Patent Application
20160033081
The present invention relates generally to gas storage by adsorption.
A gas may be stored in various forms for later use as an energy source. For example, a gas may be compressed to a high pressure in a tank or cryogenically cooled to a condensed liquid. These storage methods can densify the gas and thereby increase its inherent volumetric energy density (VED). However, these storage methods have disadvantages. The storage of compressed gas requires the use of a heavy, expensive tank and pumping system, and high-pressure gas storage may pose a safety concern in certain operating environments. The storage of gas compounds in a condensed liquid state requires the use of costly, bulky and complex equipment.
A gas may alternatively be stored by reversible adsorption on a porous material. Of current interest is developing adsorbent-based gas storage systems that enable densification at moderate pressures and near ambient temperatures, while still achieving a VED comparable to or better than that achievable by compression or liquefaction. Due to a lower operating pressure in comparison to a compressed gas tank, the walls of a tank employed for adsorbed gas may be made thinner, thereby reducing tank weight and cost. In addition, adsorbed gas tanks may have a variety of geometries that enable them to conform to available space, as compared to the cylindrical and spherical geometries to which compressed gas tanks and condensed gas tanks are typically restricted. This flexibility may allow adsorbed gas tanks to be installed, for example, on or in a vehicle without compromising storage or passenger space, and may facilitate the integration of adsorbed gas tanks with portable/mobile devices. In addition, adsorbed gas does not require complex and expensive compression or liquefaction equipment for storage and distribution.
Unfortunately, the progress of adsorbed gas technology has thus far been hindered by the low VEDs of currently known adsorbents. The VED of adsorbed gas systems is impacted by several factors, including the gravimetric gas loading capacity of the adsorbent (ggas/gsorbent), the bulk density of the adsorbent (gsorbent/mLsorbent), and the specific packing volume of the adsorbent in the tank (mLsorbent/mLtank). Specific packing volume is a measure of the amount of adsorbent in the tank, and accounts for the reduction in available volume due to the process-related internals often employed (e.g., heat transfer internals, gas distribution, measurement devices, sorbent protection devices, etc.). To date, research directed to adsorbed gas storage has been mainly geared towards developing materials with higher gravimetric gas loadings with little emphasis on addressing the low bulk density of high surface materials, which typically range from 0.25 to 0.4 gsorbent/mLsorbent, or developing strategies for achieving high specific packing volumes. Although improving the gas loading of the adsorbent is important for improving the VED, development of adsorbent densification methods and packing strategies that increase the mass of adsorbent in the tank are also needed for increasing the VED of adsorbed gas systems to the point where they exceed the VEDs of conventional methods such as compression and liquefaction.
In addition to the need for improving VED, improvement in thermal management of the adsorbed gas tank is needed for efficient and reliable operation as the system operates essentially as a condenser during charging (adsorption) and an evaporator during discharging (desorption). During charging of the tank, the gas is condensed on the adsorbent surface releasing the heat of adsorption, which is greater than the heat of vaporization of the gas. The tank temperature rises during gas uptake which ultimately leads to a reduction in the gas storage capacity, and hence a reduction in the VED, because adsorption is an exothermic, self-extinguishing process. To achieve the desired gas loading, the heat generated must be removed during the charging process to mitigate under-loading the tank. In some applications, inadequate heat management during charging has been shown to reduce storage capacity by greater than 25%. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, gas discharge from the adsorbent is an endothermic process that consumes heat from the surroundings causing the temperature of the tank to decrease, which can lead to a reduction in the desorption rate. The reduction in desorption rate may adversely affect the performance of a device whose operation depends on the supply rate of the gas, such as for example a vehicle's engine. Thus, to meet the gas availability demand of a power consuming device, the adsorbed gas tank must be heated at appropriate times.
Several thermal management and gas distribution strategies have been evaluated for mitigating the adverse thermal effects associated with gas adsorption and desorption on tank performance. Much of the previous work has focused on incorporating heat exchanger designs into the storage vessel to provide heating and cooling to the packed bed of sorbent during gas charging/discharging. Although the storage efficiency can be improved by stabilizing the temperature during charging and discharging via controlling the adsorbent bed temperature, the presence of heat transfer internals within the storage vessel can dramatically decrease the available volume for adsorbent in the tank. Moreover, existing heat transfer systems provide excessively long distances between the heat source and the heat sink, particularly when considering that the typical adsorbent is a highly porous, low thermal conductivity solid. Thus, temperature control during charging and discharging has not been optimized and further improvements are needed.
