Patent Grant
10858921
The present invention relates generally to systems for assisting production from oil and gas wells, and more particularly, to production systems incorporating gas pumps.
Hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, may be recovered from various types of subsurface geological formations. The formations typically consist of a porous layer, such as limestone and sands, overlaid by a nonporous layer. Hydrocarbons cannot rise through the nonporous layer. Thus, the porous layer forms a reservoir, that is, a volume in which hydrocarbons accumulate. A well is drilled through the earth until the hydrocarbon bearing formation is reached. Hydrocarbons then are able to flow from the porous formation into the well.
In the most basic form of rotary drilling methods, a drill bit is attached to a series of pipe sections or “joints” referred to as a drill string. The drill string is suspended from a derrick and rotated by a motor in the derrick. A drilling fluid or “mud” is pumped down the drill string, through the bit, and into the bore of the well. This fluid serves to lubricate the bit. The drilling mud also carries cuttings from the drilling process back to the surface as it travels up the wellbore. As the drilling progresses downward, the drill string is extended by adding more joints of pipe.
The well will be drilled to a certain depth. Large diameter pipes, or casings, are placed in the well and cemented in place to prevent the sides of the borehole from caving in. The casing is cemented in the well by injecting a cement slurry down the casing and out the bottom of the casing. The slurry then will flow up into the well annulus, that is, the gap between the casing and the bore of the well. The cement will harden into a continuous seal throughout the annulus.
After the initial section has been drilled, cased, and cemented, drilling may proceed with a somewhat smaller wellbore. The smaller bore is lined with large, but somewhat smaller pipes or “liners.” The liner is suspended from the original or “host” casing by an anchor or “hanger.” A well may include a series of smaller liners, and may extend for many thousands of feet, commonly up to and over 25,000 feet.
Hydrocarbons, however, are not always able to flow easily from a formation to a well. Some subsurface formations, such as sandstone, are very porous. Hydrocarbons can flow easily from the formation into a well. Other formations, however, such as shale rock, limestone, and coal beds, are only minimally porous. The formation may contain large quantities of hydrocarbons, but production through a conventional well may not be commercially practical because hydrocarbons flow though the formation and collect in the well at very low rates. The industry, therefore, relies on various techniques for improving the well and stimulating production from formations and especially from formations that are relatively nonporous.
Perhaps the most important stimulation technique is the combination of horizontal wellbores and hydraulic fracturing. A well will be drilled vertically until it approaches a formation. It then will be diverted, and drilled in a more or less horizontal direction, so that the borehole extends along the formation instead of passing through it. More of the formation is exposed to the borehole, and the average distance hydrocarbons must flow to reach the well is decreased. Fractures then are created in the formation which will allow hydrocarbons to flow more easily from the formation.
Fracturing a formation is accomplished by pumping fluid, most commonly water, into the well at high pressure and flow rates. Proppants, such as grains of sand, ceramic or other particulates, usually are added to the fluid along with gelling agents to create a slurry. The slurry is forced into the formation at rates faster than can be accepted by the existing pores, fractures, faults, vugs, caverns, or other spaces within the formation. Pressure builds rapidly to the point where the formation fails and begins to fracture. Continued pumping of fluid into the formation will tend to cause the initial fractures to widen and extend further away from the wellbore, creating flow paths to the well. The proppant serves to prevent fractures from closing when pumping is stopped.
Once the drilling phase is over, the well will be completed by installing equipment that will enable the formation to be fractured and allow fluids to be produced from the well in a controlled fashion. Production of natural gas is relatively easy to manage. Natural gas is predominantly methane, which is lighter than air and rises naturally through the well. Other gaseous hydrocarbons, though somewhat heavier than air, are easily pushed up and out of the well. Liquid hydrocarbons, that is oil, is much heavier than natural gas. Ideally, however, the hydrostatic pressure of fluids within the pores of a formation, the “formation pressure,” also will be sufficiently high to push oil flowing into the bottom of the well all the way to the surface.
In many wells, at least initially, that is the case. Oil will flow from the formation, into the production casing, and up into flow control equipment at the surface. Over time, however, as production continues, the formation pressure will drop. If the well has been fractured, the formation will start to relax, closing many of the fractures and making it harder for fluids to flow into the well. Production of natural gas will continue, but eventually the bottom hole pressure, that is, the hydrostatic pressure urging fluids upward through the casing is no longer sufficiently high to push oil all the way to the surface. At that point, a well operator will have to resort to one or more techniques to assist in lifting oil out of the well.
Such “artificial lift” systems include the iconic “rocking horse” or walking beam system. The rocking horse is connected by a series of rods to a reciprocating pump installed down in the well. As the beam-pumping unit rocks up and down, the pump reciprocates and pumps oil to the surface through production tubing connected to the pump outlet. Other systems use surface motors and connecting rods that are rotated to turn a downhole progressive cavity pump. Such surface-driven artificial lift systems have advantages. Surface motors often are cheaper and always are more accessible for service. Connecting rods, however, can fatigue and fail and can damage tubing. It also may be difficult or impractical to install connecting rods through very deep or long deviated wells. Mechanical pumps also tend to wear, especially when there are relatively high concentrations of solid particles in the production fluids.
Other artificial lift systems utilize an electric motor that is installed in the well and connected to a downhole pump. It may be a reciprocating or progressive cavity pump, but more commonly the downhole pump is an electric submersible pump (“ESP”). Electric power is supplied to the motor by a cable running from the surface. Electric motors, however, can overheat in the elevated temperatures common at the bottom of oil and gas wells. Gas and solids in production fluids can diminish the performance or damage pumps, especially electric submersible pumps. Maintaining downhole motors and pumps also is more difficult and time consuming.
“Gas lift” is another common form of artificial lift. Gas lift systems—in one fashion or another—use natural gas to assist in moving oil to the surface. As compared to other systems for artificial lift, they tend to be more flexible and trouble free. Gas lift systems do not incorporate downhole motors or mechanical pumps, and instead are controlled and operated by valves. Surface equipment, such as field compressors, also can be shared among several wells. Moreover, gas lift systems can accommodate a wide range of production rates. Different gas lift techniques may be employed over the life of a well as production is depleted.
Initially, once the formation pressure is no longer high enough to push oil all the way to the surface, operators can employ “continuous” gas lift. A smaller diameter pipe or “production tubing” is installed in the casing to convey oil to the surface. Natural gas, typically a portion of the natural gas produced by the well, is injected into the oil in the production tubing by a series of gas injection valves. As gas is introduced into the oil, it “lightens” the column of fluid in the tubing. That is, the oil will be infused with gas, reducing its density and reducing the hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the tubing to less than the formation pressure. Oil once again is able to flow to the surface.
After a period of time, the well will be depleted further, and the formation pressure will drop to a level at which it is no longer practical to lift oil by continuous gas injection. An operator then may switch to an “intermittent” gas lift system. Intermittent gas lift systems are similar to continuous lift systems. Instead of injecting gas continuously into the oil, however, large volumes of gas are injected periodically into the production tubing. The goal is to produce a large bubble of gas that will lift the oil above it to the surface.
Liquid, however, has a natural tendency to flow around or through a gas bubble, even when confined in a relatively small tube. That “fall back” of oil through the gas bubble can significantly impair the efficiency of intermittent gas lift, especially for thinner, less viscous oil. As much as 10% of the initial slug of oil may fall back through the gas for every 1,000 feet of lift. In the face of such inefficiencies, operators may turn to “plunger-assisted” lift or gas pump systems.
Plunger-assisted lift is similar to intermittent gas lift. Gas is injected periodically, but the gas flows under a plunger carried within the production tubing instead of into the tubing itself. Gas accumulates under the plunger and, buoyed by the gas, the plunger travels to the surface pushing oil ahead of it. The plunger fits closely within the production tubing and prevents oil from flowing down around it. Once at the surface, gas beneath the plunger is vented, and the plunger sinks back down the production tubing to repeat the cycle.
Gas pump systems typically incorporate a vessel or tank that provides a chamber. Thus, they also are referred to as chamber lift systems. The tank is installed in the bottom of the well where oil can still collect. The production tubing leads into a “dip tube” that extends into the tank. A check valve allows oil to flow into, but not out of the lower end of the tank. A check valve in the dip tube allows oil to flow up and out of the dip tube, but checks back-flow from the production tubing. The tank is allowed to fill with oil from the bottom of the well. Gas then is injected into the top of the tank, pushing oil up the dip tube, out of the tank, and into the production tubing. Gas then is vented from the tank to allow oil to fill the tank again.
Some or all of those gas lift techniques may be used over the life of a well. Cumulatively, they may greatly extend the period of time over which production from the well is economically feasible. They are, however, distinctly different systems with distinctly different installation and maintenance issues. Gas valves that are suitable for continuous lift, for example, may not be suitable for intermittent lift. Plunger lift systems necessarily add a plunger and various other ancillary components required to operate the plunger. Gas pump systems require installation of a tank and additional valves and lines. Thus, operators may experience significant down time and incur significant expense in changing from system to system over the life of the well. Installation of a gas pump system can be a particular burden. In conventional systems, the production tubing used for continuous and intermittent lift must be pulled from the casing before the tank can be installed.
