The present invention pertains to a gas sensor and, more particularly, to a gas sensor and method for detecting the presence of ethanol vapor within a cabin of a motor vehicle.
It is well known that drivers who have consumed alcohol (i.e., ethanol) pose a risk to themselves, their passengers, other vehicles and pedestrians. As a result, ways to detect whether someone has consumed alcohol have been developed, such as breath analyzers (also known as breathalyzers). In contrast to a breathalyzer, which requires that a user blow directly into it in order to detect the presence of ethanol in the user's breath, detecting the presence of ethanol vapor within a cabin of a motor vehicle does not require any affirmative action on the part of the driver or a passenger. Additionally, in situations where it is beneficial to know whether a passenger has consumed alcohol, such as on a job site or where the passenger is likely to be underage, detecting the presence of ethanol vapor within the vehicle cabin alerts a relevant party to this fact in a way that simply requiring the driver to blow into a breathalyzer does not.
However, because the cabin of a motor vehicle is relatively large, detecting the presence of ethanol vapor requires a sensor that can accurately detect low concentrations (e.g., 1 or 2 parts per million) of ethanol. To overcome this difficulty, previous attempts to provide an ethanol vapor sensor in the cabin of a motor vehicle have made use of collection technologies to gather ethanol into a more concentrated form. As a result, the measurements must be extrapolated and a delay is introduced. Therefore, there is considered to be a need in the art for a way to accurately and rapidly detect the presence of low concentrations of ethanol vapor in a cabin of a motor vehicle.
The present invention is directed to a gas sensor and method for sensing a presence of ethanol vapor in a cabin (i.e., enclosed space), particularly a cabin of a motor vehicle. The sensor includes a source of infrared radiation, a first detector configured to receive and detect an amount of infrared radiation from the source and a second detector configured to detect another parameter affecting the amount of detected infrared radiation by the first detector in order to correct for changes in the amount of detected infrared radiation. More specifically, the first detector detects an amount of ethanol vapor that is present based on an amount of infrared radiation received from the source in a first region of the electromagnetic spectrum and an output of the gas sensor is based on signals from both the first and second detectors. In one preferred embodiment, the second detector also receives infrared radiation from the source and detects changes in infrared radiation emitted by the source based on an amount of radiation received from the source in a second region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In another preferred embodiment, a temperature detector or sensor measures a temperature of the source to correct for changes in infrared radiation received by the first detector due to changes in the temperature of the source. In still another preferred embodiment, the second detector detects an amount of a second gas that is present and, preferably employing a linear relationship based on a ratio of the second gas to ethanol vapor as a function of temperature, corrections are made for variations in infrared radiation emitted by the source due to temperature.
Additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detail description of preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts in the several views.
Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
The target performance for a gas sensor of the present invention is to reach single parts per million (ppm) levels of ethanol detection so that the sensor can function as a passive device that monitors background levels of ethanol that occur when inebriated occupants are present in a cabin of a motor vehicle. 70% of all drunk driving fatalities involve a driver with a blood alcohol content (BAC) greater than or equal to 0.08. This BAC corresponds to a breath alcohol content (BRAC) of roughly 200 ppm. An analysis of respiration rates was performed and a model of the expected ethanol concentrations in a typical midsize car cabin was generated for an occupant having a BRAC of 200 ppm and given 10 minutes of time. The results showed that greater than 85% of the modeled population would be detected as driving drunk if a 2 ppm limit of detection could be passively established. Accordingly, the sensor of the present invention is preferably configured to detect such concentrations of ethanol.