In addition, existing adsorbed gas systems do not provide effective distribution of the gas to and from the adsorbent, and thus do not provide adequate charging and discharging rates. Existing systems require excessively long distances for adsorbate to migrate or flow before being discharged from the tank, or for incoming gas to flow from the tank's entrance to the farthest adsorption site. Also, an excessive pressure drop across the sorbent bed can have an adverse effect on charge/discharge rates and useful working capacity.
In addition, existing adsorbed gas fuel tank designs do not sufficiently address the problem of attrition and settling of particulate adsorbents. Particles tend to vibrate and break apart, resulting in stratification of adsorbent particles and redistribution of the bed. Moreover, particles liberated from the bed may be entrained during discharge, resulting in the blocking of flow channels, tubes, pressure control valves, measurement devices, etc.
The above-noted challenges apply to the storage of, for example, gases utilized (or under investigation for use) as alternative fuels. One specific example is natural gas (NG), which is conventionally stored by compression (compressed natural gas or CNG) or condensation (liquid natural gas or LNG). VED is a factor of particular interest in the context of on-board storage of a fuel in vehicular applications, as VED can be correlated to travel distance per unit of storage tank volume and affects the size of the storage tank required for a particular application. NG has a low inherent VED (0.0364 MJ/L) due to its being a gas at ambient conditions. By comparison, CNG has a VED of 9.2 MJ/L (at 250 bar) and LNG has a VED of 22.2 MJ/L (at −161.5° C.). While compression or condensation of NG thus improves VED, the VEDs of CNG and LNG are only 27% and 64%, respectively, of the VED of gasoline (34.2 MJ/L). For NG-powered vehicles, this translates into large fuel tank volumes and/or reduced travel distances. Moreover, densifying NG to compressed or condensed form carries the same disadvantages as noted above for gases in general.
Currently known adsorbents of methane (CH4, the predominant component of NG) include activated carbons and structured microporous materials such as metal organic frameworks and porous polymer networks. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) systems employing such adsorbents have yielded less than optimal VEDs, for example less than about 7 MJ/L at 35 bar, which is lower than the VED of CNG at 250 bar. Improvements are needed for increasing the VED of ANG systems to the point where they exceed CNG VED and possibly rival the VED of gasoline tanks
In view of the foregoing, there continues to be a need for improved apparatus and methods for gas storage by adsorption.
To address the foregoing problems, in whole or in part, and/or other problems that may have been observed by persons skilled in the art, the present disclosure provides methods, processes, systems, apparatus, instruments, and/or devices, as described by way of example in implementations set forth below.
According to one embodiment, a gas storage module includes: a two-dimensional body comprising a first surface, an opposing second surface, a side wall between the first surface and the second surface, and a plurality of channels communicating with the side wall and extending from the side wall through or along the body; and a heat exchanging structure extending along a plane co-planar with the first surface and the second surface, wherein the body comprises a packed mixture of an adsorbent and a binder, the adsorbent comprising a plurality of particles having a composition and porosity effective for adsorbing a gas, and the binder having a composition effective for binding the particles together.
According to another embodiment, a gas storage apparatus includes a plurality of gas storage modules stacked together such that the first surface or the second surface of each gas storage module faces the first surface or second surface of at least one other adjacent gas storage module.
According to another embodiment, a method for fabricating a gas storage module includes: mixing an adsorbent and a binder, wherein the adsorbent comprises a plurality of particles having a composition and porosity effective for adsorbing a gas, and the binder having a composition effective for binding the particles together; forming a two-dimensional body from the mixture such that the body comprises a first surface, an opposing second surface, a side wall between the first surface and the second surface, and a plurality of channels communicating with the side wall and extending from the side wall through or along the body, wherein forming comprises packing the mixture to a desired density of the adsorbent in the body; and positioning a heat exchanging structure relative to the body such that the heat exchanging structure extends along a plane co-planar with the first surface and the second surface.
