Patent Grant
9508971
The present invention relates to a gas-permeable filter provided with oil repellency.
Vent holes are often provided in housings of various devices, as exemplified by: automobile electric components such as headlamps, rear lamps, fog lamps, turn lamps, motors, various pressure sensors, and pressure switches; cameras; videos; information terminals such as mobile phones; electric shavers; electric toothbrushes; and lamps for outdoor use. The main purpose of providing a vent hole in a housing of a device is to provide ventilation between the inside and outside of the device, and thus to avoid excessive increase in the internal pressure associated with the fact that the temperature inside the housing of the device is increased by operation of the device. Also, a vent hole is provided in a casing of a battery for the purpose of emitting a gas generated during operation of the battery.
In order to prevent entry of water or dust through a vent hole provided in a housing of a device, a gas-permeable filter is attached to the vent hole in some cases. A porous membrane made of a polyolefin resin or a fluorine resin is often used as a gas-permeable filter. In particular, a porous membrane formed by stretching polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter, referred to as “PTFE”) and having a microporous structure is known as a gas-permeable filter excellent in water repellency. Depending on the usage environment, a gas-permeable filter may contact sebum, a surfactant, an oil, or the like. Even when a stretched PTFE porous membrane excellent in water repellency is used as a gas-permeable filter, entry of a liquid having a low surface tension cannot be fully prevented. Accordingly, depending on the intended use, a gas-permeable filter is subjected to oil-repellent treatment using a treating agent including a fluorine-containing polymer.
It is well-known that a fluorine-containing polymer having a linear perfluoroalkyl group (hereinafter, “linear perfluoroalkyl group” may be referred to as “Rf group”) having eight or more carbon atoms is suitable for providing oil repellency. Rf groups having eight or more carbon atoms have a significantly higher crystallinity than Rf groups having a smaller number of (e.g., six or less) carbon atoms. The high crystallinity is considered to contribute to exerting excellent oil repellency. It is also known that, due to the high crystallinity, a treating agent having an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms allows for a large receding contact angle (which is one of the dynamic contact angles, along with an advancing contact angle). The receding contact angle becomes larger with increasing crystallinity, and sharply increases as the number of carbon atoms changes from six to eight. For these reasons, usual methods for providing oil repellency to a gas-permeable filter use a treating agent including a fluorine-containing polymer having an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms.
It is also known that oil repellency is provided to a gas-permeable filter using another treating agent together with the above treating agent. For example, JP H7(1995)-126428 A (Patent Literature 1) discloses treating a gas-permeable filter with a treating agent that includes a fluorine-containing polymer having an Rf group and that also includes a fluorine resin whose main chain has a fluorine-containing alicyclic structure (claim 1 etc.). The fluorine resin having a fluorine-containing alicyclic structure has properties excellent for film formation, and can be obtained, for example, by polymerization of perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole) (paragraphs [0009] and [0011]). Patent Literature 1 teaches that the number of carbon atoms in the perfluoroalkyl group is 4 to 16, and particularly preferably 6 to 12 (paragraph [0023]). However, in the description of Examples, a fluorine-containing polymer having perfluoroalkyl groups having nine carbon atoms on average is used as in the usual methods describe above (paragraphs [0049] and [0050]; Examples).
Patent Literature 1: JP H7(1995)-126428 A
As described above, it has been conventionally thought that use of the high crystallinity of an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms is essential to provide high oil repellency. For example, as indicated in the description of Examples in Patent Literature 1, sufficient oil repellency cannot be provided to a gas-permeable filter by using only a fluorine resin having a fluorine-containing alicyclic structure (Comparative Examples). Also in view of practical use, when a gas-permeable filter has such characteristics that the gas-permeable filter is “instantly wetted” by contact with toluene or IPA (isopropanol) used in the oil repellency test of Patent Literature 1, the oil repellency cannot be regarded as sufficient. The actual situation is that an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms is used in order to provide practically sufficient oil repellency to a gas-permeable filter.