With initial reference to
In a preferred embodiment, once data has been collected by sensor 110, the data is wirelessly transmitted to a remote location for use in real-time monitoring of driver risk. In addition to data regarding the presence of ethanol vapor in cabin 100, the time and location of vehicle 105 (provided by GPS, for example) are preferably included. The transmission can be accomplished by connecting sensor 110 to tablet computer 200 (described above), a mobile phone, a communication system integrated in motor vehicle 105 or any other wireless transmission system known in the art. Alternatively, a wireless communication system can be included in sensor 110 or housing 115. The data can be processed prior to transmission either by sensor 110 or by the device to which sensor 110 is connected, or the data can be processed after transmission by the system that receives the wireless data. In one embodiment, the data is sent to a secure website where it can be viewed by a concerned party, such as a parent, a foreman, a fleet manager or an insurance company. Although the data can indicate the presence of ethanol vapor within cabin 100, and hence the consumption of alcohol, it might not distinguish between consumption of alcohol by a driver and consumption of alcohol by a passenger. However, simply knowing that someone in vehicle 105 has consumed alcohol is useful in certain situations. For example, a foreman is likely to be concerned whether anyone in a work vehicle has consumed alcohol. Similarly, a parent of an underage driver may want to know whether one of his child's passengers has consumed alcohol. This system is able to provide that information in real-time to a user remote from vehicle 105. In addition, it should be noted that the data does not need to be transmitted in real-time to a remote location. In an alternative embodiment, the data is stored in sensor 110 or the device connected to sensor 110 (e.g., tablet computer 200 or data storage on vehicle 105) so that it can be viewed or downloaded at a later time. Also, the data might be transmitted wirelessly, but less frequently, such as once a day.
Turning now to
Additionally, this optical design provides a common path to detectors 325, 330 so that scattering due to dust or film development on mirrors 305, 310 is mutually accounted for on each channel. Furthermore, the X-shaped, folded optical path allows for a relatively long path length (preferably approximately 400 mm) in a relatively small area (roughly 76 mm×89 mm×38 mm in one embodiment). This path length represents a balance between several design parameters. A long path length provides greater sensitivity to low concentrations of molecules, but also reduces signal strengths toward the electronic noise floor, which is undesirable. Also, it is beneficial to minimize the package size to provide a compact layout for use in cabin 100 of motor vehicle 105.
In one particular embodiment, mirrors 305, 310 are approximately 20 mm in thickness and 50 mm in height. Mirrors 305, 310 are sliced from larger 50 mm diameter circular mirrors and are gold-coated reflectors with high reflectivity in the spectral region of interest (i.e., 9-10 μm). The radii of mirrors 305, 310 are 38 mm, and the radius of mirror 315 is 30 mm. Mirror 315 is a stock part made by Edmund Optics (#46-234). Source 300 is a silicon membrane heated resistively to greater than 650° C. to create sufficient IR radiation for emission. Source 300 is driven using a square wave current at 6.5 V and approximately 140 mA with a 50% duty cycle. This allows the system to be AC coupled and mathematically filtered at a drive frequency of 8 Hz. This design results in 0.5 V signal strengths with 100 μV precision using minimal biases of 5 V for detectors 325, 330, which use application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) amplifier technology to ensure low noise operation and reduced thermal energy. A 24-bit data acquisition system (not shown) is used with a differential amplifier or ratioing circuit for the manipulation of the outputs of the two channels.
Sensor 110′ also includes a spacer 415 in tube 405 that securely holds first parabolic reflector 400 against source 300 to maintain their relative alignment. Spacer 415 has radial grooves (not shown) along one face to allow air to circulate between the inside and outside of tube 405. Additionally, electronic boards 420, 421 are provided to facilitate data acquisition and processing. Fan 135 (discussed above but not shown in
In one particular embodiment, source 300 is an IR carbon membrane source made by Hawkeye Technologies (IR-50), which is used as a modulatable emitter of pulses to allow AC coupling of the signals. Source 300 is 1.5 mm×1.5 mm, and, when driven as a 4 Hz square wave with greater than 90% modulation, is approximately 1 W and 1020° C. Parabolic reflectors 400, 410 have focal lengths of 1.375 mm and are approximately 18.4 mm in diameter at the largest end. The reflectivity of the inside surface of tube 405 is preferably greater than 85%. Filter 320 is made from a germanium substrate, but other substrates, such as silicon, can also be used. Filter 320 is centered at 9.466 μm with 85% transmission between 9.1 and 9.65 μm. Detector 325 is a thermopile detector made by Heimann Sensor (HCM-C22), which has an integrated gain amplifier and thermistor in an ASIC solid-state package with a cover glass filter that restricts radiation to the 8-14 μm region.