According to another embodiment, a method for fabricating a gas storage apparatus includes: stacking together a plurality of gas storage modules, such that the first surface or the second surface of each gas storage module faces the first surface or second surface of at least one other adjacent gas storage module.
According to another embodiment, a method for storing gas includes: flowing the gas through a plurality of channels extending through or along a two-dimensional body comprising a plurality of adsorbent particles, wherein the gas diffuses into the body from the channels and is adsorbed in pores of the particles, and the adsorption generates heat; and while flowing the gas, transferring the heat from the adsorbent particles to a heat exchanging structure extending along a plane co-planar with a first surface and an opposing second surface of the body.
Other devices, apparatus, systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
The invention can be better understood by referring to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.
In one aspect of the present disclosure, a gas storage module is provided. The structure of the gas storage module is based on a packing (or packed bed) of porous adsorbent material (e.g., particles or powders). The gas storage module may be configured for adsorbing one or more types of gases. The gas may thereafter be desorbed from the gas storage module and distributed for use. Examples of gases that may be adsorbed and thereafter desorbed include, but are not limited to, natural gas (particularly the methane fraction thereof); other gaseous hydrocarbons such as those typically employed as fuels for automotive, naval, aircraft, space, and portable device applications (e.g., propane); hydrogen; carbon dioxide; ammonia; and gaseous fluorocarbon-based compounds such as may be employed as refrigerants or phase-changing fluids. The gas storage module may be configured to be arranged (e.g., stacked) with other gas storage modules in a manner that minimizes overall form factor and volume while providing high-capacity gas storage. The gas storage module may include integrated features that provide paths for transporting a gas to and from the adsorption sites, and paths for transporting a heat transfer medium through the bulk of the gas storage module and/or across outside surfaces of the gas storage module.
The packing of porous, adsorbent particles (“adsorbent” or “adsorbent material”) forms the main body of the gas storage module. In some embodiments, the packing is a mixture of adsorbents and binding agents (binders), or a mixture of adsorbent, binders and additives. The particles are highly porous so as to present a very large surface area for adsorption activity. The adsorbent may have any composition and porosity effective for adsorbing a desired type of gas, such as those given by example above. Examples of adsorbents include, but are not limited to, activated carbon; various metal organic frameworks (MOFs) such as, for example, MOF-5, PCN-14, etc.; zeolites, porous polymers (including microporous coordinated polymers) such as, for example, PPN-3, PPN-4, PPN-5, etc.; molsieves; and chemical adsorbents. Adsorption may be a bulk property of the adsorbent, or may be the result of functionalizing or capping the porous surface of a particle with a component (e.g., functional group, moiety, ion, radical, molecule, etc.) that provides or enhances the host particle's adsorptive properties (e.g., amines supported on a porous particle). In some embodiments, the packing may include a combination or two or more different types of adsorbent particles, provided that the different particles are capable of being formed into a stable packing.
In some embodiments, the packing includes one or more types of additives in addition to the adsorbents and binders. Generally, an additive is a component added to the packing to impart or enhance an attribute, function or property of the packing Examples of additives include, but are not limited to, plasticizers, strength enhancers, porosity enhancers (e.g., methyl cellulose), and thermal conductivity enhancers. It will be noted that certain binders may also provide an additive role such those just noted. Moreover, certain binders and additives may exhibit, as an ancillary property, adsorptive activity for the gas being stored.
In a given packing that forms the body of the gas storage module, generally no specific limitation is placed on properties such as particle size (e.g., average diameter), the degree of polydispersity in particle size, particle porosity, or the interstitial spacing between neighboring particles (void size), so long as such properties render the gas storage module suitable for the uses contemplated by the present disclosure. Such properties may depend in part on factors such as particle composition, the process utilized to synthesize or fabricate the particle, and the process utilized to form the packed body. In some embodiments, the particle size may range from micrometer-scale to centimeter-scale. Generally, the body may be fabricated by any method suitable for forming a packed adsorbent bed exhibiting properties desirable for a particular application. Depending on the embodiment, the body may be self-supporting or may be encapsulated by a support structure, examples of which are described below.
In some embodiments, the adsorbent has a gravimetric loading capacity for methane of 0.2 or greater gCH4/gs. In some embodiments, the adsorbent has a bulk density ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 gs/mLs.