However, in some cases where oil-repellent treatment is performed using a treating agent including a fluorine-containing polymer having an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms, the gas permeability of a gas-permeable filter is significantly reduced. The degree of reduction in the gas permeability depends on a porous structure of the gas-permeable filter. For example, in the case of a non-woven fabric made of polyolefin or nylon, the gas permeability is generally reduced only to a limited extent by oil-repellent treatment. On the other hand, in the case of a stretched PTFE porous membrane having a distinctive microporous structure composed of fibrils and nodes, the gas permeability may be remarkably reduced as a result of oil-repellent treatment using the above treating agent.
In view of the above circumstances, the present invention aims to provide oil repellency to a stretched PTFE porous membrane without significantly reducing the gas permeability.
The present invention provides a gas-permeable filter provided with oil repellency. The gas-permeable filter includes a porous membrane having a surface coated with an oil-repellent agent. The oil-repellent agent has a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) —R1C5F10CH2C4F9 or 2) —R2C6F13, and the porous membrane is a stretched PTFE porous membrane. Here, R1 and R2 are each independently an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenylene group.
The oil-repellent agent having a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) or 2) can provide oil repellency enough to meet practical requirements, without significantly reducing the gas permeability of a stretched PTFE porous membrane. The present invention makes it possible to provide oil repellency to a stretched PTFE porous membrane without significantly reducing the gas permeability.
A gas-permeable filter according to the present invention includes a stretched PTFE porous membrane having a surface coated with an oil-repellent agent. An example of a method for producing the stretched PTFE porous membrane will be described below, although a commercially-available product may be used as the stretched PTFE porous membrane.
First, a liquid lubricant is added to a PTFE fine powder, and a paste-like mixture is preformed. The liquid lubricant is not particularly limited, and may be any liquid lubricant that can wet the surface of the PTFE fine powder and that can be removed by extraction or drying. For example, a hydrocarbon product such as liquid paraffin, naphtha, and white oil, can be used. The appropriate amount of the liquid lubricant added is about 5 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the PTFE fine powder The preforming may be performed at such a pressure that the liquid lubricant is not squeezed out.
Next, the preformed body is formed into a sheet by paste extrusion or rolling, and the formed body of PTFE is uniaxially or biaxially stretched to obtain a stretched PTFE porous membrane. The stretching of the formed body of PTFE is preferably carried out after the liquid lubricant is removed.
In the present specification, as is conventional, a PTFE porous membrane formed by stretching the formed sheet of PTFE and having a microporous structure is referred to as a “stretched PTFE porous membrane”. The stretched PTFE porous membrane typically has a distinctive microporous structure composed of fibrils and nodes, and exhibits excellent water repellency by itself.
The stretched PTFE porous membrane may be a sintered product obtained by sintering performed at a temperature higher than or equal to the melting point of PTFE, or may be an unsintered product that has not undergone the sintering.
The average pore diameter of the stretched PTFE porous membrane is preferably 0.005 μm to 10 μm, more preferably 0.01 μm to 5 μm, and particularly preferably 0.1 μm to 3 μm. When the average pore diameter is too small, the gas permeability of the gas-permeable filter may be reduced. When the average pore diameter is too large, leak of foreign matters may occur. In addition, the thickness of the stretched PTFE porous membrane is preferably 5 μm to 5000 μm, more preferably 10 μm to 1000 μm, and particularly preferably 10 μm to 500 μm. When the thickness of the membrane is too small, there is a risk that the strength of the membrane is insufficient or the gas-permeable filter is deformed to a very large degree due to a differential pressure between the inside and the outside of a gas-permeable housing. When the thickness of the membrane is too large, the gas permeability of the gas-permeable filter may be reduced.
The gas-permeable filter may be a layered body including: a stretched PTFE porous membrane having a surface coated with an oil-repellent agent; and a gas-permeable support for reinforcing the membrane. The use of the gas-permeable support can prevent the gas-permeable filter from deforming due to a differential pressure. The gas-permeable support may be a single-layer body or a layered body formed of two or more layers. In order for oil repellency to be exerted, at least one principal surface of the gas-permeable filter should be constituted by the surface of the stretched PTFE porous membrane that is coated with the oil-repellent agent.