In addition to the ethanol-sensing channel described above, sensor 110′ includes another detection channel along the side of tube 405 for carbon dioxide (CO2). This is accomplished through the use of CO2 detector 425, which allows the presence of exhaled breath in cabin 100 to be monitored. The amount of CO2 in cabin 100 is commensurate with the amount of ethanol, although the rates of build-up may vary between the two due to certain factors, such as an occupant's metabolism and level of inebriation. However, the derivative of change is correlated between the two as CO2 and ethanol emitted by an occupant of vehicle 105 follow the same dilution dynamics in cabin 100. As a result, ethanol absorption signals should not increase without commensurate increases in CO2, although CO2 can increase without an increase in ethanol absorption when the driver (and any passengers) are sober. Research has shown that levels of exhaled CO2 and ethanol are relatively constant over a period of at least 9 to 82 minutes after consumption of alcohol. For a given period of time on the order of 10 minutes, the rate of ethanol exhalation varies only slowly. Accordingly, during that period, absorption increases in the ethanol-sensing channel, without increases in CO2 absorption, represent interference from other gases. The present invention takes advantage of this by simultaneously monitoring the presence of CO2 and ethanol and their relative changes over time in cabin 100 of motor vehicle 105. Sensor 110′ (through the use of a controller on electronic boards 420, 421, for example) determines the presence of ethanol vapor in cabin 100 based on an amount of increased absorption on the ethanol-sensing channel, and then determines a mathematical correlation between the ethanol-sensing channel and the CO2 channel. A strong correlation between the channels over a 10-minute period indicates the presence of ethanol. Weak or no correlation indicates that no ethanol is present or that it is masked by other gases. The trend over the 10-minute period is a descending trace representing the increase in absorption.
In a further aspect of this invention, sensor 110′ includes a detector 430, with a built-in thermistor, which is coupled to source 300 for monitoring the temperature of source 300. The temperature of source 300 can vary by very small amounts, yet even this variance can sway the readings of the ethanol and CO2 channels on the order of one or more parts per million. To account for this, the temperature of source 300 is monitored by detector 430 and the readings of the signal channels are adjusted accordingly. Source 300 acts as a blackbody radiator and behaves according to Planck's Law, which is embodied in the following equations:
Where B is spectral radiance, T is absolute temperature, kB is Boltzmann's constant, h is Planck's constant and c is the speed of light. As source 300 heats up during startup, more energy arrives per second in each of the ethanol and CO2 channels. If a cooling event occurs that drops the temperature of source 300, less energy will arrive. In either case, this is not representative of the signal itself (i.e., the amount of ethanol or CO2), but could be interpreted as absorption loss or gain if not corrected for. For example, in one embodiment, a signal indicative of 1 ppm of ethanol only modulates the energy in the ethanol-sensing channel by a small amount (from 100% to 99.9943%), and this change could easily be masked or amplified by an increase or decrease in the temperature of source 300. Therefore, it is preferable that the temperature of source 300 is known to at least an equal degree of precision (e.g., 0.033 degrees Kelvin) to enable this level of detection. Additionally, ethanol detector 325 and CO2 detector 425 preferably include one or more built-in thermistors so that correction factors can be calculated (by a controller on electronic boards 420, 421, for example) in order to account for responsivity changes that occur with temperature shifts. In other words, the responses of detectors 325, 425 to IR radiation received from source 300 are affected by temperature, and, therefore, these responses are preferably adjusted to account for changes in the temperature of detectors 325, 425.