It also will be appreciated that conventional gas pump systems typically are more complicated than continuous or intermittent lift systems and, to a certain degree, plunger lift systems. Unlike the latter systems, gas pump systems incorporate a gas supply line running from the surface to the tank. A control valve is provided in the supply line near the tank. Another valve is provided in a vent line running from the tank to the annulus. The valves may by hydraulically actuated and require hydraulic control lines. Those components and lines must share space within the annulus with the production tubing. The size of the production tubing may have to be reduced, thus diminishing its production capacity.
For example, gas pump systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,598 to M. Amani. The Amani '598 gas pump systems have a tank in fluid communication with the production tubing. Injection and venting of gas into and out of the tank is controlled by a hydraulically actuated valve. The valve controls separate gas supply and gas vent flow paths. The dual-valve in turn is controlled by a pair of hydraulic lines running from the surface. Among other deficiencies in the Amani '598 systems, the hydraulic control lines must compete with the production tubing for space within the casing. Moreover, if the control valve fails and requires replacement, the entire gas pump system must be pulled from the well.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,691,787 to M. Amani discloses similar gas pump systems. In the Amani '787 systems, however, the dual gas supply and gas vent control valve is replaceable. The dual control valve is attached to the end of coiled tubing, a relatively small tubular conduit that can be fed into a well from a large reel in extremely long sections. Gas from the surface is pumped through the coiled tubing. Two hydraulic lines also run through the coiled tubing. The hydraulic lines are used to control the dual control valve.
While necessary in certain wells, especially when tools must be deployed in long lateral extensions, running valves and other equipment into and out of a well with coiled tubing is time consuming. The coiled tubing also can interfere with other well operations as long as it remains in the casing. If possible, it usually is quicker and cheaper to deploy and retrieve tools by slickline. “Slickline” tools are deployed by connecting the tool to a cable and then allowing to tool to sink to the bottom of a vertical portion of the well. Slickline tools also may be pumped into horizontal portions of a well. Once the tool is installed, the wireline may be pulled out of the well. “Grabber” tools also can be deployed on a slickline to engage a tool and pull it up to the surface. The equipment required for a slickline operation also is much simpler and less costly to operate than coiled tubing units.
Perhaps most importantly, however, the gas pumps disclosed in Amani '598 and Amani '787 were developed primarily for use in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). U.S. Pat. No. 6,973,973 to W. Howard et al. discloses another gas pump for use in SAGD systems. SAGD is a technique designed to enhance the production of heavy, viscous hydrocarbons such as those typically found in the “tar” deposits of Canada. Such wells are quite shallow. The gas pump is lifting a relatively light column of production fluid. They only have to generate relatively low gas lift pressure. At greater depths, those pumps may not be suitable. The fluid column is much heavier, and they must generate much higher gas lift pressure. For example, the valves in the Amani gas pumps utilize a hydraulic piston. The seals around the piston likely would have a relatively short service life if the valve were operated at depth and under higher pressure. Howard '973 does not disclose the construction of the valves in its gas pumps.
Gas pumps which are purportedly suitable for installation at greater depth are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,021,849 to J. Averhoff. The Averhoff '849 systems have gas-activated control valves that are used to control flow into and out of a dual-chamber pump. The valves are actuated by a downhole controller that operates off the gas supply and vent lines. The controller has a bellows in each of two chambers. The bellows are filled with hydraulic fluid and have a hydraulic passage extending between them. Each controller chamber is in fluid communication with one of the tank chambers.
As gas supply pressure builds in one tank chamber, and vent pressure declines in the other, pressure increases and diminishes in the corresponding controller chambers. Hydraulic fluid flows between the bellows, causing one to expand and the other to collapse. The bellows are connected to a rod which in turn is connected to the control valves. At a certain point, as the bellows expand and collapse, the rod will shift the valve to reverse flow. Supply gas that had been flowing into one tank chamber now is directed into the other.
The Averhoff '849 system avoids the need to run hydraulic control lines. There is little or no disclosure as to how its control valves work in a single-chamber pump, but the downhole controller in the dual-chamber pump is designed to open and shut the valves at a predetermined chamber pressure. Calibrating the controller, however, is difficult and not very precise. In turn, it is difficult to control the timing of pump cycles. Moreover, even if the controller is adequately calibrated at the beginning of operations and cycling of the pump is optimized, production from the well is not constant. It will tend to drop. The pump will tend to cycle more frequently than required. In order to adjust cycling to a more optimal frequency, the rate at which gas is pumped into the supply line has to be adjusted.
The statements in this section are intended to provide background information related to the invention disclosed and claimed herein. Such information may or may not constitute prior art. It will be appreciated from the foregoing, however, that there remains a need for new and improved gas lift systems and gas pumps to enhance production from oil and gas wells. Such disadvantages and others inherent in the prior art are addressed by various aspects and embodiments of the subject invention.
The subject invention relates generally to systems for assisting production from oil and gas wells, and more particularly, to production systems incorporating gas pumps. It encompasses various embodiments and aspects, some of which are specifically described and illustrated herein. One broad embodiment of the invention provides for a gas pump system for producing a well. The gas pump system comprises production tubing, a chamber, a dip tube, check valves, a gas supply line and control valve, a gas vent line and control valve, and a fluid control line. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well. A check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow into the chamber from the well and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube communicates with the production tubing and the chamber. A check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the chamber. The gas supply valve controls flow through the gas supply line and is actuatable by fluid pressure. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber. The vent valve controls flow through the gas vent line and is actuatable by fluid pressure. The fluid control line is in communication with both the supply valve and the vent valve.
In other such embodiments the gas supply valve and the gas vent valve each comprise a gas flowpath, a valve seat in the gas flowpath, a valve body adapted to selectively seat on the valve seat to open and shut the flowpath, an actuating pressure chamber, a sealed pressure chamber, a bellows responsive to pressure in the actuating chamber and the sealed chamber; and a valve stem coupled to the bellows and the valve body. The valve body may be selectively seated on the valve seat by increasing and decreasing pressure in the actuating chamber relative to the sealed chamber.
Additional embodiments provide gas pumps systems where the pressure within said sealed chambers of said gas supply valve and said gas vent valve are coordinated such that pressure communicated to said actuation chambers by said control line will selectively shut said gas supply valve before said gas vent valve is opened and shut said gas vent valve before said gas supply valve is opened.
Other such embodiments provide gas pump systems where the supply valve and the vent valve are actuatable by hydraulic pressure and the control line is a hydraulic control line or a gas-over-hydraulic control line. In other embodiments the supply valve and the vent valve are actuatable by pneumatic pressure and the control line is a pneumatic control line.
Yet other embodiments provide gas pump systems where at least one of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are replaceable through the production tubing. Further embodiments provide such systems where all of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are replaceable through the production tubing.
In still other embodiments, at least one of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are mounted in a pocket in the production tubing. In further embodiments, all of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are mounted in a pocket in the production tubing.
Additional embodiments provide gas pump systems where the fluid control line runs through the annulus. Other embodiments provide such systems where the system comprises a packer sealing the annulus above the chamber, where the chamber is a tank, or where the chamber is defined by first and second packers sealing an annulus surrounding the production tubing.
In other aspects and embodiments, the subject invention provides for other gas pump systems for producing a well. The gas pump systems comprise production tubing, a chamber, a dip tube check valve, a dip tube, a chamber check valve, a gas supply line and control valve, and a gas vent line and control valve. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well. The check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow into the chamber from the well and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube communicates with the production tubing and the chamber. The dip tube check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the chamber. The gas supply valve controls flow through the gas supply line and comprises a gas flowpath, a valve seat in the gas flowpath, a valve body adapted to selectively seat on the valve seat to open and shut the flowpath, an actuating pressure chamber, a sealed pressure chamber, a bellows responsive to pressure in said actuating chamber and said sealed chamber, and a valve stem coupled to said bellows and said valve body. The valve body may be selectively seated on said valve seat by increasing and decreasing pressure in said actuation chamber relative to said sealed chamber. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber. The gas vent valve controls flow through the gas vent line and comprises a gas flowpath, a valve seat in the gas flowpath, a valve body adapted to selectively seat on the valve seat to open and shut the flowpath, an actuating pressure chamber, a sealed pressure chamber, a bellows responsive to pressure in said actuating chamber and said sealed chamber, a valve stem coupled to said bellows and said valve body. The body may be selectively seated on said valve seat by increasing and decreasing pressure in said actuation chamber relative to said sealed chamber.
In other embodiments the gas pump system is installed in a well at a depth of a least about 4,500 feet or at least about 8,000 feet. In still other embodiments the gas pump system provides a lift force of at least 2,000 psi or at least 5,000 psi.
Additional embodiments provide such gas lift systems where the supply valve and the vent valve are actuatable by hydraulic pressure or where they are actuatable by pneumatic pressure.
Other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the pressure chamber in the gas supply valve and the pressure chamber in the gas vent valve are in communication with a common fluid control line and one of the gas supply valve or gas vent valve is adapted to open and the other of the gas supply valve or the gas vent valve is adapted to shut in response to increasing pressure in their respective the pressure chambers.