As the gas-permeable support, an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene porous membrane, a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric, a net, a mesh, a sponge, a foam, a metallic porous membrane, a metallic mesh, or the like, can be used. From the standpoint of, for example, strength, elasticity, gas permeability, workability, and adhesion to containers, a non-woven fabric or an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene porous membrane is preferable as the gas-permeable support.
The stretched PTFE porous membrane and the gas-permeable support may be simply stacked together, may be adhered together using an adhesive, a hot-melt resin or the like, or may be welded together by hot welding, ultrasonic welding, vibration welding or the like.
The present invention uses an oil-repellent agent having a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by:
—R1C5F10CH2C4F9: or 1)
—R2C6F13. 2)
Here, R1 and R2 are each independently a phenylene group or an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or preferably 1 to 10 carbons atoms. The fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) or 2) is a linear fluoroalkyl group when R1 or R2 is an alkylene group. The term “linear” is intended to make it clear that the carbon skeleton of the fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group does not have two or more branched terminals, and is not intended to exclude the case where a phenylene group is contained as R1 or R2.
A linear perfluoroalkyl group (Rf group) is a functional group that has CF3 group exhibiting a low surface free energy and that provides water/oil repellency to a coated surface. As described above, it is known that an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms has high crystallinity, and thus allows excellent oil repellency to be exerted. A treating agent including a fluorine-containing polymer having an Rf group having eight or more carbon atoms is suitable for providing water/oil repellency to a substrate made of leather, paper, resin or the like. However, when the treating agent is used for a gas-permeable filter having a microporous structure, such as a stretched PTFE porous membrane, the gas permeability may be significantly reduced. The water/oil repellency provided by the treating agent is useful particularly for uses that require large dynamic contact angles. However, it is generally sufficient that a gas-permeable filter can be provided with oil repellency enough to block penetration of hydrocarbons such as toluene and decane, and of lower alcohols as typified by IPA. When a surface of the stretched PTFE porous membrane is coated with the oil-repellent agent having the linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) or 2), practically sufficient oil repellency can be provided to the stretched PTFE porous membrane without significant reduction in the gas permeability.
The oil-repellent agent is preferably a fluorine-containing polymer having a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group as a side chain. In the fluorine-containing polymer, for example, the linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group is bonded to the main chain directly or via a functional group such as an ester group and an ether group.
Examples of the fluorine-containing polymer having a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) or 2) include a polymer formed from monomers at least part of which is a compound represented by:
CH2═CR3COOR1C5F10CH2C4F9; or a)
CH2═CR4COOR2C6F13. b)
Here, R1 and R2 are as described above. In addition, R3 and R4 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
In the case where high oil repellency is required, a compound represented by a), or a compound represented by b) where R4 is a methyl group, is preferably selected as a monomer. That is, a preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a polymer formed from a monomer that is a compound represented by:
CH2═CR3COOR1C5F10CH2C4F9; or a)
CH2═C(CH3)COOR2C6F13. b′)
Also here, R1, R2, and R3 are as described above.
The fluorine-containing polymer may be formed by polymerizing only the compound represented by a) and/or b) as a monomer, but may be formed by copolymerizing the compound with another monomer. Examples of the other monomer for copolymerization include various (meth)acrylic monomers. However, the other monomer is not limited to (meth)acrylic monomers. Any of various monomers having ethylenically unsaturated bonds, such as tetrafluoroethylene, may be used. The copolymer may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer. When the fluorine-containing polymer is a copolymer, the proportion of the compound represented by a) and/or b) in all monomers is preferably 60 mol % or more, and particularly preferably 90 mol % or more. The polymerization of the compound can be performed according to a commonly-known method for polymerizing an acrylic monomer, and can be carried out by solution polymerization or emulsion polymerization.
The average molecular weight of the fluorine-containing polymer is not particularly limited, and is, for example, about 1000 to 500000 in terms of the number average molecular weight.
