henkel Corporation.

It is possible for controller 200 (FIG. 7) to be programmed in such manner to control the hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 in such a manner as to provide for a relatively smooth slowing down, a stop, reversal in direction and speeding up of piston rod 194 along with the hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 as the piston rod 194, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 transition between a drive stroke providing movement to the right to a drive stroke providing the stroke to the left and back to a stroke providing movement to the right.

An example hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 for driving hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b of hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b of hydraulic gas compressor 150 in reciprocating movement is illustrated in FIG. 7. Hydraulic fluid supply subsystem 1160 may be a closed loop system and may include a pump unit 1174, hydraulic fluid communication lines 1163a, 1163b, 1166a, 1166b, and a hot oil shuttle valve device 1168. Shuttle valve device 1168 may be for example a hot oil shuttle valve device made by Sun Hydraulics Corporation under model XRDCLNN-AL.

Fluid communication line 1163a fluidly connects a port S of pump unit 1174 to a port Q of shuttle valve 1168. Fluid communication line 1163b fluidly connects a port P of pump 1174 to a port R of shuttle valve 1168. Fluid communication line 1166a fluidly connects a port V of shuttle valve 1168 to a port 1184a of hydraulic cylinder 152a. Fluid communication line 1166b fluidly connects a port W of shuttle valve 1168 to a port 1184b of hydraulic cylinder 152b.

An output port M of shuttle valve 1168 may be connected to an upstream end of a bypass fluid communication line 1169 having a first portion 1169a, a second portion 1169b and a third portion 1169c that are arranged in series. A filter 1171 may be interposed in bypass line 1169 between portions 1169a and 1169b. Filter 1171 may be operable to remove contaminants from hydraulic fluid flowing from shuttle valve device 1168 before it is returned to reservoir 1172. Filter 1171 may for example include a type HMK05/25 5 micro-m filter device made by Donaldson Company, Inc. The downstream end of line portion 1169b joins with the upstream end of line portion 1169c at a T-junction where a downstream end of a pump case drain line 1161 is also fluidly connected. Case drain line 1161 may drain hydraulic fluid leaking within pump unit 1174. Fluid communication line portion 1169c is connected at an opposite end to an input port of a thermal valve device 1142. Depending upon the temperature of the hydraulic fluid flowing into thermal valve device 1142 from communication line portion 1169c of bypass line 1169, thermal valve device 1142 directs the hydraulic fluid to either fluid communication line 1141a or 1141b. If the temperature of the hydraulic fluid flowing into thermal valve device 1142 is greater than a set threshold level, valve device 1142 will direct the hydraulic fluid through fluid communication line 1141a to a cooling device 1143 where hydraulic fluid can be cooled before being passed through fluid communication line 1141c to reservoir 1172. If the hydraulic fluid entering fluid valve device 1142 does not require cooling, then thermal valve 1142 will direct the hydraulic fluid received therein from communication line portion 1169c to communication line 1141b which leads directly to reservoir 1172. An example of a suitable thermal valve device 1142 is a model 67365-110F made by TTP (formerly Thermal Transfer Products). An example of a suitable cooler 1143 is a model BOL-16-216943 also made by TTP.

Drain line 1161 connects output case drain ports U and T of pump unit 1174 to a T-connection in communication line 1169b at a location after filter 1171. Thus any hydraulic fluid directed out of case drain ports U/T of pump unit 1174 can pass through drain line 1161 to the T-connection of communication line portions 1169b, 1169c, (without going through the filter device 1171) where it can mix with any hydraulic fluid flowing from filter 1171 and then flow to thermal valve device 1142 where it can either be directed to cooler 1143 before flowing to reservoir 1172 or be directed directly to reservoir 1172. By not passing hydraulic fluid from case drain 1161 through relatively fine filter 1171, the risk of filter 1171 being clogged can be reduced. It will be noted that filter 1182 provides a secondary filter for fluid that is re-charging pump unit 1174 from reservoir 1172.

Hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 may include a reservoir 1172 may utilize any suitable driving fluid, which may be any suitable hydraulic fluid that is suitable for driving the hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b.

Cooler 1143 may be operable to maintain the hydraulic fluid within a desired temperature range, thus maintaining a desired viscosity. For example, in some embodiments, cooler 1143 may be operable to cool the hydraulic fluid when the temperature goes above about 50° C. and to stop cooling when the temperature falls below about 45° C. In some applications such as where the ambient temperature of the environment can become very cold, cooler 1143 may be a combined heater and cooler and may further be operable to heat the hydraulic fluid when the temperature reduces below for example about −10° C. The hydraulic fluid may be selected to maintain a viscosity generally in hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 of between about 20 and about 40 mm² s⁻¹ over this temperature range.

Hydraulic pump unit 1174 is generally part of a closed loop hydraulic fluid supply system 1160. Pump unit 1174 includes outlet ports S and P for selectively and alternately delivering a pressurized flow of hydraulic fluid to fluid communication lines 1163a and 1163b respectively, and for allowing hydraulic fluid to be returned to pump unit 1174 at ports S and P. Thus hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 may be part of a closed loop hydraulic circuit, except to the extent described hereinafter. Pump unit 1174 may be implemented using a variable-displacement hydraulic pump capable of producing a controlled flow hydraulic fluid alternately at the outlets S and P. In one embodiment, pump unit 1174 may be an axial piston pump having a swashplate that is configurable at a varying angle α. For example pump unit 1174 may be a HPV-02 variable pump manufactured by Linde Hydraulics GMBH & Co. KG of Germany, a model that is operable to deliver displacement of hydraulic fluid of up to about 55 cubic centimeters per revolution at pressures in the range of 58-145 psi. In other embodiments, the pump unit 1174 may be other suitable variable displacement pump, such as a variable piston pump or a rotary vane pump, for example. For the Linde HPV-02 variable pump, the angle α of the swashplate may be adjusted from a maximum negative angle of about −21°, which may correspond to a maximum flow rate condition at the outlet S, to about 0°, corresponding to a substantially no flow condition from either port S or P, and a maximum positive angle of about +21°, which corresponds to a maximum flow rate condition at the outlet P.

In this embodiment the pump unit 1174 may include an electrical input for receiving a displacement control signal from controller 200. The displacement control signal at the input is operable to drive a coil of a solenoid (not shown) for controlling the displacement of the pump unit 1174 and thus a hydraulic fluid flow rate produced alternately at the outlets P and S. The electrical input is connected to a 24 VDC coil within the hydraulic pump 1174, which is actuated in response to a controlled pulse width modulated (PWM) excitation current of between about 232 mA (i_0u) for a no flow condition and about 425 mA (i_U) for a maximum flow condition.

For the Linde HPV-02 variable pump unit 1174, the swashplate is actuated to move to an angle α either +21° or −21°, only when a signal is received from controller 200. Controller 200 will provide such a signal to pump unit 1174 based on the position of the hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b as detected by proximity sensors 157a, 157b as described above, which provide a signal to the controller 200 when the gas compressor 150 is approaching the end of a drive stroke in one direction, and commencement of a drive stroke in the opposite direction is required.

Pump unit 1174 may also be part of a fluid charge system 1180. Fluid charge system 1180 is operable to maintain sufficient hydraulic fluid within pump unit 1174 and may maintain/hold fluid pressure of for example at least 300 psi at both ports S and P so as to be able to control and maintain the operation of the main pump so it can function to supply a flow of hydraulic fluid under pressure alternately at ports S and P.

Fluid charge system 1180 may include a charge pump that may be a 16 cc charge pump supplying for example 6-7 gpm and it may be incorporated as part of pump unit 1174. Charge system 1180 functions to supply hydraulic fluid as may be required by pump unit 1174, to replace any hydraulic fluid that may be directed from port M of shuttle valve device 1168 through a relief valve associated with shuttle valve device 1168 to reservoir 1172 and to address any internal hydraulic fluid leakage associated with pump unit 1174. The shuttle valve device 1168 may for example redirect in the range of 3-4 gpm from the hydraulic fluid circuit. The charge pump will then replace the redirected hydraulic fluid 1:1 by maintaining a low side loop pressure.

The relief valve associated with shuttle valve device 1168 will typically only divert to port M a very small proportion of the total amount of hydraulic fluid circulating in the fluid circuit and which passes through shuttle valve device 1168 into and out of hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b. For example, the relief valve associated with shuttle valve device may only divert approximately 3 to 4 gallons per minute of hydraulic fluid at 200 psi, accounting for example for only about 1% of the hydraulic fluid in the substantially closed loop the hydraulic fluid circuit. This allows at least a portion of the hydraulic fluid being circulated to gas compressor 150 on each cycle to be cooled and filtered.

The charge pump may draw hydraulic fluid from reservoir 1172 on a fluid communication line 1185 that connects reservoir 1172 with an input port B of pump unit 1174. The charge pump of pump unit 1174 then directs and forces that fluid to port A where it is then communicated on fluid communication line 1181 to a filter device 1182 (which may for example be a 10 micro-m filter made by Linde.

Upon passing through filter device 1182 the hydraulic fluid may then enter port F of pump unit 1174 where it will be directed to the fluid circuit that supplies hydraulic fluid at ports S and P. In this way a minimum of 300 psi of pressure of the hydraulic fluid may be maintained during operation at ports S and P. The charge pressure gear pump may be mounted on the rear of the main pump and driven through a common internal shaft.

In a swashplate pump, rotation of the swashplate drives a set of axially oriented pistons (not shown) to generate fluid flow. In an embodiment of FIG. 7, the swashplate of the pump unit 1174 is driven by a rotating shaft 1173 that is coupled to a prime mover 1175 for receiving a drive torque. In some embodiments, prime mover 1175 is an electric motor but in other embodiments, the prime mover may be implemented in other ways such as for example by using a diesel engine, gasoline engine, or a gas driven turbine.

Prime mover 1175 is responsive to a control signal received from controller 200 at a control input to deliver a controlled substantially constant rotational speed and torque at the shaft 1173. While there may be some minor variations in rotational speed, the shaft 1173 may be driven at a speed that is substantially constant and can for a period of time required, produce a substantially constant flow of fluid alternately at the outlet ports S and P. In one embodiment the prime mover 256 is selected and configured to deliver a rotational speed of about 1750 rpm which is controlled to be substantially constant within about +1%.

To alternately drive the hydraulic cylinders 152a, 152b to provide the reciprocating axial motion of the hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and thus reciprocating motion of gas piston 182, a displacement control signal is sent from controller 200 to pump unit 1174 and a signal is also provided by controller to prime mover 1175. In response, prime mover 1175 drives rotating shaft 1173, to drive the swashplate in rotation. The displacement control signal at the input of pump unit 1174 drives a coil of a solenoid (not shown) to cause the angle α of the swashplate to be adjusted to desired angle such as a maximum negative angle of about −21°, which may correspond to a maximum flow rate condition at the outlet S and no flow at outlet P. The result is that pressurized hydraulic fluid is driven from port S of pump unit 1174 along fluid communication line 1163a to input port Q of shuttle valve device 1168. The shuttle valve device 1168 with the lower pressure hydraulic fluid at port R will be configured such that the pressurized hydraulic fluid flows into port Q and will flow out of port V of shuttle valve device 1168 and into and along fluid communication line 1166a and then will enter hydraulic fluid chamber 186a of hydraulic cylinder 152a. The flow of hydraulic fluid into hydraulic fluid chamber 186a will cause hydraulic piston 154a to be driven axially in a manner which expands hydraulic fluid chamber 186a, thus resulting in movement in one direction of piston rod 194, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182.

During the expansion of hydraulic fluid chamber 186a as piston 154a moves within cylinder barrel 187a, there will be a corresponding contraction in size of hydraulic fluid chamber 186b of hydraulic cylinder 152b within cylinder barrel 187b. This results in hydraulic fluid being driven out of hydraulic fluid chamber 186b through port 1184b and into and along fluid communication line 1166b. The configuration of shuttle valve device 1168 will be such that on this relatively low pressure side, hydraulic fluid can flow into port W and out of port R of shuttle valve device 1168, then along fluid communication line 1163b to port P of pump unit 1174. However, the relief valve associated with shuttle valve device 1168 may, in this operational configuration, direct a small portion of the hydraulic fluid flowing along line 1166b to port M for communication to reservoir 1172, as discussed above. However, most (e.g. about 99%) of the hydraulic fluid flowing in communication line 1166b will be directed to communication line 1163b for return to pump unit 1174 and enter at port P.

