The present invention relates to a gas turbine arrangement, in particular a micro gas turbine arrangement, and in particular (micro) gas turbine arrangements which can be used in power-heat cogeneration systems.
For the decentralized supply of for example companies with electrical, thermal and/or mechanical energy, more and more power-heat cogeneration systems are used which are operated with an internal combustion engine, in particular in the form of a micro gas turbine. Such micro gas turbines are gas turbines of lower power class, i.e. up to about 500 kW rated power. Power-heat cogeneration systems of this type are generally comprise also a power converter, in particular in the form of an electric generator, drivable by the internal combustion engine and a waste heat device for utilizing the waste heat in the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine, in addition to the internal combustion engine itself.
Conventional gas turbines operate according to the open Joule or Brayton cycle. Gas turbines in a power range below 1 MW operate with a low pressure ratio because of otherwise low efficiencies in the compressor. Due to the low pressure ratio, great thermal losses are generated by the high exhaust gas temperature. However, the air temperature after compression is low compared to the exhaust gas temperature. In order to increase the electrical efficiency, it is known to heat the compressed air by the hot exhaust gas in a recuperator. Thus, less heat must be supplied to the compressed air by the combustion, whereby the electrical efficiency can be increased considerably.
Conventional gas turbine arrangements having micro gas turbines usually operate with fixed recuperation. I.e. the individual components of the micro gas turbine arrangement are designed for a predetermined operating point and matched to each other. In a fixed recuperation, however, the heat output of a micro gas turbine is not controllable, but the result of the operating point. With decreasing electric power, also the thermal waste heat capacity decreases, i.e. both the mass flow and the waste heat temperature. The waste heat temperature and the thermal power in the exhaust gas, however, are important operating parameters for the subsequent heat consumer or the downstream process.
The amount of heat of conventional micro gas turbine arrangements can only be adjusted by the operation of the micro gas turbine beyond the design point. This has the consequence that the efficiencies of the components and, as a result, also the total efficiency decrease. In addition, the conventional micro gas turbine arrangements are usually controlled by the outlet temperature of the turbine, which is usually in a range from 300° C. to 750° C., in particular between 450° C. and 700° C., for example at about 650° C.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved gas turbine arrangement which can be operated beyond a predetermined design point.
This object is achieved by the teaching of the independent claims. Particularly preferred configurations of the invention are subject-matter of the dependent claims.
The gas turbine arrangement according to the invention which is preferably configured as a micro gas turbine arrangement comprises: a gas turbine device comprising a combustor system, a turbine driven by an exhaust gas stream of the combustor system and a compressor for supplying the combustor system with a compressed oxidant stream; a recuperator for transferring at least a portion of the thermal power of the exhaust gas stream of the turbine to the compressed oxidant stream; at least one bypass for diverting at least a portion of the oxidant stream or the exhaust gas stream around at least one heat exchanger of the recuperator; and at least one control element for adjusting the flow through the at least one bypass.
In this gas turbine arrangement, at least a portion of the oxidant stream (=combustion air stream) or the exhaust gas stream can be diverted around at least one heat exchanger of the recuperator, if necessary. As a result thereof, the diverted portion of the oxidant or exhaust gas stream does not take part in the heat exchange in the recuperator so that, as a result, less heat is transferred from the exhaust gas stream to the oxidant stream and the temperature of the exhaust gas stream downstream of the recuperator can be increased. Thus, the gas turbine arrangement of the invention can adapt the amount of heat emitted in operation of the turbo-engine at the design point.
The direct exit of the exhaust gas stream from the gas turbine arrangement (exhaust gas-side bypass) without flowing through the recuperator, also reduces the temperature of the recuperator. As a result, the temperature load of the recuperator decreases, whereby its service life can be increased.
In a preferred configuration of the invention, at least one control element of the at least one control element is an adjustable control element, and the gas turbine arrangement comprises a control means for variably controlling the adjustable control element. Thus, the exhaust gas temperature and/or the emitted amount of heat of the gas turbine arrangement can be variably adapted to the respective requirements in an easy manner.
In a preferred configuration of the invention, at least one control element of the at least one control element is a fixed control element having a fixedly predetermined flow setting, which is selected specifically to the application. Thus, the exhaust gas temperature and/or the emitted amount of heat of the gas turbine arrangement can be easily adapted to the respective needs.