Examples of the method for coating a surface of the stretched PTFE porous membrane with the oil-repellent agent include a method in which the gas-permeable filter is soaked into a solution prepared by dissolving the oil-repellent agent in a solvent, and a method in which the solution is applied or sprayed onto the gas-permeable filter. When coating the stretched PTFE porous membrane with the oil-repellent agent, it is preferable to fix the edges of the stretched PTFE porous membrane by a frame or the like in order to prevent contraction of the stretched PTFE porous membrane. The appropriate concentration of the oil-repellent agent in the solvent varies depending on the method for coating, and is about 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight in the case of the method in which the gas-permeable filter is soaked into the solvent.
When the gas permeability of the gas-permeable filter having been subjected to oil-repellent treatment is too low, the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of a gas-permeable housing cannot be eliminated quickly. The gas permeability is preferably 35 seconds/100 ml or lower in terms of Gurley number (the lower the Gurley number is, the higher the gas permeability is). As shown in Examples described below, the present invention can provide a gas-permeable filter that has a gas permeability of 35 seconds/100 ml or lower in terms of Gurley number and that has a surface having practical oil repellency. The surface has such a degree of oil repellency that a 5 mm-diameter droplet of an organic solvent that is n-decane or methanol does not penetrate the surface within 30 seconds after the droplet is applied onto the surface. The present invention can also provide a gas-permeable filter that includes a stretched PTFE porous membrane having a thickness of 5 μm or more or even 10 μm or more in order to achieve the strength required for the gas-permeable filter, and that also has a low Gurley number as described above and a surface having practical oil repellency.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
“TEMISH (registered trade mark) NTF 1131” manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation (size: 15 cm×15 cm; thickness: 0.1 mm; average pore diameter: 1 μm) was prepared as a stretched PTFE porous membrane. In addition, an oil-repellent treatment liquid was prepared by diluting a water/oil-repellent agent, “X-70-041” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., with a diluting agent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) so that the concentration of the water/oil-repellent agent was 3.0% by weight. The “X-70-041” is a water/oil-repellent agent whose oil-repellent component is a polymer including a monomer unit derived from a compound having a linear fluoroalkyl group and represented by the following formula (a-1).
CH2═CHCOOCH2CH2C5F10CH2C4F9 (a-1)
The periphery of the membrane was fixed in a frame having a size of 20 cm×20 cm so as to prevent contraction of the membrane, and the stretched PTFE porous membrane was soaked for about 3 seconds in the oil-repellent treatment liquid whose temperature was maintained at 20° C. Subsequently, the stretched PTFE porous membrane was left at ordinary temperature for about 1 hour to dry the stretched PTFE porous membrane. Thus, an oil-repellent gas-permeable filter was obtained.
A gas-permeable filter was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a water/oil-repellent agent, “X-70-042” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., was used. The “X-70-042” is a water/oil-repellent agent whose oil-repellent component is a polymer formed from a monomer that is a compound having a linear fluoroalkyl group and represented by the following formula (a-2).
CH2═C(CH3)COOCH2CH2C5F10CH2C4F9 (a-2)
An amount of 100 g of a compound having a linear fluoroalkyl group and represented by the formula (b-1) shown below, 0.1 g of azobisisobutyronitrile acting as a polymerization initiator, and 300 g of a solvent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were put into a flask equipped with a nitrogen introducing tube, a thermometer, and a stirrer. Nitrogen gas was introduced while stirring was performed at 70° C., and addition polymerization was thus allowed to proceed for 16 hours. As a result, 80 g of a fluorine-containing polymer was obtained. The number average molecular weight of this polymer was 100000. An oil-repellent treatment liquid was prepared by diluting the fluorine-containing polymer with a diluting agent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) so that the concentration of the fluorine-containing polymer was 3.0% by weight.
CH2═CHCOOCH2CH2C6F13 (b-1)
A gas-permeable filter was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oil-repellent treatment liquid was used.
An amount of 100 g of a compound having a linear fluoroalkyl group and represented by the formula (b-2) shown below, 0.1 g of azobisisobutyronitrile acting as a polymerization initiator, and 300 g of a solvent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were put into a flask equipped with a nitrogen introducing tube, a thermometer, and a stirrer. Nitrogen gas was introduced while stirring was performed at 70° C., and addition polymerization was thus allowed to proceed for 16 hours. As a result, 80 g of a fluorine-containing polymer was obtained. The number average molecular weight of this polymer was 100000. An oil-repellent treatment liquid was prepared by diluting the fluorine-containing polymer with a diluting agent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) so that the concentration of the fluorine-containing polymer was 3.0% by weight.
