Gas discharge lamp having ferroelectric ceramic electrodes

Abstract

A gas discharge lamp has electrodes of Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 with donor/acceptor dopants. Specific donor/acceptor combinations, an optimized content of zirconium and an optimized atomic ratio between the cations leads to ferroelectric ceramic exhibiting high values of the remnant polarization Pr and the dielectric constant γr, as well as rectangular hysteresis loop and low coercive field strengths Ec. When an alternating voltage is applied to the ferroelectric electrodes, the non-linear properties of the electrodes bring about the ignition of the lamp as well as the continuous operation thereof.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a gas discharge lamp having electrodes of a ceramic material.

A gas discharge lamp comprises a radiation-transmitting discharge vessel which encloses a discharge space containing a gaseous, ionizable filling. Suitably spaced electrodes are arranged in this discharge space.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,606 discloses such a gas discharge lamp. Instead of the customary metal electrodes, a sintered mixture of metal and ceramic material is used as the coupling-in structure. By generating a high capacitive voltage between the coupling-in structures, the charge carriers are generated directly in the gas volume in such gas discharge lamps. The ceramic materials used required the addition of small quantities of metal to obtain sufficiently stable electrodes at temperature variations which may occur when such a gas discharge lamp is switched on.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention the electrodes are made of a ferroelectric ceramic.

A ceramic material for such electrodes must have a (substantially) rectangular hysteresis loop, a high dielectric constant ∈ r and a high remnant polarization P r .

Most dielectric materials exhibit a low value of the dielectric constants ∈ r and a small field-dependence ∈ r (E). There are a few ferroelectric materials that are an exception to this rule; these materials exhibit ∈ r values which demonstrate a strong, discontinuous variation at a critical field intensity E c .

Discs of ferroelectric materials, which exhibit a so-called non-linear behavior, can be used as electrodes in gas discharge lamps. These discs act as ceramic plate capacitors, and upon applying an alternating voltage, the inner surfaces are charged. The substantial, non-linear rise of the capacitor charge brings about the ignition and the subsequent continuous operation of the lamp.

Preferably, the ferroelectric ceramic comprises Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations.

Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations is a ferroelectric material having the required non-linear properties. In Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 mixed crystal ceramics, small additions of donor/acceptor combinations bring about high values of the remnant polarization P r and the dielectric constant ∈ r . In addition, these donor/acceptor-doped Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 ceramics exhibit rectangular hysteresis loops.

It is preferred that the donor/acceptor combinations comprise Mn 3+ and W 6+ or Yb 3+ and Nb 5+ or Yb 3+ and Mo 6+ or Mg 2+ and W 6+ or Mn 3+ and Nb 5+ or Yb 3+ and W 6+ or Mg 2+ and Nb 5+ or Mn 3+ and Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Gd 3+ , Nd 3+ , Y 3+ .

These donor/acceptor combinations bring about a particularly strong rise of the values of the dielectric constants ∈ r and the remnant polarization P r .

It is also preferred that the zirconium content in the ferroelectric ceramic is x=0.09.

The addition of BaZrO 3 to BaTiO 3 causes the coercive field strengths in mixed crystals of the composition Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 to be reduced to E c <100 V/mm. At an operating voltage of 220 V, this advantageously enables the use of coupling-in structures in a thickness such that a sufficient dielectric strength is obtained. At a zirconium content of x=0.09, the coercive field strength E c ≈70 V/mm, and the Curie temperature T c is 90° C., which temperature lies in a range above the operating temperature of gas discharge lamps.

It is further preferred that the ratio Ba/(Ti,Zr,dopants) lies in the range between 0.997 and 0.998.

In Perovskites, the atomic ratio between the cations has a large influence on the properties of the ceramic material. In the mixed crystal series Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 , the largest increase of the dielectric constant ∈ r in dependence upon E c or T c is obtained when the atomic ratio Ba/(Ti,Zr,dopants) is slightly smaller than 1.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a longitudinal side view of an exemplary gas discharge lamp.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As shown in FIG. 1 , a gas discharge lamp comprises a tubular discharge vessel 1 , of, for example, lime glass, which encloses a discharge space 3 containing a gaseous, ionizable filling. The inner surface of the discharge vessel 1 is provided with a luminescent layer 2 . The gaseous, ionizable filling may contain, for example, mercury and argon. Electrodes 4 of Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations are arranged at a suitable distance from each other at opposite sides of the discharge vessel 1 in the discharge space 3 . The electrodes 4 are each connected with a current supply 5 , for example a metal pin. An integrated discharge aperture 6 is used to evacuate and fill the discharge vessel 1 . When an alternating voltage is applied to both electrodes 4 , which jointly act as a ceramic plate capacitor, the inner surfaces situated in the lamp are charged. The substantial, non-linear rise of the capacitor charge brings about the ignition as well as the subsequent continuous operation of the lamp. The ferroelectric material used for the electrodes 4 must meet the following requirements: high values of the remnant polarization P r and the dielectric constant γ r , a rectangular hysteresis loop, a Curie temperature T c above the operating temperature of the lamp, and a coercive field strength E c below the operating voltage of 220 V.

Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations is a material having the required non-linear properties. Typical acceptor dopants are Mn 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mg 2+ and Lu 3+ , which are inserted into the Ti 4+ and Zr 4+ sites of the Perovskite lattice. For the donors use can suitably be made of Nb 5+ , W 6+ , Mo 6+ , Mo 5+ at the Ti 4+ and Zr 4+ sites, and Y 3+ , Dy 3+ , Er 3+ , Nd 3+ and Gd 3+ can suitably be used at the Ba 2+ sites. Particularly advantageous are the combinations of Mn 3+ and W 6+ (3:1 to 2:1) or Yb 3+ and Nb 5+ (1.5:1) or Yb 3+ and Mo 6+ (2.5:1) or Mg 2+ and W 6+ (2.5:1) or Mn 3+ and Nb 5+ (1.5:1 to 1:1) or Yb 3+ and W 6+ (2.5:1) or Mg 2+ and Nb 5+ (1.5:1) or Mn 3+ and Dy 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Gd 3+ , Nd 3+ , Y 3+ (1.5:1 to 1:1).

TABLE 1
Influence of dopants in Ba(Ti 0.91 Zr 0.09 )O 3 (Σ contaminations ≅ 750 ppm,
T sinter = 1450° C., Ba/(Ti, Zr, dopants) = 0.9975)
dopant [mol %]	ε τ (T c )	ε τ (E c )	Pr τ [μC/cm 2 ]	E c [V/mm]
—	61000	760000	13	70
0.15 Mn 3+ /0.10	85000	1300000	14	60
Nb 5+
0.10 Mn 3+ /0.05 W 6+	90000	1500000	15	60
0.15 Mn 3+ /0.1 Y 3+	90000	1400000	15	60
0.15 Yb 3+ /0.1 Mo 6+	900000	1300000	15	60
0.15 Yb 3+ /0.005	1100000	2000000	16	60
W 6+
0.15 Mn 3+ /0.1 Mo 3+	95000	1500000	15	60
0.15 Mg 2+ /0.1 Nb 5+	120000	3000000	17	65
0.15 Mg 2+ /0.05 W 6+	120000	2800000	17	60

The properties of the ceramic material are also influenced by the zirconium content, the ratio between the cations as well as the sinter temperatures of the preparation, the purity of the raw materials and the chemical homogeneity of the ferroelectric material.

Ceramics of pure BaTiO 3 exhibit coercive field strengths of E c >100 V/mm. In mixed crystals of the composition Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 the coercive field strengths decrease to values of E c <100 V/mm.

When BaZrO 3 is added, the ferroelectric Curie temperature decreases by 4° C. per at. % from T c =130° C. in pure BaTiO 3 . At a zirconium content of x=0.09, the coercive field strength E c ≈70 V/mm and the Curie temperature T c is approximately 90° C.

In Perovskites, the ratio between the cations may have a substantial influence on the properties. In BaTiO 3 , the atomic ratio of Ba/Ti exhibits a large influence on the sinterability and the dielectric properties of the ceramic materials. For example, at a ratio of Ba/Ti≈1, fine-grained ceramics having a high dielectric constant ∈ r are formed. In mixed crystals of the composition Ba(Ti 0.91 Zr 0.09 )O 3 , an increase of the dielectric constant E r in dependence upon E c or T c occurs when the atomic ratio is slightly smaller than 1.

TABLE 2
Influence of the atomic ratio Ba/(Ti, Zr) in Ba(Ti 0.91 Zr 0.09 )O 3
(Σ contaminations ≅ 750 ppm, T sinter = 1450° C.)
Ba/(Ti, Zr)	ε τ (T c )	ε τ (E c )
0.999	28000	150000
0.998	53000	470000
0.997	61000	650000
0.995	45000	380000
0.990	38000	260000

The sintering temperatures in the manufacturing process as well as the purity of the raw materials, and the chemical homogeneity of the mixed crystal Ba(Ti 1−x Zr x )O 3 have decisive influence on the values of the dielectric constant cr and the remnant polarization P r as well as on the trend of the hysteresis loop. Small contaminations or partially mixed raw materials already lead to a substantial reduction of the remnant polarity P r and to oblique hysteresis loops.

TABLE 3
Influence of the raw material purity and the sinter temperature on the
dielectric constant ε τ at the Curie temperature T c and the coercive field
strength E c in Ba(Ti 0.91 Zr 0.09 )O 3
	Σ impurities [ppm]	T sinter [° C.]	ε τ (T c )	ε τ (E c )
	5000	1325	16000	50000
	5000	1450	22000	110000
	750	1325	18000	70000
	750	1450	36000	210000

Claims

1. A gas discharge lamp comprising electrodes which are a ferroelectric ceramic, said ferroelectric ceramic comprising Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations, where x=0.09.

2. A gas discharge lamp comprising electrodes which are a ferroelectric ceramic comprising Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations, the ratio Ba/(Ti, Zr, dopants) being in the range between 0.997 and 0.998.

3. A gas discharge lamp comprising electrodes which are a ferroelectric ceramic connected to a current supply, the ferroelectric ceramic comprising Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations, where x=0.09.

4. A gas discharge lamp comprising electrodes which are a ferroelectric ceramic connected to a current supply, the ferroelectric ceramic comprising Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 doped with donor/acceptor combinations, where the ratio Ba/(Ti, Zr, dopants) lies in the range between 0.997 and 0.998.