In a further preferred configuration of the invention, the recuperator is arranged in axial direction next to the gas turbine device, i.e. coaxially to it. The axial direction refers in particular to an axial direction of a turbine shaft of the gas turbine device. This preferred arrangement of the recuperator in relation to the gas turbine device preferably allows an axial inflow direction of the oxidant stream and the exhaust gas stream into the recuperator and preferably enables a gas turbine assembly having relatively low flow losses.
In an alternative preferred configuration of the invention, the recuperator can be arranged in radial direction (i.e. for example annular), preferably concentrically around the gas turbine device. In another alternative configuration of the invention, the two above-mentioned configurations can also be combined. I.e. the recuperator may be arranged partially in axial direction next to the gas turbine device and partially in radial direction around the gas turbine device.
In another preferred configuration of the invention, the at least one bypass is integrated into the recuperator. I.e. the at least one bypass is preferably arranged and formed within a housing or an outer shell of the recuperator. Thus, it is preferably possible to realize the at least one bypass without increasing the recuperator, without changing the external appearance of the recuperator and without additional external piping. As a result thereof, there is also preferably no need for other components of the gas turbine arrangement or a larger unit containing the gas turbine arrangement to be adapted to the additional bypasses, or additional heat insulation to be provided.
In a preferred configuration of the invention, at least one compressor-side bypass is provided, which connects a first inlet of the recuperator for the oxidant stream to a first outlet of the recuperator for the oxidant stream while bypassing the heat exchanger of the recuperator.
In another preferred configuration of the invention, at least an exhaust gas-side bypass is provided, which connects a second inlet of the recuperator for the exhaust gas stream to a second outlet of the recuperator for the exhaust gas stream while bypassing the heat exchanger of the recuperator.
The two above-mentioned configurations of the invention can preferably also be combined.
In the configuration of the gas turbine arrangement having at least one exhaust gas-side bypass, the recuperator preferably comprises a diffuser extending substantially concentrically to a turbine shaft of the gas turbine device which on its inlet side is connected to the second inlet of the recuperator for the exhaust gas stream, wherein the exhaust gas-side bypass is provided downstream of this diffuser. In alternative configurations of the invention, also radial diffusers may be provided or a diffuser can be set aside.
In the configuration of the gas turbine arrangement having at least one exhaust gas-side bypass, the recuperator preferably has an inner shell and an outer shell enclosing the inner shell, wherein the inner shell on its inlet side is connected to the second inlet of the recuperator and the outer shell on its outlet side is connected to the second outlet of the recuperator, and wherein the exhaust gas-side bypass connects the interior of the inner shell in radial direction to the interior of the outer shell.
In this afore-said configuration, the exhaust gas-side bypass preferably comprises at least two radial openings in the inner shell, and the control element preferably comprises a ring element being slidable in circumferential direction or in axial direction for selectively opening or closing the at least two radial openings. The selective opening or closing, in addition to a complete opening and a complete closing, preferably also includes a partial opening or closing.
In the configuration of the gas turbine arrangement having at least one exhaust gas-side bypass, alternatively, the recuperator preferably comprises an inner shell and an outer shell enclosing the inner shell, wherein the inner shell on its inlet side is connected to the second inlet of the recuperator and the outer shell on its outlet side is connected to the second outlet of the recuperator, and wherein the exhaust gas-side bypass connects the interior of the inner shell in axial direction with the interior of the outer shell.
In this configuration, the adjusting element for the exhaust gas-side bypass can preferably be integrated into the recuperator. Preferably, the integrated control element comprises a connection socket being fluidically connected to an axial opening in the inner shell, a valve flap arranged in the connection socket, and a further connection socket being fluidically connected to an intermediate space between the inner shell and the outer shell.
A recuperator for a gas turbine arrangement of the invention described above is also subject-matter of the invention.
Further, a power-heat cogeneration system comprising at least one gas turbine arrangement of the invention described above is subject-matter of the invention. The efficiency of such a power-heat cogeneration system can be significantly improved compared to conventional systems.
Advantageous application options of such a power-heat cogeneration system or its waste heat device are for example drying processes, steam generation, gas and ORC processes, gas and steam processes and the like.