CH2═C(CH3)COOCH2CH2C6F13 (b-2)
A gas-permeable filter was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oil-repellent treatment liquid was used.
An amount of 100 g of a compound having a linear fluoroalkyl group and represented by the formula (c) shown below, 0.1 g of azobisisobutyronitrile acting as a polymerization initiator, and 300 g of a solvent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were put into a flask equipped with a nitrogen introducing tube, a thermometer, and a stirrer. Nitrogen gas was introduced while stirring was performed at 70° C., and addition polymerization was thus allowed to proceed for 16 hours. As a result, 80 g of a fluorine-containing polymer was obtained. The number average molecular weight of this polymer was 100000. An oil-repellent treatment liquid was prepared by diluting the fluorine-containing polymer with a diluting agent (“FS thinner” manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) so that the concentration of the fluorine-containing polymer was 3.0% by weight.
CH2═C(CH3)COOCH2CH2C8F17 (c)
A gas-permeable filter was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the oil-repellent treatment liquid was used.
Gas permeability test and oil repellency test were carried out for the obtained gas-permeable filters having been subjected to oil-repellent treatment, and for the aforementioned stretched PTFE porous membrane not having been treated (untreated product). The gas permeability test was carried out by Gurley test method specified in JIS P 8117. The oil repellency test was carried out in accordance with “Textiles-Oil repellency-Hydrocarbon resistance test” specified in ISO 14419. Specifically, a droplet of an organic solvent having a diameter of about 5 mm was applied onto a surface of each gas-permeable filter using a pipette, and whether or not penetration of the droplet occurred within 30 seconds after application of the droplet was visually confirmed. As the organic solvent, n-decane, methanol, and n-hexane were used. For penetration of the droplet, it was determined that “penetration occurred” when the droplet was absorbed into the porous membrane or when the color of the porous membrane changed due to penetration of the droplet. The results are shown in Table 1.
In Comparative Example 1, the Gurley number was increased more than five-fold, compared to the untreated product. Although the high crystallinity of a linear perfluoroalkyl group (Rf group) having eight or more carbon atoms is advantageous in exerting oil repellency, the high crystallinity constitutes an obstacle to maintaining the gas permeability of a microporous structure as formed in the stretched PTFE porous membrane. On the other hand, in Examples 1 to 4, the Gurley number was increased only about 1.6-fold to 2.5-fold, compared to the untreated product. When Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example are compared, the Gurley number of Comparative Example is more than twice those of Examples 1 to 4.
Furthermore, in any of Examples 1 to 4, a surface having oil repellency enough to block penetration of n-decane (surface tension: 23.83 dyn·cm−1) and methanol (surface tension: 22.45 dyn·cm−1) was obtained. Such a surface that blocks penetration of these organic solvents can meet practical requirements for the characteristics needed for use as a gas-permeable filter.
Patent Literature 1 discloses examples (Comparative Examples 3 and 4) where a fluorine resin having a fluorine-containing alicyclic structure, which was an oil-repellent agent having no linear perfluoroalkyl group having eight or more carbon atoms, was used to treat a stretched PTFE porous membrane. Each of the surfaces treated in these examples of Patent Literature 1 only had such a degree of oil repellency that the surface was “instantly wetted” by toluene having a higher surface tension (28.52 dyn·cm−1) than n-decane and by isopropanol (IPA) having the same degree of surface tension (21.32 dyn·cm−1) as methanol. By comparison with these examples, it can be understood that an oil-repellent agent having a linear fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group represented by 1) —R1C5F10CH2C4F9 or 2) —R2C6F13 is especially excellent as an oil-repellent agent for providing oil repellency to a stretched PTFE porous membrane without significantly reducing the gas permeability of the stretched PTFE porous membrane.