In one particular embodiment, detector 430 is an ASIC chip, and it is coupled to a TO-5 can of source 300 by a high thermal conductivity epoxy (e.g., Master Bond Polymer System EP30AN-1). As a result, heat is transferred from source 300 to the thermistor of detector 430 in 1-2 seconds. The thermistor is a fast response device that allows multiple independent measurements to be made on the order of 10 samples per second or greater. For the HCM-C22 chip from Heimann Sensor, the responsivity of the embedded thermistor is on the order of 15 mV per degree Celsius. For experimental noise values of 100 μV, the temperature resolution is 0.007° C. for a single read. The combination of fast sampling and high resolution can be combined to provide many reads, which can be averaged to obtain an even more precise assessment of temperature changes.
With reference now to
This design also avoids the use of folded ray paths or expensive IR crystal optics, such as dichroic beam splitters with large areas, while providing a strong signal to both channels. Although the overall diameter of the system increases to accommodate both parabolic reflectors 500, 501, this creates more room for electronics to be integrated, which reduces the cost of miniaturizing the electronics (such as electronic boards 420, 421, which are not shown in
As in the second embodiment, sensor 110″ further includes a CO2 detector 425′ on its own electronic board, which is shown placed at the junction of a first parabolic reflector 400′ and tube 405. Parabolic reflector 400′ has a slightly longer dimension in this embodiment to provide better coupling to larger source 300′. Preferably, source 300′ is used without an external can in order to provide access to the emitter plane for better coupling of the signal. Optionally, source 300′ is coupled to a short, reflective tube (not shown) to provide homogenization of the spatial output of source 300′ prior to being imaged by parabolic reflector 400′. A homogenizer with high reflectivity mixes the varying spatial pattern of emission of source 300′. Carbon membrane sources can have non-uniform emission patterns due to their flexure under thermal stress during pulsed operation. This can lead to variability in the coupled power thus requiring longer integration times to control the effect. By using a pre-mixing stage, spatial variability is reduced without greatly affecting signal strength.
As discussed above, it is beneficial to monitor and correct for variations in source 300. This particular embodiment forgoes the use of a thermistor or an adjacent detection channel and instead uses a ratio of the signals from the two signal channels (ethanol and CO2) such that variations in the intensity of IR radiation emitted by source 300 do not prevent sensor 110′ from detecting small changes in the signal channels. Source 300 is modeled as a blackbody radiator using Equation 1, included above. The equation calculates the energy per unit time (or the power) radiated by a blackbody at temperature T. Source 300 was modeled using a number of temperatures to simulate the variation of the blackbody with temperature, and the energy in the detection bands of interest (4.17 to 4.35 μm for CO2 and 9.1 to 9.7 μm for ethanol) was calculated.
As a result of the above, the ratio of the source power in the CO2 and ethanol channels can be treated as a constant of the first order over a reasonable range of operating temperatures. The derivative of the ratio of the signal of the channels allows the term containing the incident power (I in Equations 3 and 4, include below) to be treated as a constant. This constant is the slope of the linear fit in
V(eth)=G(t1)*Teth*Ieth*e(−α*L1*C1) Equation 3:
V(CO2)=G(t2)*TCO
Wherein α is the absorbance in ppm-meter for ethanol; β is the absorbance in ppm-meter for CO2; L1 is the path length for the ethanol channel; L2 is the path length for the CO2 channel; C1 is the concentration in ppm for ethanol; C2 is the concentration in ppm for CO2; G(t1) is the responsivity and electrical gain for ethanol detector 325; G(t2) is the responsivity and electrical gain for CO2 detector 425″, which may be at a different temperature than ethanol detector 325; Ieth is the energy incident on ethanol detector 325 in watts; and ICO2 is the energy incident on CO2 detector 425″ in watts.