In the example illustrated in
The body 104 is formed as a packing of porous, adsorbent particles as described above. Generally, the body may be fabricated by any method suitable for forming a robust, stable packing capable of maintaining its shape over a service life considered acceptable by the relevant industry. A stable packing may be one which exhibits a low level of friability, particle attrition, settling, segregation, and frangibility over repeated iterations of adsorption and desorption and thermal cycling throughout the service life, and which has an acceptable level of insensitivity to vibrations and other forces normally expected to be encountered by gas storage tanks. The forming method may entail, for example, compacting, pressing, heat pressing, extruding or chemically binding the particles according to any technique now known or later developed. As one example, the particles may be loaded in a vessel and a plate may be forcibly pressed against the particles. In another example, the particles may be loaded between two molds, and force may be applied by one or both molds against the particles. The starting particles or powders may be commercially acquired or formed by, for example, spray drying. In some embodiments, one or more different types of binders may be included in the packing A binder is generally any component effective for stably binding the adsorbent particles together in conjunction with the forming process. Examples of binders include, but are not limited to, minerals such as clays, ceramics such as alumina and silica, polymers such as polyvinyl alcohols and polyvinylbutyral. In other embodiments, the adsorbent particles may be cohesive enough to form a stable packing without the use of binders. In some embodiments, the packing may further include additives as described above.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the present embodiment, the channels 116 have an open-cell configuration that allows the free flow of gas. The channels 116 are disposed on the outside of the body 104 and thus are open channels with the open side facing away from the body 104. The channels 116 may extend along the first surface 106, the second surface 108, or both the first surface 106 and the second surface 108. The cross-sectional area (in the plane of the thickness of the body 104) of the channels 116 may be polygonal (e.g., rectilinear in the illustrated example) or may be rounded. In the present embodiment, the channels 116 are formed in or defined by the packing of the body 104. The channels 116 may thus be considered as grooves in the body 104, or alternatively as spaces between raised portions of the body 104. When provided on both the first surface 106 and second surface 108, the channels 116 in some embodiments may be arranged in an alternating or offset pattern as illustrated in
In operation, during adsorption a gas is fed to the ends of the channels 116 that are open at the side wall 110. If both ends of a given channel are open to the side wall 110, as in the case of some of the channels 116 shown in
During desorption, the gas may follow diffusion paths from the particle packing back into the channels 116 along directions generally opposite to those just described and shown in
The gas storage module 100 may thus be configured for providing multiple gas diffusion paths from each channel 116 in a manner that utilizes the entire volume of the particle packing comprising the gas storage module 100, thereby maximizing the number of available adsorption sites. The gas storage module 100 may be configured for optimizing the adsorption/desorption processes by minimizing gas diffusion lengths between the channels 116 and adsorption sites. In some embodiments, the spacing between adjacent channels 116 on the first surface 106 and between adjacent channels on the second surface 108 may be minimized relative to the thickness of the gas storage module 100 to minimize gas diffusion length. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in
Moreover, each channel 116 is formed into the thickness of the first surface 106 or second surface 108 and is separated from the opposite surface by a separation distance along the thickness direction. This separation distance is thus less than the overall thickness t of the gas storage module 100. As noted above, gas diffuses from the channels 116 into the packing of a given gas storage module in the directions depicted by the arrows 120 in
As further illustrated in
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the present embodiment, the heat exchanging structure 130 also includes chambers or plenum sections 144 and 146 positioned in fluid communication with the respective ends 134 and 136 of the conduit. The axis of each plenum section 144 and 146 is typically oriented in the direction orthogonal to the cross-section of the gas storage module 100. Each plenum section 144 and 146 extends between, and opens at, the first surface 106 and second surface 108. The plenum sections 144 and 146 may be utilized to feed the heat exchanging medium into the conduit's inlet or collect the heat exchanging medium from the conduit's outlet. Multiple gas storage modules may be stacked together (
The conduit 132 and plenum sections 144 and 146 may be composed of a material having high thermal conductivity, such as various metals (e.g., copper). In some embodiments, additional conduits and plenum sections may be provided. In other embodiments internal plenum sections 144 and 146 are not provided, and instead the ends 134 and 136 of the conduit 132 open at the side wall 110 in fluid communication with external plenums.