When the hydraulic piston 154a approaches the end of its drive stroke, a signal is sent by proximity sensor 157a to controller 200 which causes controller 200 to send a displacement control signal to pump unit 1174. In response to receiving the displacement control signal at the input of pump unit 1174, a coil of the solenoid (not shown) is driven to cause the angle α of the swashplate of pump unit 1174 to be altered such as to be set at a maximum negative angle of about +21°, which may correspond to a maximum flow rate condition at the outlet P and no flow at outlet S. The result is that pressurized hydraulic fluid is driven from port P of pump unit 1174 along fluid communication line 1163b to port R of shuttle valve device 1168. The configuration of shuttle valve device 1168 will have been adjusted due to the change in relative pressures of hydraulic fluid in lines 1163a and 1163b, such that on this relatively high pressure side, hydraulic fluid can flow into port R and out of port W of shuttle valve device 1168, then along fluid communication line 1166b to port 1184b. Pressurized hydraulic fluid will then enter hydraulic fluid chamber 186b of hydraulic cylinder 152b. This will cause hydraulic piston 154b to be driven in an opposite axial direction in a manner which expands hydraulic fluid chamber 186b, thus resulting in synchronized movement in an opposite direction of hydraulic cylinders 154a, 154b and gas piston 182.

During the expansion of hydraulic fluid chamber 186b, there will be a corresponding contraction of hydraulic fluid chamber 186a of hydraulic cylinder 152a. This results in hydraulic fluid being driven out of hydraulic fluid chamber 186a through port 1184a and into and along fluid communication line 1166a. The configuration of shuttle valve device 1168 will be such that on what is now a relatively low pressure side, hydraulic fluid can now flow into port V and out of port Q of shuttle valve device 1168, then along fluid communication line 1163a to port S of pump unit 1174. However, the relief valve associated with shuttle valve device 1168 may in this operational configuration, direct as small portion of the hydraulic fluid flowing along line 1166a to port M for communication to reservoir 1172, as discussed above. Again most of the hydraulic fluid flowing in communication line 1166a will be directed to communication line 1163a for return to pump unit 1174 at port S but a small portion (e.g. 1%) may be directed by shuttle valve device 1168 to port M for communication to reservoir 1172, as discussed above. However, most (e.g. about 99%) of the hydraulic fluid flowing in communication line 1166a will be directed to communication line 1163a for return to pump unit 1174 and enter at port S.

The foregoing describes one cycle which can be repeated continuously for multiple cycles, as may be required during operation of gas compressor system 126. If a change in flow rate/fluid pressure is required in hydraulic fluid supply system 1160, to change the speed of movement and increase the frequency of the cycles, controller 200 may send an appropriate signal to prime mover 1175 to vary the output to vary the rotational speed of shaft 1173. Alternately and/or additionally, controller 200 may send a displacement control signal to the input of pump unit 1174 to drives the solenoid (not shown) to cause a different angle α of the swashplate to provide different flow rate conditions at the port P and no flow at outlet S or to provide different flow rate conditions at the port S and no flow at outlet P. If zero flow is required, the swash plate may be moved to an angle of zero degrees.

Controller 200 may also include an input for receiving a start signal operable to cause the controller 200 to start operation of gas compressor system 126 and outputs for producing a control signal for controlling operation of the prime mover 1175 and pump unit 1174. The start signal may be provided by a start button within an enclosure that is depressed by an operator on site to commence operation. Alternatively, the start signal may be received from a remotely located controller, which may be communication with the controller via a wireless or wired connection. The controller 200 may be implemented using a microcontroller circuit although in other embodiments, the controller may be implemented as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, an analog controller, a hardwired electronic or logic circuit, or using a programmable logic device or gate array, for example.

With reference now to FIG. 4, it may be appreciated that hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a may be divided into three zones: (i) a zone ZH dedicated exclusively to holding hydraulic fluid; (ii) a zone ZB dedicated exclusively for the buffer area and (iii) an overlap zone, Zo, that which, depending upon where the hydraulic piston 154a is in the stroke cycle, will vary between an area holding hydraulic fluid and an area providing part of the buffer chamber. Hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b may be divided into a corresponding set of three zones in the same manner with reference to the movement of hydraulic piston 154b.

If the length XBa (which is the length of the cylinder barrel from gas cylinder head 192a to the inward facing surface of hydraulic piston 154a at its full right position) is greater than the stroke length Xs, then any point P1a on piston rod 194 that is at least for part of the stroke within gas compression chamber section 181a, will not move beyond the distance XBa (point P2a) when the gas piston 182 and the hydraulic piston 154a move from the farthermost right positions of the stroke position (1) to the farthermost left positions of the stroke position (2). Thus, any materials/contaminants carried on piston rod 194 starting at P1a will not move beyond the area of the hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a that is dedicated to providing buffer chamber 195a. Thus, any such contaminants travelling on piston rod 194 will be prevented, or at least inhibited, from moving into the zones ZH and Zo of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a that hold hydraulic fluid. Thus any point P1a on piston rod 194 that passes into the gas compression chamber will not pass into an area of the hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a that will encounter hydraulic fluid (i.e. It will not pass into ZH or Zo). Thus, all portions of piston rod 194 that encounter gas, will not be exposed to an area that is directly exposed to hydraulic fluid. Thus cross contamination of contaminants that may be present with the natural gas in the gas compression cylinder 180 may be prevented or inhibited from migrating into the hydraulic fluid that is in areas of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a adapted for holding hydraulic fluid. It may be appreciated, that since there is an overlap zone, the hydraulic pistons do move from a zone where there should never be anything but hydraulic fluid to a zone which transitions between hydraulic fluid and the contents (e.g. air) of the buffer zone. Therefore, contaminants on the inner surface wall of the cylinder barrel 187a, 187b in the overlap zone could theoretically get transferred to the edge surface of the piston. However, the presence of buffer zone significantly reduces the level of risk of cross contamination of contaminants into the hydraulic fluid.

With reference continuing to FIG. 4, it may be appreciated that hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b may also be divided into three zones-like hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a, namely: (i) a zone ZH dedicated exclusively to holding hydraulic fluid; (ii) a zone ZB dedicated exclusively for the buffer area and (iii) an overlap zone that which, depending upon where the device is in the stroke cycle, will vary between an area holding hydraulic fluid and an area providing part of the buffer chamber.

If the length XBb (which is the length of the cylinder barrel from gas cylinder head 192b to the inward facing surface of hydraulic piston 154b at its full left position) is greater than the stroke length Xs, then any point P2b on piston rod 194 will not move beyond the distance XBb (point P1b) when the gas piston 182 and the hydraulic piston 154b move from the farthermost left positions of the stroke to the farthermost right positions of the stroke. Thus any materials/contaminants on piston rod 194 starting at P2b will be prevented or at least inhibited from moving beyond the area of the hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b that provides buffer chamber 195b. Thus, any such contaminants travelling on piston rod 194 will be prevented, or at least inhibited, from moving into the zones ZH and Zo of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b that hold hydraulic fluid. Thus any point P2b on piston rod 194 that passes into the gas compression chamber will not pass into an area of the hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b that will encounter hydraulic fluid (i.e. It will not pass into Zh or Zo). Thus, all portions of piston rod 194 that encounter gas, will not be exposed to an area that is directly exposed to hydraulic fluid. Thus cross contamination of contaminants that may be present with the natural gas in the gas compression cylinder 180 may be prevented or inhibited from migrating into the hydraulic fluid that is in that areas of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b adapted for holding hydraulic fluid. Thus, any such contaminants travelling on piston rod 194 will be prevented or a least inhibited from moving into the area of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b that in operation, holds hydraulic fluid. Thus cross contamination of contaminants that may be present with the natural gas in the gas compression cylinder 180 may be prevented or at least inhibited from migrating into the hydraulic fluid that is in that area of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187b that is used to hold hydraulic fluid.

In some embodiments, during operation of hydraulic gas compressor 150, buffer chambers 195a, 195b may each be separately open to ambient air, such that air within buffer chamber may be exchanged with the external environment (e.g. air at ambient pressure and temperature). However, it may not desirable for the air in buffer chambers 195a, 195b to be discharged into the environment and possibly other components to be discharged directly into the environment, due to the potential for other components that are not environmentally friendly also being present with the air. Thus a closed system may be highly undesirable such that for example buffer chambers 195a, 195b may be in communication with each such that a substantially constant amount of gas (e.g. such as air) can be shuttled back and forth through communication lines-such as communication lines 215a, 215b in FIG. 7.

Buffer chambers 195a and/or 195b may in some embodiments be adapted to function as a purge region. For example, buffer chambers 195a, 195b may be fluidly interconnected to each other, and may also in some embodiments, be in fluid communication with a common pressurized gas regulator system 214 (FIG. 7), through gas lines 215a, 215b respectively. Pressurized gas regulator system 214 may for example maintain a gas at a desired gas pressure within buffer chambers 195a, 195b that is always above the pressure of the compressed natural gas and/or other gases that are communicated into and compressed in gas compression cylinder chamber sections 181a, 181b respectively. For example, pressurized gas regulator system 214 may provide a buffer gas such as purified natural gas, air, or purified nitrogen gas, or another inert gas, within buffer chambers 195a, 195b. This may then prevent or substantially restrict natural gas and any contaminants contained in gas compression cylinder sections 181a, 181b migrating into buffer chambers 195a, 195b. The high pressure buffer gas in buffer chambers 195a, 195b may prevent movement of natural gas and possibly contaminants into the buffer chambers 195a, 195b. Furthermore if the buffer gas is inert, any gas that seeps into the gas compression cylinder chamber sections 181a, 181b will not react with the natural gas and/or contaminants. This can be particularly beneficial if for example the contaminants include hydrogen sulphide gas which may be present in one or both of gas compression cylinder chamber sections 181a, 181b.

In some embodiments, gas lines 215a, 215b (FIG. 7) may not be in fluid communication with a pressurized gas regulator system 214—but instead may be interconnected directly with each other to provide a substantially unobstructed communication channel for whatever gas is in buffer chambers 195a, 195b. Thus during operation of gas compressor 150, as hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b move right and then left (and/or upwards downwards) in unison, as one buffer chamber (e.g. buffer chamber 195a) increases in size, the other buffer chamber (e.g. buffer chamber 195b) will decrease in size. So instead of gas in each buffer chamber 195a, 195b being alternately compressed and then de-compressed, a fixed total volume of gas at a substantially constant pressure may permit gas thereof to shuttle between the buffer chambers 195a, 195b in a buffer chamber circuit.

Also, instead of being directly connected with each other, buffer chambers 195a, 195b may be both in communication with a common holding tank 1214 (FIG. 7) that may provide a source of gas that may be communicated between buffer chambers 195a, 195b. The gas in the buffer chamber gas circuit may be at ambient pressure in some embodiments and pressurized in other embodiments.

The holding tank 1214 may in some embodiments also serve as a separation tank whereby any liquids being transferred with the gas in the buffer chamber system can be drained off.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 2, and 9A-9C, a drainage port 207a for buffer chamber 195a may be provided on an underside surface of hydraulic cylinder barrel 187a. A corresponding drainage port 207b may be provided for buffer chamber 195b. Drainage ports 207a, 207b may allow drainage of any liquids that may have accumulated in each of buffer chambers 195a, 195b respectively. Alternately or additionally such liquids may be able to be drained from an outlet in a holding tank 1214.

As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, gas compressor system 126 may include a cabinet enclosure 1290 for holding components of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 including pump unit 1174, prime mover 1175, reservoir 1172, shuttle device 1168, filters 1182 and 1171, thermal valve device 1142 and cooler 1143. Controller 200 may also be held in cabinet enclosure 1290. One or more electrical cables 1291 may be provided to provide power and communication pathways with the components of gas compressor system 126 that are mounted on a support frame 1292. Additionally, piping 124 (FIG. 1) carrying natural gas to compressor 150 may be connected to connector 250 when gas compressor 150 is mounted on support frame 1292 to provide a supply of natural gas to gas compressor 150.