Yet other embodiments provide gas pump systems where the supply valve and the vent valve are actuatable by hydraulic pressure and the control line is a hydraulic control line or a gas-over-hydraulic control line or where the supply valve and the vent valve are actuatable by pneumatic pressure and the control line is a pneumatic control line.
Additional embodiments provide gas pumps systems where the pressure within said sealed chambers of said gas supply valve and said gas vent valve are coordinated such that pressure communicated to said actuation chambers by said control line will selectively shut said gas supply valve before said gas vent valve is opened and shut said gas vent valve before said gas supply valve is opened.
Yet other embodiments provide gas pump systems where at least one of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are replaceable through the production tubing. Further embodiments provide such systems where all of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are replaceable through the production tubing.
In still other embodiments, at least one of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are mounted in a pocket in the production tubing. In further embodiments, all of the chamber check valve, the dip tube check valve, the gas supply valve, and the gas vent valve are mounted in a pocket in the production tubing.
Additional embodiments provide gas pump systems where the fluid control line runs through the annulus. Other embodiments provide such systems where the system comprises a packer sealing the annulus above the chamber, where the chamber is a tank, or where the chamber is defined by first and second packers sealing an annulus surrounding the production tubing.
In other aspects and embodiments, the subject invention provides for other gas pump systems for producing a well. The gas pump systems comprise production tubing, a tank, a packer, a tank check valve, a dip tube, a dip tube check valve, a gas supply line and control valve, and a gas vent line and control valve. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The tank is adapted to collect liquid from the well. The packer seals the annulus above the tank. The tank check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow into the tank from the well and to check liquid flow out of the tank. The dip tube is in communication with the production tubing and the tank. The dip tube check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the tank. The gas supply valve controls flow through the gas supply line. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the tank. The gas vent valve controls flow through the gas vent line.
Other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the system comprises a sump line extending through the packer and a circulating valve adapted to allow liquid to flow down the sump line. In still other embodiments the circulating valve is mounted in a pocket in the production tubing or a sump passage in the packer.
In other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides gas pump systems for producing a well. The gas pump systems comprise production tubing, a dip tube, a chamber, a chamber check valve, a dip tube check valve, a gas supply line and control valve, a gas vent line and control valve, a sump line, and a sump check valve. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The dip tube is connected to the production tubing and in communication with the chamber. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well and is defined by an upper packer and a lower packer sealing an annulus surrounding the dip tube. The chamber check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow into the chamber from the well and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line adapted to convey gas into the chamber. The gas supply valve controls flow through the gas supply line. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber. The gas vent valve controls flow through the gas vent line. The sump line is adapted to convey liquid above the upper packer into the chamber. The sump check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow through the sump line into the chamber and to check fluid flow out of the chamber. In other embodiments the sump check valve is mounted in a pocket in the production tubing or a sump passage in the upper packer.
In other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides for systems for producing a well. The systems comprise production tubing, a chamber, a dip tube, a gas supply line, a gas vent line, and one or more control lines. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well. It has a receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable check valve adapted to allow fluid to flow into the chamber and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube is in communication with the production tubing and adaptable for communication with the chamber. It has an internal receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable check valve which is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the chamber and runs outside of the production tubing. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber and runs outside the production tubing. The one or more control lines run outside of the production tubing and communicate with the gas supply valve receptacle and the gas vent valve receptacle. The production tubing has internal receptacles adapted to receive a replaceable gas injection valve, a replaceable gas supply valve, and a replaceable gas vent valve. The receptacles are provided in internal pockets in the production tubing. The replaceable gas injection valve is adapted to inject gas from an annulus surrounding the production tubing into the production tubing. The replaceable gas supply valve is adapted to control flow through the gas supply line. The replaceable gas vent valve is adapted to control flow through the gas vent line
In other embodiments a dummy valve is placed in one or both of the gas supply valve receptacle and the gas vent valve receptacle.
Still other embodiments provide such systems where the system comprises a packer sealing the annulus above the chamber, where the chamber is a tank, or where the chamber is defined by first and second packers sealing an annulus surrounding the production tubing.
Yet other embodiments provide such systems comprising one or more additional valves, such as a check valve installed in the chamber check valve receptacle and adapted to allow liquid to flow into the chamber from the well and to check liquid flow out of the chamber, a check valve installed in the dip tube check valve receptacle adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube, a gas supply valve installed in the gas supply valve receptacle and controlling flow through the gas supply line, and a gas vent valve installed in the gas vent valve receptacle and controlling flow through the gas vent line.
Other embodiments provide such systems where the dip tube is perforable or has a sliding sleeve.
Still other embodiments provide such systems where the production tubing comprises an internal receptacle adapted to receive a sump check valve and where a sump check valve is installed in said sump check valve receptacle and adapted to allow liquid to flow into said chamber from said annulus and to check fluid flow out of said chamber.
Additional embodiments provide such systems where said production tubing comprises an internal receptacle adapted to receive a control line shut-off valve and where a control line shut-off valve is installed in said control line shut-off valve receptacle.
In other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides for systems for producing a well. The systems comprise production tubing, a gas injection valve, a chamber, a dip tube, a gas supply line, a vent line, and one or more control lines. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. It has an internal receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable gas supply valve, the supply valve receptacle being provided in an internal pocket in the production tubing. It also has an internal receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable gas vent valve, the vent valve receptacle being provided in an internal pocket in the production tubing. The gas injection valve is installed on the production tubing and adapted to inject gas from an annulus surrounding the production tubing into the production tubing. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well and has a receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable check valve adapted to allow fluid to flow into the chamber and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube is in communication with the production tubing and adaptable for communication with the chamber. It has an internal receptacle adapted to receive a replaceable check valve, the check valve being adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the chamber and runs outside of the production tubing. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber and runs outside the production tubing. The one or more control lines run outside of the production tubing and communicate with the gas supply valve receptacle and the gas vent valve receptacle.
Other embodiments provide such production systems where the gas injection valve is a replaceable valve. In other embodiments the production tubing comprises an internal receptacle adapted to receive the gas injection valve or where the gas injection valve receptacle is provided in an internal pocket in the production tubing.
In other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides for gas pump systems for producing a well. The gas pump systems comprise production tubing, a chamber, a chamber check valve, a dip tube, a dip tube check valve, a gas supply line and control valve, and a gas vent line and control valve. The production tubing is adapted to convey fluid from the well to the surface. The chamber is adapted to collect liquid from the well. The chamber check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow into the chamber from the well and to check liquid flow out of the chamber. The dip tube communicates with the production tubing and the chamber. The dip tube check valve is adapted to allow liquid to flow up the dip tube into the production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down the dip tube. The gas supply line is adapted to convey gas into the chamber. The gas supply valve controls flow through the gas supply line. The gas vent line is adapted to vent gas from the chamber. The gas vent valve controls flow through the gas vent line. The chamber is installed in a well at a depth of a least about 4,500 feet or at a depth of at least about 8,000 feet.
Other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the gas pump system provides a lift force of at least 2,000 psi or a lift force of at least 5,000 psi. In yet other embodiments at least one of the gas supply valve and the gas vent valve are actuatable by fluid pressure.
In other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides for methods of producing liquids from a well using a gas pump system. The gas pump system comprises a gas pump, a primary gas compressor, and a booster gas compressor. The method comprises operating said primary gas compressor to provide compressed gas at first pressures. A portion of the compressed gas from the primary compressor is fed into the booster compressor. The booster compressor is operated substantially continuously to provide compressed gas at second, higher pressures. The compressed gas from said booster compressor is fed into said system without substantial recycling of gas through said booster compressor. The compressed gas from said accumulation volume is periodically fed into said gas pump.
Other embodiments provide such methods where the booster compressor discharges an amount of gas during a fill cycle of said pump approximately equal to the amount of gas fed into said pump from said accumulation volume during an immediately preceding discharge cycle.
Yet other embodiments provide such methods where the capacity of said booster compressor is matched to a predetermined estimated amount of work required to bring said accumulation volume to a lift pressure and a predetermined estimated time required to fill said gas pump with liquid from said well.
In still other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides for gas pumps systems for producing a well. The gas pump systems comprise production tubing adapted to convey fluid from said well to the surface, a chamber adapted to collect liquid from said well, a check valve adapted to allow liquid to flow into said chamber from said well and to check liquid flow out of said chamber, a dip tube in communication with said production tubing and said chamber, a check valve adapted to allow liquid to flow up said dip tube into said production tubing and to check liquid from flowing down said dip tube, a gas supply line adapted to convey gas into said chamber, a hydraulic valve controlling flow through said gas supply line, a gas vent line adapted to vent gas from said chamber, a hydraulic valve controlling flow through said gas vent line, a control line communicating with one or both of said gas supply valve and said gas vent valve, and a shut-off valve controlling flow through said control line at a location in said well.
Other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the shut-off valve is located above and proximate to one or both of said valves.
Still other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the control line is a gas-over-hydraulic control line.
Yet other embodiments provide such gas pump systems where the shut-off valve is a linearly actuated spool-type valve.