The heat exchanging medium may be any fluid capable of transferring heat at a rate that enhances the adsorption/desorption process in a given embodiment of the gas storage module 100. In some embodiments, the medium is a liquid such as water or glycol. In other embodiments, the medium is a gas such as air.
In operation, the heat exchanging structure 130 is utilized to remove heat from the gas storage module 100 during charging (adsorption), and is subsequently utilized to add heat to the gas storage module 100 during discharging (desorption). The heat exchanging structure 130 circulates the heat transfer medium at an initial temperature and flow rate selected to optimize the adsorption or desorption process. The parameters of the heat transfer medium such as initial temperature and flow rate may depend on several factors associated with a given embodiment such as, for example, the type of adsorbent, the type of gas, the size of the gas storage module 100, and the size and configuration of the heat exchanging structure 130.
Other embodiments may include other types of heat exchanging structures in addition to, or as an alternative to, a conduit or conduits. These other types of heat exchanging structures may be internal or external to the packing Examples include, but are not limited to, fins, meshes, sheets (plates), foam sheets, corrugated sheets, perforated sheets, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. In other embodiments, the heat exchanging structure may include active devices that do not circulate a heat transfer medium, such as thermoelectric devices (e.g., Peltier devices), electrically resistive devices, etc.
From the foregoing, it is evident that maximum gas diffusion lengths and/or thermal conduction lengths may be less than one-half of the thickness t of the gas storage module 100. As such, one or more embodiments disclosed herein may mitigate the mass transfer and heat transfer limitations created by long diffusion/conduction lengths imposed by prior adsorptive gas storage approaches.
In some embodiments, there is no spacing between adjacent gas storage modules 100 other than the flow channels 116 utilized for distributing gas to and from the adsorbent, as illustrated by example in
In some embodiments, each gas storage module 100 or the entire stack may be encased in a natural or synthetic fiber mesh, which may be useful for reducing interaction between the gas storage modules 100 and the inside surface of the tank. The mesh utilized may be one that exhibits high gas flux and does not inhibit gas uptake to or release from the gas storage modules 100.
The body 704 is formed as a packing of porous, adsorbent particles. Generally, the composition and porosity of the adsorbent particles may be as described earlier in this disclosure. In this embodiment, the adsorbent particles may be particles (or extrudates) that are individually robust and self-supporting, but they may be less tightly packed together in comparison to the overall self-supporting module described above in conjunction with
In other embodiments, the size of the adsorbent particles may be similar to that of the self-supporting module of
The support structure 758 may be composed of a thermally conductive material, such as various metals. The support structure material is self-supporting (e.g., rigid) to provide a stable form to the bed of packed particles (i.e., the body 704). The support structure 758 may have any highly porous configuration—that is, the support structure 758 includes a plurality of openings, or pores—such that the support structure 758 provides multiple gas pathways into and out from the body 704. Examples include, but are not limited to, meshes (or grids, or screens), foams, perforated sheets, porous sheets, etc. As indicated above, the provision of the support structure 758 allows the particle bed in this embodiment to be more loosely packed in comparison to the more monolithic body of the self-supporting module of
The encapsulated gas storage module 700 includes a plurality of gas flow channels communicating with exposed outside surfaces of the gas storage module 700. The intraparticle voids dispersed throughout the bulk of the body 704 define multiple paths promoting the free flow of gas. Thus, in this embodiment the flow channels may be characterized as including a network of paths running through interstices of the body 704. Many of these paths are in fluid communication with the openings or pores of the support structure 758, thereby completing gas access routes between the environment outside of the body 704 (e.g., a tank interior) and the adsorption sites within the body 704.
Due to the confined configuration of the encapsulated gas storage module 700, traditional problems such as particle attrition, settling, and segregation may be mitigated. In some embodiments if needed or desired, the body 704 may be encased in a highly porous fabric sheet or mesh, i.e., the sheet or mesh would be between the body 704 and the support structure 758. The sheet or mesh may function to assist in retaining the packed particles in a stable modular form, and/or or reducing or elimination the elution of particle fines into the tank interior.