Gas compressor system 126 may thus also include a support frame 1292. Support frame 1292 may be generally configured to support gas compressor 150 in a generally horizontal orientation. Support frame 1292 may include a longitudinally extending hollow tubular beam member 1295 which may be made from any suitable material such as steel or aluminium. Beam member 1295 may be supported proximate each longitudinal end by pairs of support legs 1293a, 1293b which may be attached to beam member 1295 such as by welding. Pairs of support legs 1293a, 1293b may be transversely braced by transversely braced support members 1294a, 1294b respectively that are attached thereto such as by welding. Support legs 1293a, 1293b and brace members 1294a, 1294b may also be made from any suitable material such as steel or aluminium.

Mounted to an upper surface of beam member 1295 may be L-shaped, transversely oriented support brackets 1298a, 1298b that may be appropriately longitudinally spaced from each other (see also FIGS. 8 to 9C). Support brackets 1298a, 1298b may be secured to beam member 1295 by U-members 1299a, 1299b respectively that are secured around the outer surface of beam member 1295 and then secured to support brackets 1298a, 1298b by passing threaded ends through openings 1300a, 1300b and securing the ends with pairs of nuts 1303a, 1303b (FIG. 6). Support bracket 1298a may be secured to gas cylinder head plate 212a by bolts 1302 received through aligned openings in support bracket 1298a and gas cylinder head plate 212a, secured by nuts 1301. Similarly, support bracket 1298b may be secured to gas cylinder head plate 212b by bolts 1302 received through aligned openings in support bracket 1298b and gas cylinder head plate 212, secured by nuts 1301. In this way, gas compressor 150 may be securely mounted to and supported by support frame 1292.

Hydraulic fluid communication lines 1166a, 1166b extend from ports 184a, 184b respectively to opposite ends of support frame 1294 and may extend under a lower surface of beam member 1295 to a common central location where they may then extend together to enclosure cabinet 1290 housing shuttle valve device 1168.

Tubular beam member 1295 may be hollow and may be configured to act as, or to hold a separate tank such as, holding tank 1214. Thus beam member 1285 may serve to act as a gas/liquid separation and holding tank and may serve to provide a gas reservoir for gas for buffer chamber system of buffer chambers 195a, 195b. Lines 215a, 215b may lead from ports of buffer chambers 195a, 195b into ports 1305a, 1305b into holding tank 1214 within tubular member 1295.

Holding tank 1214 within beam member 1295 may also have an externally accessible tank vent 1296 that allow for gas in holding tank 1214 to be vented out. Also, holding tank 1214 may have a manual drain device 1297 that is also externally accessible and may be manually operable by an operator to permit liquids that may accumulate in holding tank 1214 to be removed.

In operation of gas compressor system 126, including hydraulic gas compressor 150, the reciprocal movement of the hydraulic pistons 152a, 152b, can be driven by a hydraulic fluid supply system such as for example hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 as described above. The reciprocal movement of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b will cause the size of the buffer chambers 195a, 195b to grow smaller and larger, with the change in size of the two buffer chambers 195a, 195b being for example 180 degrees out of phase with each other. Thus, as hydraulic piston 154b moves from position 1 to position 2 in FIG. 6 driven by hydraulic fluid forced into hydraulic fluid chamber 186b, some of the gas (e.g. air) in buffer chamber 195b will be forced into gas line(s) 215a, 215b (FIG. 7) that interconnect chambers 195a, 195b, and flow through holding tank 1214 towards and into buffer chamber 195a. In the reverse direction, as hydraulic piston 154a moves from position 2 to position 1 in FIG. 4 driven by hydraulic fluid forced into hydraulic fluid chamber 186a, some of the gas (e.g. air) in buffer chamber 195a will be forced into gas lines 215a, 215b and flow through holding tank 1214 towards and into buffer chamber 195b. In this way, the gas in the system of buffer chambers 195a, 195b can be part of a closed loop system, and gas may simply shuttle between the two buffer chambers 195a, 195b, (and optionally through holding tank 1214) thus preventing contaminants that may move into buffer chambers 195a, 195b from gas cylinder sections 181a, 181b respectively, from contaminating the outside environment. Additionally, such a closed loop system can prevent any contaminants in the outside environment from entering the buffer chambers 195a, 195b and thus potentially migrating into the hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b respectively.

Gas compressor system 126 may also include a natural gas communication system to allow natural gas to be delivered from piping 124 (FIG. 1) to the two gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b of gas compression cylinder 180 of gas compressor 150, and then communicate the compressed natural gas from the sections 181a, 181b to piping 130 for delivery to oil and gas flow line 133.

With reference to FIG. 2 in particular, the natural gas communication system may include a first input valve and connector device 250, a second input valve and connector device 260, a first output valve and connector device 261 and a second output valve and connector device 251. A gas input suction distribution line 204 fluidly interconnects input valve and connector device 250 with input valve and connector device 260. A gas output pressure distribution line 209 fluidly interconnects output valve and connector device 261 with valve and connector device 251.

With reference also to FIGS. 8, 8A and 8B, input valve and connector device 250 may include a gas compression chamber section valve and connector, a gas pipe input connector, and a gas suction distribution line connector. In an embodiment as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 (i) to (iv) an excess pressure valve and bypass connector is also provided. In an alternate embodiment as shown in FIGS. 8 to 9C, there is no bypass connector. However, in this latter embodiment there is a lubrication connector 1255 to which is attached in series to an input port of a lubrication device 1256 comprising suitable fittings and valves. Lubrication device 1256 allows a lubricant such as a lubricating oil (like WD-40 oil) to be injected into the passageway where the natural gas passes though connector device 250. The WD40 can be used to dissolve hydrocarbon sludges and soots to keep seals functional.

An electronic gas pressure sensing/transducer device 1257 may also be provided which may for example be a model AST46HAP00300PGT1L000 made by American Sensor technologies. This sensor reads the casing gas pressure.

Gas pressure sensing device/transducer 1257 may be in electronic communication with controller 200 and may provide signals to controller 200 indicative of the pressure of the gas in the casing/gas distribution line 204. In response to such signal, controller 200 may modify the operation of system 100 and in particular the operation of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160. For example, if the pressure in gas suction distribution line 204 descends to a first threshold level (e.g. 8 psi), controller 200 can control the operation of hydraulic fluid supply system 170 to slow down the reciprocating motion of gas compressor 150, which should allow the pressure of the gas that is being fed to connector device 250 and gas suction distribution line 204 to increase. If the pressure measured by sensing device 1257 reaches a second lower threshold-such that it may be getting close to zero or negative pressure (e.g. 3 psi) controller 200 may cause hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 to cease the operation of gas compressor 150.

Hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 may then be re-started by controller 200, if and when the pressure measured by gas pressure sensing device/transducer 1257 again rises to an acceptable threshold level as detected by a signal received by controller 200.

The output port of gas pressure sensing device 1257 may be connected to an input connector of gas suction distribution line 204.

With reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B, output valve and connector device 251 may include a gas compression chamber section valve, gas pipe output connector 205 and a gas pressure distribution line connector 263. In an embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, an excess pressure valve and bypass connector is also provided. In an alternate embodiment as shown in FIGS. 8 to 9C, there is no bypass connector.

With reference to the embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 3 (i) to 3 (iv), a pressure relief valve 265 is provided limit the gas discharge pressure. In some embodiments, relief valve 265 may discharge pressurized gas to the environment. However, in this illustrated embodiment, the relieved gas can be sent back through a bypass hose 266 to the suction side of the gas compressor 150 to limit environmental discharge. One end of a bypass hose 266 may be connected for communication of natural gas from a port of an excess gas pressure bypass valve 265 (FIG. 2). The opposite end of bypass port may be connected to an input port of connector 250. The output port from bypass valve 265 may provide one way fluid communication through bypass hose 266 of excessively pressured gas in for example gas output distribution line 209, to connector 250 and back to the gas input side of gas compressor 150. Thus, once the pressure is reduced to a level that is suitable for transmission in piping 120 (FIG. 2A), gas pressure relief valve will close.

With reference to FIGS. 8 and 8B, installed within connector 250 is a one way check valve device 1250. When connector 250 is received in an opening 1270 on the inward seal side of casing 201a, gas may flow through connector 250 and its check valve device 1250, through casing 201a into gas compression chamber section 181a. Similarly within connector 251 is a one way check valve device 1251. When connector 262 is received in an opening 1271 on the inward seal side of casing 201b, gas may flow out of gas compression chamber section 181a through casing 201a, and then through one-way valve device 1251 of connector 251 where gas can then flow through output connector 205 (FIG. 2) into piping 130 (FIG. 1).

The check valve device 1250 associated with connector 250 is operable to allow gas to flow into casing 201a and gas compression chamber section 181a, if the gas pressure at connector 250 is higher than the gas pressure on the inward side of the check valve device 1250. This will occur for example when gas compression chamber section 181a is undergoing expansion in size as gas piston 182 moves away from head assembly 200a resulting in a drop in pressure within compression chamber section 181a. Check valve device 1251 is operable to allow gas to flow out of casing 201a and gas compression chamber section 181a, if the gas pressure in gas compression chamber section 181a and casing 201a is higher than the gas pressure on the outward side of check valve device 1251 of connector 251, and when the gas pressure reaches a certain minimum threshold pressure that allows it to open. The check valve device 1251 may be operable to be adjusted to set the threshold opening pressure difference that causes/allows the one way valve to open. The increase in pressure gas compression chamber section 181a and casing 201a will occur for example when gas compression chamber section 181a is undergoing reduction in size as gas piston 182 moves towards from head assembly 200a resulting in an increase in pressure within compression chamber section 181a.

With reference to FIG. 8, at the opposite end of gas suction distribution line 204 to the end connected to gas pressure sensing device 1257, is a second input connector 260. Installed within connector 260 is a one way check valve device 1260. When connector 260 is received in an opening on the inward seal side of casing 201b, gas may flow from gas distribution line 204 through connector 260 and valve device 1260, through casing 201b into gas compression chamber section 181b.

Similarly at the opposite end of gas pressure distribution line 209 to the end connected to connector 210, is an output connector 261. Installed within connector 261 is a one way check valve device 1261. When connector 261 is received in an opening on the inward seal side of casing 201b, gas may flow out of gas compression chamber section 181b through casing 201b and then through valve device 1261 and connector 261 where pressurized gas can then flow through gas pressure distribution line 209 to output connector 205 and into piping 130 (FIG. 1).

One way check valve device 1260 is operable to allow gas to flow into casing 201b and gas compression chamber section 181b, if the gas pressure at connector 260 is higher than the gas pressure on the inward side of check valve device 1260. This will occur for example when gas compression chamber section 181b is undergoing expansion in size as gas piston 182 moves away from head assembly 200b resulting in a drop in pressure within compression chamber section 181b. One way check valve device 1261 is operable to allow gas to flow out of casing 201b and gas compression chamber section 181b, if the gas pressure in gas compression chamber section 181b and casing 201b is higher than the gas pressure on the outward side of check valve device 1261 of connector 261, and when the gas pressure reaches a certain minimum threshold pressure that allows it to open. The check valve device 1261 may be operable to be adjusted to set the threshold opening pressure difference that causes/allows the one way valve to open. The increase in pressure gas compression chamber section 181b and casing 201b will occur for example when gas compression chamber section 181b is undergoing reduction in size as gas piston 182 moves towards from head assembly 200b resulting in an increase in pressure within compression chamber section 181b.

With particular reference to FIG. 8B, interposed between an output end of gas pressure distribution line 209 and valve and connector 251 may be a bypass valve 1265. If the gas pressure in gas pressure distribution line 209 and/or in connector 250, reaches or exceeds a pre-determined upper pressure threshold level, excess pressure valve 1265 will open to relieve the pressure and reduce the pressure to a level that is suitable for transmission into piping 130 (FIG. 1).

In operation of gas compressor 150, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b may be driven in reciprocating longitudinal movement for example by hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 as described above, thus driving gas piston 182 as well. The following describes the operation of the gas flow and gas compression in gas compressor system 126.

With hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 in the positions shown in FIG. 3(i) natural gas will be already located in gas cylinder compression section 181a, having been previously drawn into gas cylinder compression section 181a during the previous stroke due to pressure the differential that develops between the outer side of one way valve device 1250 and the inner side of valve device 1250 as piston 182 moved from left to right. During that previous stroke, natural gas will have been drawn from pipe 124 through connector 202 and connector device 250 and its check valve device 1250 into gas compression chamber section 181a, with check valve 1251 of connector device 251 being closed due to the pressure differential between the inner side of check valve device 1251 and the outer side of check valve device 1251 thus allowing gas compression cylinder section 181a to be filled with natural gas at a lower pressure than the gas on the outside of connector device 251.

Thus, with the pistons in the positions shown in FIG. 3(i), hydraulic cylinder chamber 186b is supplied with pressurized hydraulic fluid in a manner such as is described above, thus driving hydraulic piston 154b, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154a attached to piston rod 194, from the position shown in FIG. 3(i) to the position shown in FIG. 3(ii). As this is occurring, hydraulic fluid in hydraulic cylinder chamber 186a will be forced out of chamber 186a, and flow as described above.

As hydraulic piston 154b, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154a attached to piston rod 194, move from the position shown in FIG. 3(i) to the position shown in FIG. 3(ii), natural gas will be drawn from supply line 124, through connector device 250 into gas suction distribution line 204, and then pass through input valve connector 260 and one way valve device 1260 and into gas compression section 181b. Natural gas will flow in such a manner because as gas piston 182 moves to the left as shown in FIGS. 3(i) to (ii), the pressure in gas compression chamber 181b will drop, which will create a suction that will cause the natural gas in pipe 124 to flow.

Simultaneously, the movement of gas piston 182 to the left will compress the natural gas that is already present in gas compression chamber section 181a. As the pressure rises in gas chamber section 181a, gas flowing into connector 250 from pipe 124 will not enter chamber section 181a. Additionally, gas being compressed in gas compression chamber section 181a will stay in gas compression chamber section 181a until the pressure therein reaches the threshold level of gas pressure that is provided by one way check valve device 1251. Gas being compressed in chamber section 181a can't flow out of chamber section 181a into connector 250 because of the orientation of check valve device 1250.

The foregoing movement and compression of natural gas and movement of hydraulic fluid will continue as the pistons continue to move from the positions shown in FIG. 3(ii) to the position shown in FIG. 3(iii). During that time, dependent upon the pressure in gas compression chamber section 181a, gas will be allowed to pass out of gas compression chamber section 181a through connector 251 and will pass into piping 130 once the pressure is high enough to activate one way valve device 1251.

Just before hydraulic piston 154b reaches the position shown in FIG. 3(iii), proximity sensor 157b will detect the presence of hydraulic piston 154b within hydraulic cylinder 152b at a longitudinal position that is a short distance before the end of the stroke within hydraulic cylinder 152b. Proximity sensor 157b will then send a signal to controller 200, in response to which controller 200 will change the operational configuration of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160, as described above. This will result in hydraulic piston 154b not being driven any further to the left in hydraulic cylinder 152b than the position shown in FIG. 3(iii).

Once hydraulic piston 154b, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154a attached to piston rod 194, are in the position shown in FIG. 3(iii), natural gas will have been drawn through connector 260 and one way valve device 1260 again due to the pressure differential that is developed between gas compression chamber section 181b and gas suction distribution pipe 204, so that gas compression chamber section 181b is filled with natural gas. Much of the gas in gas compression chamber 181a that has been compressed by the movement of gas piston 182 from the position shown in FIG. 3(i) to the position shown in FIG. 3(iii), will, once compressed sufficiently to exceed the threshold level of valve device 1251, have exited gas compression chamber 181a and pass from gas pipeline output connector 205 into piping 130 (FIG. 1) for delivery to oil and gas pipeline 133. If the gas pressure is too high to be received in piping 130, excess valve and bypass connector 265/1265 will be opened to allow excess gas to exit to reduce the pressure.

Next, gas compressor system 126, including hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 is reconfigured for the return drive stroke. As natural gas has been drawn into gas compression cylinder section 181b it is ready to be compressed by gas piston 182. With hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 in the positions shown in FIG. 3(iii), hydraulic cylinder chamber 186a is supplied with pressurized hydraulic fluid by hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 for example as described above. This movement drives hydraulic piston 154a, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154a attached to piston rod 194, from the position shown in FIG. 3(iii) to the position shown in FIG. 3(iv). As this is occurring, hydraulic fluid in hydraulic cylinder chamber 186b will be forced out of the hydraulic fluid chamber 186a and may be handled by hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 as described above.

As hydraulic piston 154a, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154b attached to piston rod 194, move from the position shown in FIG. 5(iii) to the position shown in FIG. 3(iv), natural gas will be drawn from supply line 124, through connector 253 of valve and connector device 250 into gas compression section 181a due the drop in pressure of gas in gas compression section 181a, relative to the gas pressure in supply line 124 and the outside of connector 250. Simultaneously, the movement of gas piston 182 will compress the natural gas that is already present in gas compression section 181b. As the gas in gas compression chamber 181b is being compressed by the movement of gas piston 182, once the gas pressure reaches the threshold level of valve device 1261 to be activated, gas will be able to exit gas compression chamber 181b and pass through connector 261, into gas pressure distribution line 209 and then pass through output connector 205 into piping 130 (FIG. 3) for delivery to oil and gas pipeline 133. Again, if the gas pressure is too high to be received in piping 130, excess valve and bypass connector 265/1265 will be opened to allow excess gas to exit to reduce the gas pressure in gas pressure distribution line 209 and piping 130.

The foregoing movement and compression of natural gas and hydraulic fluid will continue as the pistons continue to move from the positions shown in FIG. 3(iv) to return to the position shown in FIG. 3(i). Just before piston 154a reaches the position shown in FIG. 3(i), proximity sensor 157a will detect the presence of hydraulic piston 154a within hydraulic cylinder 152a at a longitudinal position that is shortly before the end of the stroke within hydraulic cylinder 152a. Proximity sensor 157a will then send a signal to controller 200, in response to which controller 200 will reconfigure the operational mode of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 as described above. This will result in hydraulic piston 154a not be driven any further to the right than the position shown in FIG. 3(i).

Once hydraulic piston 154a, along with piston rod 194, gas piston 182 and hydraulic piston 154b attached to piston rod 194, are in the position shown in FIG. 3(i), natural gas will have been drawn through valve and connector 253 so that gas compression chamber section 181a is once again filled and controller 200 will send a signal to the hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 so that gas compressor system 126 is ready to commence another cycle of operation.

During the operation of the gas compressor 150 as described above, any contaminants that may be carried with the natural gas from supply pipe 124 will enter into gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b. However, the components of seal devices 198a, 198b associated with casings 201a, 201b, as described above, will provide a barrier preventing, or at least significantly limiting, the migration of any contaminants out of gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b. However, any contaminants that do pass seal devices 198a, 198b are likely to be held in respective buffer chambers 195a, 195b and in combination with seal devices 196a, 196b of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b respectively, may prevent contaminants from entering into the respective hydraulic cylinder chambers 186a, 186b. Particularly if buffer chambers 195a, 195b are pressurized, such as with pressurized air or a pressurized inert gas, then this should greatly restrict or inhibit the movement of contaminants in the natural gas in gas compression chamber sections 181a, 181b from migrating into buffer chambers 195a, 195b, thus further protecting the hydraulic fluid in hydraulic cylinder chambers 186a, 186b.

It should be noted that in use, hydraulic gas compressor 150 may be oriented generally horizontally, generally vertically, or at an angle to both vertical and horizontal directions.

While the gas compressor system 126 that is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 9C discloses a single buffer chamber 195a, 195b on each side of the gas compressor 150 between the gas compression cylinder 180 and the hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b, in other embodiments more than one buffer chamber may be configured on one or both sides of gas compression cylinder 180. Also, the buffer cavities may be pressurized with an inert gas to a pressure that is always greater than the pressure of the gas in the gas compression chambers so that if there is any gas leakage through the gas piston rod seals, that leakage is directed from the buffer chamber(s) toward the gas compression chamber(s) and not in the opposite direction. This may ensure that no dangerous gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) are leaked from the gas compressor system.

Adaptive Control System for Hydraulic Gas Compressor

As one skilled in the art will appreciate, it is desirable to provide efficient gas compression when operating a gas compressor as disclosed herein. Ideally, the maximum gas compression can be achieved if the gas piston in the gas compression chamber, such as gas piston 182 in gas compressor 150, is driven to reach and contact the end of the gas compression chamber at the end of each stroke. In fact, in some conventional hydraulic gas compression systems, the gas piston is driven in each direction until a face of the gas piston hits an end of the gas compression chamber (referred to as “physical end of stroke”) before the hydraulic driving pressure is reversed in direction to drive the gas piston in the opposite direction. However, the impact of the physical contact between the faces of the gas piston and the ends of the gas compression chamber can produce loud noises and cause wear and tear of components in the gas compressor, thus reducing their useful lifetime.

To avoid such impact, in some existing gas compressing systems, the hydraulic pump used to apply hydraulic pressure on the gas piston is controlled to reverse the direction of the applied pressure before the gas piston contacts each end of the gas compressor chamber, based on, for example, the measured position and speed of the gas piston. However, as it is difficult to predict precisely when the piston will hit the physical end of stroke, many systems overcompensate by reversing the applied driving pressure when the piston is still a large distance away from the physical end. As a result, the gas compression efficiency is significantly reduced. Some techniques exist to provide more precise measurement of the piston position and speed but such techniques typically require expensive sensing and control equipment, and the sensors used also take up large physical space. For example, in some existing systems full length position sensors are used along the entire length of the gas compressor in order to determine the position of the piston during the entire stroke length in real time, so that the transition between strokes can be controlled to avoid physical end of stroke. However, such a technique requires precise and fast position detection along the full-length of the cylinder and suitable sensors for such detection can be expensive, and with the added sensors and related equipment the gas compressor can become bulky.

It has been recognized that an adaptive control method based on detected speed of the gas piston, the temperature of the hydraulic driving fluid, and the load pressure applied on the piston at certain piston position can provide effective control of the movement of the gas piston using relatively inexpensive proximity sensors, temperature sensors and pressure sensors.

In an embodiment, the adaptive control may be implemented as illustrated in FIG. 10A for controlling a gas compressor 150′ which is modified from gas compressor 150 as explained below.

A hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′, which may be similar to the supply system 1160, is provided to supply a hydraulic driving fluid for applying a driving force on gas piston 182.

As discussed with reference to gas compressor 150, the driving force (or pressure) is cyclically reversed between left and right directions in the view as illustrated in FIG. 10A to cause gas piston 182 to reciprocate in strokes. As in gas compressor 150, two proximity sensors 157a and 157b are provided and positioned to provide timing and position signals for monitoring the position and speed of travel of gas piston 182 during each stroke. For example, proximity sensor 157b may be positioned to detect whether gas piston 182 is at or near a predefined end of stroke positon on the left hand side, near chamber end 1008, as shown in FIG. 10A (this position is referred to as “Position 1” for ease of reference), and proximity sensor 157a may be positioned to detect whether gas piston 182 is at or near a predefined end of stroke positon on the right hand side (this position is referred to as “Position 2”), near chamber end 1010. In some embodiments, gas compressor 150 and proximity sensors 157a and 157b may be configured so that proximity sensor 157b is in an “on” state when gas piston 182 is at or near Position 1, and is in an “off” state when gas piston 182 is not at or near Position 1; and proximity sensor 157a is in an “on” state when gas piston 182 is at or near Position 2, and is in an “off” state when gas piston 182 is not at or near Position 2.

As in system 1160, a pressure sensor 1004 may be provided at each of ports P and S respectively and the pressure sensors 1004 are used to detect the fluid pressures applied by the pump unit 1174 to the respective hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b, which can be used to calculate the load pressure applied on gas piston 182.

In addition, a temperature sensor 1006 is also provided for controlling the pump unit 1174 in system 1160′. The temperature sensor 1006 is positioned and configured to detect the temperature of the hydraulic driving fluid in the hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b. The temperature sensor 1006 may be placed at any suitable location along the hydraulic fluid loop. For example, in an embodiment, the temperature sensor 1006 may be positioned at a fluid port.

Controller 200′ may include hardware and software as discussed earlier, including hardware and software configured to receive and process signals from proximity sensors 157a, 157b and for controlling the operation of pump unit 1174, but is modified to also receive signals from pressure sensors 1004 and temperature sensor 1006 and processing these signals, and the signals form the proximity sensors 157a, 157b for controlling the pump unit 1174.