In yet other aspects and embodiments, the invention provides methods of producing liquids from a well using a gas pump system. The methods comprise monitoring production of gas in a production tube. The length of the fill cycle time of the gas pump system is adjusted in response to the amount of gas production. The length of the fill cycle may be increased in response to an increase is the gas production or may be decreased until the gas production stabilizes.
Other embodiments of the novel production methods comprise monitoring production of gas from a well annulus and adjusting the length of the discharge cycle time of the gas pump system in response to the amount of gas production. The length of the displacement cycle may be increased in response to a decrease in the gas production or it may be lengthened until the gas production stabilizes.
Still other embodiments of methods for producing liquids using gas pump systems comprise monitoring the gas-oil-water ratio of production fluids to determine the density of the production fluids and adjusting the length of the pump cycle time of the gas pump system in response to a change in the density. The length of the pump cycle may be increased in response to an increase in the density of the production fluids or it may be decreased in response to a decrease in the density of the production fluids.
Finally, still other aspects and embodiments of the invention will have various combinations of such features as will be apparent to workers in the art.
Thus, the present invention in its various aspects and embodiments comprises a combination of features and characteristics that are directed to overcoming various shortcomings of the prior art. The various features and characteristics described above, as well as other features and characteristics, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and by reference to the appended drawings.
Since the description and drawings that follow are directed to particular embodiments, however, they shall not be understood as limiting the scope of the invention. They are included to provide a better understanding of the invention and the way it may be practiced. The subject invention encompasses other embodiments consistent with the claims set forth herein.
In the drawings and description that follows, like parts are identified by the same reference numerals. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features of the embodiments may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional design and construction may not be shown in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
The subject invention relates generally to gas lift systems for enhancing the flow of oil and other liquids from wells. Some of those embodiments are described in detail herein. For the sake of conciseness, however, all features of an actual implementation may not be described or illustrated. In developing any actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve a developers' specific goals. Decisions usually will be made consistent within system-related and business-related constraints, and specific goals may vary from one implementation to another. Development efforts might be complex and time consuming and may involve many aspects of design, fabrication, and manufacture. Nevertheless, it should be appreciated that such development projects would be a routine effort for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
The terms “upper” and “lower” and “uphole” and “downhole” as used herein to describe location or orientation are relative to the well. Thus, “upper” and “uphole” refers to a location or orientation toward the upper or surface end of the well. “Lower” or “downhole” is relative to the lower end or bottom of the well. It also will be appreciated that the course of the wellbore may not necessarily be as depicted schematically in
“Axial,” “radial,” “angularly,” and forms thereof reference the central axis of the well and tools. For example, axial movement or position refers to movement or position generally along or parallel to the central axis. “Lateral” movement and the like also generally refer to up and down movement or positions up and down. “Radial” will refer to positions or movement toward or away from the central axis.
The complexity and challenges of completing and producing a well perhaps may be appreciated by reference to
Well 1 is shown in
It will be appreciated that both the subsurface and surface systems have been greatly simplified. A production casing, for example, may incorporate many different tools to assist in installing and cementing the casing. Moreover, solid particulates typically are entrained with the oil and other liquids produced from the well, especially in the initial production stream. Liquid typically will be diverted from an oil-gas separator into a sand separator. Produced oil may be transferred to a storage tank for transport to a pipeline, or it may feed directly into a pipeline. Gas streams may be run through dryers and filters designed to remove moisture and particulates that can corrode gas pipelines.
The operation of lift system 30 and gas pump 40 will be described in further detail below. When lift system 30 is initially installed in casing 20, however, the hydrostatic pressure in formation 2 typically will still be high enough to push oil all the way to the surface. Thus, as shown in
Production tube 31 extends through upper and lower packers 46/47. Upper packer 46 provides a seal between production tube 31 and casing 20. Lower packer 47 provides another seal between production tube 31 and casing 20, thus diverting production fluids from casing 20 into production tube 31. Production tube 31 may be any conventional tubing, such as coiled tubing. Preferably, however, production tube 31 will be assembled from joints of pipe. The joints may be of larger diameter than coiled tubing and thus provide greater production capacity.
As shown schematically in
Production tube 31 and dip tube 42 also preferably comprises nipples. The nipples are illustrated schematically in
Conventional pocket mandrels and nipples suitable for use in the novel systems are available from a number of commercial manufactures. Pocket mandrels that may be suitable include the D and F series pocket mandrels from Dover Artificial Lift, The Woodlands, Tex. Suitable nipples may include the E series seating nipples available from American Completion Tools, Houston, Tex., and the No-Go profile nipples available from Peak Well Systems, Bayswater, Western Australia, Australia.
As illustrated in
Continuous gas injection valves 51 have been installed in production tube 31. A field compressor 13 also has been installed at the surface. A portion of the gas produced from well 1 is diverted from the oil-gas separator 12 into field compressor 13. The diverted gas is compressed by compressor 13, typically to a pressure from about 1,000 to 1,200 psi, and then pumped through well head 11 into the annulus 33 between production tube 31 and casing 20. Gas in annulus 33 then flows through injection valves 51 into oil flowing up production tube 31. The density of the oil will be reduced, thus reducing the weight of the column of oil in production tube 31. Oil now is able to continue flowing to the surface.
Gas injection valves 51 may be of any conventional design. Many valves are available commercially and may be suitable, such as WP series valves from Dover Artificial Lift, BK series injection valves from Schlumberger Limited, Houston, Tex., and R-1 series injection valves Weatherford International, Houston, Tex. Likewise, field compressor 13 is of conventional design and typically will incorporate controllers and other auxiliary equipment enabling it to be operated automatically.
After an additional period of time, well 1 will be further depleted and its bottom hole pressure further diminished. More and more gas must be injected into the production fluid to reduce its weight below the formation pressure. At a certain point, oil will simply fall out of the gas and remain in production tube 31. Thus,
Continuous gas injection valves 51 have been removed and intermittent gas injection valves 52 have been installed in their place. Unlike continuous gas injection valves 51, which are designed to continuously inject relatively small streams of gas, intermittent gas valves 52 are designed to periodically inject large volumes of gas into production tube 31. A bubble of gas is formed which then lifts the oil on top of it toward the surface.
Typically, as shown in
Intermittent gas injection valves 52 and dip tube check valve 56 may be of any conventional design and many commercially available vales may be suitable. Such valves include the Dover WP series, Schlumberger PK-1 and R-6 series, and Weatherford R-1 series valves. Checks valves may include standing valves available from Peak Well Systems, E-3 series standing valves available from American Completion Tools, and A-2 Series standing valves sold by Schlumberger.
In the last stages of a well's production cycle it may not be practical to continue intermittent gas lift. The well's bottom hole pressure will have dropped even more. Fallback of oil though the gas and the volume of gas required may rise to unacceptable levels. Thus,
Gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54, sump valve 57, and control line shut-off valve 58 have been installed in production tube 31, as has chamber check valve 55 and, if desired, additional check valves above dip tube check valve 56. A perforating gun (not shown) has been run into production tube 31 to create perforations near the end of dip tube 42. Alternately, dip tube 42 may be provided with a sliding sleeve valve that can be actuated to establish communication between dip tube 42 and chamber 41. Though not necessarily essential, it also will be noted that intermittent gas injection valves 52 have been removed and replaced with dummy valves 50.
At the surface, a gas booster compressor 14 has been installed along with its associated controls. Booster compressor 14 is connected to, and further compresses gas discharged from field compressor 13. Preferably, booster compressor 14 will compress the gas to a pressure of at least about 2,000 psi or, when pump 40 in installed at greater depths, at least about 5,000 psi to provide greater lifting force for gas pump 40. Booster compressor 14 discharges the high-pressure gas into well head 11 which in turn is connected to gas supply line 43. Booster compressor 14 also feeds pressurized gas into control line 45 through well head 11.
Cycling of gas pump 40 can be better appreciated by reference to
Once chamber 41 is substantially filled with oil, a pressure signal, that is, an increase of fluid pressure in control line 45 will be generated by booster compressor 14 and its associated controls. The pressure signal will travel through control line 45 to shut vent valve 54 and open gas supply valve 53. The discharge cycle begins, as shown in
High-pressure gas is injected into chamber 41 via gas supply line 43. Gas vent valve 54 is shut, preventing gas from flowing out of chamber 41 through vent line 44. Sump check valve 57 prevents high pressure gas from flowing into annulus 33. Chamber check valve 55 prevents oil from flowing back into casing 20. Thus, the high-pressure gas will force oil out of chamber 41 and into dip tube 42 via the perforations. Dip tube check valve 56 opens to allow oil to flow from dip tube 42 into production tube 31. Once substantially all oil has been pumped out of chamber 41, another pressure signal, that is, a bleeding off of pressure in control line 45, will be generated. That signal will shut gas supply valve 53 and open vent valve 54. Gas pump 40 will start another fill cycle.
Any suitable fluid, such as hydraulic fluid or pressurized natural gas, may be used to control gas supply 53 and gas vent valve 54. It will be appreciated, however, that as pump 40 is installed at progressively greater depths, fluid pressure in control line 45 will increase correspondingly. Valves 53/54 will be exposed to increasing operating pressures. That is especially true for hydraulic control lines. The operating pressure created by hydraulic control lines can exceed the rating of many control valves.
