This disclosure relates to gas turbine engine airfoils. More particularly, the disclosure relates to airfoil leading and trailing edge sweep in, for example, a gas turbine engine compressor.
A turbine engine such as a gas turbine engine typically includes a fan section, a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. Air entering the compressor section is compressed and delivered into the combustor section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate a high-speed exhaust gas flow. The high-speed exhaust gas flow expands through the turbine section to drive the compressor and the fan section. The compressor section typically includes at least low and high pressure compressors, and the turbine section includes at least low and high pressure turbines.
Direct drive gas turbine engines include a fan section that is driven directly by one of the turbine shafts. Rotor blades in the fan section and a low pressure compressor of the compressor section of direct drive engines rotate in the same direction.
Gas turbine engines have been proposed in which a geared architecture is arranged between the fan section and at least some turbines in the turbine section. The geared architecture enables the associated compressor of the compressor section to be driven at much higher rotational speeds, improving overall efficiency of the engine. The propulsive efficiency of a gas turbine engine depends on many different factors, such as the design of the engine and the resulting performance debits on the fan that propels the engine and the compressor section downstream from the fan. Physical interaction between the fan and the air causes downstream turbulence and further losses. Although some basic principles behind such losses are understood, identifying and changing appropriate design factors to reduce such losses for a given engine architecture has proven to be a complex and elusive task.
Prior compressor airfoil geometries may not be suitable for the compressor section of gas turbine engines using a geared architecture, since the significantly different speeds of the compressor changes the desired aerodynamics of the airfoils within the compressor section. Counter-rotating fan and compressor blades, which may be used in geared architecture engines, also present design challenges.
In one exemplary embodiment, a compressor airfoil of a turbine engine having a geared architecture includes pressure and suction sides extending in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position. The airfoil has a relationship between leading edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the leading edge sweep angle is positive at 0% span and crosses to a negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 80% span. A negative sweep angle is in the forward direction, and a positive sweep angle is in the rearward direction.
In a further embodiment of the above airfoil, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 75% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above airfoils, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle in a range of 60% span to less than 75% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above airfoils, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 40% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above airfoils, the airfoil has a relationship between trailing edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the trailing edge sweep angle is negative at 0% span and changes less than 10° from 0% span to 90% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above airfoils, the airfoil has a relationship between trailing edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the trailing edge sweep angle is positive at 0% span and has a decrease in trailing edge sweep angle of greater than 10° from 0% span to 40% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above airfoils, the positive sweep angle is in the rearward direction with respect to the orientation established by the velocity vector.
In one exemplary embodiment, a gas turbine engine includes a combustor section arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section. A fan section has an array of twenty-six or fewer fan blades. The fan section has a low fan pressure ratio of less than 1.55. A geared architecture couples the fan section to the turbine section or the compressor section. An airfoil arranged in the compressor section includes pressure and suction sides extending in a radial direction from a 0% span position at an inner flow path location to a 100% span position at an airfoil tip. The airfoil has a relationship between leading edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the leading edge sweep angle is positive at 0% span and crosses to a negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 80% span. A negative sweep angle is in the forward direction, and a positive sweep angle is in the rearward direction.
In a further embodiment of the above gas turbine engine, the compressor section includes at least a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor. The high pressure compressor is arranged immediately upstream of the combustor section.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the airfoil is provided in a compressor outside the high pressure compressor.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the low pressure compressor is counter-rotating relative to the fan blades.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the gas turbine engine is a two-spool configuration.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the low pressure compressor is immediately downstream from the fan section.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the airfoil is rotatable relative to an engine axis of an engine static structure.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 75% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle in a range of 60% span to less than 75% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the curve crosses to the negative leading edge sweep angle at a span position less than 40% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the airfoil has a relationship between trailing edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the trailing edge sweep angle is negative at 0% span and changes less than 10° from 0% span to 90% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the airfoil has a relationship between trailing edge sweep angle and span position defined by a curve in which the trailing edge sweep angle is positive at 0% span and has a decrease in trailing edge sweep angle of greater than 10° from 0% span to 40% span.
In a further embodiment of any of the above gas turbine engines, the positive sweep angle is in the rearward direction with respect to the orientation established by the velocity vector.
The disclosure can be further understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
The embodiments, examples and alternatives of the preceding paragraphs, the claims, or the following description and drawings, including any of their various aspects or respective individual features, may be taken independently or in any combination. Features described in connection with one embodiment are applicable to all embodiments, unless such features are incompatible.
The exemplary engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis X relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems 38 may be varied as appropriate to the application.
The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that interconnects a fan 42, a first (or low) pressure compressor 44 and a first (or low) pressure turbine 46. The inner shaft 40 is connected to the fan 42 through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine 20 is illustrated as a geared architecture 48 to drive the fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a second (or high) pressure compressor 52 and a second (or high) pressure turbine 54. A combustor 56 is arranged in exemplary gas turbine 20 between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. A mid-turbine frame 57 of the engine static structure 36 is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis X which is collinear with their longitudinal axes.
The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then the high pressure compressor 52, mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor 56, then expanded over the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 includes airfoils 59 which are in the core airflow path C. The turbines 46, 54 rotationally drive the respective low speed spool 30 and high speed spool 32 in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section 22, compressor section 24, combustor section 26, turbine section 28, and fan drive gear system 48 may be varied. For example, gear system 48 may be located aft of combustor section 26 or even aft of turbine section 28, and fan section 22 may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system 48.
The engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture 48 is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor 44, and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five (5:1). Low pressure turbine 46 pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture 48 may be an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present invention is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans.