The invention also relates to a method for operating a (micro) gas turbine arrangement comprising a gas turbine device having a combustor system, a turbine driven by an exhaust gas stream of the combustor system and a compressor for supplying the combustor system with a compressed oxidant stream, as well as a recuperator for transferring at least a portion of the thermal power of the exhaust gas stream of the turbine to the compressed oxidant stream, in which at least a portion of the oxidant stream and/or the exhaust gas stream are diverted around at least one heat exchanger of the recuperator by means of at least one bypass; and a flow through the at least one bypass is adjusted in an application specific and/or variable way.
With this operating method, the same advantages can be achieved as have been described above in connection with the gas turbine arrangement of the invention. The inventive method is preferably used for operating an above-described (micro) gas turbine arrangement of the invention.
The present invention may—depending on the configuration of the gas turbine device and depending on the type of embodiment—achieve one or more of the following advantages:
The above and further advantages, features and application options of the invention will be better understood from the following description of various embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which, largely schematically:
Referring to
The power-heat cogeneration system 10 of
The micro-gas turbine device 12 is configured as a single-shaft turbine having a central and continuous turbine shaft 20, and further comprises a compressor 22 for an oxidant stream 24, here combustion air, being arranged on the turbine shaft 20 in a rotationally fixed manner, a combustor system 28 for the combustion of a fuel with the compressed combustion air as well as a turbine 30 for relaxation of the resulting compressed and hot exhaust gases with simultaneous production of mechanical energy being arranged on the turbine shaft 20 in a rotationally fixed manner and fired by the combustor system 28. By relaxation of an exhaust gas stream formed from the exhaust gases 32 in the turbine 30, the turbine shaft 20 is driven in rotation, which in turn drives the compressor 22 mounted on the turbine shaft 20 and the transducer 14 also mounted thereon or drive-connected thereto. In the embodiment shown, the transducer 14 is an electrical generator for generating electrical energy, but it can also be a different kind of power engine for example for providing mechanical energy or a combination of both.
By means of the optionally provided heat exchanger 16, thermal power is removed from the exhaust gas stream 32 and fed to the heat user. In a configuration of the waste heat device 16 without heat exchanger, the exhaust gas stream 32 may be also used directly, for example, for a drying process.
In a first operating state or initial or normal state, combustion air is sucked by means of the compressor 22 from the environment. It may be expedient to use this sucked combustion air simultaneously as cooling air for the transducer 14 (e.g. if no further cooling of the transducer is required by doing so). The combustion air is compressed in the compressor 22 to a combustion air stream 24, depending on the application to 2 bar to 8 bar, and is heated thereby typically to temperatures of 100° C. to 300° C.
The compressed and thereby heated oxidant stream 24 is passed through a combustion air section of the recuperator 18 and is further heated thereby, Depending to the design of the recuperator and the bypass configuration, temperatures of typically 100° C. to 850° C., in particular between 200° C. and 750° C., preferably between 300° C. and 650° C., for example about 600° C. to 620° C. can be realized. In this state, the combustion air stream 24 is passed through the combustor system 28, into which also fuel is introduced via a fuel line 42.
An exhaust gas stream 32 having once more elevated temperature is produced by this combustion. The temperature at the outlet of the combustor or the inlet of the turbine is typically in the range of 800° C. to 1,100° C. The first operating state, however, may also be a partial load condition having lower turbine inlet temperature in the case of for example a lower mechanical or electrical energy demand at the transducer 14.
The exhaust gas stream 32 is expanded in the turbine 30 (depending on the application to e.g. about 1 bar to 2 bar), wherein its temperature drops to about 600° C. to 800° C. depending on the design and the turbine inlet temperature. This still hot exhaust gas stream 32 is passed through an exhaust gas section of the recuperator 18 which is flow-separated from but heat-transfereingly connected to the combustion air section. Here, a heat transfer from the exhaust gas stream 32 to the combustion air stream 24 occurs, wherein the combustion air stream 24 is heated as described above, and wherein the exhaust gas stream 32 is further cooled down to a usable temperature in accordance with the respective application of typically 200° C. to 750° C.
After passing through the recuperator 18, the exhaust gas stream 32 is passed to the waste heat device 16 having the optional heat exchanger and being positioned down-stream, where a first thermal power is provided at the waste heat device 16, and where the waste heat which is still present in the exhaust gas stream 32 cooled down to usable temperature can be discharged and made available as thermal energy by means of the waste heat device 16 as required. At the same time, in the first operating state described here, a first mechanical power is provided at the output device, here at the transducer 14, converted into electrical power in the generator, and supplied to the user.