In Examples 1, 2, and 4, it was confirmed that penetration of n-hexane having a surface tension lower than 20 dyn·cm−1 (surface tension: 18.40 dyn·cm−1) was blocked. It can be understood that a) CH2═CR3COOR1C5F10CH2C4F9 or b′) CH2═C(CH3)COOR2C6F13 is particularly excellent as a monomer for forming an oil-repellent agent.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-042794 | Feb 2011 | JP | national |
| 2011-097649 | Apr 2011 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/001289 | 2/24/2012 | WO | 00 | 10/3/2013 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/117709 | 9/7/2012 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3236672 | Shane et al. | Feb 1966 | A |
| 3256230 | Johnson et al. | Jun 1966 | A |
| 3256231 | Johnson et al. | Jun 1966 | A |
| 3419602 | Pittmann et al. | Dec 1968 | A |
| 3524760 | Pinkerton | Aug 1970 | A |
| 3585169 | Domba | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3637791 | Pittman | Jan 1972 | A |
| 3823171 | Pittman | Jul 1974 | A |
| 4768857 | Sakunaga et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 5021501 | Ohmori et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5021527 | Ohmori et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5156780 | Kenigsberg et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5346949 | Fukazawa | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5462586 | Sugiyama et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5584997 | Yagihashi et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5630846 | Hara et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5804074 | Takiguchi et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5879794 | Korleski | Mar 1999 | A |
| 6228477 | Klare et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6302934 | Nabata et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6723147 | Mashiko et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6890436 | Komatsu et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6939580 | Enomoto et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6994621 | Mashiko et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7199197 | Caldwell et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7277153 | Iida et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7678155 | Yamaoto et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7758656 | Enomoto et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7954944 | Abe et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 8079574 | Lin | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8338529 | Hoshino et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8512428 | Ueki et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8524644 | Kawata et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8680223 | Jin et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8747521 | Sano | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 9005334 | Furuyama et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9044706 | Furuyama et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 20030068459 | Yializis | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030106161 | Enomoto et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20040122464 | Wang et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20050001974 | Iida et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050175811 | Kubota et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20080081772 | Kawata | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080274920 | Negoro et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080309717 | Nakamoto | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090084498 | Shimizu | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143262 | Kawata | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090169896 | Sohn et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090188857 | Moore | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20100143641 | Yamamoto et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100224817 | Jin et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100316835 | Nakamura et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110020591 | Nakamura et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110021099 | Nakamura et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110028059 | Nakamura et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110230623 | Hirano et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20120171495 | Masuda et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120247647 | Moriyama et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120285645 | Kusumi et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120325419 | Uehara et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130005928 | Hoshino et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130014642 | Sano | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130074691 | Furuyama et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130087042 | Furuyama et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130283744 | Nakamura et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20140023895 | Ikeyama et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140137739 | Ishii et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140260986 | Ishizuka et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20150041127 | Kuki et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150089911 | Ikeyama | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150096699 | Uehara et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150165386 | Mori et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150166820 | Ikeyama et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101896572 | Nov 2010 | CN |
| 2 683 176 | Jan 2014 | EP |
| 4-506982 | Dec 1992 | JP |
| 6-073229 | Mar 1994 | JP |
| 7-048464 | Feb 1995 | JP |
| 7-126428 | May 1995 | JP |
| 9-022935 | Jan 1997 | JP |
| 9-103662 | Apr 1997 | JP |
| 9-132667 | May 1997 | JP |
| 2004-237142 | Aug 2004 | JP |
| 2005-253711 | Sep 2005 | JP |
| 2009242679 | Oct 2009 | JP |
| 2011-171728 | Sep 2011 | JP |
| 2012-130885 | Jul 2012 | JP |
| 9101791 | Feb 1991 | WO |
| 2008041750 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| WO 2010101091 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| 2011158408 | Dec 2011 | WO |
| 2011158409 | Dec 2011 | WO |
| 2012086606 | Jun 2012 | WO |
| 2012117709 | Sep 2012 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| English translation of JP2009-242679A, Kashiwagi, Oct. 2009, Japan. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140023895 A1 | Jan 2014 | US |