The G terms (i.e., G(t1) and G(t2)) are time and temperature dependent, and they are corrected for and held constant by the thermistors built into detectors 325, 425″, as described in connection with the second embodiment. The absorbance and path lengths are constant for both channels for any measurement reading. The transmission values (i.e., Teth and TCO2) are slowly varying values that are related to the gradual degradation of the optical system over months or years of time and can be considered constant as well for any interrogation period of interest, which is approximately 5 to 10 minutes. By taking the time-dependent derivative of the ratio of Equation 4 to Equation 3, the time derivative of the source intensity ratio (I) can be considered as constant based on the linearity demonstrated in
Turning to
In a preferred embodiment, sensor 110″″ includes tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 coupled to detectors 325, 330, 425′″, respectively. Tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 increase the throughput to detectors 325, 330, 425′″ (from 5.8% to greater than 10% in one embodiment) and also provide noise reduction by rejecting unwanted reflections of IR radiation. Specifically, tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 reflect away those ray paths that are outside the primary ray path provided by source 300, mirrors 1200-1205 and splitter 1215 (or simply source 300 in the case of detector 425′″). Otherwise, any IR radiation that leaks outside this ray path acts as random noise and modulates the signal received by detectors 325, 330, 425′″, which is undesirable as it can cause inaccurate readings. Tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 reduce this effect by restricting the angles at which IR radiation can reach detectors 325, 330, 425′″ to those angles that correspond to the desired axis of the optical system.
Another benefit of tapers 1220, 1221, 1222, and the overall design, is that selective filters 1225, 1226, 1227 for the radiation bands of interest are located at the entrances of tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 where the incident angles are less steep. This minimizes the detuning of the filter function and its center wavelength. Additionally, it minimizes the area of expensive, thin-film-coated filters 1225, 1226, 1227 and thereby reduces costs while still allowing operation in a high-throughput condition with high signal-to-noise ratios. IR radiation exiting tapers 1220, 1221, 1222 at detectors 325, 330, 425′″ is more steeply incident, but the selective action of filters 1225, 1226, 1227 has already taken place, which allows for the collection of more IR radiation.
When compared to the prior art, the advantages of the fifth embodiment should be readily apparent. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,493 to Koch et al. (hereinafter “Koch”) discloses a three-mirror design. If scaled to offer the same path length (i.e., roughly 1 meter) and using the same source and detector sizes for both the Koch design and the fifth embodiment of the present invention, an analysis revealed that the Koch design only offers less than 1.8% transmission of the source IR radiation to the detector. In contrast, the fifth embodiment provides roughly 10% transmission. In other words, the fifth embodiment is five times more efficient in its use of IR radiation. This results in lower power consumption, which is beneficial in a portable application; higher signal-to-noise ratios since more IR radiation arrives at the detector; and a less complex fabrication procedure due to the use of spherical surfaces rather than the toroidal ellipsoidal mirrors required by Koch. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,694 to Yi et al. (hereinafter “Yi”) discloses a two-mirror design with intermediate focal planes. As compared to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, Yi has several disadvantages. First, the intermediate focal planes increase the aberrations present in the system and limit the amount of IR radiation that can reach the detector. Second, Yi's design collects much more stray noise due to the use of the enclosed two-mirror structure without an angularly selective element (e.g., a taper). Third, the amount of IR radiation that can be transmitted through the two-mirror chamber is limited due to the crossing of the beams (i.e., the overlapping of the beams). In particular, the design shown in
Based on the above, it should be readily apparent that the present invention provides a gas sensor that accurately and rapidly detects the presence of low concentrations of ethanol vapor in a cabin of a motor vehicle employing a source of infrared radiation, a first detector configured to receive infrared radiation from the source in a first region of the electromagnetic spectrum and a second detector for detecting a parameter, such as an amount of radiation received from the source in a second region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a temperature of the source and/or an amount of a second gas present in the cabin, affecting the amount of infrared radiation detected by the first detector. With this data, the presence of ethanol vapor in a cabin is established by an output of the gas sensor based on signals from both the first and second detectors. In any case, although described with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be readily understood that various changes or modifications could be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof. For example, features of one embodiment can be applied to the other embodiments. Additionally, gases other than ethanol vapor can be detected.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/968,537, filed on Mar. 21, 2014, entitled “Gas Sensor and Method of Sensing Presence of Ethanol Vapor in a Cabin.”
Number | Date | Country | |
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61968537 | Mar 2014 | US |