The example gas turbine engine includes the fan 42 that comprises in one non-limiting embodiment less than about twenty-six (26) fan blades. In another non-limiting embodiment, the fan section 22 includes less than about twenty (20) fan blades. Moreover, in one disclosed embodiment the low pressure turbine 46 includes no more than about six (6) turbine rotors schematically indicated at 34. In another non-limiting example embodiment the low pressure turbine 46 includes about three (3) turbine rotors. A ratio between the number of fan blades 42 and the number of low pressure turbine rotors is between about 3.3 and about 8.6. The example low pressure turbine 46 provides the driving power to rotate the fan section 22 and therefore the relationship between the number of turbine rotors 34 in the low pressure turbine 46 and the number of blades 42 in the fan section 22 disclose an example gas turbine engine 20 with increased power transfer efficiency.
A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet (10,668 meters). The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft (10,668 meters), with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of lbm of fuel being burned divided by lbf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.55. In another non-limiting embodiment the low fan pressure ratio is less than about 1.45. In another non-limiting embodiment the low fan pressure ratio is from 1.1 to 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)]0.5. The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1200 ft/second (365.7 meters/second).
Referring to
The disclosed airfoils may be used in a low pressure compressor of a two spool engine or in portions of other compressor configurations, such as low, intermediate and/or high pressure areas of a three spool engine. However, it should be understood that any of the disclosed airfoils may be used for blades or vanes, and in any of the compressor section, turbine section and fan section.
Referring to
Airfoils in each stage of the LPC are specifically designed radially from an inner airfoil location (0% span) to an outer airfoil location (100% span) and along circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides 72, 74 extending in chord between a leading and trailing edges 68, 70 (see
The airfoil 64 has an exterior surface 76 providing a contour that extends from a leading edge 68 generally aftward in a chord-wise direction H to a trailing edge 70, as shown in
The exterior surface 76 of the airfoil 64 generates lift based upon its geometry and directs flow along the core flow path C. The airfoil 64 may be constructed from a composite material, or an aluminum alloy or titanium alloy, or a combination of one or more of these. Abrasion-resistant coatings or other protective coatings may be applied to the airfoil. The rotor stages may constructed as an integrally bladed rotor, if desired, or discrete blades having roots secured within corresponding rotor slots of a disc. The stators may be provided by individual vanes, clusters of vanes, or a full ring of vanes.
Airfoil geometries can be described with respect to various parameters provided. The disclosed graph(s) illustrate the relationships between the referenced parameters within 10% of the desired values, which correspond to a hot aerodynamic design point for the airfoil. In another example, the referenced parameters are within 5% of the desired values, and in another example, the reference parameters are within 2% of the desired values. It should be understood that the airfoils may be oriented differently than depicted, depending on the rotational direction of the blades. The signs (positive or negative) used, if any, in the graphs of this disclosure are controlling and the drawings should then be understood as a schematic representation of one example airfoil if inconsistent with the graphs. The signs in this disclosure, including any graphs, comply with the “right hand rule.” The leading and trailing edge sweep angles vary with position along the span, and varies between a hot, running condition and a cold, static (“on the bench”) condition.
The geared architecture 48 of the disclosed example permits the fan 42 to be driven by the low pressure turbine 46 through the low speed spool 30 at a lower angular speed than the low pressure turbine 46, which enables the LPC 44 to rotate at higher, more useful speeds. The leading and trailing edge sweep angles in a hot, running condition along the span of the airfoils 64 provides necessary compressor operation in cruise at the higher speeds enabled by the geared architecture 48, to thereby enhance aerodynamic functionality and thermal efficiency. As used herein, the hot, running condition is the condition during cruise of the gas turbine engine 20. For example, the leading and trailing edge sweep angles in the hot, running condition can be determined in a known manner using finite element analysis.
The axial velocity Vx (
Supersonic flow over an airfoil, while beneficial for maximizing the pressurization of the working medium, has the undesirable effect of reducing fan efficiency by introducing losses in the working medium's total pressure. Therefore, it is typical to sweep the airfoil's leading edge over at least a portion of the blade span so that the working medium velocity component in the chordwise direction (perpendicular to the leading edge) is subsonic. Since the relative velocity Vr increases with increasing radius, the sweep angle typically increases with increasing radius as well. As shown in
Referring to
Referring to
A positive X value corresponds to the aftward direction along the engine's axis of rotation. A negative X value corresponds to the forward direction along the engine's axis of rotation. Thus, a negative sweep angle indicates an airfoil edge that is oriented in a direction opposite that of the velocity vector (VrLE or VrTE), and a positive sweep angle indicates an airfoil edge that is oriented in the same direction as the velocity vector (VrLE or VrTE).
Example relationships between the leading edge sweep (LE SWEEP °) and the span position (LE SPAN %) are shown in
Example relationships between the trailing edge sweep (TE SWEEP °) and the span position (TE SPAN %) are shown in
It should also be understood that although a particular component arrangement is disclosed in the illustrated embodiment, other arrangements will benefit herefrom. Although particular step sequences are shown, described, and claimed, it should be understood that steps may be performed in any order, separated or combined unless otherwise indicated and will still benefit from the present invention.
Although the different examples have specific components shown in the illustrations, embodiments of this invention are not limited to those particular combinations. It is possible to use some of the components or features from one of the examples in combination with features or components from another one of the examples.
Although an example embodiment has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of the claims. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine their true scope and content.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/941,707 filed on Feb. 19, 2014.
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PCT/US2015/016091 | 2/17/2015 | WO | 00 |
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WO2015/175056 | 11/19/2015 | WO | A |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20160341213 A1 | Nov 2016 | US |
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61941707 | Feb 2014 | US |