Thus, control line 45 is exemplified as a gas-over-hydraulic line. The lower portion of control line 45 is filled will hydraulic fluid while the upper portion is filled with pressurized gas from booster compressor 14. As pressurized gas is injected into, or vented from the upper portion of control line 45, the gas will exert greater or lesser force on the plug of hydraulic fluid feeding into gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54. Gas-over-hydraulic lines can greatly reduce the fluid pressure to which valves 53/54 are exposed. If desired, the fluid pressure may be reduced further by using a pneumatic gas line.
As compared to hydraulic lines, gas-over-hydraulic and, even more so pneumatic control lines have longer response times between initiation of a pressure signal at the surface and actuation of valves 53/54. Thus, it may be preferably to use a hydraulic line when practical. Hydraulic lines provide extremely quick response times. Valves having the capability to operate at the resulting pressures would be selected accordingly. A hydraulic pump and control system also would be installed to generate pressure signals through the hydraulic control line.
Gas vented from chamber 41 into annulus 33 is “wet.” That is, it contains entrained droplets of oil. Over the course of many pump cycles, oil will collect above upper packer 46, possibly accumulating to a level in annulus 33 that it interferes with venting of gas from chamber 41 into annulus 33. Thus, pump 40 and other embodiments of the novel gas pumps may incorporate a line that allows oil collecting above an upper packer to circulate back through the packer. For example, as shown in
Gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54 preferably are installed relatively close to chamber 41 so as to improve the response and cycle times of gas pump 40. The precise location, however, is not especially critical and may be varied considerably to facilitate other operations. For example, it generally is desirable to provide a certain spacing between valves and the like that will be installed and retrieved by wireline. Spacing helps ensure that the wireline tool will find its target. Similarly, the exact location of check valves 55/56 is not overly critical. For that matter, it will be understood that there is no precise demarcation where production tube 31 ends and dip tube 42 begins. Dip tube 42 may be properly viewed as a lower portion of production tube 31. Thus, if would be accurate to view a check valve installed within dip tube 42 as being installed in production tube 31.
A second preferred embodiment 140 of the novel gas pumps is shown schematically in
A third preferred embodiment 240 of the novel gas pumps is shown schematically in
When the system is installed, a dummy valve preferably will be installed in pocket mandrel 34, and circulating valve 257 will not be installed until gas pump 240 is put into operation. It will be noted that upper packer 46 of gas pump 40 is not required in gas pump 240. When a dummy valve is installed in pocket mandrel 34, packer 247, like packer 46, isolates formation 2 from high gas lift pressures introduced into annulus 33. Installation of packer 247, however, typically will be accomplished more easily.
A fourth preferred embodiment 340 of the novel gas pumps is shown schematically in
It will be appreciated that the schematic representations of gas pump system 30 and gas pumps 40/140/240/340 have been simplified in many respects. Hydraulic systems will be required if a hydraulic control line is used. Accumulators may be incorporated into the hydraulic control system or in the high-pressure gas supply system. Control valves and panels will be installed to control the surface equipment. Likewise, the packers, valves, tubing, and other components of the illustrated systems typically will have various features that, for example, enable them to be installed or retrieved, but are not shown in the figures.
The novel systems may be assembled from conventional equipment. Field compressor 13 and booster compressor 14, for example, are typical of equipment commonly employed in pneumatic systems for oil and gas wells. They typically will incorporate meters, sensors, controllers and other auxiliary components that enable them to be operated automatically. Preferred gas supply and gas vent control valves are discussed in greater detail below. In general, however, the exemplified valves may be of conventional design.
Preferably, the novel gas pumps systems will be designed and operated so that a booster compressor may be operated substantially continuously and without recycling pressurized gas through the booster compressor. That is, the booster compressor capacity, the accumulating volume, the chamber size, gas lift pressure, annulus pressure, and chamber fill time will be coordinated to allow the booster compressor to run without substantial interruption and to discharge substantially all of its output in the accumulating volume of the system and, if utilized, the control line until lift gas is supplied to the gas pump.
For example, initial cycle times may be determined for gas pump 40. An estimate of the initial fill time of chamber 41 may be made based on the volume of chamber 41 and the flow rate into chamber 41. The flow rate may be estimated based on flowing bottomhole pressure, reservoir pressure, or various other well pressures according to conventional formulas. The length of the fill cycle preferably will be set initially according to such estimates.
The initial discharge cycle time preferably will be set to allow substantially all fluid from a filled chamber 40 to be displaced by gas pressure within the system without pumping gas through dip tube 42 and into production tube 31. That cycle time may be set according to a number of factors, including the hydrostatic head in production tube 31 above dip tube check valve 56, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of production tube 31 to chamber 41, the flow capacity of gas into and out of chamber 41 through the gas supply and vent systems, the lift pressure in the gas supply system at the beginning of the cycle, and the expansion volume within the system, including the volume of chamber 41. The depth of check valve 56 is known, and the density of fluid in production tube 31 may be estimated based on the gas-oil-water ratio of production at the surface. The diameters of production tube 31 and chamber 41 are known, as is the expansion volume with the system. The lift pressure may be set to provide longer or shorter discharge cycles, with higher lift pressures allowing for shorter discharge cycle times.
The pressure at the end of a discharge cycle will be at least equal to the pressure required to support the column of fluid in production tube 31 just above dip tube check valve 56. Preferably, it will be significantly higher, however, in order to displace liquid more rapidly from chamber 41. An estimate then may be made of the lift pressure required in the accumulating portion of the system at the beginning of a discharge cycle to displace substantially all liquid from a fully filled chamber 41 for a given discharge cycle length. The accumulating volume, that is, the volume of gas supply line 43 from gas supply valve 53 to booster compressor 14, including any surface accumulators, is known. The total volume of the system including chamber 41 is known. Temperature may be treated as substantially constant given the relatively small amount of expansion in the system during the discharge cycle and the heat present downhole. Corrections may be made to allow for the continued discharge of gas into gas supply line 43 during the discharge cycle and for diversion of gas into gas-over-hydraulic control line 45.
Once the lift pressure at the beginning of the discharge cycle and the pressure at the end of the discharge cycle have been determined, the amount (moles) of gas required to increase the pressure within the accumulating volume to the lift pressure may be estimated. That is, after gas pump 40 completes a discharge cycle, gas supply valve 53 will be shut and additional gas will be injected into the accumulating volume by booster compressor 14 until the pressure reaches the lift pressure. The amount of work required to inject that quantity of gas then may be estimated.
Once the amount of work required to bring the system up to lift pressure and the initial fill time of chamber 41 are known, the efficiency of booster compressor 14 preferably will be optimized. That is, conventional compressors such as booster compressor 14 are designed to run continuously. Intermittent operation tends to increase the likelihood of leakage around seals, wear in the seals, and overall power consumption. If a compressor is pumping more gas than is required, a portion of it will be recycled through the compressor in favor of shutting the compressor off. Thus, the power of booster compressor 14 preferably will be selected so that it can perform the required amount of work—and ideally no more—while chamber 41 is filling. By sizing booster compressor 14 such that it performs approximately the amount of work required, recycling of gas is minimized, and the overall efficiency of the system is maximized.
It will be recognized, of course, that relatively few conditions at the bottom of an oil and gas well are measured directly, and even fewer are measured directly in real time. Most conditions are inferred. Production quality and flow rates also change over time. Production rates, for example, can fluctuate, but tend to diminish over time. Chamber fill times will lengthen correspondingly. Thus, it is not possible to exactly optimize the power of a compressor, and what is optimal will change. It may be preferable to err of the side of under-sizing the compressor somewhat at initial installation and let the production rate fall to match the compressor.
Once booster compressor 14 is optimized, the system preferably will be monitored to allow chamber 41 to fill completely and thereby maximize the amount of liquid displaced by each discharge cycle. For example, gas produced through production tube 31 may be monitored. The time required to displace liquid from chamber 41 may be estimated fairly accurately and will be relatively constant over the short term. If excess gas is being produced, that likely indicates that the fill cycle time is too short and that chamber 41 has not been filled completely. Once all liquid in a partially filled chamber 41 has been displaced, a slug of gas will enter production tube 31.
Fill cycle times, for example, may be increased. If that causes an increase in produced gas, the fill cycle time may be increased again in increments until gas production is minimized. If no increase in produced gas is detected, the fill cycle time may be decreased until an increase in produced gas is detected. At the same time, more or less gas will have to be recycled through booster compressor 14. At some point production of liquids may fall to levels where booster compressor 14 may be replaced with a lower power compressor more suitable for longer fill times.
Displacement times also will vary as the gas-oil-water ratio of the fluid in production tube 31 changes. Thus, the production stream at the surface may be monitored to adjust the length of the discharge cycle. If the column lightens, reducing the hydrostatic head in production tube 31, the discharge cycle time may be shortened. If it becomes denser, the discharge cycle time may be lengthened.
Gas production through annulus 33 also may be monitored to assess whether the displacement cycle should be adjusted. If pump 40 is fully displacing fluid from chamber 41, gas production through annulus 33 should be relatively constant over the short term. A decrease in gas production through annulus 33 will indicate that discharge cycle times are too short and need to be lengthened. Alternately, the discharge cycle time may be set for a relatively long duration, and then may be shortened until gas production through the annulus stabilizes.