Optionally, end-of-stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b may be provided and positioned relative to the respective hydraulic fluid chambers 186a, 186b to provide signals to controller 200′ when the terminal ends of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b reach preselected positions which are referred to as the “pre-defined end of stroke position” in the respective stroke direction. The pre-defined end of stroke positions are selected such that when the corresponding terminal end of the corresponding hydraulic piston 154a, 154b is at the corresponding pre-defined end of stroke position, the gas piston is almost at the physical end of stroke but is not yet in contact with the corresponding chamber wall in the gas chamber. For example, in an embodiment, a pre-defined end of stroke position may be 0.5″ away from a terminal end wall of the hydraulic fluid chamber 186a, 186b. When end-of-stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b are provided, controller 200′ is configured to receive signals from the end-of-stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b and process these signals to determine whether an end of stroke has been reached during each stroke.

During operation, controller 200′ receives signals from the proximity sensors 157a, 157b, pressure sensor(s) 1004, temperature sensor 1006, and optionally end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b, during each stroke. Controller 200′ then determines a time interval for operating pump unit 1174 to pump in a reversed direction based on the received signal, or determines a next reversal time T_r for reversing the pumping direction. Controller 200′ controls pump unit 1174 to reverse the pump's pumping direction at the determined time T_r, for the determined time interval, which is referred to as the “lag time” (LP) for each pump cycle.

It may be appreciated that time T_r is not the time when the gas piston 182 is at the end of stroke, which can be either the physical end of stroke or the pre-defined end of stroke position. There may be a time lag between the reversal of the pumping direction and the actual end of stroke due to movement inertia. That is, a pump cycle does not completely overlap in time with the piston stroke cycle due to movement inertia as the piston may still move some distance in the original direction after the pumping direction has been reversed.

Thus, a control algorithm may be provided to predict when to reverse the pumping direction so that the gas piston 182 will be very close to the physical end of stroke at the actual end of each stroke but will not actually contact the gas chamber end walls during operation.

In an embodiment, T_r or LT may be determined as follows, as illustrated in FIG. 10B. For clarity, it is noted that FIG. 10B illustrates the pump cycle. As can be appreciated, pump unit 1174 is typically operated to apply the driving force on gas piston 182 cyclically in opposite directions, where the pump pressure is ramped up or down at the beginning and end of each pump cycle. An illustrative driving force profile over time (which may be similar to the pump control signal profile) is shown in FIG. 10B. It is noted that the numbers in parentheses, e.g. “(1)”, “(2)”, “(3)”, etc., in FIG. 10B indicate the pump cycle number for identification purposes only.

Assuming pump Cycle 1 starts at time T₀, when the hydraulic pump in pump unit 1174 starts to ramp up to a set pumping speed to provide a selected driving force or pressure (referred to as +P for ease of discussion) applied on gas piston 182, the gas piston 182 is driven by the driving force to move towards one end (e.g. the end on the right hand side in FIG. 10B) of the gas chamber in a first direction (e.g. the right direction).

In this regard, the pump output flow rate may be controlled based on a fixed input electrical signal. The pump may have an internal mechanism to provide the required flow rate precisely using internal mechanical feedback to self-compensate. This is helpful in a compression system where the load pressure may be constantly changing and a constant output flow rate is desirable.

Assuming gas piston 182 is initially at Position 1, or reaches Position 1 sometime after T₀, gas piston 182 will leave Position 1 at some point in time, T1(1), and this can be determined by controller 200′ based on a signal received from proximity sensor 157b (such as when proximity sensor 157b turns off from an “on” state). Thus, proximity sensor 157b can be used to detect the time, T1(1), at which time gas piston 182 leaves Position 1. As gas piston 182 continues to move right and reaches Position 2, at time T2(1), proximity sensor 157a detects that gas piston 182 has reached Position 2 and sends a signal to controller 200′ to indicate that gas piston 182 has reached Position 2 at time T2(1). At this time, controller 200′ receives, or may have received, signals from pressure sensor(s) 1104 and temperature sensor 1106 for determining a load pressure, LP(1), applied on gas piston 182 at time T2(1) and a fluid temperature of the hydraulic driving fluid, FT(1).

At time T2(1), or very shortly thereafter, controller 200′ calculates, according to a pre-defined algorithm, as will be further discussed below, a lag time or the reversal time for the next pump cycle. The relationship between LT(1) and Tr(1) is Tr(1)=T2(1)+LT(1). That is, once LT(1) is determined, the pump reversal time Tr(1) for reversing the pumping direction of the hydraulic pump and thus the direction of the hydraulic driving pressure (driving force) on gas piston 182 can be determined. The hydraulic pump may be operated to ramp down at a selected time interval before Tr(1), as illustrated in FIG. 10B.

In a particular embodiment, the lag time LT for each pump cycle may be calculated based on three contribution factors, denoted as f(V), f(LP), and f(FT) for ease of reference.

V is the average speed of gas piston 182 during a piston stroke, and can be calculated as V=D/ΔT, where D is the distance travelled by gas piston 182 between times T1 and T2 and ΔT (=|T2−T1|) is the corresponding travel time. The lag time contribution f(V) may be determined based on a pre-stored mapping table or a predetermined formula. The mapping table or formula may be based on empirical data, and may be updated during operation based on further data collected during operation. For example, the values in the mapping table may be initially set at values lower than the expected values for safety, such as by −50 milliseconds (ms), and be updated during operation so that each value in the mapping table is incremented by 1 ms in the required speed range until an end of stroke flag is detected. The values in the mapping table may be subtracted by 25 ms every time a physical end of stroke has occurred. The mapping table may include different tables for different speed ranges so that closer mapping over each range can be achieved. In some embodiments, reduction of the values in the mapping tables may be limited to a maximum reduction of 250 ms below the expected or initial values.

As noted above, LP is the Load Pressure experienced by gas piston 182, and can be calculated as the pressure differential between the fluid pressures applied at the opposite ends of gas compressor 150′, or the pressure difference between the fluid pressures in hydraulic fluid lines 1163a and 1163b. The lag time contribution f(LP) may be determined based on an empirical formula, such as

$f\left(\mathrm{LP}\right)=a\times \mathrm{LP}+b,\mathrm{or}f\left(\mathrm{LP}\right)=a\times \left(b-\mathrm{LP}\right),$

where parameters “a” and “b” may be determined or selected based on empirical data obtained on the same or similar systems.

The lag time contribution factor f(FT) may also be determined based on an empirical formula, such as

$f\left(\mathrm{FT}\right)=d\times \mathrm{FT}+e,\mathrm{or}f\left(\mathrm{FT}\right)=d\times \left(e-\mathrm{FT}\right)$

where parameters “d” and “e” may be determined or selected based on empirical data obtained on the same or similar systems.

In selected embodiments, the total lag time may be a simple sum of f(V), f(LP), and f(FT), i.e., LT=f(V)+f(LP)+f(FT). In other embodiments, the overall lag time may be a weighted sum or another function of the three contributing factors.

The lag time LT may be calculated in a suitable time unit that provides effective and adequate pump control. It has been found that for some applications, millisecond (ms) is a suitable time unit.

Assuming LT is calculated as a simple sum of the three contributing factors, the LT for pump Cycle 1 is:

$\mathrm{LT}\left(1\right)=f\left(V\left(1\right)\right)+f\left(\mathrm{LP}\left(1\right)\right)+f\left(\mathrm{FT}\left(1\right)\right).$

Tr(1) can then be determined as Tr(1)=T2(1)+LT(1). Pump unit 1174 is controlled by controller 200′ to reverse pumping direction at Tr(1).

As can be appreciated, controller 200′ may control the operation of pump unit 1174 in a number of different manners to achieve the same reversal timing. For example, instead of deterring the reversal timing directly, controller 200′ may be configured to determine the time for commencing the ramp down, and adjust or calibrate this time. For a fixed ramp down interval (e.g. 300 ms), this would be equivalent to determining and adjusting the reversal timing. Further, the reversal time Tr(1) may also be calculated from the ramp down start time if the ramp down interval is known.

In any event, at Tr(1), pump Cycle 1 ends and the next cycle, pump Cycle 2 starts. In pump Cycle 2, pump unit 1174 is controlled by controller 200′ to pump in the opposite direction as compared to Cycle 1 to drive gas piston in the second direction (e.g. in this example, the left direction as shown in FIG. 10A).

As the hydraulic pump ramps up in the opposite direction, to apply a driving force or pressure (−P) to drive gas piston towards the left direction, gas piston 182 will leave Position 2, which can be detected using proximity sensor 157a when it turns from the “on” state to the “off” state, and controller 200′ can determine the time T2(2) at which gas piston 182 leaves Position 2 based on the signal received from proximity sensor 157a. When gas piston 182 returns to Position 1, proximity sensor 157b turns from off to on and produces and sends a signal to controller 200′ to indicate that Position 1 is reached in Cycle 2 at time T1(2).

At time T1(2), controller 200′ also receives, or may have received, signals from pressure sensor(s) 1104 and temperature sensor 1106 for determining a load pressure, LP(2) applied on gas piston 182 at time T1(2) and a fluid temperature of the hydraulic driving fluid, FT(2).

At time T1(2), or very shortly thereafter, controller 200′ calculates a lag time for Cycle 2, LT(2), as: LT(2)=f(V(2))+f(LP(2))+f(FT(2)).

The next pump reversal time Tr(2) may be calculated Tr(2)=T1(2)+LT(2).

Controller 200′ then controls pump unit 1174 to reverse pumping direction for the next cycle at time Tr(2), or to pump in the current direction for a time interval of LT(2) before reversing the pumping direction.

At Tr(2), the next pump cycle, Cycle 3 starts. The process continues similar to Cycle 1.

It may be appreciated that, LT(1), LT(2), and lag times for other pump cycles, may or may not be the same. The lag times can be conveniently adjusted in real time to account for changes in environment and operating conditions.

To provide improved efficiency, each lag time may also be adjusted based on other factors or events. For example, when end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b are provided, the signals received from the end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b may be taken into account. For instance, for pump Cycle 1 in the example of FIG. 10B, if controller 200′ has not received a signal from end of stroke indicator 1002a to indicate that gas piston 182 has reached the predefined end of stroke position after Cycle 2, which means that the calculated value for LT(1) was not long enough, then the initially calculated LT(3) value may be increased by a pre-selected increment, such as 1 ms. This value should be sufficiently small to avoid possible physical end of stroke.

In another example, if a calculated LT is too long, a physical end of stroke will occur, which may be detected by monitoring any spike in the detected load pressure LP. When a physical end of stroke is detected, which may be considered as an “end of stroke event”, the initially calculated LT for a subsequent pump cycle may be reduced by a selected amount, such as 25 ms. This reduction time should be sufficiently large to avoid a possible further physical end of stroke. This reduction may be implemented by reducing the values in the mapping table for speed contribution by 25 ms per occurrence of an end of stroke event, up to a maximum of 250 ms. The maximum may be selected to prevent run away adjustment, particularly when the physical end of stroke events are due to some other reasons instead of over-determined lag time.

As now can be appreciated, the above control process can take into account of the changes in environment and operation conditions in real time, and provide efficient gas compression while reducing the risks of physical end of stroke.

A more realistic control signal (labelled as pump signal) profile applied to a pump for driving a gas compressor is shown in FIG. 17, with the corresponding pump pressure responses. The control signal is shown in the dash line, where the positive portions of the signal correspond to pump signals applied for driving the gas piston in a first direction and the negative portions correspond to pump signals applied for driving the piston in the opposite, second direction. The solid lines in FIG. 17 represent the corresponding pump pressures at the respective output ports of the pump, which may be measured at lines 1163a and 1163b (P and S ports) respectively as illustrated in FIG. 10A. The thicker solid line corresponds to the pump pressure applied in the first direction, in response to the positive portions of the pump signal. The thinner solid line corresponds to the pump pressure applied in the second direction, in response to the negative portions of the pump signal.

The system shown in FIG. 10A is described in further details below.