As further illustrated in
Similar to the embodiment of
The gas storage system 1100 may include a gas storage apparatus 1104 positioned in a tank 1106. The tank 1106 may be any suitable pressure vessel rated for the pressure ranges contemplated by the present disclosure. The internal gas pressure may range, for example, from 1 to 200 bar. In some embodiments, the internal gas pressure ranges from 1 to 40 bar. The gas storage apparatus 1104 includes a plurality of gas storage modules 1108 stacked together as described above. The gas storage modules 1108 may be self-supporting modules (engineered modules) or encapsulated modules, and may include integrated features such as gas flow channels and heat exchanging structures, according to any of the embodiments disclosed herein. The gas storage apparatus 1104 may be mounted in the tank 1106 by any suitable means, using support members, vibration dampers, etc. as appreciated by persons skilled in the art. As described earlier in this disclosure, the cross-section of the gas storage modules 1108 may be shaped such that the gas storage apparatus 1104 may be mounted in close proximity to at least a portion of the inside wall of the tank 1106. In some embodiments, the gas storage apparatus 1104 is configured such that the adsorbent has a specific packing volume in the tank 1106 ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 mLs/mLtank.
The gas storage system 1100 may include a heat exchanging system 1110 for adding heat to or removing heat from the gas storage modules 1108 as needed, such as by circulating a heat transfer medium in a controlled manner. The heat exchanging system 1110 is schematically representative of any number of heat exchanging components that may be provided for the purpose of circulating a heated or cooled heat transfer medium to and from the tank 1106. Some of all of the heat exchanging components may be located external to the tank 1106. The heat transfer medium may be routed to and from the tank interior via fluid lines passing through sealed ports or feed-throughs in the tank wall. The heat exchanging system 1110 may, for example, include a heater 1112, a cooler 1114, a pump 1116, an accumulation vessel or reservoir 1118, etc. More generally, as appreciated by persons skilled in the art, the heat exchanging system 1110 may include heat sources, heat sinks, heat pipes, boilers, evaporators, condensers, pumps, valves, etc. as needed or desired for a particular implementation. The heat exchanging system 1110 may share one or more components with an existing heating/cooling system such as, for example, an automobile's air conditioning system or engine cooling system.
The gas storage system 1100 may further include one or more gas lines 1120 passing through one or more sealed ports in the tank wall. Gas to be stored by the gas storage apparatus 1104 may be supplied from an external gas source to the tank 1106 via the gas line(s) 1120. Gas to be distributed may be flowed from the tank 1106 to a receptacle, power consuming device or other destination via gas line(s) 1120. The gas flow in either case may be assisted by pumps or other types of fluid moving devices, and may be controlled by flow regulators such as mass flow or pressure regulators.
It may be appreciated from the foregoing description that gas storage modules according to embodiments described herein may provide one or more advantages. The gas storage modules may be implemented in an adsorbed gas storage tank. Modularizing the adsorbent bed enables intimate integration of heat transfer elements and provides open-cells for the free movement of gas in the tank. Modularization enables the creation of a multitude of parallel beds that operate uniformly, in contrast to randomly packed beds or beds in series which experience significant temperature, pressure, and concentration gradients causing unstable operation and additional control challenges. The gas storage modules may increase the VED of the tank by densifying the adsorbent and increasing the specific packing volume. The gas storage modules may effectively integrate an internal heat management system capable of meeting both heating and cooling loads, thus enabling rapid charge and discharge rates and increasing the effective, working capacity of the adsorbent (VED). The gas storage modules may efficiently distribute gas within the tank to promote rapid charging and discharging while minimizing resistance to gas flow.
In general, terms such as “communicate” and “in . . . communication with” (for example, a first component “communicates with” or “is in communication with” a second component) are used herein to indicate a structural, functional, mechanical, electrical, signal, optical, magnetic, electromagnetic, ionic or fluidic relationship between two or more components or elements. As such, the fact that one component is said to communicate with a second component is not intended to exclude the possibility that additional components may be present between, and/or operatively associated or engaged with, the first and second components.
It will be understood that various aspects or details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation—the invention being defined by the claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/784,893, filed Mar. 14, 2013, titled “GAS STORAGE MODULES, APPARATUS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS UTILIZING ADSORBENT MATERIALS,” the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2014/027840 | 3/14/2014 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61784893 | Mar 2013 | US |