It will be appreciated that the novel systems and gas pumps may offer significant advantages over the prior art. For example, they are amenable to a compact, efficient design that takes full advantage of the space provided in conventional production casings. That space can be quite limited. Wells tapping shale formations in the United States typically have small production casings, most commonly either 4.5 or 5.5″ casing having internal “drifts” of, respectively, approximately 3.8 and 4.7″. Production tubing preferably is as large as possible in order to maximize the rate of flow and to reduce friction-induced pressure gain. Gas pumps necessarily require installation of a gas supply line in the casing along with the production tubing. Many prior art systems also use two hydraulic lines to control the gas supply and gas vent valves. Those control lines are installed in the production casing as well.
In contrast, the novel gas pumps preferably rely on a single fluid control line. While separate control lines are common in the art and may be used if desired, using a single control line to actuate both the gas supply and the gas vent valves increases the space that may be devoted to the production tube. There also is one less line that potentially may be damaged during installation. A single control line also eliminates the need to sync pressure signals in separate control lines.
As discussed in further detail below, preferred embodiments also incorporate separate control valves that preferably are mounted one above the other. Prior art control valves typically have incorporated a supply flow path and a vent flow path in the same housing. Such dual-valve designs tend to have a relatively large cross section and can occupy a large part of the casing drift. That relatively large cross section also limits their ability to be retrievably installed through the production tubing. By using separate “stacked” valves, space within the production casing is further conserved.
Embodiments of the novel gas pumps, such as gas pumps 240 and 340, may have a tank that provides a chamber for the pump. Preferably, however, the novel gas pumps provide a pump chamber by installing a top and bottom packer in the annulus between the dip tube and casing. The packers maximize use of the space within the production casing. Larger chambers allow for more pumping capacity with fewer cycles, thus extending the service life of cycling components in the system. Moreover, as compared to a tank of the same volume, using a pair of packers provides a shorter, wider chamber. That minimizes the hydrostatic head resisting flow of oil into the chamber and, given the same lift pressure, minimizes the time required to pump fluid out of the chamber. Cycle times will be reduced correspondingly, thereby increasing pumping capacity. The length of a large tank also may make it more difficult to install, especially in horizontal wells. Conventional packers may be used to provide a chamber, however, and may be run into a well easily.
Most importantly, preferred embodiments of the novel gas pump systems can provide a “life of the well” solution. They may be installed early in the life of a well, when hydrostatic pressure in the formation is still relatively high, and may be operated until a gas pump is the only viable gas lift option. Novel system 30, for example, may be used to provide continuous gas lift by installing gas lift valves 51. Gas lift valves 51 may be replaced with intermittent gas lift valves 52 and dip tube check valve 56 installed to provide intermittent gas lift. Gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54, chamber check valve 55, and sump check valve 57 may be installed, along with booster compressor 14 and, if needed, a hydraulic pump to operate gas pump 40. Importantly, all those transitions may be accomplished without a rig workover operation.
Conventional gas lift systems may allow for a transition from continuous lift to intermittent gas lift. If an operator wishes to continue production. with a gas pump, however, the well must be worked over. That is, the production tubing and other continuous and intermittent lift equipment must be pulled from the well in order to install a gas pump. Workover operations are relatively costly and time consuming. A service rig must be brought to the site to pull the tubing and reinstall it. Moreover, valves in prior art systems may not be retrievable, or may have to be retrieved by pulling gas supply lines.
In contrast, preferred embodiments allow access to all essential or preferred valves for the system and gas pumps through the production tubing. System 30, for example, incorporates pocket mandrels 32. Continuous gas injection valves 51 and intermittent gas injection valves 52, as discussed further below, may be installed by tools run into production tube 31 on a slickline. Gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54, sump check valve 57, and control line shut-off valve 58 may be installed in pocket mandrels 32 in a similar fashion. Moreover, by installing uphole valves 51/52/53/54/57/58 in pocket mandrels 32, chamber check valve 55 and dip tube check valve 56 also may be installed and retrieved through production tube 31 using slickline tools. Dip tube 42 also may be perforated or a sliding sleeve therein may be opened by running tools through production tube 31.
The installation of valves in pocket mandrels is discussed further below. At this point, however, it will be appreciated that once the system is installed, it is not necessary to pull production tubing or any other lines in order to transition from continuous gas lift to intermittent gas lift and then togas pump lift. Moreover, repair and replacement of worn valves does not require pulling any tubing or lines. All of that may be accomplished by slickline operations, thus providing a single “life of the well” gas lift production system.
It will be appreciated, of course, that an operator may not necessarily chose to utilize all those lift systems. System 30 generally will be used to provide continuous gas lift. Intermittent gas lift, as noted, can be relatively inefficient due to fallback of liquid through the gas bubble. An operator may decide to skip intermittent lift and switch to gas pump lift once continuous lift is no longer practical. It is believed that the efficiencies provided by embodiments of the novel gas pumps may make that the preferred option is a greater number of wells. Moreover, should an operator wish to improve efficiency of an intermittent lift stage by utilizing a plunger lift, system 30 will be able to accommodate the installation of bumpers, plungers, and other required equipment without pulling the production tubing. If plunger lift is utilized, dummy plugs preferably are installed in the pocket mandrels. Dummy plugs can help minimize loss of gas as the plunger passes through a pocket mandrel and help minimize the risk that a plunger will become stuck in the mandrel.
The novel gas pumps and systems, in general, may incorporate conventional gas pump control valves. Control valves having hydraulic and pneumatic pistons are known, and they may be suitable for use in the novel gas pumps. As noted, however, preferred embodiments of the novel gas pumps incorporate separate gas supply and gas vent control valves. Preferably, the valves incorporate a bellows that can be expanded and collapsed under fluid pressure to open and close the valve, such as gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54.
Gas supply valve 53 is shown in greater detail in
A Bellows 71 is mounted to the lower end of first or upper housing sub 70. It extends downward through a hydraulic actuating chamber defined primarily by second housing sub 70b. The lower end of bellows 71 is closed by a bellows cap 75. The open upper end of bellows 71 is mounted around a passage in upper housing sub 70a. Thus, bellows 71 communicates with and is pressurized by gas within the sealed chamber in housing sub 70a. Preferably, bellows 71 will be partially filled with a silicon oil or the like to dampen the effects of sudden changes of pressure on bellows 71.
Valve stem 72 extends into the lower portion of the hydraulic actuating chamber defined by housing sub 70b and is attached at its upper end to bellows 71 by bellows cap 75. The lower portion of valve stem 72 extends through the upper portion of a gas supply chamber defined primarily by housing subs 70c, 70d, and 70e. Seals 91, such as an annular elastomer packing, are provided around valve stem 72 to isolate the actuating chamber from the gas supply chamber. The tip of valve stem 72 provides a downward-facing valve body which seats on upward-facing valve seat 73. Valve seat 73 preferably, as shown, is provided on an insert which is carried, for example, within housing sub 70d so that it may be replaced when worn.
The dome pressure of valve 53, that is, the pressure within the sealed chamber defined by housing sub 70a will be adjusted according to the fluid pressure in control line 45. More specifically, it will be set somewhat higher than the pressure created by the fluid column in control line 45, but somewhat lower than the pressure signal that will be generated at the surface. Thus, gas supply valve 53 may be actuated by increasing and decreasing the hydraulic pressure in the actuating chamber around bellows 71. When the hydraulic pressure is relatively low, bellows 71 is inflated. Valve stem 72 is extended such that its tip seats on valve seat 73 as shown in
Valve 53 may be opened, however, by sending a pressure signal through control line 45. Hydraulic fluid will be introduced into valve 53 via hydraulic ports 76 provided in housing sub 70b. As pressure increases within the actuating chamber, bellows 71 will begin to collapse. As bellows 71 collapses, it pulls valve stem 72 upward and off valve seat 73 as shown in
It will be appreciated that it may be preferable to reverse the orientation of the bellows in the control valves. For example, bellows 71 may be mounted within gas supply valve 53 by its lower end, for example, to housing sub 70b. In such designs, the inside of bellows 71 would be filled with hydraulic fluid and bellows 71 would extend through a pressurized chamber filled, for example, with pressurized nitrogen. The upper portion of valve stem 72 would extend through the interior of bellows 71 and attach to a cap at the upper end of bellows 71. Valve stem 72 thus could provide support for bellows 71 against excessively high pressures in the hydraulic chamber.
It also may be desirable to use a dual-bellows design. For example, a pair of bellows may be provided. The bellows may be filled with hydraulic fluid which can flow between the bellows. One bellows may be disposed in a chamber pressurized, for example, with nitrogen. The other bellows may be disposed, for example, in a hydraulic chamber fed by a hydraulic control line. The bellows would simultaneously expand and collapse, driving a valve stem, as the pressure differential between the hydraulic chamber and nitrogen chamber was varied.
Gas vent valve 54 is shown in greater detail in
More particularly, a downward-facing valve seat is provided in the gas supply chamber of gas vent valve 54 by housing sub 80d. Valve stem 82 extends through a restriction in housing sub 80d and terminates in an upward-facing valve body 83. Preferably, as exemplified, valve body 83 is threaded or otherwise releasably coupled to valve stem 82 so that it may be replaced when worn.