In FIG. 10A, self-calibrating gas compressor system 126′ may be modified from gas compressor system 126 illustrated in FIG. 7. Gas compressor 150′ may be modified from gas compressor 150 illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3i)-3(iv)). Generally, gas compressor system 126′ adaptively controls the operation of gas compressor 150′ to provide improved gas compression therein via controller 200′. Gas compressor system 126′ may be a closed loop system as illustrated, or may be an open loop system as can be understood by those skilled in the art. In an embodiment, an open loop system (not shown) may use a pump unit similar to the pump unit 1174 combined with a 4-way valve to drive the reciprocal movement of the gas compressor piston, as can be understood by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the buffer chamber may be omitted. The piston stroke length for gas piston 182 can be controlled such that gas piston 182 driven by hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ and controller 200′ can travel nearly the full length gas compression chamber in gas cylinder 180 with reduced risks of physical end of stroke.

As illustrated, gas compressor 150′ is in hydraulic fluid communication with hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′. Controller 200′ is in electronic communication with the illustrated sensors, either by wired communication or wireless communication. Hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ is controlled by controller 200′. In particular, controller 200′ may be configured and programed for controlling the operation of pump unit 1174. Pump unit 1174 can receive a control signal from controller 200′ and adjust its pumping speed and pumping direction based on the control signal, to apply the driving fluid provided by reservoir 1172 to alternately drive hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b, and thus gas piston 182.

As discussed above, pump unit 1174 includes outlet ports S and P for selectively and alternately delivering a pressurized hydraulic fluid to each of fluid communication line 1163a or 1163b respectively. Pressure sensors 1004 may be electrically connected to each of the output ports S and P to provide sensed pressure signals to controller 200′ for determining a load pressure applied to piston 182.

One or more temperature sensors 1006 may be electrically connected to at least one of hydraulic cylinders 152a or 152b for sensing a temperature of the driving fluid contained therein during movement of pistons 182, 154a, and 154b. Temperature sensor 1006 may be in electrical communication with controller 200′ for providing a sensed temperature signal to the controller 200′.

Gas compressor system 126′ can self-calibrate the operation of the pump unit to control the movement of piston 182 based on V, LP and FT, as described herein.

Stroke Movement of Piston

A “stroke” refers to the movement of a piston, such as piston 182, within a gas compression chamber, such as chamber 181, in each direction from the beginning to the end during the piston's reciprocal linear movement in the chamber.

To achieve optimal gas compression, it is desirable for gas piston 182 to travel nearly the entire length between the end walls at ends 1008 and 1010. However, to avoid possible physical end of stroke, piston 182 may be controlled to travel between pre-defined end of stroke positions which may be at a distance of 0.5″ from the respective end wall at ends 1008 and 1010.

In an embodiment, gas compressor 150′ is driven by a controlled hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ and controller 200′ to provide smooth transition between strokes of gas piston 182 and efficient gas compression. Controller 200′ may be used to re-calibrate piston 182 displacement parameters to improve stroke efficiency during subsequent strokes based on data or signals indicative of the driving fluid temperature, piston speed, load pressure and stroke length information acquired during a prior stroke. As discussed herein, these signals can be derived from the pressure sensor 1004, the temperature sensor 1006, and proximity sensors 157a and 157b.

As noted above, sensors 1004, 1006, 157a and 157b may be electrically coupled to controller 200′ or wirelessly coupled (e.g. across a network).

Gas compressor system 126′ may generally operate in a similar manner as discussed with reference to gas compressor 126 of FIG. 7 but performs additional control actions and calculations as described above.

In an embodiment, controller 200′ of FIG. 10A may be further programmed to use additional sensor data obtained from gas compressor 150′ to improve stroke displacement of gas piston 182 during operation of gas compressor 150′. Controller 200′ is configured for controlling driving fluid supply system 1160′ to provide smooth transitions between strokes while maximize or optimize gas compression efficiency.

For example, controller 200′ may be programmed in such a manner to control hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ to ensure a smooth transition between strokes.

Further details of the operation of controller 200′ and pump unit 1174 are discussed below with reference to FIG. 13.

In some embodiments, proximity sensor 157a is mounted on and extending within cylinder barrel 187a. Proximity sensor 157a is operable such that during operation of gas compressor 150′, as piston 154a is moving from left to right, just before piston 154a reaches the position shown in FIG. 3(i), proximity sensor 157a will detect the presence of a portion of the hydraulic piston 154a within hydraulic cylinder 152a. Proximity sensor 157b may be similarly mounted cylinder barrel 187b and used to detect the presence of another portion on piston 154b. Based on such detections, the relative position of a piston face 182a, 182b (as shown in FIG. 10A) near an end of the cylinder (end 1008, 1010) can be derived.

End of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b may be omitted in some embodiments, in which case piston positions detected by proximity sensors 157a, 157b may be used to indicate the pre-defined end of stroke positons.

Sensor 157a may send a signal to controller 200′ indicating that the sensor 157a is on, in response to which controller 200′ can take steps to change the operational mode of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′.

Proximity sensor 157b may operate in a similar manner as described with reference to sensor 157a.

Controller 200′ may be programmed to control hydraulic fluid supply system 1160 in such a manner as to provide for a relatively smooth slowing down, a stop, reversal in direction and speeding up of piston rod 194 along with hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 as piston rod 194, hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 transition between a drive stroke to the right to a drive stroke to the left, and so on.

In some embodiments, proximity sensors 157′a, 157′b may be implemented using inductive proximity sensors, such as model BI 2-M12-Y1X-H1141 sensors manufactured by Turck, Inc. Inductive sensors are operable to generate proximity signals in response to a portion of piston rod 194 and/or hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b being proximate to the respective proximity sensors 157a or 157b. In an embodiment, the proximity sensors may be configured so that the sensor turns on when the sensor is in the proximity of a cut-out section of the piston rod so the sensor does not sense the presence of any piston material (e.g. steel) in its proximity, and turn off when an uncut section of the piston rod or an end of stroke indicator attached to the piston rod is within the proximity of the sensor so the sensor can sense the presence of the uncut section or the end of stroke indicator. The proximity threshold may be about 5 mm. That is, for example, if the end of indicator is within a 5 mm distance from the sensor, the sensor turns off. If there is no piston material (steel) within the 5 mm range, the sensor turns on.

Signals from proximity sensors 157a, 157b may be used to initiate capture of sensor measurements at other sensors, such as pressure and temperature sensors 1004, 1006.

Referring to FIGS. 11(a) to 11(e), an example operation of proximity sensors 157a and 157b is illustrated during displacement of hydraulic pistons 154a and 154b and gas piston 182 of gas compressor 150′ (shown in FIG. 10A). As shown, as hydraulic piston 154b travels to the right in FIG. 11(a), proximity sensor 157b turns on, as it is proximate to an end portion of hydraulic piston 154b. This time, which may be recorded based on an internal clock in the controller, is considered as time t1 and shown as 1301 in FIG. 13. The time t1 is sent to controller 200′ for subsequent processing of the lag time. From the position shown in FIG. 11(a) to that shown in FIG. 11(b), proximity sensor 157b may turn off as the portion of hydraulic piston 154b travels away from sensor 157b (see 1304 in FIG. 13). As pistons 154a and 154b continue to travel to the right from the position shown in FIG. 11(b) to FIG. 11(c), left proximity sensor 157a turns on when a portion of hydraulic piston 154a is located in a longitudinal position proximate to sensor 157a (see 1306 in FIG. 13). This second time when the second sensor 157a turns on is considered as t2 and also provided to controller 200′ for calculating lag time measurements as described herein. For example, t1 and t2, along with the distance between sensors 157a and 157b may be used to determine a speed of the piston 182. Hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 continue to travel to the right as shown in FIGS. 11(d) and 11(e) until a desired end of stroke is reached in FIG. 11(e) such that gas piston 182 is located proximal to an end of gas compression cylinder 180 (see FIG. 11(e)). Subsequent to FIG. 11(e), once the desired end of stroke is reached, both sensors 157a, and 157b turn off for a short period of time (shown as 1308 in FIG. 13).

Once the end of stroke is detected, the pump unit is operated at the same pumping rate or speed for the duration of the determined lag time before reversing the pumping direction (see 1308 in FIG. 13) to move hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 in an opposite direction (see 1314 in FIG. 13). The reversal of the pumping direction may include a deceleration phase in the same direction (e.g. from +X to 0 in 50 ms) and an acceleration phase in the opposite direction (e.g. from 0 to −X in 300 ms).

FIG. 15(a)-15(c) show schematic side views of gas compressor 150′ during an example cycle of operation of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182. In FIG. 15(a), the right end of stroke of hydraulic piston 154b has been confirmed. As can be seen, gas piston 182 positioned within gas compression cylinder 180 has reached a pre-defined distance from a second end 1010 of the gas compression cylinder (e.g. ⅝″). Subsequently, controller 200′ generates a control signal to provide driving fluid to gas compressor 150′ as discussed above to cause gas piston 182 to travel to the left. Once left proximity sensor 157a detects hydraulic piston 154a, proximity sensor 157a then turns on (see FIG. 15(b)). As pistons 182, 154a, and 154b travel to the left as shown in FIG. 15(c), right proximity sensor 157b then senses an end portion of hydraulic piston 154b and turns on. Controller 200′ is configured to capture the time for left sensor 157a turning on in FIG. 15(b) as t1 and the time for right sensor 157b turning on in FIG. 15(c) as t2 such that the difference in time between t1 and t2 is used to calculate the speed of piston 182 as further discussed below.

FIG. 16 shows a schematic side view of the interior of the gas compressor 150′. As shown in FIG. 16, once gas piston 182 reaches a pre-defined desired distance (e.g. 0.5″) shown at element 1602 from an end of gas compression cylinder 180, both proximity sensors 157a and 157b are turned off and piston rod 194 has stopped moving, this is considered as the end of a stroke in one direction such that piston rod 194 will start to move in an opposite direction for the next stroke.

As will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 10A and FIG. 14, proximity sensors 157a, 157b are used to indicate the times at which a particular part of gas piston 182 arrives at a position proximate the respective proximity sensor during a stroke and the sensed signal from proximity sensors 157a, 157b can be used to determine the (average) speed of the piston during a stroke and the time when piston 182 reached a predefined end position at or near the end of stroke. Additionally, as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 14, when proximity sensors 157a, 157b are triggered at different times, additional measurements may be taken (e.g. temperature and pressure signals may be detected and recorded) for adjusting the lag time values. The additional measurements are provided to controller 200′ to modify the operation of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ and thus gas compressor 150′ for subsequent strokes to account for changes in temperature, and load pressure.

The following provides a description of the values captured by gas compressor 150′ via end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b; proximity sensors 157a, 157b; pressure sensor 1004 and temperature sensor 1006 (FIG. 10A) in order to calculate corresponding lag time values via controller 200′ (FIG. 10A) and modify the operation of gas compressor 150′ for subsequent strokes based on the overall lag time determined from the corresponding lag time values.

Lag Time Calculation

The total lag time calculation, as discussed herein, may be used to determine a time delay after an indicated end of stroke of a first hydraulic piston (e.g. 154b) in one direction (e.g. after both proximity sensors 157a, 157b have experienced a state transition before initiating a displacement signal from controller 200′ to supply driving fluid to one of hydraulic fluid cylinders 152a, 152b such as to cause the transition of movement of a piston (e.g. piston 154a) in an opposite direction. A state transition of the sensor may be from OFF to ON or from ON to OFF. The ON or OFF information of each sensor may also be used by controller 200′ to determine or process control signals. Examples of the time delay are shown at 1308 and 1318 in FIG. 13 such that after end of a stroke of the piston 182, once the previously determined lag time expires, pump 1174 signal is ramped in the reverse direction of the previous stroke. Ideally, it is desirable to start ramping up pump unit 1174 before gas piston 182 reaching the physical end of stroke.

For example, by using the lag time, controller 200′ may cause hydraulic piston 154b to traverse past the respective proximity sensor 157b by a pre-defined distance in order to achieve a full stroke for the gas compressor 150′, such that gas piston 182 is located proximal to one end of gas compression cylinder 180 (see FIG. 16).

As will be described below, controller 200′ is programmed to calculate speed, pressure and temperature measurements (from sensed position information received from proximity sensors 157a, 157b, pressure sensor information from pressure sensor 1004 and temperature sensor information from temperature sensor 1006) from for gas compressor 150′ in order to determine the lag time calibration parameters.