As shown in
For controlling or regulating the mass flows in the power-heat cogeneration system 10, in addition there is provided a control means 38 which controls a control element 40 for controlling the flow through the fuel line 42, a control element 44 for controlling the flow through the compressor-side bypass 34, a control element 46 for controlling the flow through the exhaust gas-side bypass 36, a control element 48 for controlling the combustion air stream 24 into the recuperator 18, and a control element 50 for controlling the exhaust gas stream 32 through the recuperator 18. The control elements 40, 48, 50 each have, for example, a control element in the form of a control valve or a control throttle. The control elements 44, 46 of the two bypasses 34, 36 can be selectively configured as controllable control elements having a variable passage or as fixed control elements having a fixed passage, and they are described below in greater detail with reference to various embodiments.
With the help of the bypasses 34, 36, the gas turbine device 12 and thus the entire power-heat cogeneration system 10 can be operated with a better efficiency.
For the case of a changed need of heat at the heat exchanger 16 in comparison to the initial state described above for the same electro-mechanical energy output at the transducer 14, a second operating state can be caused, for which purpose the temperature of the exhaust gas stream 32 is modified in the area of the waste heat device 16. When increasing the need of useful heat at the waste heat device 16 in relation to the first operating state described above, the exhaust gas temperature of the exhaust gas stream 32 is increased by increasing the flow of combustion air through the compressor-side bypass 34. For this purpose, the control element 44 is opened via the control means 38 partially or completely, as required, resulting in diverting a more or less distinct partial stream of the combustion air stream 24, in case of completely open control element 44 even approximately the entire combustion air stream 24, around the combustion air section of the recuperator 18 instead of passing therethrough. As a result, only a reduced or no amount of heat is removed from the exhaust gas stream 32 in the recuperator 18.
The flow of the combustion air stream 24 through the combustion air section of the recuperator 28 can be throttled or even disabled completely by the other control element 48, to enforce a certain mass flow through the compressor-side bypass 34.
The control element 48 is—as shown here—preferably arranged on the inlet side of the recuperator 28, but may also be positioned on the outlet side thereof.
For temporarily increasing the temperature of the exhaust gas stream 32, the exhaust gas-side bypass 36 may be used alternatively or in addition. Thus, the exhaust gas temperature of the exhaust gas stream 32 can be increased by increasing the exhaust gas flow rate through the exhaust gas-side bypass 36, For this purpose, the control element 46 is opened partially or completely via the control means 38, as required, resulting in diverting a more or less distinct partial flow of exhaust gas stream 32, in case of a complete opened control element 46 even approximately the entire exhaust gas stream 32, around the exhaust gas section of the recupertaor 28 instead of passing therethrough. Only a reduced or even no amount of heat is removed from the exhaust gas stream 32 in the recuperator 28 subsequently, also in this manner.
By means of the further control element 50, the flow of the exhaust gas stream 32 through the exhaust gas section of the recuperator 18 can be throttled or even completely suppressed to enforce a certain mass flow through the bypass 36.
The control element 50 is—as shown here—preferably arranged on the outlet side of the recuperator 18, but may also be positioned on the inlet side thereof.
The two bypasses 34, 36 or their control elements 44, 46 may optionally be operated alternately or in combination with each other. Alternatively, one of the two bypasses 34, 36 may be omitted.
For achieving the second operating state, it is possible to change also the fuel mass flow introduced into the combustor system 28 by means of the control element 40 in the fuel line, alternatively to or in particular in combination with the above-described change of the flow through the bypasses 34, 36, and preferably substantially in synchronism with the change of the flow through the bypasses 34, 36.
In this embodiment, the recuperator 18 is arranged in axial direction next to the gas turbine device 12. In other words, the longitudinal axis of the recuperator 18 extends (in left/right direction in
The recuperator 18 includes a diffuser 54 whose central inflow channel 54a extends substantially coaxially with the turbine shaft 20 of the gas turbine device 12, and a heat exchanger 52 annularly surrounding the diffuser 54. The diffuser 54 and the heat exchanger 52 are arranged within an outer shell 58 which forms a housing of the recuperator 18. For formation of the flow channels for the exhaust gas stream 32, in addition, an inner shell 56 is provided within the outer shell 58.