Gas vent valve 54 is controlled by control line 45 as is gas supply valve 53. Thus, when fluid pressure is increased in control line 45 to open gas supply valve 53, fluid pressure also will be increased in the actuating chamber of gas vent valve 54. Bellows 71 of vent valve 54 will collapse. As it does, it will pull valve stem 82 up and seat valve body 83 on the valve seat in housing sub 70d. Gas vent valve 54 will be shut and gas pump 40 will be in its “fill” cycle. When pressure is bled out of control line 45 to shut gas supply valve 53, pressure also will bleed out of the actuating chamber in gas vent valve 54. Its bellows 71 will expand, pushing valve body 83 off the valve seat. Gas can flow into valve 54 through inlet ports 87, through the valve seat in housing sub 80d, and out of valve 54 through outlet ports 88 in housing sub 70e. Pump 40 now will be in its “vent” cycle.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54 may be synchronously operated by sending a common signal down a common control line 45. Inefficiencies caused by premature or delayed opening or closing of one valve relative to the other are avoided. Preferably, valves 53/54 will be selected and their dome pressures coordinated so that vent valve 54 closes before supply valve 54 opens to begin a discharge cycle and supply valve 54 closes before vent valve 53 opens to begin a vent cycle. Pressure inside chamber 41 will tend to ensure that sequence. Pressure within chamber 41 creates a pressure differential across valves 53/54 that makes it harder, other factors being equal, to open supply valve 54 to begin a discharge cycle and to open vent valve 53 to begin a vent cycle. Depending on such pressure differentials, and the hydraulic profiles within valves 53/54, however, the pressure charge within bellows 71 of valves 53/54 may be increased or decreased to ensure that sequence.
Moreover, unlike prior art valves incorporating a hydraulic piston, valves 53 and 54 are less susceptible to wear. Gas pump control valves necessarily will cycle many times during the life of a well, and the piston seals in such conventional control valves can wear, especially given the high pressure to which the seals will be exposed. The valve may leak or remain open. Bellows 71, it is believed, will remain functional for many more pump cycles and provide valves 53 and 54 with longer service lives.
The gas supply and gas vent valves may be connected directly to their corresponding supply, vent, and control lines. Similarly, they may be mounted on production tubing in any conventional manner. Preferably, however, gas supply and gas vent valves are adapted to be retrievably mounted on the production tubing, and preferably such that they may be installed, retrieved, and replaced through the production tubing. Preferred embodiments of the novel systems, therefore, incorporate pocket mandrels into the production tubing. The pocket mandrels have receptacles into which the valves may be installed.
In novel system 30, for example, gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54, sump check valve 57, and control line shut-off valve 58 are mounted in pocket mandrels 32 assembled into production tube 31. Pocket mandrels 32 are shown in greater detail in
As shown therein, pocket mandrels 32 are generally tubular, but have generally oval cross-sections. That cross-section creates a volume or pocket 34 outside the drift 35 of production tube 31 that can accommodate valves 53/54, seen best in the axial cross-section view of
Referring to
In any event, annular seals 89 divide the annular space between the exterior surface of valve housing 70 and the inner surface of receptacle 36 into three sealed annular passages. The passages allow fluid communication between lines 43/45 and gas supply valve 53. More specifically, upper seal 89a and middle seal 89b create a sealed space through which hydraulic fluid from control line 45 may flow into valve 53 via ports 76, thus opening and closing valve 53. Middle seal 89bc and bottom seal 89c create a sealed space through which gas from inbound supply line 43 may flow into valve 53 via ports 77. Lower seal 89c creates a sealed space through which gas exiting ports 78 of valve 53 may flow into outbound supply line 43 leading to chamber 41.
Similarly, and referring to
As noted above, when system 30 is first installed in casing 20, dummy valves 50 typically will be installed in receptacles 36 of mandrels 32. Dummy valves 50 may be solid metal blanks having more or less the same external configuration and dimensions as valves 53 and 54. Dummy valves 50 will be provided with external annular seals. Thus, when installed in receptacles 36, they will help prevent fluid and debris from entering gas supply line 43, gas vent line 44, and control line 45.
Gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54 may be installed and retrieved with conventional tools deployed on a cable or “slickline” into production tube 31. A common wireline tool assembly may comprise a kickover tool, a jarring tool, and one or more roller tools for centering the tool assembly in production tube 31. Gas supply valve 53, for example, will be latched to an articulated arm on the kickover tool and folded into the kickover tool. The wireline tool assembly then will be deployed into production tube 31, typically under its own weight. Mandrel 32 will be provided with surfaces, slots, and the like which allow the kickover tool to be precisely located and oriented within mandrel 32. Once oriented, the kickover tool may be actuated to extend the articulated arm. The jarring tool then will be actuated to first bump valve 53 into receptacle 36 and then to release it from the kickover arm.
Retrieval of valve 53 may be accomplished generally by reversing those steps. It also will be appreciated that continuous gas injection valves 51, intermittent gas injection valves 52, and sump check valve 57 have similar external configurations and seals that allow them to be installed in suitably configured receptacles in their corresponding pocket mandrels 32. Likewise, shut-off valve 58 is similarly configured for installation and retrieval into and out of receptacles as discussed further below. Check valves 55/56 preferably will be adapted for installation into constrictions in dip tube 41. Typically, at least the lower portions of check valves 55/56 will have a generally cylindrical outer surface on which are provided one or more annular seals, allowing them to be inserted into their respective constrictions. Thus, all of those valves may be installed and retrieved by slickline tools similar to those used to install valves 53/54.
As discussed above, preferred embodiments can provide an extremely compact assembly for installation in a well. For example,
A second preferred embodiment 153 of preferred gas supply valves is shown in
Bellows 171 is mounted to the lower end of housing sub 170a. Housing sub 170a defines various sealed passages and chambers including a lower chamber. Bellows 171 extends upward into the lower sealed chamber of housing sub 170a. The upper end of bellows 171 is closed by an upper portion of stem extension 179. The open lower end of bellows 171 is mounted within the lower end of the lower chamber of housing sub 170a. The interior of bellows 171, therefore, is able to communicate with a hydraulic actuating chamber defined primarily by housing sub 170b.
The lower sealed chamber of housing sub 170a may be filled with compressed gas introduced, for example, through a valved cap (not shown) threaded into port 74 defined by housing sub 170a. Preferably, however, the lower chamber will be filled with a silicon oil or other liquid to dampen the effects of sudden changes of pressure on bellows 171. Compressed gas may be provided in the upper chambers and passages within upper housing sub 170a.
The lower tip of valve stem 72 provides a downward-facing valve body that seats on upward-facing valve seat 73. The upper end of valve stem 72 extends into the actuating chamber defined by housing sub 170b and is attached to the lower end of stem extension 179. Valve stem extension 179 extends through the interior of bellows 171. Valve stem 72 is thus operably connected to bellows 171. It also will be noted that valve stem extension 179 extends past the point where it is affixed to bellows 171 and into a passage defined in upper housing sub 170a. The passage thus serves to guide the reciprocating motion of valve stem 72 and extension 179.
Like gas supply valve 53, gas supply valve 153 may be actuated by increasing and decreasing the hydraulic pressure in the actuating chamber. When the hydraulic pressure is relatively low, bellows 271 is deflated by the pressure present in the lower chamber of housing sub 170a. Valve stem 72 is extended such that its tip seats on valve seat 73 as shown in
Valve 153 may be opened, however, by sending a pressure signal through control line 45. Hydraulic fluid will be introduced into valve 153 via hydraulic ports 76 provided in housing sub 170b. As pressure increases within the actuating chamber, bellows 171 will begin to expand. As bellows 171 expands, it pulls valve stem 72 upward and off valve seat 73 as shown in
In any event, gas can flow into valve 153 through inlet ports 77, through valve seat 73, and out valve 153 through outlet ports 78. Valve 153 may be shut again by bleeding pressure out of control line 45. Since the lower chamber in housing sub 170a is pressurized by compressed nitrogen, bellows 171 will collapse again and push stem 72 back onto valve seat 73.
Pressure in control line 45 and in the actuating chamber of valve 153 is communicated to the interior of bellows 171. If that pressure is too high, it can essentially blow out bellows 171. Thus, the lower chamber within upper sub 170a preferably is filled with a liquid, such as silicon oil, and stem extension 179 preferably is provided with a bellows seal, such as bellows seal 192. Bellows seal 192 is carried around the upper end of stem extension 179. Once bellows 171 expands sufficiently such that valve stem 72 is pulled away from valve seat 73, bellows seal 192 will be carried up and will seal within the passage leading from the lower chamber of housing sub 170a. Flow from the lower chamber is shut off, but the lower chamber remains filled with an essentially incompressible fluid. Thus, further expansion of bellows 171 is substantially foreclosed.
Like gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54 may incorporate an inverted bellows design as exemplified by gas supply valve 153. Similar modifications may be made to allow an inverted bellows to actuate a gas vent valve in substantially the same fashion.