End of stroke indicators (1002a, 1002b) shown in FIG. 10A may also be communication with controller 200′ to provide additional flags. For example, end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b provide signals indicating a piston end for hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b has reached a desired end of stroke position (e.g. a position located about half inch from the end of stroke of hydraulic piston 154a, 154b).

For example, if end of stroke indicators 1002a, 1002b indicate that a desired end of stroke has been reached in a previous stroke, then no adjustment is made to the lag time. Conversely, if a physical end of stroke is reached (e.g. such that a piston face 182a or 182b hits a respective end 1010 or 1008 of gas compression cylinder 180) then the overall lag time calibration is adjusted such that a second fixed pre-determined value (e.g. 25 ms) is deducted from the previously defined lag time value so that on the next stroke, hydraulic pistons 154a and 154b do not travel as far. Similarly, on a subsequent stroke if the end of stroke indicator indicates that it has not been activated (e.g. a desired end of stroke has not been reached), then the lag time is increased by the first pre-defined amount of time (e.g. 1 ms) until the end of stroke is reached. In this manner, controller 200′ allows automated self-calibration of the lag time.

In at least some embodiments, proximity sensors 157a, 157b may be used to determine when a desired end of stroke for piston 182 has been reached such that end of stroke indicators 1002a and 1002b are not used.

In addition to the end of stroke indicators, speed, pressure and temperature measurements (as obtained from sensors 1004, 1006 and based on proximity sensors 157a, 157b) are calculated and used to tailor the lag time at the end of each stroke to ensure that a full stroke is obtained for maximum gas compression of gas compressor 150′.

Speed Measurements

Referring to FIGS. 10A, 13 and 15(a)-15(c), to calculate speed, controller 200′ may be configured to capture a first time value for the start time (1301, FIG. 13) that a first sensor 157a is turned on (e.g. a negative transition, see FIG. 15(b)) and then capture a second value for the time that second sensor 157b (see FIG. 15(c)) is turned on (see 1306, FIG. 13). The speed is calculated as the difference between the first and second time values divided by a fixed distance between first proximity sensor 157a and second proximity sensor 157b (e.g. 35″ distance). This result provides the average speed for a particular stroke and is calculated by controller 200′. The average speed is then mapped to pre-defined values for lag time associated with the speed (see FIG. 12) and used to calculate a first lag time value based on the mapping (e.g. Lag (V)).

Hydraulic Pressure Measurements

Referring to FIG. 10A, a hydraulic gas pressure transducer 1004 may be located on each of the P port and the S port of the pump unit 1174. Each of gas pressure sensor/transducers 1004 may be in electronic communication with controller 200′ and provide a signal to controller 200′ for calculating the driving pressure (or load pressure) based on the pressure differential between the pressures at the P and S port (or in lines 1163a and 1163b) respectively. In response to receiving such signals, the controller 200′ calculates the hydraulic pressure difference as: Load Pressure=Absolute value of (Pressure P−Pressure S). The pressure values P and S are measured at the time that the second proximity sensor is turned on (e.g. sensor 157′a when piston 182 stroke is moving to the right). For example, the calculated pressure difference may provide an indication of the amount of work being performed by gas compressor system 100 with gas compressor 150′. The absolute load pressure value is then used by controller 200′ to calculate a second lag time value (e.g. Lag(LP)) based on a previously determined relationship between pressure values and lag times for gas compressor 150′. This second lag time value is then used by controller 200′ to modify the operation of gas compressor 150′ for subsequent strokes as discussed below in calculating the overall lag time value. Generally speaking, the higher the load pressure, the harder compressor 150′ is operating (e.g. hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b run slower). Thus, the higher the measured hydraulic pressure difference (between lines 1163a and 1163b), the higher the lag time value (e.g. Lag(LP)) associated with the pressure measurement in order to achieve a full stroke of hydraulic piston (e.g. 154a, 154b).

In alternative embodiments, it may not be necessary to measure the absolute pressure differential between the two ports P and S. For example, in a different embodiment, the driving fluid may be provided with an open fluid circuit, and a directional valve may be used to alternately apply a positive pressure on one or the other of the two hydraulic pistons 154a or 154b. In this case, a single pressure sensor in the fluid supply line upstream of the directional valve may be sufficient to provide the pressure load measurement.

Driving Fluid Temperature Measurement

Gas compressor 150′ further comprises at least one temperature sensor 1006 (FIG. 10A) for measuring the temperature of the hydraulic driving fluid contained therein (e.g. within chambers 152a, 152b) on a continuous basis. An example of a suitable temperature sensor may be Parker IQAN 20073658.

Generally speaking, based on prior experimental data, the hydraulic fluid temperature may typically range from 15° C. to 35° C. Therefore, in one embodiment, 35° C. may be used as a base reference point, where the lag adjustment is set at Oms. The output lag time associated with the temperature (e.g. the lag time contribution from the temperature value) may be −125 ms at 15° C. Lag times at other temperatures may be extrapolated based on linear relationship from these two points.

Without being limited to any particular theory, it is expected that when the driving fluid is cooler, its viscosity increases and provides more resistance to movement of hydraulic piston 182. As a result, hydraulic piston 154a, 154b moves slower at lower temperatures. The lag time variable associated with the temperature is used to account for such change. Based on the sensed temperature (as provided by temperature sensor 1006), a third lag time value (e.g. Lag(FT)) may be determined as described above. This third lag time value (e.g. Lag(FT)) is then used by controller 200′ to modify the operation of hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ or hydraulic pump unit 1174 for supplying the driving fluid to drive subsequent strokes as discussed below in calculating the overall lag time value.

Total Lag Time (LT)

As noted above, during a stroke, the lag time values may be calculated for each of the first, second and third lag time values (associated respectively with the speed of the gas piston (V), the load pressure applied to the gas piston (LP), and the temperature of the driving fluid (FT)) and are then used to calculate an overall lag time value as discussed above and further illustrated below.

For example, when the gas piston 182 is in a stroke moving towards the right hand side as shown in FIG. 11(a)-11(e), the overall lag time provides a delay time between the time (T2) when the second proximity sensor 157a is turned on (which indicates gas piston 182 has reached a predefined position, Position 2, in the stroke path) and the time to start ramping up hydraulic pump unit 1174 to apply a driving force in the opposite direction to drive gas piston 182 towards the left hand side. It is expected that after the lag time has elapsed, the speed of gas piston 182 will decelerate down to zero.

Conceptually, as shown in FIG. 13, when travelling in one direction, after the second proximity sensor turns on (see 1306 in FIG. 13), then both sensors turn off for a brief period of time (see 1308 in FIG. 13). Hydraulic fluid supply system 1160′ is configured to delay for a period of time (lag time) which is equivalent to LT_V+LT_FT+LT_LP, where, using the notations above, LT_V=f(V), LT_FT=f(FT), and LT_LP=f(LP). As discussed above, LT_V may be determined based on the average speed of piston 182 during the previous stroke.

An example calculation of the lag time (LT) is provided below for illustration purposes.

Lag Time Contribution for Speed (V)

In this example, the average speed of piston 182, which may be indicated by V (=D/ΔT) as discussed above, or by corresponding values of stroke per minute, is mapped to predetermined lag time values based empirical data and adjusted during operation, as illustrated in Table I.

Table I is an example mapping table for illustrating the relationship between the average stroke speed of gas piston 182 (e.g. in strokes per minute), the average speed (V) of gas piston 182 (in inch/μs), and the lag time contribution LT_V or f(V) in ms. The data listed in Table I correspond to the data points shown in FIG. 12.

TABLE I
Strokes	V	LTV
per minute	(inch/μs)	(ms)
8.5	1500	255
8.0	1400	290
7.5	1300	330
7.0	1200	375
6.5	1115	425
6.0	1030	500
5.5	935	585
5.0	845	670
4.5	775	750
4.0	665	915
3.5	580	1060
3.0	495	1283
2.5	405	1600
2.0	325	2050
1.5	0	2050
1.0	0	2050

For the example in Table I, D=35 inches and AT is the time period between the triggering signals from the two proximity sensors in each stroke cycle. For each given V, the corresponding LT_V or f(V)) can be directly determined from Table I. A similar mapping table may be stored in a storage media accessible by controller 200′. In some embodiments, during practical implementation, it may be desirable to maintain a minimum stroke speed, such as a minimum of 2 stroke/min (spm). For this reason, the mapping may be adjusted such that the lag time contribution f(V) remains constant for piston speed below a certain threshold so that a minimum average speed of gas piston 182 is maintained, to result in 2 spm. In this case, there may be a wait time so that the net value of piston speed and wait time results in an overall lower speed for gas piston 182, as illustrated in the last two rows (in bold) in Table I. For example, when V=935 in/μs (or 5.5 spm), LT_V is 595 ms from Table I.

Lag Time Contribution for Load Pressure (LP)

In this example, the lag time contribution associated with the load pressure f(LP) may be calculated as:

$f\left(\mathrm{LP}\right)=a\times \mathrm{LP}+b,$

where a=0.116959, b=−16.9591, the unit for the lag time is millisecond (ms), and the unit for LP is psi. This formula may be applied in a predefined pressure range, such as from 145 to 1000 psi, within which, the lag time contribution f(LP) changes linearly from 0 ms to 100 ms. As an example, when the LP is 500 psi, the LT_LP from this equation is 42 ms.

Lag Time Contribution for Temperature (FT)

In this example, the lag time contribution associated with the fluid temperature f(FT) may be calculated as:

$f\left(\mathrm{FT}\right)=d\times \mathrm{FT}+e,$

where d=6.25 and e=−218.75, FT is in ° C., and the lag time is in ms. This formula may be applied in a predefined temperature range, such as from 15° C. to 35° C., with the lag time contribution changing from −125 ms to 0 ms. As an example, when the FT is 30° C., the LT_FT from this equation is −31 ms.Total Lag time

In the above example, with V=935 in/μs (or 5.5 spm), LP=500 psi, and FT=30° C., the total lag time LT=595+42−31=596 ms.

End of Stroke Indicators

In one embodiment, each end of stroke indicator 1002a, 1002b may be located at one end of gas compressor 150′ and is configured to provide a signal to controller 200′ as to whether hydraulic piston 154a, 154b has travelled to a predefined distance to the terminal end wall of the respective cylinder, e.g. half an inch, which indicates a pre-defined end of stroke position. During operation, if a pre-defined end of stroke position (the desired full stroke) has not been reached, controller 200′ performs calibrations to adjust the mapping or algorithm for determining the speed contribution to the lag time in subsequent strokes of gas piston 182 such that the pre-defined end of stroke position is more likely to be reached in the next stroke. For example, an additional lag increment of 1 ms may be added to the next total lag time, and the lag time function for the piston speed may be adjusted so that future lag time calculation for the speed contribution will take this information into account. When the speed contribution is determined based on a mapping table, the values in the table may be adjusted.

Referring to FIGS. 10A and 14, a process for self-calibrating gas compressor 150′ to achieve full longitudinal strokes of gas piston 182 and hydraulic pistons 154a and 154b is shown at 1400. The process 1400 begins at block 1402 when an operator causes gas compressor 150′ to start operation in response to receiving the start signal at an input. As shown at block 1404, controller 200′ performs a startup process. In one embodiment, the startup process involves controller 200′ producing a displacement control signal which causes movement of the gas piston 182, hydraulic pistons 154a and 154b in a first direction (e.g. to the right). As shown at 1406, the time that an indication is received from a first proximity sensor (e.g. 157b) that it has turned on is recorded as t1 (e.g. in response to sensing proximity of a portion of hydraulic piston 154b) and the time that a second proximity sensor (e.g. 157a) indicates that it has turned on is recorded as t2 (e.g. in response to sensing hydraulic piston 154a). Times t1 and t2 are stored by controller 200′ (e.g. in a data store, not shown). At block 1410, the speed of a stroke is calculated as discussed above based on t1 and t2 measurements and a fixed distance between the two sensors 157a and 157b. Additionally, at block 1410, a measurement for pressure is captured by pressure sensor 1004 and provided to controller 200′ in order to calculate the absolute pressure calculation noted above. Furthermore, at block 1410, a temperature measurement is captured by temperature sensor 1006 and provided to controller 200′. At block 1412, controller 200′ then uses the calculated speed, load pressure and fluid temperature values to map to lag time values associated with each value (e.g. Lag (speed), Lag (pressure), and Lag (temperature). At block 1414, the total lag time value is then calculated by controller 200′ as the sum of the lag time values (e.g. Total lag time=Lag (speed)+Lag (pressure)+Lag (temperature)). At block 1416, controller 200′ monitors the end of stroke indicators (e.g. 1002a, 1002b) to determine whether the end of stroke has been reached within a stroke. If yes, then at block 1418a, the total lag time remains the same. Further alternately (not illustrated), if a physical end of stroke is reached as determined by a pressure spike in the gas compressor 150′, then controller 200′ reduces the total lag time is by a first pre-defined value. If no end of stroke flag is detected at 1416, then at block 1418b, controller 200′ increases the total lag time is by a second pre-defined value. At block 1420, controller 200′ updates the total lag time based on the end of stroke indicator. At block 1422, controller 200′ implements a delay time equivalent to the determined total lag time at block 1420. This delay is the amount of time it takes to maintain speed and then decelerate piston 182 stroke initiated at block 1404 to a speed of zero. Subsequent to the delay, controller 200′ then proceeds to initiate the stroke (movement of hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182) in the opposite direction at block 1424.