The oxidant stream 24 and the exhaust gas stream 32 directed through the recuperator 18 in a way fluidically separated from each other. For this purpose, the diffuser 54 has an inlet side connected to a second inlet 18c of the recuperator 18 for the exhaust gas stream 32, Downstream of the diffuser 54, the exhaust stream 32 deflected by the inner shell 56 and directed into the heat exchanger 52. After flowing through the heat exchanger 52, the exhaust gas stream is deflected again and is finally output through an axial second outlet 18d of the recuperator 18 on a side facing away from the gas turbine device 12 (on the right in
In the heat exchanger 52 of the recuperator 18, the exhaust gas stream 32 heated up in the combustor system 28 releases a portion of its thermal energy to the compressed oxidant stream 24. In this embodiment, the oxidant stream 24 and exhaust gas stream 32 flow through the heat exchanger 52 in opposite directions.
Referring now to
In the embodiment of
In case the bypass mass flow with fully opened bypass valve 44 is insufficient, it may be necessary to mount an additional throttle valve at the compressor inlet 18a of the recuperator 18. hereby, the mass flow can be further increased when the bypass valve 44 is fully open.
Instead of the adjustable control element 44 shown in
The exhaust gas-side bypass 36 is preferably implemented downstream of the diffuser 54 in the recuperator 18. Here, both radial openings 62 in the inner shell 56 (see
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
The embodiment shown in
The embodiment shown in
The embodiment shown in
While in the embodiments of
In the embodiments having radial openings 62, the passage area thereof is in a range of about 0.025 m2 to 0.035 m2, for example at about 0.031 m2, in total. The passage areas of the individual radial openings 62 can either be of substantially the same size or different from each other. The number of the radial openings 62 is preferably in the range of 4 to 100.
Specific embodiments of the recuperator 18 comprise for example four radial openings 62 having a diameter of about 100 mm, sixteen radial openings 62 having a diameter of about 50 mm, or sixty-four radial openings 62 having a diameter of about 25 mm.
In the embodiments of the recuperator 18 having radial openings 62 in the inner shell 56, a good mixture of colder and warmer partial air streams can be achieved by the cross-flow in radial direction and the two flow deflections.
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
The embodiment shown in
The embodiment shown in
In the embodiments having axial openings 74 in the inner shell 56 of the recuperator 18, the passage area thereof is in a range of about 0.025 m2 to 0.035 m2, for example at about 0.031 m2, in total. The passage areas of the individual axial openings 74 can either be of substantially the same size or different from each other. The number of the axial openings 74 is preferably in the range of 4 to 100.
Specific embodiments of the recuperator 18 include, for example, four axial openings 74 having a diameter of about 100 mm, sixteen axial openings 74 having a diameter of about 50 mm, or sixty-four axial openings 74 having a diameter of about 25 mm.
As shown in
In the embodiment of
Further, in the embodiment of
The embodiment of the adjustment element 46 shown in
Finally,
As shown in
When using different gas turbine arrangements and their recuperators 18 which do not correspond to the construction shown in
Thus, for example, for a recuperator 18 being arranged annular outside the gas turbine device 12, a partial mass flow can be directed on the inside of the recuperator 18 to the combustor system 28, on the compressor side. For adjusting the mass flow, various opening patterns (patterns of drilling) can also be used. On the exhaust gas side, the bypass 36 can be implemented for example by means of a piping between exhaust gas chimney and the diffuser outlet or by means of an annular channel around the core of the recuperator. For adjusting the bypass mass flow, radial openings can also be used here, which may be adapted or adjusted as needed.
In a recuperator 18 in the form of a plate heat exchanger, on the compressor side, for introducing the diverted mass flow 24 into the annular gap between the recuperator 18 and the combustor system 28, alternatively the partial mass flow may be introduced into a collecting line between the recuperator 18 and the annular gap.
In a plate heat exchanger, the compressor-side bypass may be configured for example by a piping between the supply line to the recuperator and the annular gap of the hot gas supply to the combustor system or a piping between the supply line and a hot gas side piping. On the exhaust gas side, the bypass may be implemented by attaching a flow channel at the top and/or bottom side of the recuperator having a connection to the exhaust gas-side inflow and outflow sockets.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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102014220296.5 | Oct 2014 | DE | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2015/071985 | 9/24/2015 | WO | 00 |