A third preferred embodiment 253 of preferred gas supply valves is shown in
The lower end of upper bellows 271a is mounted to the upper end of housing sub 270b around a passage extending therethrough. The upper end of bellows 271a is closed by a bellows cap 275a. Bellows 271a extends upward into a lower sealed chamber defined primarily by housing sub 170s. The lower chamber of housing sub 270a may be filled with compressed gas introduced, for example, through a valved cap (not shown) threaded into port 74 defined by housing sub 270a. Preferably, however, the lower chamber will be filled with a silicon oil or other liquid to dampen the effects of sudden changes of pressure on bellows 271a. Compressed gas may be provided in the upper chambers and passages within upper housing sub 170a.
The upper end of lower bellows 271b is mounted to the lower end of housing sub 270b around the passage extending therethrough. The lower end of bellows 171b is closed by a bellows cap 275b. Bellows 271b extends downward into the hydraulic actuating chamber defined by housing sub 270c. Both bellows 271 are filed with hydraulic fluid which can flow back and forth between bellows 271a and 271b through the passage in housing sub 270b.
Spring-loaded tip 279 of valve stem 272 provides a downward-facing valve body that seats on upward-facing valve seat 73. The upper end of valve stem 72 extends into the actuating chamber defined by housing sub 270c and is attached to the bellows cap 275b of lower bellows 271b.
Thus, gas supply valve 253 may be actuated by increasing and decreasing the hydraulic pressure in the actuating chamber. When the hydraulic pressure is relatively low, the pressure present in the lower chamber of housing sub 170a pushes fluid from upper bellows 271a, through the passage in housing sub 270b, and into lower bellows 271b. Upper bellows 271a collapses, lower bellows 271b expands, and valve stem 272 extends such that its tip 279 seats on valve seat 73 as shown in
Valve 253 may be opened, however, by sending a pressure signal through control line 45. Hydraulic fluid will be introduced into valve 253 via hydraulic ports 76 provided in housing sub 270c. As pressure increases within the actuating chamber, fluid is pushed from lower bellows 271b, through the passage in housing sub 270b, and into upper bellows 271a. Lower bellows 271b collapses, upper bellows 271a expands, and valve stem 272 begins to travel upward. The spring is under compression when tip 279 is seated on valve seat 73. Thus, the spring will urge valve stem 272 upward and assist in pulling stem tip 279 off valve seat 73.
In any event, gas can flow into valve 253 through inlet ports 77, through valve seat 73, and out valve 253 through outlet ports 78. Valve 253 may be shut again by bleeding pressure out of control line 45. Since the lower chamber in housing sub 170a is pressurized by compressed nitrogen, upper bellows 171a will collapse again, lower bellows 271b will expand again, and stem tip 279 will be urged again against valve seat 73.
Preferably, as shown, check valves 292a and 292b are provided, respectively, within upper bellows 271a and lower bellows 271b to help avoid damage to bellows 271. Check valves 292 will shut off flow through the passage in housing sub 270b once a bellows 271 has been fully collapsed. Once flow through the passage is shut, the essentially incompressible fluid within the collapsed bellows 271 prevents it from being imploded. It also prevents fluid from blowing up the expanded bellows 271.
Like gas supply valve 53, gas vent valve 54 may incorporate a pair of cooperating bellows as exemplified by gas supply valve 253. Similar modifications may be made to allow dual-bellows to actuate a gas vent valve in substantially the same fashion. It also will be appreciated that the novel gas supply and vent valves have been illustrated as opening and shutting, respectively, in response to an increase in pressure in the control line. The pressure increase causes the valve body to pull off the seat in the gas supply valves and to be pulled onto the seat in the gas vent valves. The designs, however, may be switched such that a pressure increase shuts the gas supply valves and opens the gas vent valves.
Importantly, it will be appreciated that the invention may allow for installation of gas pumps systems at much greater depth than has been typical. Prior art systems generally have relied on fluid activated valves and typically have been installed only up to about 2,000 feet. Valves incorporating a piston can handle such pressures, but they incorporate seals that can wear with frequent cycling. Gas actuated valves, such as those disclosed in Averhoff '849, are difficult to calibrate and control and have long response times.
Preferred embodiments incorporate bellows-type valves. Such valves can be more reliable and can have a longer service life than piston-type valves. Moreover, by utilizing a gas-over-hydraulic control line, the pressure within bellows-type valves, such as valves 53/54, may be reduced significantly while maintaining acceptable response times. Thus, embodiments of the novel gas pumps may be suitable for installation at depths of greater than about 4,500 feet or even greater than 8,000 feet. Some embodiments may be installed as deep as about 10,000 feet.
As discussed above, the novel gas pump systems preferably comprise gas supply and gas vent valves that are retrievably mounted in the production tubing. During installation and replacement of the valves, however, the fluid connection between the valves and the control line necessarily is temporarily disrupted. That is not necessarily a serious issue if the control line is a gas or a hydraulic line, but it can be if it is gas-over-hydraulic.
For example, when gas supply valve 53 and gas vent valve 54 are installed in their respective pocket mandrels 32, annular seals 89a and 89b provide sealed annular spaces allowing hydraulic communication between control line 45 and valves 53/54. When valves 53/54 are removed, fluid from control line 45 may flow into receptacle 36 of pocket mandrels 32 and into production tube 31. If control line 45 is filled with gas or hydraulic fluid, replacing lost fluid is easily accomplished from the surface once valves 53/54 are replaced. If gas-over-hydraulic, however, the plug of hydraulic fluid at the bottom of control line 45 may easily flow out into production tube 31, but may require considerable time to refill.
Thus, preferred embodiments of the novel gas pump systems comprise a downhole valve for shutting off flow in control line 45, such as shut-off valve 58 shown in
That is, spool 111 has a generally cylindrical body 112 that is assembled from seven subs 112a to 112g, for example, by threaded connections. A central passage 113 extends axially through spool subs 112b-112g. A transverse passage 114 extends across spool sub 112b and intersects with central passage 113. Three annular seals 119 are mounted on and extend around the outer diameter of spool body 112.
The upper end of spool 111 is attached to a latch assembly 118, allowing it to be connected to and manipulated by a wireline tool. The lower end of spool 111 is provided with an assembly enabling it to be installed in receptacle 36 and, as described below, limiting its travel within receptacle 36.
Specifically, spool sub 112g generally has a reduced diameter relative to the rest of body 112, but terminates in an enlarged tip 116. A collet 117 is carried around the reduced diameter portion of spool sub 112g. During installation, tip 116 of spool sub 112g is able to pass through a restriction in a lower portion of receptacle 36. Collet 117 is initially caught by the restriction, but as spool 111 continues to travel downward into receptacle 36, the lower end of spool sub 112f will bear on collet 117. The fingers on collet 117 are compressed inward and expand again once they pass through the restriction. Once expanded, the fingers on collet 117 prevent both collet 117 and tip 116 of spool sub 112g from passing back through the restriction.
Receptacle 36 is provided with an inlet port 115 to which control line 45 (not shown) may be connected. A continuation of control line 45 (not shown) will be attached to the open, lower end of receptacle 36.
Shut-off valve 58 is normally open. In its normally open position, as shown in
Shut-off valve 58 may be closed by pulling up on spool 111. As it travels upward, collet 117 and tip 116 of spool sub 112g eventually bear on the restriction in receptacle 36, limiting further travel of spool 111. As may be seen in
If valves 53/54 require replacement, therefore, shut-off valve 58 may be shut to prevent loss of hydraulic fluid into production tubing. It may be situated as desired, but preferably shut-off valve 58 will be installed in a pocket mandrel 32 that is located above, but as close to valves 53/54 as is practical. Loss of hydraulic fluid will be minimized thereby. It also will be appreciated that shut-off valve 58 is preferred for its simplicity of design and operation, but other types of shut-off valves may be used if desired in the novel gas pump systems.
Gas lift system 30, gas pump 40, and other embodiments have been described as installed in a casing and, more specifically, a production casing used to fracture a well in various zones along the wellbore. A “casing,” however, can have a fairly specific meaning within the industry, as do “liner” and “tubing.” In its narrow sense, a “casing” is generally considered to be a relatively large tubular conduit, usually greater than 4.5″ in diameter, that extends into a well from the surface. A “liner” is generally considered to be a relatively large tubular conduit that does not extend from the surface of the well, and instead is supported within an existing casing or another liner. In essence, a “liner” is a “casing” that does not extend from the surface. “Tubing” refers to a smaller tubular conduit, usually less than 4.5″ in diameter. The novel systems and pumps, however, are not limited in their application to casing as that term may be understood in its narrow sense. They may be used to advantage in liners, casings, and perhaps even in smaller conduits or “tubulars” as are commonly employed in oil and gas wells. A reference to casings shall be understood as a reference to all such tubulars.
While this invention has been disclosed and discussed primarily in terms of specific embodiments thereof, it is not intended to be limited thereto. Other modifications and embodiments will be apparent to the worker in the art.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3970144 | Boykin, Jr. | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4791990 | Amani | Dec 1988 | A |
| 5806598 | Amani | Sep 1998 | A |
| 6021849 | Averhoff | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6691787 | Amani | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6973973 | Howard et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 8991504 | Hansen | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9518674 | Reed et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9519292 | Thorne et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62647478 | Mar 2018 | US |