In one embodiment, the displacement control signal produced by controller 200′ (FIG. 10A) for controlling the stroke of piston 182 and hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b of gas compressor 150′ (FIG. 10A) is shown as waveform 1300 in FIG. 13. As shown on waveform 1300, controller 200′ generates a first ramped portion 1302 in which the pump control signal is ramped from 0 to +X (pump speed) in 300 ms. As shown on waveform 1303, the movement of hydraulic piston 154b to the right causes right proximity sensor 157b to turn on.

At time 1304, the movement of piston 154b to the right causes right proximity sensor 157b to turn off and left proximity sensor 157a is triggered on by the movement of hydraulic piston 154a to the right at time 1306. At event 1304, a right START time (t1) value is saved.

At time 1306, a right STOP time (t2) value is saved. As noted above, the time values t1 and t2 are used by controller 200′ to calculate the speed of piston 182 during movement to the right. Additionally, at time 1306, the hydraulic pressure is captured by pressure sensor 1004 and provided to controller 200′. Further, the temperature of hydraulic fluid flowing through gas compressor 150′ is captured by temperature sensor 1006 and provided to controller 200′ at time 1306. As discussed above, based on the speed, temperature, and pressure values, controller 200′ calculates the total lag time. The total lag time calculated may be associated with movement of piston 182 to the right for use in modifying subsequent strokes to the right and stored within a data store for access by controller 200′.

At time 1308, both left and right proximity sensors 157a and 157b turn off for a very brief period of time and controller 200′ recognizes that the end of stroke (e.g. for the movement of the hydraulic piston 154b) has been reached since both sensors are off. At time 1308, controller 200′ waits for a previously defined amount of lag time and once the right lag time has expired, the pump control signal causes hydraulic piston 154b to decelerate from X to zero, shown as the ramp down portion at 1310, in for example 50 ms. Thus, during this right stroke movement of hydraulic piston 154b, the lag time is calculated for the next stroke by controller 200′. If the end of stroke was not reached as determined by end of stroke indicator 1002a, then the lag time value is increased by a first pre-defined value. Conversely, the calculated lag time value is decreased by a second pre-defined value if the physical end of stroke is hit which is seen as a hydraulic pressure spike in gas compressor 150′. Controller 200′ subsequently generates a negative displacement signal and accelerates hydraulic pistons 154a, 154b and gas piston 182 to the left such that the pump speed is ramped (accelerated) in the opposite direction from 0 to −X in 300 ms. Left proximity sensor 157a turns on with the movement and proximity of hydraulic piston 154a and at time 1316, right proximity sensor 157b turns on with the movement and proximity of hydraulic piston 154b. Also, at time 1316, speed of the left stroke is calculated along with pressure and temperature values respectively received from pressure sensor 1004 and temperature sensor 1006. At time 1318, both proximity sensors 157a and 157b are off and deceleration of the displacement control signal provided by controller 200′ occurs after the previously defined lag time expires. It is noted that time portion 1312 indicates a short time period that both proximity sensors 157a and 157b are off and thus controller 200′ determines that the end of stroke has been reached.

In a modified embodiment, when an end of stroke event, such as a physical end of stroke, has been detected during a stroke, instead of reducing the lag time (LT) by a large value (such as 25 ms) for the next stroke, the LT may be reduced by 1 ms (i.e., −1 ms) in each subsequent stroke until an end of stroke event is no longer detected. Such reduced decrease of LT after detection of end of stroke events may be used throughout the entire operation, or may be used during a selected period of operation. For example, when a physical end of stroke is expected to have occurred due to significant change in operation conditions or other external factors, a larger deduction in LT may be helpful. When an end of stroke event is expected to have occurred due to slight over-adjustment of the LT in the previous stroke, a smaller reduction in LT for the next stroke may provide a more smooth operation and quicker return to optimal operation. In further embodiments, an automatic reduction of 1 ms from the LT may also be implemented as long as the end of stroke positon is reached during a previous stroke. If in the subsequent stroke, the end of stroke position is again reached, the LT is reduced further by 1 ms. However, if in the subsequent stroke, the end of stroke position is not reached, the LT may be then increased by 1 ms. In this manner, a more smooth operation may be achieved in at least some applications, and possible physical end of strokes due to slow drifting operating conditions may be avoided.

Various other variations to the foregoing are possible. By way of example only-instead of having two opposed hydraulic cylinders each being single acting but in opposite directions to provide a combined double acting hydraulic cylinder powered gas compressor:

• a single but double acting hydraulic cylinder with two adjacent hydraulic fluid chambers may be provided with a single buffer chamber located between the innermost hydraulic fluid chamber and the gas compression cylinder;
• a single, one way acting hydraulic cylinder with one hydraulic fluid chamber may be provided with a single buffer chamber located between the hydraulic fluid chamber and the gas compression cylinder, in which gas in only compressed in one gas compression chamber when the hydraulic piston of the hydraulic cylinder is moving on a drive stroke.

In various other variations a buffer chamber may be provided adjacent to a gas compression chamber but a driving fluid chamber may be not immediately adjacent to the buffer chamber; one or more other chambers may be interposed between the driving fluid chamber and the buffer chamber—but the buffer chamber still functions to inhibit movement of contaminants out of the gas compression chamber and in some embodiments may also protect a driving fluid chamber.

In other embodiments, more than one separate buffer chamber may be located in series to inhibit gas and contaminants migrating from the gas compression chamber.

One or more buffer chambers may also be used to ensure that a common piston rod through a gas compression chamber and hydraulic fluid chamber, which may contain adhered contamination from the gas compressor, is not transported into any hydraulic fluid chamber where the hydraulic oil may clean the rod. Accumulation of contamination over time into the hydraulic system is detrimental and thus employment of one or more buffer chambers may assist in reducing or substantially eliminating such accumulation.

When introducing elements of the present invention or the embodiments thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

Of course, the above described embodiments are intended to be illustrative only and in no way limiting. The described embodiments of carrying out the invention are susceptible to many modifications of form, arrangement of parts, details, and order of operation. The invention, therefore, is intended to encompass all such modifications within its scope.

Claims

1. A method of adaptively controlling a hydraulic fluid supply to supply a driving fluid for applying a driving force on a piston in a gas compressor, the driving force being cyclically reversed between a first direction and a second direction to cause the piston to reciprocate in strokes, the method comprising: monitoring, during a first stroke of the piston, a speed of the piston, a temperature of the driving fluid, and a load pressure applied to the piston; andcontrolling reversal of the driving force after the first stroke based on the speed, load pressure, and temperature.

2.-30. (canceled)

31. A gas compressor system comprising: a driving fluid cylinder having a driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a driving fluid therein, and a driving fluid piston movable within said driving fluid chamber;a gas compression cylinder having a gas compression chamber adapted for holding a gas therein and a gas piston movable within said gas compression chamber;a buffer chamber located between said driving fluid chamber and said gas compression chamber;

32. A gas compressor systems as claimed in claim 31 wherein said buffer chamber is adapted such that during operation when said when gas is compressed in said gas compression chamber, said buffer chamber is operable to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within said gas compression chamber, from said gas compression chamber into said driving fluid chamber.

33. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 further comprising a piston rod that is fixedly connected to said driving fluid piston and said gas piston, such that in operation when said driving fluid flows into said driving fluid chamber said driving fluid piston drives said driving fluid piston such that said driving piston and said gas piston move together within said respective driving fluid chamber and said gas compression chamber.

34. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 33 wherein a volume of said driving fluid chamber and a volume of said buffer chamber overlap within said driving fluid cylinder.

35. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 33 wherein said piston rod extends from said driving fluid piston through said buffer chamber into said gas compression chamber to said gas piston.

36. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 31 wherein during operation, said buffer chamber varies in length dependent upon the position of said driving fluid piston in said driving fluid cylinder.

37. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 35 wherein during operation, said buffer chamber varies in length dependent upon the position of said driving fluid piston in said driving fluid cylinder and the minimum length of said buffer chamber is greater than the stroke length of said gas piston, said piston rod and said hydraulic fluid piston.

38. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 35 wherein said buffer chamber is configured such that in operation, no portion of said piston rod that is received within said gas compression chamber will be received in a portion of said hydraulic cylinder that receives hydraulic fluid.

39. (canceled)

40. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 wherein said at least one non-driving fluid component comprises a contaminant.

41.-42. (canceled)

43. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 wherein said buffer chamber is located immediately adjacent to said gas compression chamber.

44. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 43 wherein said buffer chamber is located immediately adjacent to said driving fluid chamber.

45. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 wherein said driving fluid chamber and said buffer chamber are both located within said driving fluid cylinder.

46.-47. (canceled)

48. A gas compressor system as claimed in any claim 31 further comprising a casing assembly located between said buffer chamber and said gas compression chamber.

49. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 48 further comprising a seal device located at least partially within said casing, said seal device operable to inhibit gas from migrating from said gas compression chamber into said buffer chamber.

50.-52. (canceled)

53. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 further comprising: a controller;a proximity sensor associated with said driving fluid cylinder, said proximity sensor operable to detect a position of said driving fluid piston within said driving fluid cylinder and send a signal to said controller;said controller operable in response to receiving said signal received from said proximity sensor, to control the flow of driving fluid into and out of said driving fluid chamber.

54. (canceled)

55. A gas compressor system as claimed in claim 31 wherein in operation, said buffer chamber is filled with an inert gas maintained at a pressure that exceeds the pressure at any time within the gas compression chamber.

56. (canceled)

57. A gas compressor as claimed in claim 55 further comprising a gas pressure regulator system in communication with said buffer chamber, said gas pressure regulator system operable to maintain the inert gas in said buffer chamber at a pressure that exceeds the pressure within the gas compression chamber during compression of the gas in the gas compression chamber.

58.-81. (canceled)

82. A gas compressor system comprising: a first driving fluid cylinder having a first driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a first driving fluid therein, and a first driving fluid piston movable within said first driving fluid chamber;a gas compression chamber adapted for holding a gas therein and a gas piston movable within said gas compression chamber;a first buffer chamber located between said first driving fluid chamber and a first section of said gas compression chamber;a second driving fluid cylinder having a second driving fluid chamber adapted for containing a second driving fluid therein, and a second driving fluid piston movable within said second driving fluid chamber;a second buffer chamber located between said first driving fluid chamber and a second section of said gas compression chamber;wherein said first buffer chamber is adapted to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within a first section of said gas compression chamber, from said first section gas compression chamber section into said first driving fluid chamber;wherein said second buffer chamber adapted to inhibit movement of at least one non-driving fluid component, when gas is located within a second section of said gas compression chamber, from said second section of said gas compression chamber into said second driving fluid chamber.

83.-127. (canceled)

128. An oil well producing system comprising: a production tubing having a length extending along a well shaft that extends to an oil bearing formation;a passageway extending along at least the well shaft, said passageway operable to supply natural gas to a gas supply line, said gas supply line in communication with a gas compression chamber of a gas compressor system, said gas compressor system comprising the gas compressor system of claim 31.

129.-131. (canceled)